General Chemistry

Chapter 3: Molecules, Compounds and Nomenclature

Things not covered but you really need to know:
Lecture 1 of 2

Section 3.4 Formulas and Names (nomenclature),

Chemical Formulas and Molecular Models

Ionic Compounds

Elements vs Compounds

You do not need to know:

Formula Mass and the Mole Concept for Compounds

Composition of Compounds

including table 3.3 (polyatomic anions).

Section 3.5 Organic Compounds

Chemical Formulas and Molecular Models

Molecule:

Molecular Formula:

Question: What do molecular formulas tell you? What do they NOT tell you??
Empirical Formulas: give the relative numbers and types of atoms in a molecule.

Molecular:

H2O2

H2 O

CO2

C2 H4

Empirical:
Question: Where do we encounter empirical formulas?

Question: So which is better, molecular or empirical? Why?

Ionic Compounds
Definition: A compound consisting of cations (positive charge) and anions (negative charge),
associated to give an overall neutral (zero charge) species. Generally, a combination of metal and
non-metal species.
An ion is formed when a neutral atom gains or loses one or more electrons.
A neutral atom that gains one or more electrons forms an _____________________
A neutral atom that loses one or more electrons forms an _____________________

Question. How are ionic compounds different from molecular compounds?

Answer:

IONIC

MOLECULAR

Elements vs. Compounds

Question: What is an element?

The bulk of chemicals available today exist in the form of ___________________, i.e., substances
consisting of two or more kinds of atoms to form a ________________ that has properties different
than its components.
Just another note on elements.........
Question: What are examples of some molecular elements?
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In summary,

Formula Mass and the Mole Concept for Compounds

Earlier we learned about the relationship between mass, moles, and number of atoms. The same
concepts can be applied to molecules and compounds.
The terms molecular mass and molecular weight are synonymous with formula mass.
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Question: Calculate the formula mass of calcium hydroxide.

Solution:

Question: A) How many moles are in a 20.4 g sample of sodium nitrate? How many formula units?
How many oxygen atoms? B) What is the mass in grams of one formula unit of sodium nitrate?

Composition of Compounds
Through use of the molecular mass of a compound and the atomic mass of each of its constituents
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we can determine the mass percentage that each element contributes.

Example: Lead (II) Chromate is used in paint pigment. What is the percent by mass of each element
in Lead (II) Chromate?

Example: How many grams of oxygen are in 50.0 g of carbon dioxide?

Two approaches:
1. Using percent composition.

2. Using mole relationships