PRE GRAMMAR

LANGUAGE PROLOG
Jenis

: Bahasa isyarat (gesture/sign)

Bahasa lisan (speaking/conversation)
Bahasa tulis (writing)

PARTS OF SPEECH
KELAS KELAS KATA

1. Kata Kerja (kkt/kki)

e.g : belajar, makan
2. Kata Benda (kb)
e.g : meja, buku
3. Kata Ganti (kg)
e.g : dia (pr), dia (lk)
4. Kata Sifat (ks)
e.g : cantik, ganteng, lucu
5. Kata Keterangan (kk)
e.g : di sini, di sana
6. Kata Sambung (k.sam)
e.g : dan, atau, dengan
7. Kata Depan (kd)
e.g : di, ke, oleh
8. Kata Seru (k.seru)
e.g : amboi, wow, ah!

1. Verb (v)
e.g : study, eat, do
2. Noun
e.g : table, book, glass
3. Pronoun
e.g : me, you, he, she
4. Adjective
Beautiful, handsome, kind
5. Adverb
e.g : here, there, over there
6. Conjunction
e.g : and, while, or
7. Preposition
e.g : in, to/for, by
8. Interjection
e.g : wow, ouch

Komponen Bahasa Tulis

1. Huruf (letter)
Adalah symbol bunyi yang disepakati.
e.g : A

2. Kata (word)
Adalah rangkaian huruf yang bermakna (exeption : a, I)
e.g : table, dush
3. Frase (Phrase)
Adalah rangkaian kata yang bermakna, dapat dipahami tetapi tidak berpola S + V

Kinds of phrase :
a. Noun Phrase: frase yang intinya ada pada noun
Word Order : Adjective

+ Noun

As modifier

As head

e.g : Handsome boy

Enough money
A book store
b. Prepositional Phrase: frase yang diawali oleh preposisi
Word Order : Preposisi

+ Object of preposisi
Noun/Pronoun/Noun Phrase

e.g : With you

Beside a beautiful girl

c. Adjective Phrase: frase yang intinya ada pada adjective

Wodr Order :

Adverb
As modifier

+ Adjective
As head

e.g : very funny

beautiful enough

d. Adverbial Phrase: frase yang intinya ada pada adverb

Wodr Order :

Adverb
As modifier

e.g : very slowly

really beautifully

+ Adverb
As head

NOTES :
Enough + Noun
As M (adj)

Adjective + Enough
As H

e.g : enough money

Adjective Phrase

e.g : beautiful enough

As M (adv)

Adverb + Enough
As H

Noun Phrase

As H

Adjective Phrase

e.g : beautifully enough

As M (adv)

SENTENCE
merupakan rangkaian kata yang bermakna, dapat dipahami, minimal berpola S + V dan
diakhiri dengan tanda baca pengakhir.
Tanda baca pengakhir : full stop (.), exclamatory mark (!), question mark (?).
CLAUSE
Adalah rangkaian kata yang bermakna, dapat dipahami dan minimal berpola S +V
Kinds of Clause :
1. Main Clause (Independent Clause)

disebut pula sebagai kalimat (sentence)

W.O : S + V
e.g : Irul cries
2. Sub Ordinative Clause (Dependent Clause)
W.O : Conj + S + V
e.g : Because Adel went home
Irul cries because Adel went home.
Because Adel went home, Irul cries.
Sentence dan Main clause adalah hal yang sama karena keduanya sudah dapat dipahami
maknanya. Istilah main clause hanya dipakai untuk membedakan antara Main Clause dan
Sub Ordinative Clause karena Sub Ordinative Clause belum dapat dipahami tanpa
adanya Main Clause atau dengan kata lain, Sub Ordinative Clause membutuhkan Main
Clause untuk memperjelas makna.
Contoh dalam bahasa Indonesia :
(MC/Sentence) Vivi tidak berangkat sekolah.
(SC)

Karena hari ini hujan

(Sentence)

Vivi tidak berangkat sekolah karena hari ini hujan.

Karena hari ini hujan, Vivi tidak berangkat sekolah.

atau

SUMMARY:
Noun Phrase

Adj + Noun

Prep Phrase

Prep + Object of Prep

Adj Phrase

Adverb + Adjective

Adv Phrase

Adverb + Adverb

DC

Conj + S + V
S + V

Sentence

IC + DC
DC, + IC

Identify wether the following is a sentence, dependent clause or phrase. If a phrase,

identify the kind of it!
1. Rather fresh
2. The clever student
3. They sit
4. Before a new friend
5. Very carefully
6. Friendly enough
7. Before you come
8. After Zaky ate, he drank

VERB
Merupakan kata yang menyatakan aktivitas (action) dan kondisi (state).
e.g : eat, sleep, drink (action)
have, forget, love (state)

Form of Verb :
1. Present :
a. To Infinitive (To Inf)
Form : To + Bare Infinitive (verb murni)
e.g : to eat, to climb
b. Bare Infinitive (Bi)
e.g : run, dug
c. Additional Infinitie (Ai)
Form : Bi + s/es
e.g : talks, drinks, washes
2. Past : Past Tense (PT)
e.g : had, stopped
3. Participle
a. Past Participle (PP)
Form : Bi + d/ed (regular verb)
e.g : walked (regular), run (irregular verb)
b. Preset Participle
Form : Bi + ing
e.g : stopping, running, raining

Function of Verb
1. Auxiliary verb :
a. Primary auxiliary
Adalah kata kerja bantu yang tidak mempunyai makna, tap membantu dalam
pembentukan tenses dan voice.
Bi

Ai

PT

Pres. PT

PP

Be
Do
Have

is, am, are

does
has

was, were
did
had

Being
-

been
-

b. Modal
Adalah kata kerja bantu yang membantu dalam makna dan pembentukan tenses.
e.g : will, shall, would, should

2. Ordinary verb (kata kerja utama)

a. Bare infinitive (Bi) orang kadang menyebutnya sebagai Verb Murni/V1
1. Berdiri sendiri
e.g : We study English.
2. Modal + Bi
e.g : Nayla will study English.
b. Additional infinitive (Ai) orang kadang menyebutnya sebagai V1 + s/es
Berdiri sendiri
e.g : Tya studies English.
c. Past tense (PT) orang kadang menyebutnya sebagai V2
Berdiri sendiri
e.g : Toni studied English.
d. Past participle (PP) orang kadang menyebutnya sebagai V3
1. Have + PP
e.g : Resti has studied English.
Wisnu and Novi have studied English.
2. Be + PP (Passive voice)
e.g : English was studied here.
e. Present participle orang kadang menyebutnya sebagai V-ing
Be + pres.pt
e.g : Hana is studying English.
SUMMARY:
Modal

Bi

Have

PP

Be

PP
Pres.pt

Error Analysis
1. Has were eats

6. Should had were

2. Would having are wrote

7. Has it drink

3. Shall had goes

8. Will been breaks

4. Am took

9. Had having

5. Will was reads

10. Shall has coming

Objective Case:
1. Transitive (membutuhkan objek)
a. Monotransitive Verb (MV)
Form :

S + MV + DO (direct object/object langsung)

e.g : Sandy loves Alty

b. Ditransitive verb (DV)
Form :

S + DV + IO + DO

atau

S + DV + DO + to/for + IO

e.g : Suzan give me a doll

Suzan give a doll for me
Certain of Ditransitive Verb:
Ask

Land

Pay

Say

Take

Buy

Leave

Play

Sell

Teach

Bring

Make

Promise

Send

Tell

Cost

Owe

Read

Show

Write

Get

Offer

Refuse

Sing

Wish

Give

Pass

2. Intransitive Verb (tidak butuh objek)

a. Complete (lengkap)
Sudah dapat dipahami maknanya walaupun tanpa disertai dengan pelengkap.
e.g : Wati sleeps
b. Incomplete (tak lengkap)
Harus diberi pelengkap agar maknanya dapat dipahami. Disebut juga sebagai
Linking Verb (LV)
e.g : Boe became clever

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Certain of Linking Verb:
Appear

Get

Prove

Stay

Be

Grow

Remain

Sound

Become

Keep

Seen

Taste

Feel

Look

Smell

Turn

Example:
1. Bedul gets a cake

5. Pinto has got hungry

2. Oon will get you a parcel

6. She would be rally smart

3. They get coffee for Kamil

7. Lukman had been a teacher

4. The students got here

8. A quiet girl was here

Semantic Case
1. Dinamic verb
Adalah kata kerja yang menyatakan aktivitas
e.g : run, walk, write, sing
2. Stative verb
Adalah kata kerja yang menyatakan kondisi
e.g : love, hate, forget, miss

TENSES
Adalah bentuk kata kerja yang menunjukkan waktu sebuah kejadian.

Kinds
1. Time
a. Present (sekarang)

W.O : Ai/Bi

b. Past (lampau)

W.O : PT

c. Future (rencana)

W.O : Will/Shall + Bi

d. Past Future (rencana masa lampau

W.O : Would/Should + Bi

2. Event
a. Simple (kebiasaan)

W.O : -

b. Continuous (sedang berlangsung)

W.O : Be + Pres.pt

c. Perfect (sempurna)

W.O : Have + PP

d. Pf. Cont (sedang berlangsung dan berdurasi)

W.O : Have + Been + Pres.pt

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Perfect
Have + PP

Continuous
Be + Pres.pt

Have + Been + Pres.pt

PERHATIKAN bahwa rumus di atas tersusun dari :

HAVE + bentuk PP (V3) dari BE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (Ving)
yang mengindikasikan bahwa rumus tersebut merupakan gabungan antara Time +
Event. JANGAN SAMPAI TERBALIK!!!!
Event
Time

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS
Be + Pres.pt

PERFECT
Have + PP

PF.CONT
Have+Been+Pres.pt

PRESENT

Ai/Bi
PAST

PT
FUTURE
Shall + Bi
Will
PS.FUTURE
Shuold + Bi
Would

SENTENCE CLASSIFICATION
1. By Ordinary
a. Verbal
Adalah kalimat yang verb ordinarinya selain Be stative.
b. Nominal
Adalah kalimat yang verb ordinarinya berupa Be stative.
2. By Structure
a. Statement (declarative/berita/informasi/pernyataan)
Affirmative ( + )

W.O : S + V

e.g : I am thinking of you

Negative ( - )

W.O : S + V + not

e.g : I am not thinking of you

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b. Question (interogative/pertanyaan)
Yes/No Question
Affirmative

W.O : V + S ?

Negative

W.O : V + S + not ?

Information Question
Affirmative

W.O : QW + S + V ?

Negative

W.O : QW + V + S + not ?

c. Request/Command (imperative/permintaan/perintah)
Affirmative
W.O : VBi (diikuti) !
e.g : Go!
Open the door!
Negative
e.g :

W.O : Do + not + VBi (diikuti) !

Do not go!
Do not open the door!
Do not be silent please!

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

Verb
Subject

Be
Is, Am, Are

Non Be

Was, Were

Ai/Bi

Will/Shall

He, John
She, Ann

Is

It
I

Was

Ai

Am

Will Shall

We
You

Are

Were

Bi

Shall

They
Example:
I.

Choose the coorrect verb!

1.

Kanda and she (have/has) (eating/eaten) the cake

2.

They (is/am/are) (lieing/lying) on the bed

3.

Kanda, Hikam and I (was/were) (went/going) to the market

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II. Change the tenses
1.

Kanda broke the glasses (Pr. Cont)

2.

We had visited Kelud (Ps. F. Cont)

3.

Rochis feels so sad (Pr. Pf)

PEMBENTUKAN NEGATIVE
(?)

Interrogative

(-?) Negative Interrogative

(-)

Letakkan not setelah verb yang pertama

e.g: Sandy will eat the banana.
Sandy will not eat the banana.

(?)

Letakkan verb pertama sebelum subjek (jangan lupa diberi question mark).
e.g: Will Sandy eat the banana?

(-?)

Letakkan verb pertama sebelum subject, letakkan not setelah subject ((jangan
lupa diberi question mark).
e.g: Will Sandy not eat the banana?

Notes:
Informal
Wont Sandy eat the banana?
Dalam pembentukan (-), (?) dan (-?) harus mendatangkan do dan does untuk
Simple Present Tense, dan mendatangkan did untuk Simple Past Tense.
Sedangkan Verb ordinary kembali ke bentuk semula. Jika Verb ordinary berupa
Be, maka dalam pembentukan (-), (?) dan (-?) tidak perlu mendatangkan do
does maupun did.

CONTRACTION (PENYINGKATAN)
Is
Am
Are
Was
Were

:
:
:
:
:

isnt
arent
arent
wasnt
werent

Have
Has
Had
Do
Does

:
:
:
:
:

haventt
hasnt
hadnt
dont
doesnt

Did
Will
Shall
Would
Should

:
:
:
:
:

didnt
wont
shant
wouldnt
shouldnt

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NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS
Adalah verb yang tidak dapat dicontinuouskan
e.g : S.Pr

: Winny has two children.

S.Ps.Cont (-)

: Winny did not have two children.

Kembali ke bentuk S.Ps

Notes :
Hati hati jika menemukan tenses continuous. Lihat Vord nya. Jika Vord berupa
Nonprogressive

verbs,

maka

mundurkan

satu

langkah

(ubah

ke

tenses

sebelumnya)

TIME
EVENT
PRESENT

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

PERFECT

PF.CONT

Be + Pres.pt

Have + PP

Have+Been+Pres.pt

Ai / Bi

Have + PP
Has

PT

Had + PP

FUTURE
Shall + Bi
will

Shall + Bi
Will

Shall+Have+PP
Will

PS.FUTURE
Shuold + Bi
Would

Should+Bi
Would

Should+Have+PP
Would

Ai/Bi
PAST

PT

CERTAIN ADJECTIVE :
bad

good

loud

responsible

careful

illogical

nice

rude

cruel

impolite

noisy

serious

fair

irresponsible

patient

silly

foolish

kind

pleasant

unfair

funny

lazy

polite

unkind

generous

logical

quiet

unpleasent

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NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS
1. Mental
State

2. Emotional
State

Believe

Imagine

Prefer

Suppose

Doubt

Know

Realize

Think

Feel

Mean

Recognize

Understad

Forget

Need

Remember

Want

Appreciate

Envy

Hate

Love

Care

Fear

Like

Mind

Posses

Dislike

3. Possesion

Belong

Have

Own

4. Sense
Perception

Feel

See

Taste

Hear

Smell

Appear

Consist of

Exixt

Owe

Be

Contain of

Include

Seem

Cost

Look

Weight

5. Other
existing
states

Notes : Have tidak mempunyai bentuk pasif. Ketika pasif have diganti dengan
belong to
Verbs with an asterisk are also commonly used as progressive verbs, with a
difference in meaning, as in the following examples :
NONPROGRESSIF (existing state)

PROGRESSIVE (activity in program)

think

I think e is a kind man.

I am thinking about this grammar.

have

He has a car.

I am having trouble. She is having a good time.

taste

This food tastes good.

The chief is tasting the sauce.

smell

The flowers smells good.

Don is smelling the roses.

see

I see the butterfly. Do you see it?

The doctor is seeing a patient.

feel

The cats fur feels so soft.

Sue is feeling the cats fur.

look

She looks cold. Ill lend her my coat.

I am looking out the window.

appear

He appears to be asleep.

The actor is appearing on the stage.

weigh

A piano is heavy. It weighs a lot.

The grocer is weighing the bananas.

be

I am hungry.

Tom is being foolish**

PASSIVE VOICE
Badalah suatu kalimat yang subjeknya tidak melakukan suatu aktifitas dari kata kerja
tetapi justru dikenai aktifitas. Passive voice mempunya ciri ciri Be + PP.

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PERHATIKAN bahwa rumus di atas tersusun dari :
HAVE + bentuk PP (V3) dari BE + Pres.Pt (Ving)
yang mengindikasikan bahwa rumus tersebut merupakan gabungan antara Time +
Event + Passive. JANGAN SAMPAI TERBALIK!!!!
EVENT
TIME
PRESENT

Ai/Bi

PAST

PT

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS
Be + Pres.pt

PERFECT
Have + PP

Is
Am + PP
Are

Is
Am + Pres.pt
Are

Have + Been + PP
Has

Wasl + PP
Were

Were + Pres.pt
Was

Had + Been + PP

PF.CONT
Have+Been+Pres.pt

FUTURE
Shall + Bi
will

Shall + Bi
Will

Shall+ Have + Been + PP

Will

Should+Bi
Would

Should+Have+Been+PP
Would

PS.FUTURE
Shuold + Bi
Would

Perubahan Active Voice to Passive Voice

1. Objek AV menjadi Subject PV
2. Subject AV menjadi keterangan pelaku (the doer) pada kalimat PV dengan diawali
preposisi by (by agent) dengan syarat:
Subject Av bukan berupa Indefinite Pronoun
Eg. Someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, something etc.
Jika subject berupa indefinite pronoun, maka tidak perlu ditulis lagi.
Verb bukan berupa general job dari si pelaku.

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TIME SIGNAL
Simple Present:

Simple Past:

Usually

Yesterday

Often

Last

Sometime

This morning

Seldom

Two days ago

Rarely

In 2009

Always

Just now

Never

The day before yesterday

Every
Simple future:

Present Continuous:

Tomorrow

Now

Next week

Right now

Next day

At the present

Tonight

At this time

Two weeks later

At the moment

The day after tomorrow

At this time

Soon
In 2015

NOUN
Definisi

: kata yang digunakan untuk menamai suatu benda baik konkret maupun
abstrak

e.g

: table, chair, tie, board, lamp

happiness, sadness, wealthy, love

Function

1. In phrase:
a. In Noun Phrase as Head

e.g: Handsome boy

b. In Noun Phrase as Modifier

e.g: Book Store

2. In sentence

a. As subject

e.g: Wati bites a duck

b. As object of verb

e.g: A duck is kissing korti

of preposition e.g: Canggih is angry with Muchlis

c. As complement of subject

e.g: Titi is monkey

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Kinds:
By Quantity:
1. Uncountable: adalah noun yang tidak memiliki bentuk jamak
e.g: salt, sugar, money, ink, sand, oil
2. Countable: adalah noun yang memiliki bentuk jamak
e.g: book, pencil, table, shirts, deer, children
Regular Plural Noun adalah noun yang bentuk jamaknya tinggal menambahkan s/-es
Irregular Plural Noun adalah noun yang memiliki bentuk jamak sendiri.
Regular & Irregular Plural Noun
Noun

RPN

IPN

Furniture

Person

persons

People

Child

Children

Lamp

Lamps

Mouse

Mice

Noun Marker:
1. Article:
a. A
b. An
c. The
2. Demonstractive Adjective:
a. This
b. That

Csing, U

c. These
d. Those

Cpl

3. Quantifier:
a. One

e.g: one day

b. Two, three e.g: two girls

c. Many

e.g: many children

d. Much

e.g: much money

e. Little

e.g: little sugar

f. Few

e.g: few minutes

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Subject Verb Agreements
Verb
Subject

Be

Non Be

is/are

was/were

Ai/Bi

Csing

is

was

Ai

Cpl

are

were

Bi

is

was

Ai

PT

PT

Example
Choose the correct word!
1. (many/much) (furniture/furnitures) (is/are) (buying/bought)
2. (have/has) (those/that) (mouse/mice) (been/being) (beating/beaten)
3. (a/an) unfair (student/students) (was/were) (slept/sleeping) on the roof
4. (did/was) (few/little) (sheep/sheeps) (flee/fleed) ?
5. (these/this) (chils/children) (is/are) (played/playing) (a/an/the) chess.

PRONOUN
Definisi

: kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan noun.

Function
1. In phrase:
As modifier e.g: my old book
2. In sentence:
a. As subject

e.g: Pinto and Syukro eat the grass

b. As object of verb
of preposition e.g: Karimunjawa island is located in Jepara
c. As complement of subject

e.g: The handsome boy is Onel

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Kinds:
Personal Pronoun:
1. 1st person (speaker)
a. Csing (tunggal) : saya
b. Cpl (jamak)

:kita, kami

2. 2nd person (listener)

a. Csing (tunggal) : kami
b. Cpl (jamak)

:kalian

3. 3rd persons (audience)

a. Csing (tunggal) : dia (lk, pr, benda)
b. Cpl (jamak)
Pronoun

Subject
Complement

Object

Cpl

Kinds
1st

2nd

3rd

: mereka (person, non person)

Possesive
Adjective (+Noun)

Pronoun

Me

My...

Mine

We

Us

Our...

Ours

Csing

You

You

Your...

Yours

Cpl

You

You

Your...

Yours

Csing

He

Him

His...

His

She

Her

Her...

Hers

It

It

Its...

Its

They

Them

Their...

Theirs

Csing

Cpl

Choose the correct pronoun!

1. (I/me/my) cycle was struck hard by (I/me/my) neighbor.
2. (you/your/yours) books are on (you/your/yours) desk.
3. Does (she/her/hers) mother (seh/her/hers) son patiently?
4. (they/their/them) have bought (I/me/my) expensive car.
5. The handsome teacher is (he/she/him/his).
6. (she/her/hers) puts (she/her/hers) book on the table and (hi/him/his) puts
(hi/him/his) book on the chair.

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Put the correct pronoun!
1. Mega would be singing a song for Neni
2. Choi and Mala are falling in love.
3. The ugly chief is Sukro.
4. My car is new but your car is old.

POSSESIVE NOUN
Definisi

: kata benda yang menyatakan kepemilikan.

a. Ketika noun tidak diakhiri huruf s

e.g:

Pintos motorcycle
Chois girl friend

b. Ketika noun diakhiri huruf s asli

e.g: Rochis cat
Agus car

atau

Rochiss cat

atau

Aguss car

c. Ketika noun diakhiri huruf s jamak

e.g: The students class
Teachers students

ADJECTIVE
Definisi : kata yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan makna benda
Function
1. In phrase:
a. As Head in Adjective Phrase

e.g: really crazzy

b. As Modifier in Noun Phrase

e.g: handsome teacher

2. In sentence:
As Complement of Subject

e.g: Umam is crazy

Kaka is really handsome

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ADVERB
Definisi : kata yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan adjective, adverb, verb dan sentence.
Function
1. In Adjective Phrase:
a. As Modifier before Head

e.g: very bad;

b. As Modifier after Head

e.g: beautiful enough

2. In Adjective Phrase:
a.

As Head

b. As Modifier before Head

e.g: rather slowly

c. As Modifier after Head

e.g: quickly enough

3. In sentence: as Modifier of Verb and Modifier of Sentence

a. Final position
Form : S + V + Adv
e.g

: Ardhi cries loudly

b. Initial position
Form : Adv + S + V
e.g

: Ardhi cries loudly

c. Medial positon
Form : S + Adv + V
Pinto often sells the wood
S + Be + Adv + Cs
Siwe was not pretty
S + Aux + Adv + Ord
Lukman has never taken a bath

Kinds of adverb:
1. Adverb of palce and direction (final position)
e.g: here, there, west, east, stright
2. Adverb of manner (final position)
e.g: fast, hard, well, slowly, clearly, beautifully
3. Adverb of time (final position)
a. Definite time
e.g: yesterday, tomorrow, today, now, just now

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b. Indefinite time
e.g: next, soon, later, last, ago
4. Adverb of frequency (medial)
e.g: rarely, always, usually, ever, never
5. Adern of negation (medial)
e.g: not, never
6. Adverb of degree
e.g: very, so, too, rarlly, rather, enough
Use the correct form!
1. Mega and Pino are not (beautiful, beautifully)
2. Bedul

asked

an

(easy/easily)

(question/questions)

to

Inul

about

love

(serious/seriously)
3. (many/much) (rice/rices) (smells/smelt) (real/really) (fresh/freshly) just now.
4. (have/has) (those/that) (patient/patiently) (wairtesss/waiterss) (childs/children)
(been/being) (played/playing) (a/an) (new/newly) (toy/toys) (happy/happily)?

CONJUNCTION
Definisi

: kata yang menghubungkan word, phrase dan clause

Kinds
1. Sub Ordinative Conjunction: menghubungkan Independent Clause dan Dependent
Clause
Example : because, before, after, while, when, untill, till, etc
e.g

: Oon cries because she is left by Syukro

Bcause Oon is left by Syukro, she cries

2. Coordinative Conjunction: menghubungkan hal yang setara

a. For (karena): menyatakan sebab
e.g: Pinto got scholarship for she smart
b. So (sehingga): menyatakan akibat
e.g: rochis is hungry so she weeps tears
c. Yet (tetapi): menyatakan penyangkalan
e.g: A cake is delicious yet Inul dislike it.

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d. But (tetapi): menyatakan penyangkalan
e.g: Mega is beautiful but greedy
e. Or (atau): menyatakan pilihan
e.g: Do they read or write a novel?
f. Nor (juga tidak)
e.g: Choi is not studying match nor chemistry
g. And (dan)
e.g: Amir and Neni are falling in love

PREPOSITION
Definisi

: kata yang berada di depan object of preposition

e.g: in. On, at, with, by, for, to, of, about, above, in front of, under, because of, due to,
despite, in spite of
Mean
Karena

Preposition

Conjunction

Because of

Because

Due to

For

Despite
Meskipun

In spite of

Although
Though
Eventhough

INTERJECTION
Definisi
e.g:

: kata yang digunakan untuk menyatakan luapan emosi

Wow!

Excellent!

Yes!

Marvellous!

Bravo!

Wonderful!

Choose the correct word!

1. Choy feels sad (for/due to) his girl friend
2. (although/despite) Nongkrong was sick, he came here.
3. Onel cries loudly (because/because of) Kamil left him.
Identify part of speech of each word!
Well! Mala is very well, so she will speak english well beside the well.

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INFORMATION QUESTION
Definisi

: kalimat tanya yang membutuhkan jawaban berupa informasi (dicirikan

dengan menggunakan question word)

1. Subject Question
a. Whole subject
Person

: who

Non person : what

b. Modifier of noun
Noun marker
- Article

a/an

: how many

The

: which

- Demonstrative adjective (that, this, these, those)

- Quantifier

noun-countable

: which

: how many

Noun-uncountable : how much

- Possesive adjective
Adjective

: whose

: which

Noun adjunct: what

Notes:
1. General rule of Information Question
Perubahan pronoun I menjadi you, baik pada subject, Complement of Subject,
object, possesive adjective maupun possesive noun.
2. The rule of Subject Question
Ketika menanyakan whole subject, semua subject dianggap tunggal, sehingga
terjadi perubahan auxiliary (jika tadinya jamak)
Example
1. Amirs sheep are running in the park
a. Amirs

b. Amirs sheep :
2. My bad friend kisses your dog
a. Bad

b. My bad friend :
3. A book store was close
a. A

b. Book

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2. Non Subject Question
a. Verb

QW + S + V ?

What + Aux + S + Ordinary (do/done/doing)

Example
- Sukro cries in the class
Cries

- My students have laughed

Laughed :
- Nongkrong was sitting beside me
Sitting

- Pinto bit your boy under the tree

Bit

b. Object
c. Adverb

QW + V + S ?

- Place and direction : Where

- Manner

: How

- Time (specific)

: What time

(general)

: When

- Reason

: Why

- Degree

: How + adjective/adverb

- Frequency

: How many times/how often

- Time duration

: How long

- Speed

: How fast

- Distance

: How far

Example
Umam sang aclassic song in my room really loudly yesterday due to sadness.
Umam

Sang

Classic

a classing song :
my

my room

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in my room

really

really loudly

yesterday

sadness

due to sadness :

d. Complement of Subject
- Adverb of place

: where

- Noun
General person
non person

: who
: what

Age

: how old

Job

: what

- Adjective
State

: how

Character

: What + V(be) / Vaux + S + Vord + like ?

Physical description : What + Vaux + S + look like ?

Example
1. The greedy girl is Oon
Rochis

2. Your brothers name is Inul

Inul

3. Onel hass been illogical

Illogical

4. Sukro will be thin

Thin

5. Kamis was hungry

Hungry

6. Kamil was very hungry

Very

Very hungry :

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3. Object Question
a. Object of Verb

: QW + V + S ?

b. Object of Preposition : QW + V + S + prep ?

Prep + QW + V + S
Kind of QW
a. Whole object
Person

: whom

Non person
- General

: what

- Noun of time

: when

- Noun of place

: where/what

b. Modifier of noun
Noun marker
- Article

a/an

: how many

- Demonstrative adjective (that, this, these, those)

- Quantifier

noun-countable

: which

: how many

Noun-uncountable : how much

- Possesive adjective
Adjective

: whose

: which

Noun adjunct: what

Notes
1. Kalau object menyatakan noun of place, maka QW yang dipakai adalah where.
Jika tidak, maka QW yang dipakai adalah what.
2. Kalau yang ditanyakan selain subject, maka harus diinversi (antara subject
dengan verb)
Example
1. Many people kill a mouse on Sunday
Kill

A mouse :
2. A big house has been built by two men
Buikt

Two

Two men:
3. Siwe is coming from Jakarta
Coming :
Jakarta :

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