CHAPTER 4

FRAMES

4.1.

Introduction
Frames are members subject to bending and axial force. The stability of frames must be
considered from the standpoint of the structure as a whole, including compression members,
beams, bracing system, and connection. Please note that the stability of individual members
must also be provided.
For frames under combined gravity and lateral loads, drift (horizontal deflection caused by
applied loads) occurs at the start of loading. At a given value of applied loads, the frames has
a definite amount of drift , as seen in Fig 3.1

Fig 3.1 Second order deformation of frames

due to lateral load
To stabilize the frame against horizontal in plane movement and to resist the wind forces,
diagonal members are provided as shown by Fig 3.2. They are either single angles or
threaded rods, which are strong in tension and weak in compression. When the wind force
direction as shown in Fig 3.2.a, member 1 is in compression and only has a very small
buckling strength. Therefore, member 2 is assumed to be inactive when the structural
analysis due to wind is performed. When the wind force direction in Fig 3.2.a is reversed,
member 1 is in tension and member 2 is assumed to be inactive in the structural analysis
due to wind. This type of frame is classified as a braced frame. The horizontal movement of
a braced frame is limited by the choice of stiffness for the braces.

35

Fig 3.2 Bracing system of frames

(a)
4.2.

a) Member 1 is in compression, assumed to be inactive

b) Member 2 is in compression, assumed to be inactive
Beam-Columns

A beam-column is member whose ends are subjected to axial compression, bending moment
and shear. The transverse loads may or may not act along the length of the member. The
section of a beam-column is under compressive, bending and shear stresses. Columns and
beams are special cases of beam-columns A beam-column is likely to buckle under a
P
particular combination of compression and bending moment. In order to determine the
strength of a beam-column, it is necessary to obtain a particular combination of loads under
which the beam-column buckles.
Behaviour of Beam-Columns
Consider a beam-column AB in Fig 3.3 which buckles under loads P, M1 and M2, where M1 is
V1 is . If the same beam-column buckles under another set of
grater than M2 and M2/M

M1= Mcr

(b)

(c)

M2

36

Fig 3.3 Behaviour of beam-column:

loads

'

P ,

M '1

M '2 /M '1 ), then

'
a) beamcolumn, b)' column, c) beam
and M 2 where P is greater than P and is the same (M2/M1=

M '1 must be less than M1. As

P'

is increased to a critical load, Pcr, of

a column having the geometry of a beam-column, the beam-column buckles when

'

M 2 = 0. Similarly, if is unity and

'

'

M1 =

decreased to zero, M1 becomes Mcr of the beam

having the same geometry of beam-column. Hence a beam-column behaves as a column or a

beam, depending on the combination of loads as follows
a. Pcr, M1 = M2 = 0 column
b. P = 0, M1 = M2 = Mcrbeam
Note, that is positive for double curvature due to end moments, and is negative for single
curvature.
4.3.
First Order Analysis SNI 03-1729-2002 & LRFD Specification
Whenever a beam-column is subjected to an axial compression and bending moments, the
interaction formula that must be satisfied ( LRFD H1.2 , see also LRFD Fig F19. CH1.1, and
SNI 7.4.3.3):

[ ]

Pu 8 M u
+
1
if
Pn 9 b M
n

37

Pu
0.2
Pn

4.1

Pu
Mu Mu
+
+
2 Pn b M b M
n

if

Pu
<0.2
Pn

4.2
where
Pu = required column strength
Pn
= column design strength
Mu

= design bending strength

Amplification Moment for Braced Frames

For braced frames without axial compression load or braced frames with axial tension
force, required flexural strength (factored bending moment) is counted as (SNI 7.4-1)
u= M ntu
M

4.3

where, Mntu is the first order factored bending moment which do not prevail lateral
movement.
For braced frames with axial compression load (Nu) resulted from first order analysis, then
required flexural strength (factored bending moment) is counted as (SNI 7.4-2)
u= b M ntu
M

4.4

The factor b is counted as (SNI 7.4-3 & LRFD C1-2)

b=

Cm
P
1 1 u
P e1

1
4.5

where
Pu = required axial compressive strength for the members under consideration
Ag Fy
c
2
Pe1 =
where
is the slenderness parameter, in which the effective K

in

the plane of bending shall be determined in accordance with section

C2.1 (SNI 7.6.1), for the braced frame.

38

Cm

= a coefficient based on elastic first-order analysis assuming no lateral trans

-lation of the frame whose value shall be taken as follows

(a)

For compression members not subjected to transverse loading between their

supports in the plane of bending (SNI 7.4-4 & LRFD C1-3),
Cm =0.60.4

M2
M1

( )

4.6

where M2/M1 is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the ends of that portion
of the member unbraced in the plane of bending under consideration. M2/M1 is
positive when the member is bent in reverse curvature, negative when bent in single
curvature.

(b)

For compression members subjected to transverse loading between their

supports, the value of Cm shall be determined either by rational analysis or
by the following values:
For members whose ends are restrained...Cm = 0.85
For members whose are restrained Cm = 1.00

4.3.

Second Order Effects SNI 03-1729-2002 & LRFD Specification

Second order (P) effects shall be considered in the design of frames. In structures
designed on the basis of plastic analysis, the required flexural strength Mu shall be
determined from a second-order plastic analysis that satisfies the requirement of LRFD
specification section C2. In structures designed on the basis of elastic analysis, Mu
for beam-columns, connections, and connected members shall be determined from a
second order elastic analysis. or from the following approximate second order analysis
procedure (LRFD C1-1 & SNI 7.4.3.2):
Amplification Moment for Unbraced Frames
For unbraced frames without axial compression load or braced frames with axial tension
force, required flexural strength (factored bending moment) is counted as (LRFD C1-1, &
SNI 7.4-5)
39

M u= b M ntu + s M ltu
M ltu

where

is the required flexural strength in member as a result of lateral translation

s

of the frame only. The factor

is counted as (LRFD C1-4 & SNI 7.4-6a)

1

s=

1 Pu

or

Pu
oh

L
Pe2
K in

4.8.a

HL

[ ]
Pu
Pe 2

4.8.b

= required axial strength of all columns in a story

= lateral
Pu inter-story deflection

H
Lk=L=30ft

[ ]
oh

s=

where

4.7

= sum of all story horizontal forces producing

= story height
Ag Fy
=
where
2
c

oh

is the slenderness parameter, in which the effective

the plane of bending shall be determined in accordance with section C2.2

(SNI 7.6.1) for the unbraced frame.

4.5. Examples
1. Shown in Fig 3.4, W12 x 65 (fy = 36 ksi) subjected to bending about the x-axis only
due to the factored distributed load. Lateral braces are provided only at the member
ends. Does the W12 x 65 satisfy the requirements of SNI 7.4.2

40

Fig 3.4 Example 3.1

Properties for Designing:
2
A = 19.1 in
t = 0.605 in
Ix = 533 in4
r = 5.28 in
Sx = 87.9 in3
Zx = 96.8 in3
bf = 12.0 in
i) Beam effects
M ntu
=

1
q u L2=74.3 ftkips
8

bf
12.0
=
=9.92
2 t 20.605

p =500/ f y = 500/ 366.895 = 500/15.755= 31.736

< p

M ntu M p

M p (plastic moment )= smaller of

-

f yZ=

36 * 96.8 = 3,484.8 kip-in = 290.4 kip-ft

- 1.5 fy * S = 54 * 87.9 = 4,746.6 kip-ft = 395.5 kip-ft

290.4=261.36 kip-ft
ii) Beam-column effects
Simple supported .Cm = 1
Cm
b=
1
Pu
1 1
P e1

c =

1 Lk f y
r E

Pe1 =

A bf

2
c

1 360
36
3.14 5.28 29,006.53

19.136
0.5776

41

= 1190.44 kips

= 0.76

 b=

1
P
1 u
Pe1

[ ]

1
161
1
1190.44

= 1.16

290.4=261.36 kip-ft
b
* 74.3 = 86.188 kip-ft
iii) Column effects

c <0.25

. =1 .SNI 7.6.5a

P n=A g f cr
Pu
=
Pn

fy
= A g =496.79 kips

161
496.79

[ ]

Pu
8 Mu
P n + 9 b M

= 0.32 0.2

0.32+

8 1.274.3
9 261.36

= 0.6 1.0 ..SNI

7.4.7a
2. Shown in Fig 3.5, W12 x 65 (fy = 36 ksi) subjected to bending about the x-axis only
due to the factored distributed load. Lateral braces are provided only at the member
ends. Does the W12 x 65 satisfy the requirements of SNI 7.4.2
Solution
1. For beam effects,
0.86 ( 30 )2
M NT =
=96.8 ft kips
8
Cb =1.30
LRFD p.4-19
LRFD p.4-130

(from the last case in LRFD Table 4-1, p.4-9)

M px =261 ft kips
1=254.5 ftkips
Lb=15 ft M

M nx =smaller of Cb M 1=1.30 ( 254.5 )=331 =261 ft kips

M px =261

42

2. For beam-column effects

LRFD Eq. (C1-1) is applicable:
M ux=B1 ( M NT ) + B2 ( 0 )=B1 ( 96.8 ftkips )
Pex=

2 El x
2

( K )x

2 ( 29,000 ) ( 533 )

[30 ( 12 ) ]

=1177 kips

Cm
1.0
=
=1.285
B 1=larger of ( 1Pu / Pc ) 1261/1177
=1.285
1.00
M ux=1.143 ( 180 ) =206
3. For column effects,
( KL ) x
30
=
=17.14 ft > [ ( KL ) y =15 ft ]
( r x / r y ) 1.75

P n=( P nx=458 kips )

Pu 261
=
=0.570 0.2
Pn 458

4. Check LRFD Eq. (H1-1a), p.6-59:

8 124
0.571+
=0.994 1.00
9 261

( )

43

(OK)

3. The beam-column in Figure 6.11 is subjected only to x-axis bending due to the factored
concentrated load. Lateral braces for both flanges are provided only at the supports
F =50 ksi )
and midspan. Does a W12x72 ( y
satisfy LRFD H1.2?
Solution
1. For beam effects,
LRFD p.4-19

M px =405 ftkips

The primary moment diagram from case 13 on LRFD p.4-194 is shown in figure 6.11.

Lb
For the first
region M NT =150 ftkips and LRFD p.4-196
1=384 ftkips
Lb=15 ft M
Cb =1.67

(from case 2 in LRFD Table 4-1, p. 4-9)

(
)
M nx =smaller of Cb M 1=1.67 384 =642 =405 ftkips
M px =405

For the second

Cb =

Lb

region,

M NT =180 ftkips

and:

12.5 M max
12.5 ( 180 )
=
=2.24
2.5 M max + 3 M A + 4 M B + 3 M C 2.5 (180 )+ 3 ( 67.5 )+ 4 ( 15 ) +3 ( 97.5 )

M nx =smaller of Cb M 1=2.24 ( 384 )=860 =405 ft kips

M px=405

2. For beam-column effects,

2
El x 2 ( 29,000 ) ( 597 )
Pex=
=
=2060 kips
2
2
( KL ) x
[24 (12 ) ]
=Pu /Pex =350/2060=0.170

44

Cmx =10.3

(see p.6-183)

Cmx =10.3 ( 0.170 )=0,949

Cm
0.949
B 1=larger of 1Pu / Pe = 10.170 =1.143 =1.143
1.00
M ux=1.143 ( 180 ) =206
3. For column effects,
for y-axis buckling, it is conservative to use ( KL) y =15 ft . For x-axis buckling.
see case (e) 0n LRFD p.6-184:
( KL ) x =0.8 ( 30 )=24 ft

[ ( KL) y =15 ft ] >

( KL )x 24
=
=13.7 ft
r x /r y 1.75

P n=( P ny =694 kips )

Pu 350
=
=0.504 0.2
P n 694

4. Check LRFD Eq. (H1-1a), p.6-59, in all

Since

Pu , Pn , M px

region with

the larger

[
4. For

f y =36

0.504+

Lb

regions.

are identical in both

M ux

Lb

regions, only

Lb

must be checked:

8 206
=0.956 1.00
9 405

( )

(OK)

ksi and the result given below from a P-DELTA analysis for Figure 6.14:

1. Check serviceability. Our limiting choices due to nominal loads are Maximum

drift=

350=( 180. ) /350=0.514

.
L1 /

Maximum live-load deflection=

350=( 360. ) /360=1.00

.
L3 /

2. Check LRFD strength requirements (H1.2, p.6-60).

In Figure 6.14:
45

k s=

68.2 ft-kips/degree (accounts for

Members 1 and 2: W14x48

Member 3: W21x44

Lb=( KL ) y =7.5 ft

L=15ft.

L=30 ft.

G1=G2=10

Lb=( KL ) y =6 ft

Nominal Loads are

Dead: w=1.5kips/ft
Live: w=1 kips/ft
Snow: w=0.6 kips/ft
Wind: w=-0.507 kips/ft
P-DELTA analysis were performed for each of required LRFD strength requirements and
for 0.9D +W to check drift. The results we need from the P-DELTA analysis are
x =
1.
0.300 in. at joint 3 due to 0.9D+W
2.

y =

-0.386 in. at midspan of member 3 due to L

3. For member 2 (see Figure 6.15):

(a). For 1.2 D+1.6L+0.5S,
Y 2=55.5 kips ; M 2=14.0 ft kips ; H 4=176.7 ftkips

46

47