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qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative indicators are simply the values that one can feel
but are difficult to measure quantitatively such as, in terms of education, health and
environment. However, quantitative indicators can be defined as it is easy to measure
quantitatively. For instance, birth rate, industrialization level and total foreign debt
I.
Qualitative
Firstly, example of qualitative indicators is in terms of education. Education can be
defined as the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values,
beliefs, and habits. In addition, the methods of education include storytelling, discussion,
teaching, training, and directed research. Education is important because it gives people the
baseline skills to survive as adults in the world. Furthermore, the education is important for
us to get the future career and others. The education programmes need to increase their
accessibility, strengthen on the delivery system and improve the quality of education.
There are many example of programme that has been implementing by government in
education. Firstly, the supplementary food programmes. This programme aims to help
improve the nutritional level of pupils so that they can focus their attention on teaching and
learning in school. It is expected to ensure the improvement of physical growth, mental health
and general health of the school children in addition to helping them benefit from a balanced
diet. The programme was held on 1976 as part of the Food and Nutrition Practice Plan
organised by the Prime Minister's Department. On 1 March 2007, the rate set by the Ministry
of Education is RM1.80 per day for pupils in Peninsular Malaysia and RM2.05 a day for
pupils in Sabah, the Federal Territory and Sarawak. Nowadays, the rate for Peninsular
Malaysia is RM2.50 and Sabah and Sarawak is RM3.00.
Next example is The School Milk Programme (SMP) runs simultaneously with the
Supplementary Food Scheme. The programme is targeted for poor students whose family
income is below the poverty level. Besides, to ensure students receive a well-balanced diet in
school, the programme is also aimed at increasing the quality of health and nutritional value
of food for primary students for better physical growth, mental health and general well-being.
The SMP also encourages students to consume milk early in their life. In 2006, the MOE
spent RM20.6 million for 556,979 students under this programme. The selection criteria for
students under this programme are primary school students, especially from rural families.
There have some objective to encourage milk drinking habit among primary school students,
to provide milk to selected students from low socio-economic background that are at risk of
malnutrition and to increase the development of community and food industry which involves
the production, processes and supply of milk.
Furthermore, the Textbook Loan Scheme (TBLS) was implemented nationwide since
1975. The scheme covers all levels of education from the primary to the upper secondary
education in government schools. The aim of the scheme is to reduce the financial burden of
parents from the lower income group and to make it easy for every child to get education. In
2008, the MOE has made a provision to give free textbooks to every student because of the
socioeconomic status. Nowadays, the Textbook Division has introduced innovations in
teaching and learning materials by producing CD-ROM alongside the textbooks produced.
The CD-ROMs include texts, graphic illustrations, animation, audio, video, interactive
multimedia and interactive activities which include simulations, computer games and
interactive assessment. The CD-ROMs are also equipped with electronic notebook known as
e-journal as a communication tool. This may ensure them to study hard more because it is
more interesting.
Last but not least, The 3K programme (KESELAMATAN, KESIHATAN DAN
KECERIAAN) which started in 1991 aims to ensure that every school has an established
system for dealing with any issues related to school safety, health and beautification. After 13
years of implementation, beginning 2004, this programme promotes a new concept that
combines the three separate programmes into just one, known as the Initiative to Improve
School Safety, Health and Beautification or the 3K Initiative which includes the Safe School
Programme, Health and Hygiene Programme and School Beautification Programme. This
program also provides the opportunity to any of the selected schools to experience that joy
indeed exists in education. Moreover, this program may also encourage closer relationship
between the schools and their Parent-Teacher Association as well as the local community.
As a conclusion, as we can see government have made so many developments in
terms of education. All these programmes are really helpful to reduce the burden of the
citizen especially during this era which all things are expensive. By having all these
programmes it may encourage students to perform well in their studies and it can help us to
produce the good next generation for our country.
Moreover, in terms of health. Health can be refers to the ability of mental or physical
condition with the absence of disease or infirmity. Health is important for people to take care
of because without a good health we cannot do our daily activities and of course will make us
feel not well and lead to unproductive days which not good for every person.
Before 1990s, our country had suffered so many diseases and virus issues which lead
to barriers for country to be developed. In 1980s, diseases such as malaria, filariasis, dengue
fever, scrub typhus, a parasitic disease, leprosy, stomach ailments, respiratory infections,
fever, sexually transmitted diseases, cancer has been rising. Other than that, HIV/AIDS and
child mortality were also serious diseases faced by the country during that time. Child
mortality also known as under-5 mortality or child death refers to the death of infants and
children under the age of five or between the ages of one month to four years depending on
the definition. A child's death is emotionally and physically hard on the parents. Many deaths
in the majority of the world go unreported since many poor families cannot afford to register
their babies in the government registry. The same causes and preventative measures that
apply to infant mortality which for children younger than one year old also apply to
understanding child mortality. About half of child deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. The
leading causes of death of children fewer than five is diarrhea, malaria, malnutrition,
pneumonia, preterm birth conditions. Pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria together are the cause
of 3 out of every 10 child deaths before the age of 5 and nearly half of under-five deaths
globally are attributable to malnutrition. Malnutrition refer to is common globally and results
in both short and long term irreversible negative health outcomes including stunted growth
which may also be linked to cognitive development deficits, underweight and wasting. The
World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that malnutrition accounts for 54 present of
child mortality worldwide. Another estimate also by WHO states that childhood underweight
is the cause for about 35% of all deaths of children under the age of five years worldwide.
The main causes of malnutrition are unsafe water, inadequate sanitation or insufficient
hygiene, factors related to society and poverty, diseases, maternal factors and gender issues.
After 1990s, Malaysia strives many efforts to overcome this child mortality by foster
many systems and used suitable techniques and methods as well as implements many plans
and establishes health institutions to solve these problems. Malaysia enjoys a comparatively
high standard of health, the result of long-established health and medical services. Child
survival is a field of public health concerned with reducing child mortality. Besides that, child
survival interventions are designed to address the most common causes of child deaths that
occur, which include diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and neonatal conditions. Plus, the portion
of children under the age of 5 alone, an estimated 9.2 million children die each year mostly
from such preventable causes. The child survival strategies and interventions are in line with
the fourth Millennium Development Goal which focused on reducing child mortality by 2/3
of children under five before the year 2015. Many countries are now devoted to the child
survival interventions as a way of reducing the child mortality. In ACP countries European
commission (EC) is intervening to with funds and technical capacity to assist the ACP
countries reinforce their immunization services through a project called EU-PRIME which
was a baby of cotonuo agreement. The overall aim of the project is to reduce the impact and
incidence of vaccines preventable diseases (VPDs) in countries of intervention. In addition,
Malaysia also adopted UNICEF. UNICEF is the United Nations Childrens Fund. Around the
world, we use our expertise to meet the challenges facing children and those who care for
them. Our history of more than 60 years gives us a profound understanding of development
and how important children are to progress. The Convention on the Rights of the Child guide
us in all that we do for children. In Malaysia, UNICEF has been working with the
Government and people since 1954 to create lasting solutions that give children the best start
in life and help them realize their full potential. UNICEF is proud to have been part of
Malaysias journey to improve health, nutrition, water and sanitation, formal and non-formal
education, as well as welfare services for children in rural as well as poor urban areas.
In conclusion, development indicators in Malaysia in term of qualitative indicator can
be elaborated by quality of health in Malaysia before 1990s and after 1990s. The
developments or changes can be seen by the establishment of UNICEF and adopted of The
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
II.
Quantitative
In terms of birth rate in Malaysia as we can see the population in July 2010, was
estimated to be 28,334,000, which makes it the 41st most populated country in the world. Of
these, 5.72 million Malaysians live in East Malaysia and 22.5 million live in Peninsular
Malaysia. Malaysia population is projected to increase by 462 867 people and reach for 31
035 333 in the beginning of 2017. The natural increase is expected to be positive, as the
number of births will exceed the number of deaths by 368 704. Nowadays, the total
population from Malays and Bumiputeras were 67.4%, Chinese 24.6%, and the Indians 7.3%
of the total population.
Life expectancy at birth is one of the most important demographic indicators. It shows
the number of years a new-born infant would live assuming that birth and death rates will
remain at the same level during the whole lifetime. According to Utusan Online, it stated that
in 2010 where the total life expectancy (both sexes) at birth for Malaysia is 73.8 years. For
the life expectancy at birth for male is 71.9 years. Female life expectancy at birth is 77 years.
The population of people in Malaysia are increasing time to time because of the
government program or policies that have been implementing. As we all know, all
government program and policy can really make change in our society. Based on that, there
have several policy or programs that have been implemented by government to achieve their
goals in terms of birth population in Malaysia.
Firstly, the government have urged the Malaysian to make more babies. Nowadays,
the government has called on Malaysians to reverse the trend of declining population growth
by having more children, following the projected in the countrys birth-rate once it hits
developed nation status in five years time. To encourage working couples in the civil service
to have more children, Women, Family and Community Development Minister Datuk Seri
Rohani Abdul Karim said that government have various programmes to raise awareness (on
the need to boost the fertility rate), including explaining that the ideal family size is between
three and four children. To achieve it, the federal government has giving more than doubled
paternity leave to seven days, extended maternity leave to 90 days and allows flexible
working hours so parents have more time with their children, among other things.
Furthermore, the minister also added that Putrajaya is considering various options such as the
baby bonus scheme offered in Singapore and monthly allowances given to each child as
practiced by Sweden.
Secondly, the reasons that increasing of the birth rate in Malaysia is the government
have provided health care for the citizen. As a human, we need a very good health care to stay
healthy. However, it cannot be reach if we not have support from our government because as
we all know not everyone in this world have too many money to get the medical at hospital or
clinic. Plus, the price of the hospital nowadays is really expensive. Based on that, when
people are sick they might will have increasing of the rate of death people. That why our
government have really take serious on health care for citizen.
One good example is when government has introduced 1Care for 1Malaysia, in 2009,
with the intention of reform based on the principle use according to need, pay according to
ability, but little progress towards its implementation has been made. The Malaysian society
places importance on the expansion and development of healthcare, putting 5% of the
government social sector development budget into public healthcare. This means that it has
been increase of more than 47% over the previous figure. This has meant that an overall
increase of more than RM 2 billion. With a rising population, the Government wishes to
improve in many areas including the renovation of existing hospitals, building and provide
new hospitals, increase the number of polyclinics, and improvements in training and of the
telehealth. By doing all of these, it may also attract more foreign to investment to our country
program.
As a conclusion, as we can see the population of Malaysia is increasing and it is a
good things because that is what the government want to achieve. When we have more
population we can reduce the adoption of the foreign people to work here. In our opinion, the
government must make more program, activity or policy that can encourage people to giving
more birth for our country.
The most focusing aspect that is focusing in the Malaysia is in the development of the
manufacturing sector that has be a major fillip to the growth of the Malaysian economy.
During the Seventh Malaysia Plan (RMK-7), various measures have been enforced by the
Government to consolidate and strengthen the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector.
Although the sector was affected by the economic downturn but external and domestic
demand, which increased in the period 1999-2000 have contributed to the wider recovery in
the manufacturing sector. During the Eighth Malaysia Plan (8MP), the emphasis will be on
developing new competitive advantages based on information and communication
technology (ICT) as well as increased productivity that will enable the sector to continue to
grow. Industrial development will be supported by research and development (R & D) is
more viable for the industry to improve on existing as well as introduce new products more
competitive in the market. Implementation of the Small and Medium Industry Development
(SMIDP) are expected to contribute to the creation of small and medium industries are
resilient and competitive, which will strengthen linkages between industry and the economy.
In addition, promoting the products and markets will be intensified to maintain and increase
exports in the global market.
Next example is foreign debt. Foreign debt is an outstanding loan that one country
owes to another country or institutions within that country. Foreign debt also includes due
payments to international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The
debt may be comprised of fees for goods and services or outstanding credit due to a negative
balance of trade. Total foreign debt can be a combination of short-term and long-term
liabilities. In other words, it similar like make a loan. The portion of a country's debt that was
borrowed from foreign lenders including commercial banks, governments or international
financial institutions. These loans, including interest, must usually be paid in the currency in
which the loan was made. In order to earn the needed currency, the borrowing country may
sell and export goods to the lender's country. A debt crisis can occur if a country with a weak
economy is not able to repay external debt due to the inability to produce and sell goods and
make a profitable return. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is one of the agencies that
keep track of the country's external debt. Moreover, The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
is an international organization created for the purpose of standardizing global financial
relations and exchange rates. The IMF generally monitors the global economy, and its core
goal is to economically strengthen its member countries.
Before 1990s, Malaysia was faced an unforgettable memories in 1969 due to riots
happened. The 13 May 1969 incident is the Sino-Malay sectarian violence in Kuala Lumpur
but then part of the state of Selangor. This tragedy very give a big impact to Malaysia as the
racial issues rose. Since there are much destruction occurred due to the chaos and riot, many
building and infrastructure destroyed. Furthermore, these riots were because of the 1969
Malaysian general election when opposition parties made gain at the expense of the ruling
coalition Alliance Party. In addition, these will lead to economic recession and also will
create unsound relationship between races in the country. Plus, as we all know, Malaysia
before independent had been colonized by many colonial powers such as France, Japan,
British and other powerful countries. Since that era, Malaya faced many financial problems
because of the power of Malay Ruler became reduced, so they cannot collected or involved in
any financial management such as collecting taxes.
After 1990s, Malaysia initiated many efforts to overcome financial problems. In
addition, many establishments and programs had been implemented by government either
national or international. Basically, if internal state financial aids of country are not enough,
Malaysia tends to borrow from external borrowing and this can lead to foreign debt.
Borrowing from external country can be seen in some establishment of association or in other
b)
Conference is on how liberalism can help avoid billion ringgit scandals involving
Government linked companies including the infamous 1MDB Sovereign Wealth Fund. This
conference will help people to open their mind. Besides that, government also makes many
efforts to improve the economic aspect in Malaysia. For example, introduced the New
Economic Policy (NEP) which to eradicate the poverty rate in Malaysia. Plus, government
also implements many job opportunities like give financial assistance to people to open the
business. When people open the business, this also can increase the country revenue as well
as we can see from local brands by Malaysia will generate more income for country.
In politic religion, Islam is not very support the ideology of liberalism. This is because
when the plural society interacts with each other it will regardless of gender also. When there
is an interaction between genders, it will make them to free from barriers stated in Islam. In
other words, the hukum halal and haram. This group of people also believes that liberalism
is the principle of the distance between man and religion. To solve this problem, the
government needs to give emphasize on the benefits of liberalism to other religion without
ignore the law of religion. For example, implement the programs to open people mind such as
maybe government can establish the association of people that agreed to both religion and
liberalism or Ukhwah. Besides that, to develop the country we need to have the cooperation
and integration between other mechanism and institutions or other agencies as long as it not
breaches the law of religion also.
In conclusion, the liberalism has been practice in Malaysia. The government needs to
interference in control and manage the programs and activities to ensure the sustainable
development of the country. As we can see Malaysia has develop and initiated many
programs either in nation or international. The liberalism perspective has a good and bad
perceptions but it is depends on us on how to practice these perceptive as long as it in the
path of develop and give benefits to people.
Conclusion
As a conclusion, we have discuss in our report is about the highlight development
indicators in Malaysia. Firstly, in qualitative where we have given example on how we can
see the qualitative indicators by education, environment and also health. Moreover, we also
have discussed on quantitative indicator. As an example, we have mention on birth rate, total
foreign debt and also the industrialization level. By answering the question 1, we can now
differentiate the qualitative and quantitative indicator. In our opinion, it is very important to
know the qualitative and quantitative indicator because it is not only to increase our
knowledge about the development but also to ensure that our country always develop in
future.
In answering question 2, we need to gives three perspectives of development as purported
by development scholars. The perspectives that we have given in our report are Conservative
Perspective, Islam Perspective and Liberal Perspective. There have a lot of differences
between all these perspectives that need for us to know. From this knowledge we can know
how the government of other country manage their country development in term of economy,
politic and social. In our opinion, Malaysia suitable to use the Liberal Perspective because the
citizen still need help and guide from the government such as subsidies and more. From these
two question, it give us so much knowledge about the programmes that have been implement
by our government and we hope that our government will provide more programmes and
activities that can help the development of country.
References
http://www.ikim.gov.my/index.php/ms/utusan-malaysia/7380-malaysia-dan-pembangunantanpa-menjejaskan-alam-sekitar
http://tomorrowiscertain.blogspot.my/2012/02/sejarah-pembangunan-perindustrian-di.html
https://www.jstor.org/stable/25770288?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Malaysia.aspx
http://www.un.org.my/0912010157%C2%BBUnited_Nations_Children
%E2%80%99s_Fund_(UNICEF)_.aspx
http://www.moh.gov.my/images/gallery/Report/Country_health.pdf
http://www.imr.gov.my/index.php/my/corporate-info-2/sejarah
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/foreign-debt.asp
The Liberalism Conference can be retrieved on: http://ideas.org.my/libcon2016/
http://www.ikim.gov.my/index.php/ms/buletin/ : Liberalism V Muslim Society