PLAN AND ELEVATION

17.1 Key Terms

Orthogonal projection
Plan
Front elevation
Side elevation
Full scale
Solid line

Unjuran ortogon
Pelan
Dongakan depan
Dongakan sisi
Skala penuh
Garis penuh
( used to draw visible edge)

Dashed line

Garis putus-putus
(used to draw invisible edge)

Fine solid line

Garis penuh yang halus

(used to show projection/ construction line)

Orthogonal projection on a
vertical
asonviewed
Orthogonalplane
projection
a
vertical
viewed
from
from plane
the asfront
(X)
the front (X)

Orthogonal projection on
a Orthogonal
verticalprojection
planeonas
a viewed
vertical plane as viewed from
from the
side (Y)
the side (Y)

X
Y

y
Orthogonal
Orthogonal projection on a
vertical plane as viewed from
projection
on a
the top
vertical plane as
viewed from the top

Plans and elevations

17.2 Orthogonal projection

The orthogonal projection of an object is a two dimensional or flat image of the object. The
image is formed by looking at perpendicular lines, that is , the normal coming from the object
and intersecting the plane of view.
Tick ( ) the correct orthogonal projections

Orthogonal projection on a horizontal plane

Orthogonal projection on a horizontal plane

Orthogonal projection on a vertical plane

Plans and elevations

Orthogonal projection on a horizontal plane

Orthogonal projection on a vertical plane

Orthogonal projection on a vertical plane as viewed from

the side y

Orthogonal projection on a vertical plane as viewed from

the front ,x

Plans and elevations

17.3 Plan
The orthogonal projection of a solid on a horizontal plane as viewed from the top of the object is
known as plan.
Draw to full scale, the plans of the solids below.
1

Plans and elevations

The height of the pyramid is 5 cm

6

5 cm

4 cm

Plans and elevations

3c

10

cm

cm

2 cm

6 cm

11

12

Plans and elevations

17.4 Elevation
17.4.1 Front Elevation
The orthogonal projection of a solid on a vertical plane as viewed from the front of the object is
known as front elevation.
Draw to full scale, the front elevation,(x) of the solids below
1

x
2

x
3

Plans and elevations

x
The height of the pyramid is 5 cm
6

x
The height of the prism is 4 cm
8

Plans and elevations

3c

x
10

cm

cm

2 cm

6 cm

x
11

x
12

Plans and elevations

17.4.2 Side Elevation

The orthogonal projection of a solid on a vertical plane as viewed from the side of the object is
known as side elevation.
Draw to full scale, the side elevation (Y) of the solids below

Plans and elevations

10

5
y

The height of pyramid is 5 cm

6
y

7
y

The height of the prism is 3 cm

y
6c

Plans and elevations

11

y
3c

cm

4 cm

cm

10

11

12

Plans and elevations

12

17.4.3 Elevation involving hidden edges

Draw to full scale, the side elevation (Y) of the solids below.
No

Solid

Elevation from y

Example :

3 cm

5 cm

Radius of the inner cylinder= 1 cm

Radius of the outer cylinder= 2 cm

Plans and elevations

13

Solid

Elevation from y

Plans and elevations

14

17. 5 Exercises
Example:
Draw to full scale
i.
ii.
iii.

the plan of the solid,

the front elevation of the solid as seen from X
the side elevation of the solid as seen from Y

Solution:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

4
4

3
7
4

4
6
Plan

Plans and elevations

Elevation x

15

Elevation y

For each of the following solids, draw to full scale

iv.
v.
vi.

the plan of the solid,

the front elevation of the solid as seen from X,
the side elevation of the solid as seen from Y.

1. A cylinder of radius 2 cm is removed from the centre of a cuboid. The remaining solid is
shown in the diagram below.

Plans and elevations

16

Plans and elevations

17

2 cm

4c
m

Plans and elevations

18

cm

cm

2 cm

4 cm

Plans and elevations

19

Plans and elevations

20

6.

Plans and elevations

21

17.6 Questions according to examination format

Example :
(a)Diagram (i) below shows a solid consisting of a right prism and a right pyramid which are
joined at the plane, PQRS. The base, JKLM, is placed on horizontal plane. PJKQ is the uniform
cross-section of the prism. PJ and SM are vertical edges. The height of the pyramid is
4 cm. Draw the full-scale elevation of the solid on the vertical plane parallel to JK as viewed from
X.

Diagram (i)
(b) A solid cuboid is joined to the solid in Diagram (i) at the vertical plane, LMSR. The
combined solid is shown in Diagram (ii). The square base, JKED, is on a horizontal plane.

Diagram (ii)
Draw the full-scale
(i) the plan of the combined solid,
(ii) elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to LE as viewed from Y
Solution
(a)

(b)(i)

P/S

3 cm

Plans and elevations

5 cm

I/H

Q/P
2 cm
4 cm

K/L

22

1 cm

F/G

4 cm

Q/R

K
J/M

G/D

3 cm

4 cm

H/S/M

P/J

(b)(ii)

F/E
1 cm

R/S

3 cm
K/J

4 cm

L/M

E/D

cm

4 cm

cm

1a

Diagram 1(i)

The above diagram shows a solid which consists of two prisms whose base ABPQRCD
lies on a horizontal table. PU = CV = 6 cm and W is the mid-point of PU. The length of PQ
is 7 cm. Draw to full scale, the elevation of the solid on a vertical plane parallel to QR as
viewed from Y.

cm

cm

1b

Diagram 1(ii)
A semi-cylinder is joined to the solid.
Draw to full scale,
i.
the plan of the solid
ii.
the elevation the solid on a vertical plane parallel to DR as viewed from x

Plans and elevations

23

2(a). Diagram 2 (i) shows a solid right prism with the rectangular base, PQRS, resting on a
horizontal table. EFGHQP is the uniform cross section of the prism. Rectangle EFLM is an
inclined plane. Rectangle GHJK is a horizontal plane. EP, FG and HQ are vertical edges.

Diagram 2 (i)
Draw the full scale plan of the solid.
2(b) A solid cuboid is joined to the prism in Diagram 2(i) at the vertical plane, MSUZ. The
combined solid is shown in Diagram 2(ii) . The base PQRUVWS, is on a horizontal plane and
AB = BC = 2 cm.

Diagram 2(ii)
Draw the full scale
(i) elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to PQ as viewed from X
(ii) elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to QR as viewed from Y

Plans and elevations

24

3(a) Diagram 3(i) shows a solid prism with its rectangular base, PQRS, on a horizontal table.
The surface, FGKLRQ, is the uniform cross-section of the prism. Rectangle EFGH is an inclined
plane and rectangle JKLM is a horizontal plane. FQ, KG and LR are vertical edges.

Diagram 3(i)
Draw the full scale elevation of the solid on a vertical plane parallel to QR as viewed from X.
3(b) A solid right prism with the uniform cross-section, ITU, is removed from the solid in
Diagram 3(i) . The remaining solid is shown in Diagram 3(ii). Rectangle TFVU is a horizontal
plane. IU is a vertical edge. FT = 3 cm and IU = 2 cm.

Diagram 3(ii)
Draw the full scale
(i) plan of the remaining solid
(ii) elevation of the remaining solid on a vertical plane parallel to PQ as viewed from Y.

Plans and elevations

25

17.7 Past Year SPM Questions

November 2003
1(a) Diagram 1(i) shows a solid right prism with rectangular base FGPN on a horizontal
table. EFGHHJK is the uniform cross-section of the prism. Rectangle EKLM is an inclined
plane. Rectangle JHQR is a horizontal plane. EF,KJ and HG are vertical edges.

Diagram 1(i)
Draw to full scale the plan of the solid .

[3 marks]

(b) A solid cuboid is joined to the prism in the Diagram 1(i).at the vertical plane PQRLMN. The
combined solid is as shown in the Diagram 1(ii). The square base FGSW is horizontal.

Diagram 1(ii)
Draw full scale
(i) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to FG as viewed from C,
[ 4 marks ]
(ii) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to GPS as viewed from D.
[5 marks ]
Plans and elevations

26

July 2004
2(a) Diagram 4(i) shows a solid right prism with rectangular base ABCD on a horizontal table.
The surface ABLKGF is the uniform cross section of the prism. Rectangle EFGH is an
inclined plane and rectangle JKLM is a horizontal plane. AF, GK and BL are vertical edges
and GK = 2 cm.

Diagram 4(i)
Draw full scale, the elevation of the solid on a vertical plane parallel to AB as viewed
from X.
[ 3 marks ]
(b) Another solid right prism is joined to the prism in Diagram 4(i) at the vertical plane
CVJQ. The combined solid is as shown in Diagram 4(ii). Quadrilateral PQCW is the
uniform cross section of the prism. rectangle WCRU is an inclined plane and the square
TPWU is a horizontal plane. The base ABRSQD lies on a horizontal table,
KL = JM = 3 cm and GK = 2 cm.

Diagram 4(ii)

Draw full scale,

( i ) the plan of the combined solid
[ 4 marks]
( ii ) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to BCR
as viewed from Y
[ 5 marks]

Plans and elevations

27

November 2004
3(a) Diagram 2(i) shows a solid consisting of a cuboid and a half cylinder which are joined at the
plane HJMN. The base GDEF is on a horizontal plane and HJ=3 cm

Diagram 2(i)

Draw to full scale, the elevation of the solid on a vertical plane parallel to DG as viewed from X.
[3 marks ]
(b) A solid right prism is joined to the solid in Diagram 2(i) at the vertical plane ELMW. The
combined solid is as shown in diagram 2(ii). Trapezium PMWU is the uniform cross-section
of the prism and PQRM is an inclined plane. The base DEUTSWFG is on a horizontal plane
and EU= 2cm

Diagram 2(ii)
Draw to full scale,
(i) the plan of the combined solid
(ii) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to UT
as view from Y

Plans and elevations

28

[4 marks]
[5 marks]

July 2005
4(a) Diagram 5(i) shows a solid right prism with rectangular base ABCD on a horizontal table.
The surface ABLKGF is the cross-section of the prism. Rectangle GKJH is an inclined
plane. Rectangles JKLM and EFGH are horizontal planes. AF and BL are vertical edges.

Diagram 5(i)
Draw full scale, the plan of the solid

[ 3 marks]

(b) Another solid cuboid is joined to the prism in Diagram 5(i) at the vertical plane DPJHE.
The combined solid is as shown in Diagram 5(ii). The base ABBCPQV lies on a horizontal
table.

Diagram 5(ii)
Draw full scale,
( i) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to BC
as viewed from X,
(ii) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to AB
as viewed from Y.

Plans and elevations

29

[4 marks]
[5 marks]

November 2005
5(a) Diagram 3(i) shows a solid right prism with rectangular base PEFN on a horizontal table.
The surface EFGHJ is the uniform cross section of the prism. Rectangle KJHL is an inclined
plane and rectangle LHGM is a horizontal plane. JE and GF are vertical edges.

Diagram 3(i)
Draw full scale, the elevation of the solid on a vertical plane parallel to EF as viewed
from X .
[ 3 marks ]
(b) A solid right prism with uniform cross section UVWX is removed from the solid in
Diagram 3(i). The remaining solid is as shown in Diagram 3(ii) rectangle VSTW is a
horizontal plane. UV and XW are vertical edges. VS=3 cm and SE= 2 cm.

Diagram 3(ii)
Draw full scale,
(i) the plan of the remaining solid
[ 4 marks]
(ii) the elevation of the remaining solid on a vertical plane parallel to PE as viewed from Y .
[ 5 marks]

Plans and elevations

30

July 2006
6. (a) Diagram 7(i) shows a solid right prism with rectangular base ABCD on a horizontal plane.
The surface ABHGF is its uniform cross section. The rectangle EFGK is an inclined
plane and the square GHJK is a horizontal plane.The edges AF and BH are vertical.

Draw to full scale, the elevation of the solid on a vertical plane parallel to AB as viewed
from X .
[ 3 marks ]
(b) Another solid right prism is joined to the solid in Diagram 7(i) at a vertical plane CJKL to
form a combined solid as shown in Diagram 7(ii). Trapezium KLMS is its uniform cross section.
The rectangle KSRQ is an inclined plane. The edges KL and SM are vertical. The base
ABCMNPLD is on a horizontal plane.

Draw to full scale,

(i) the plan of the combined solid,
[ 4 marks]
(ii) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to ME as viewed from Y.
[ 5 marks]
Plans and elevations

31

SPM Nov 2006

7(a) Diagram 8(i) shows a solid right prism. The surface KLSR is its uniform cross section.
The base JKLM is a rectangle on a horizontal plane. The rectangle JKRQ is an inclined plane
and the square QRST is a horizontal plane.
The edges SL and TM are vertical.

Draw to full scale, the elevation of the solid on a vertical plane parallel to LK as viewed
from X .
[ 3 marks ]
(b) Another solid right prism is joined to the solid in Diagram 8(i) at the vertical plane KLSG
to form a combined solid as shown in Diagram 8(ii).
The trapezium ABCD is its uniform cross section and AFKB is an inclined plane
The rectangle ADEF is a horizontal plane.
The base JKBCLM is on a horizontal plane. The edge DC is vertical.

Draw to full scale,

(i)
the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to JB as viewed from Y
[ 4 marks]
(ii)
the plan of the combined solid .
[ 5 marks]

Plans and elevations

32

8 SPM Jul 2007

You are not allowed to use graph paper to answer this question.
(a) Diagram 6(i) shows a solid right prism with rectangular base FGRQ on a
horizontal plane. EFGHJKLM is the uniform cross-section of the prism.
Rectangles EMNP, LKUV and JHST are horizontal planes.
FE , LM , KJ and GH are vertical edges. EM = LK = JH = 2 cm.
P

6 cm
V
E

2 cm
M

Q
3 cm

5 cm

J
H

3 cm

F
6 cm

Diagram 6(i)
A

Draw full scale, the elevation of the solid on a vertical plane

parallel to FG as viewed from A.
[3 marks]

Plans and elevations

33

(b) Another solid right prism is joined to the solid in Diagram 6(i) at the vertical plane
PQRSTUVN . The combined solid is shown in Diagram 6(ii). Right-angled triangle
XYZ is its uniform cross-section of the prism.
The base FGRWQ lies on a horizontal plane and FQW is a straighf line.
X
3 cm
Y
2 cm
P

Z
N

6 cm
W

2 cm

Q
3 cm

5 cm

R
J
H

F
6 cm

Draw to full scale,

3 cm
B

Diagram 6(ii)

(i) the plan of the combined solid,

[4 marks]
(ii) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel
to GR as viewed from B .
[5marks]

Plans and elevations

34

9 November 2007
You are not allowed to use graph paper to answr this question.
(a) Diagram 7(i) shows a solid right prism with rectanglular base ABCD
on a horizontal plane. The surface ABJHGF is the uniform crosssection of the prism. AF , HG and BJ are vertical edges. Rectangle
JKLH is a horizontal plane and rectangle GMEF is an inclined
plane.
M
3 cm
E

6 cm
K

F
5 cm

4 cm
J

C
7 cm

8 cm
B
Diagram 7(i)

[3 marks]
Draw full scale, the plan of the solid.

Plans and elevations

35

(b) A half-cylinder solid of diameter 6 cm is joined to the prism in

Diagram 7(i) at the plane SKLT . The length of SK is 4 cm .
The combined solid is shown in Diagram 7(ii).
M

L
F

T
H

5 cm

4 cm

S
J

C
A
7 cm

8 cm
B
P

Diagram 7(ii)

Draw full scale,

(i)

the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel

to AB as viewed from P ,

[4 marks]

(ii) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel

to BC as viewed from Q .
[5 marks]

Plans and elevations

36

10 Jun 2008
You are not allowed to use graph paper to answr this question.
(a) Diagram 15(i) shows a solid right prism. The rectanglular base ABCD
lies on a horizontal plane. The rectangle ABGF is an inclined plane.
Trapezium ADEF is the uniform cross-section of the prism.
The edges DE is vertical .
3 cm

F
4
c

C
3 cm
5 cm
D

5 cm
Diagram 15(i)

Draw to full scale, the plan of the solid.

Plans and elevations

37

[3 marks]

(b) Another solid right prism is joined to the solid in Diagram 15(i) at the
vertical plane DCHE . The composite solid is shown in Diagram 15(ii).
Pentagon QPNMR is the cross-section of the prism. PJKN is an
inclined plane and NKLM is a horizontal plane The base ABCSRQD
lies on a horizontal plane. The edges RM and QP are vertical.
MN = QD = 2 cm and PQ = 6 cm.
J

K
H

7 cm

4 cm

5 cm
D

4 cm

5 cm

Diagram 15(ii)

Draw to full scale

(i)

the elevation of the composite solid on a vertical plane parallel

to RQ as viewed from X,
[4 marks]
(ii) the elevation of the composite solid on a vertical plane parallel
to AB as viewed from Y .
[5 marks]

Plans and elevations

38

11 November 2008
You are not allowed to use graph paper to answr this question.
(a) Diagram 15(i) shows a solid right prism with rectanglular base ABHG
on a horizontal plane.The surface ABCDE is the uniform cross-section
of the prism. AE and BC are vertical edges. Rectangle DEFK is an
inclined plane and rectangle CDKJ is a horizontal plane.
K 3 cm

J
5 cm

G
H

4cm
A

6 cm

8 cm

X
Diagram 15(i)

Draw full scale, the elevation of the solid on a vertical plane

parallel to AB as viewed from X .

Plans and elevations

39

[3 marks]

(b) A solid cuboid is cut and removed from the solid in Diagram 15(i).
The remaining solid is shown in Diagram 15(ii). Rectangle QRST
is a horizontal plane. SB = 2 cm, UT = 3 cm and ST = 4 cm.

K 3 cm

J
5 cm

G
W
Q
E

U
T
8 cm

4cm

Y
R

S
6 cm

Draw to full scale,

(i) the plan of the remaining solid,
(ii) the elevation of the remaining solid on a vertical plane parallel
to BH as viewed from Y .

[4 marks]

[4 marks]

Plans and elevations

40

ANSWERS
Orthogonal
projection

Plan

Front Elevation, X

Side Elevation
Y

3cm
4 cm

3
5cm

5cm

6cm

6cm

5 cm

5cm
4cm

4cm

5 cm

5cm

6cm

Orthogonal
projection

Plan

Front Elevation, X

Side Elevation
Y

3cm
4 cm

3
5cm

5cm

6cm

6cm

5 cm

Plans and elevations

41

5cm

4cm

4cm

5cm

5 cm

6cm

8
6cm

4cm
3 cm

10

10

10

11

11

11
6 cm

6cm
3 cm

12

12

17.43 Elevation involving hidden sides

1.
2

12

3
5

Plans and elevations

42

Plan

Front elevation, X

Side elevation, Y

8 cm

6 cm

2 cm

3 cm

2 cm

1 cm

1 cm

3 cm

5 cm

3 cm

4 cm

4 cm

2 cm

4 cm

6 cm

3
2
1

Plans and elevations

43

6
4

4
cm

2
cm 2
cm

4 cm
6

1 a.

6
cm

b.

c.

Y-elevation

Plan

2 (a)

X-elevation

(b)(i)
4 cm

(b)(ii)

1 cm
2 cm
1 cm

4 cm

1 cm
1 cm

3 cm

1 cm
4 cm

3 cm

6 cm
6 cm

4 cm
2 cm

2 cm
6 cm

3 cm

3 cm
2 cm

2 cm
10
cm

Plans and elevations

2 cm

44

17.7 SPM past years questions

1) SPM2003(N)

V/U
1(b)(i)

5 cm

2 cm

X/T

2 cm

M,N
E/M
5 cm

5 cm

5 cm

J/R

2 cm

F/N/W

2 cm

7 cm

Q/P

H/G
1(b) (ii)

X//L/V

T/U

2 cm
M

7 cm

3 cm
Q/R

H/J
2 cm
G/F

Plans and elevations

5 cm

P/N 2 cm

45

S/W

G/P/S

2 SPM2004(Julai)

3 cm

(a)

(b) (i)

2cm

2 cm

2 cm

5 cm

3 cm
4 cm

4 cm

6 cm
6 cm
b(ii)

4 cm
7cm

2 cm

3 cm

4 cm

2cm

3 SPM2004(Nov)

3 cm

(a)

2 cm

3 cm

6 cm

Plans and elevations

46

(b) (i)

N/F

H/G
3 cm
M/W

R/S

3 cm
5 cm
K/D

L/E

4 cm

P/U

b(ii)

2 cm

Q/T

2 cm

Q
2 cm

K/J/H

L/M/N

3 cm

D/G

U/E/W/F
4 cm

T/S

4 SPM 2005(Julai)
(a)

Plans and elevations

47

(b) (i)

(ii)

Plans and elevations

48

5 SPM 2005(Nov)

J,K

G,M

H,L
7 cm

4 cm

E,P
(b)(i)

K,P

U,V

L,M

M,N

X,W

S,E
3 b(ii)

F,N

8 cm

H,T
U

H,G

S,T

V,W

P,N
Plans and elevations

G,F

E,F
49

6 SPM 2006(Julai)

Plans and elevations

50

7 SPM 2006(Nov)

Plans and elevations

51

SPM 2007(Jun)

SPM 2007(Nov)

Plans and elevations

52

SPM 2008(Jun)

SPM 2008(Nov)

Plans and elevations

53