SIGNIFICANT FIGURES:

1. Non-_____ digit significant

2. Zeroes between _____ significant
3. Zeroes to the _____ of decimal places
or non-zero are insignificant
4. Zeroes to the _____ of decimal place
and non-aero are significant
5. With bar/decimal point are _____
OPERATIONS ON SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES:
1. Multiplication and Division: least
number of _____ _____.
a. (1.00)(2.5)=
b. (1.00)(1.000)(1.0)
2. Subtraction and Addition: least
number of _____ _____.
a. 5.00 1.3=
b. 0.005-0.0025=
3. Multiple Operations:
a. (2.34 1.2)(0.105)=
4. Logarithm:
a. Log: SF given = SF _____ of
answer
i. Log453.2 =
ii. Log3.8x10^27=
b. Antilog: SF _____ of given = _____
answer
i. Antilog4.532=
CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE:
1) Organic compounds: _____ containing
2) Inorganic compounds: all other
compounds, exceptions to the rules
are: certain _____, _____, _____, _____
(OCCC) (oxides, carbonates, carbides,
cyanides)
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
1) Ionic electron _____
2) Covalent electron _____
IONIC NAMING:
1) Cations (+)
a. 1 oxidation state - _____ + _____
i. Na+ =
b. Greater than 1 oxidation state _____/_____ system
i. Lower oxidation state = _____

ii. Higher oxidation state =

_____
1. Fe2+ = _____
2. Fe3+ = _____
3. Cu+ = _____
4. Cu2+ = _____
5. Co2+ = _____
6. Co3+ = _____
2) Anions (-)
a. No _____ atom = -_____
i. Cl- = _____
ii. F- = _____
iii. Br- = _____
iv. I- = _____
v. S2- = _____
vi. P3- = _____
b. _____: oxygen containing element
i. element that forms only one
oxoanion uses the suffix
-_____:
1. CO32-= _____
ii. Element that forms two
oxoanions:
1. Less number of
oxygens= _____
2. More number of
oxygens= _____
a. NO2 = _____
b. NO3-= _____
iii. Element that forms more
than two oxoanions uses the
suffixes:
1. _____- -_____ lowest #
2. -_____
3. -_____
4. _____- -_____ highest #
a. ClO3-=_____
b. ClO1-=_____
c. ClO2-=_____
d. ClO4- =_____
iv. Hyrdrogen containing
oxoanions: _____+_____ name
1. HCO3-=_____ (aka
_____)
2. HSO4-=_____ (aka
_____)
NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS:
1) Given by _____ name + _____ name:
a. NaCl=_____ _____

b. FeCl3=_____ _____ or _____ ( )

_____
NAMING MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS:
1) The number of _____ in molecular
compounds is indicated by prefixes
such as _____- for one, _____- for two,
_____- for three, etc. The same holds
true for _____ compounds, which are
_____ or _____ compounds of two
different _____.
2) The prefix _____ is never used in the
first element of a molecular compound
and rarely used in the _____ element
of a molecular compound:
a. PCl3= _____ _____
b. N2O=_____ _____
c. HCl = _____ _____
d. CO = _____ _____
NAMING ACIDS
1) _____ acids are _____s in _____
solutions and make use of the prefix
_____- and the suffix -_____ _____.
a. HCl (aq) = _____
2) _____ are named by giving the name
of the _____ + _____* + _____
a. *the _____ depends on the _____
name:
i. _____ of anion is replaced
by -_____ _____
ii. _____ of anion is replaced
by -_____ _____
1. H2SO3 = _____ _____
2. H2SO4 = _____ _____
b. This also holds true for acids
with elements of more than two
oxoanions:
i. HCLO3= _____ _____
ii. HCLO4=_____ _____
iii. HCLO=_____ _____
iv. HCLO2=_____ _____
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
1) _____ _____ (RP)
2) HCL + NaOH H2O + NaCl
a. HCL + NaOH H2O + NaCl
3) H2SO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O
a. H2SO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 +
H2O
b. 1,2,1,2

4) CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O

a. CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
b. 2, 7, 4, 6
5) PbSO4 + NaCl NaSO4 + PbCl2
a. PbSO4 + NaCl NaSO4 + PbCl2
b. ..2.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
1) General:
a. _____: A+ B _____ or C + A + B
= _____ (lesser species)
b. _____: AB _____ + _____ (more
species)
c. _____ _____: AB + C _____ +
_____
d. _____ _____: AB + CD _____ +
_____
e. _____: CXHy + O2 _____ + _____
(any _____ with _____ forms _____
_____ and _____)
AQUEOUS SOLUTION:
1) _____: M(aq)n+ + X(aq)y- M_X_ (s)
2) _____: (_____ transfer)
a. H+ (aq) + OH-(aq) H2O (l)
b. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
c. Acid + base = _____ + _____
3) _____: (_____-_____ transfer)
a. Cu(aq)2+ + Zn(s) Cu(s) +
Zn2+ (aq)
i. Cu(s) _____ electrons
ii. Zn2+ _____ electrons
ELECTROLYTES AND NONELECTROLYTES:
1) electrolytes _____ _____ in water, is
_____
a. _____ ionized
b. _____ acids and bases
c. _____ salts
d. HCL _____ +_____
e. NaOH _____+ _____
f. NaCl _____ +_____
2) non-electrolytes - _____ _____ in water,
is _____ _____ _____
a. _____ ionized = _____
b. _____ acids and bases
c. _____ salts
d. CH3COOH _____ + _____
e. NH3 _____ + _____
f. AgCl _____ + _____

SOME GENERALIZATIONS
REGARDING WEAK AND STRONG
ELECTROLYTES:
1) Most salts are _____ ionized, except:
a. _____,_____,_____, _____, ____
b. (HgCL2, CdI2, CdCl2, Hg(CN)2,
Pb(CH3COOH)2
2) Most acids are _____ ionized, except:
a. _____, _____ (1st ionization),
_____, _____, _____, _____, _____
b. HNO3, H2SO4, HI, HBr, HCl,
HClO3, HCLO4
3) Most bases are _____ ionized, except:
a. The _____ of the _____ _____
(Group 1A) and those of the
heavier _____ _____ _____ (Group
IIA) (i.e. _____, _____, _____)
(Benilde)
SOLUBILITY GUIDE FOR IONIC
COMPOUNDS IN WATER:
1) Soluble Compounds, compounds
containing: NCCBIS (exceptions are
usually AHP)
a. _____: NO EXCEPTIONS
b. _____: NO EXCEPTIONS
c. _____: except _____, _____, _____
(Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+)
d. _____: except _____, _____, _____
(Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+)
e. _____: except _____, _____, _____
(Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+)
f. _____: except _____, _____, _____,
_____, (Hg22+, Pb2+, Sr2+,
Ba2+)
2) Insoluble Compounds, compounds
containing: SCPO (exceptions are
usually CSB)
a. _____: except _____, alkali metal
_____, _____, _____, _____ (NH4+,
cations, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+)
b. _____: except _____, alkali metal
_____,
c. _____: except _____, alkali metal
_____,
d. _____: alkali metal _____, and
_____, _____, _____ (Ca2+, Sr2+,
Ba2+)
IONIC EQUATIONS

1) Precipitation:
Example 1: NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl +
NaNO3
a. Step 1: identify whether (aq), (s),
(g), or (l), it is aqueous if it is _____.
b. Step 2: break up (aq) into ions
c. Step 3: cancel spectator ions
d. Step 3: write net ionic equation
Answer: Cl (aq) + Ag + (aq) AgCl (s)
2) Neutralization:
Example 1: HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl
Answer: H+ (aq) + OH-(aq) H2O (l)
Example 2: CH3COOH + NaOH
NaCH3COO + H2O
Answer: CH3CHOOH (aq) + OH- (aq)
CH3COOH- (aq) + H2O (l)
If it is a weak electrolyte, even
though it is _____, it will sometimes
not completely _____. Important to
remember _____ acid and _____.
3) Displacement (_____ reactions)
Example 1: Cu(NO3)2 + Zn Cu +
Zn(NO3)2
Answer: Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s) Cu(s) +
Zn2+ (aq)
Dissociation: depends on _____ of
acids and bases
o Weak: _____ likely to
dissociate
o Strong: _____ likely to
dissociate
STRONG BASES: (LKNCMS)
1) _____
2) _____
3) _____
4) _____
5) _____
6) _____
STRONG ACIDS (CCCBINS):
1) _____
2) _____
3) _____
4) _____
5) _____
6) _____
7) _____
DISSOCIATION:

1) weak acids + weak bases = write

_____ _____
2) strong acids + strong bases = _____
_____
3) usually have + and compounds
ELECTROLYTES AND NONELECTROLYTES (EXPERIMENT 4):
1) higher _____ _____ acid and base
2) _____ ionization: HCl + H2O H3O+ +
Cl3) _____ ionization: CH3COOH + H2O
H3O+ + CH3COO4) HCl _____ CH3COOH in terms of acid
strength
5) NaOH + H2O _____ + _____+ _____
6) NH3 + H2O _____ + _____
7) NH3+ CH3COOH _____+ _____
NH3 is a _____ base, CH3COOH is a
_____ acid
NH3 + CH3COOH conducts _____
electricity, and is _____
This is because: _____ ionization
occurs. more _____ _____ causes
more _____ to be _____.
So, even if you combine 2 weak
electrolytes, the result may be
_____
8) CH3COOH _____ (result)
a. Nothing to _____ it, therefore
nothing happens
b. If you add H2O, the result is
_____ because CH3COOH is a
_____ acid
9) Dissociation:
a. A+X- + solvent A+ + Xb. H+X- + H2O H3O+ + Xc. B + H2O BH+ + OHd. Strong: _____ dissociation
e. Weak: _____ dissociation
FLAME TEST (EXPERIMENT 9):
1) Electron _____ (no loss or gain)
2) Results:
a. Na+ _____
b. K+ _____
c. Ba2+ _____
d. Ca2+ _____
e. Cu2+ _____

3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)

f. H2O _____
Reduction - _____ of electrons
Oxidation - _____ of electrons
GEROA, LEORA
Reduction form:
a. Na+ + e- Na
b. Do it for K, Ba, Ca, Cu
Oxidation form:
a. Na Na+ + eb. Do it for K, Ba, Ca, Cu
Electron excitation:
a. E=hv
b. E=hc/lamda
Complementary colors:
a. Transmitted light, absorbed light
b. gas excitations produce a
signature _____ _____ _____ for an
element
c. As they return to their ground
state, they _____ _____of very
specific energy, which
corresponds to specific _____ of
light, and so particular _____ of
light

EXPERIMENT ON BENZOIC ACID:

1) Recrystallization:
a. _____ solution in apt. solvent
b. _____ filtration
c. _____ cooling
d. _____ filtration
2) Sublimation:
a. Solid to _____ (apply heat)
b. No _____ state
c. Increase _____ pressure at
temperature _____ than Melting
point
3) Why H2O as a solvent?
a. It is the _____ solvent
b. It dissolves solute _____ at _____
temperature and _____ at _____
temperature
c. Minimal _____
d. Sufficiently _____
e. Does not react _____
4) Why add heat?
a. To facilitate _____ of Benzoic Aid
b. Other compounds not _____ in
high temperatures get _____

5) Why add charcoal?

a. To _____ _____ _____ from sample
b. Colored substances mostly
_____
c. Solution should turn _____
6) Boiling water?
a. So that benzoic acid does not
_____
7) Filter paper is fluted because its _____
8) Funnel is _____ and _____-necked
because its also faster
9) Cooling
a. _____- remove soluble impurities
at _____ temperature, and to
return benzoic acid to _____
form,
b. they _____ each other during
cooling
c. if you rapidly cool, you get _____
size of precipitate, but a _____
number and will _____ _____
_____
d. if you cool too slowly, the _____
may _____ between spaces
e. cool undisturbed because if you
disturb it, it might cause
disturbance with the _____ of
solute, and may cause attraction
between _____ and _____
10) Why was swith cold water?
a. So that the temperature does
not _____ and to _____ its _____
form
11) Air dry to remove _____
12) To facilitate recrystallization of
supersaturated solution:
a. _____: add _____ _____ _____ to
the solution, the system
_____, the _____ go to _____ _____
_____, so they _____ together
which facilitates recrystallization
b. _____: scratch inner _____ of
glassware because you _____
from sides to facilitate _____ of
solute
13) To facilitate recrystallization of
unsaturated solution:
a. _____ to make BA _____ again
14) Sublimation:
a. Increase _____ _____ inside
beaker by covering with filter

paper and rubber band

b. Less then ~_____oC because it
has to be _____ _____ the _____
_____ of Benzoic Acid, because
otherwise, it will _____
15) Melting Point determination:
a. Oil high melting point, so it
wont _____ _____ and you can
observe solid, then slowly heat
so you can observe
LEWIS STRUCTURES
1) Ionic bonds electron _____
a. Total valence es
b. Draw e transfer
c. Complete octet
d. Bracket and charge
2) Covalent bonds electron _____
a. Total valence es
b. Central, terminal (less
electronegative, least # of
atoms)
c. Draw es sharing via single
bonds
d. Complete octet of terminal
e. Use remaining electrons for
central
f. Formal charge and resonance
3) Formal charge:
a. #valence - #bonds - #unshared
b. goal: _____ formal charge
c. if not 0, _____ electronegative
has charge
LAW OF DEFINITE COMPOSITION:
1) no matter the _________, a particular
compound is composed of the same
_________ in the same _________
(_________) by mass.
2) Example: In H2o, H will always be
11.19% of mass, while O will always
be 18.81% of mass.
STOCHIOMETRY:
1) Involves _________ _________
2) _________ of substance in reference to
substance that it _________ or that it
_________ with
SOLIDS: MOLE TO _________

1) unit for _________ of the chemical

substance
2) works for any _________/_________
3) 1 mole = _________ (_________s
number) _________/_________/_________
4) EXAMPLE 1:
1 mole H20
a. O mole = _________
b. H mole = _________
c. Atoms O = _________
d. Atoms H = _________
2 moles CO2
a. C mole = _________
b. O mole= _________
c. Moles O2= _________
d. 3.011x10^23 atoms O =
_________ moles CO2
3) Molar mass = _________/_________
(_________/_________)
a. Can be found in _________
_________
4) EXAMPLE 2:
a. 1 mole H2O = _________ g
b. MM H2O = _________ g/mol
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS:
1) 2 moles HCl = _________ g HCl
i. (72.916)
2) 6.5 moles NaOH = _________ g NaOH
i. 260
3) 25.0 G NaOH = _________ mol NaOH
i. 0.625
4) 10.0 g CH3COOH = _________ mol
CH3COOH
i. 0.167
5) Mole to grams = _________ by MM
6) Grams to mole = _________ by MM
LIQUIDS: MOLE TO _________:
1) Molarity = _________ / _________
solution (_________/_________)
2) M = _________/_________
3) EXAMPLE 1:
a. Vol HCl in 0.05 mol HCl
Producing 1.00 M HCl= _________
i. 0.05 L
soln
b. mole HCl in 500.0 mL, 1.0 M
HCl= _________
4) Mole to Liters = _________ by Molarity
5) Liters to Mole = _________ by Molarity

STOCHIOMETRY IN CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS:
1) HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) +
NaCl (aq)
a. 2 moles HCl reacted, then moles
of NaOH reacted? _________
b. then, moles NaCl produced?
_________
c. then, moles H2O _________
2) H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4
(aq) + 2H2O (l)
a. 2 moles H2SO4 reacted, moles
of NaOH reacted? _________
b. moles Na2So4 produced?
_________
c. g NaOH reacted? _________
d. g H2SO4 reacted to produce 2
moles H2O? _________
3) Limiting reactant and Excess reactant:
a. Analogy:
i. Buns = _________ reactant
ii. Limiting = _________ by the
end
iii. Excess = _________ by the
end
4) EXAMPLE 1: H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
Na2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
a. 25. 0 g H2SO4 and 25.0 g NaOH
to produce Na2SO4?
b. which is the limiting reactant?
5) Limiting reactant: _________ amount of
product produced
YIELD:
1) Percent yield = _________/_________
x100
SEPTEMBER 28 DISCUSSION:
1) _________: _________ material formed in
the solution formed by chemical
reaction upon mixing of 2 solutions of
different substances
2) _________: _________ left after the
precipitate has _________, also known
as the _________ _________.
3) _________: method of _________ a solid,
a _________ that is _________ enough to
settle at the bottom of the container,
from the liquid by _________ of the
liquid without letting the _________

pass through the a filter paper

4) What is the precipitate in this
reaction?
a. Ca(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2CO3(aq)
CaCO3 (_) + 2NaNO3 (__)
CHEMICAL CHANGE:
1) _________ change
2) formation of _________
3) _________ _________
4) _________ change
5) Types:
a. _________
b. _________
c. _________ _________
d. _________ _________
e. *you determine the type
through _________ _________
_________, not through _________
_________ _________
REACTIONS ON AQUEOUS SYSTEMS:
1) _________ reactions: Producing
_________ (_________ solids) suspended
on the _________ (soluble _________).
Determined by _________ rules.
2) _________-_________ reactions:
reactions involving acids (proton
__________) and bases (proton
_________). Guided by principles of
_________ and _________-_________.
3) _________ reactions: reactions
involving reduction (_________ of e-)
and oxidation (_________ of e-) of
certain species. Feasible reactions are
determined by _________ _________.
SOLUBILITY AND IONIZATION:
1) CASH AGaiN:
a. C- _________
b. A- _________
c. S- _________, except _________
(_________,_________,_________)
d. H-_________, except _________
_________
(_________,_________,____________
______,_________,_________)
e. A- _________ _________
f. Gai- Group _________ metals
g. Nitrates

ELECTROLYTES AND NONELECTROLYTES:

1) Strong Acids:
a. _________
b. _________
c. _________
d. _________
e. _________
f. _________
g. _________
2) Strong Bases:
a. _________
b. _________
c. _________
d. _________
e. _________
f. _________
ACTIVITY SERIES: (LK BCN MA MZ CF
CNS H)
1) _________
2) _________
3) _________
4) _________
5) _________
6) _________
7) _________
8) _________
9) _________
10) _________
11) _________
12) _________
13) _________
14) _________
15) _________
16) Examples:
a. NaCl (aq) + K (s) _________
b. KCl (aq) + Na (s) _________
COPPER CYCLE:
1) _________: color _________ _________
2) + 6.00 M _________: color _________
3) _________: color _________
4) _________: color _________
5) +3.00 M _________: color _________
_________
6) + _________ (s)= _________ _________
_________ solid
7) After _________: from color _________
_________ to _________, when it became
_________

8) Complete reaction: after adding NH3

_________
9) Incomplete reaction: after adding NH3
_________ _________

b. NIE: _________(s) + _________ (aq)

_________ (aq) + H2O (l)
4) Formation of Cu:
a. BCE: _________ (aq) +
_________(s) _________(aq) +
_________(s)
b. NIE: _________(aq) + Zn (s)
_________(s)
5) Removal
of Excess
Zn:
a. BCE: Zn(s) + _________(aq)
_________ (aq) + _________ (g)
b. NIE: _________(s) +_________ (s)
_________ (aq) + _________(g)
6) Oxidation of Cu:
a. BCE: _________(s) + _________ (g)
_________ (s)
b. NIE: _________ (s) + _________ (g)
_________ (s)
LITMUS PAPER:
1) Litmus paper contains dyes extracted
from _________. Can also work as a
solution (litmus powder dissolved in
water)
a. Red: _________
b. Blue: _________
c. Purple: _________

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS FOR COPPER

CYCLE:
1) Precipitation of Cu(OH)2:
a. BCE: _________ + _________
_________ + _________ (________
_________ reaction)
b. NIE: _________ (_________
reaction)
c. Excess _________ is added to test
for the completeness of the
solution, and _________ of the
solution is observed.
2) Formation of CuO:
a. BCE: _________ (s) + _________
CuO (s) + _________ (l)
b. NIE: _________ (s) + _________
CuO (s) + _________ (l)
3) Dissolution of CuO:
a. BCE: CuO(s) + _________ (aq)
_________ (aq) + _________ (l)

LODC: All samples of a given chemical

compound have the same chemical
composition by _________ (by Joseph
_________)
LOMP:2 elements form more than 1
compound between them, the rations of
the _________ of the 2nd element when
combined with a _________ mass of the 1st
element will be _________ of _________
_________ _________.
DETERMINING THE FORMULA:
1) nA(number of atoms) = MAVA
(stoichiometric point)
2) nB(number of atoms) = MBVB
(stoichiometric point)
3) M= _________, V= _________