sia - Pacific ournal of usines June 2013 Volume & Number 1 Anticles 01 Analyzing Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Public Sector-An Indian Contextual Stody Virmat Babu 15 Antecedents and Consequence of Key Account Management Success: a Review, Framework and Research Agenda Kawsar Ahmed * Nor Agila Mohd. Noor 25 factors for Shopping Malls to be Successful in Dethi Mer (india) NH. Mallick 31 ‘Negative Relationship Intentions on the Web Hoog-Vout Ma 43 Role of Advertising Message in the Development of Brand Image with Reference to Insurance Industry” ‘an Exploratory Study 5.5. Bhakar + NH. Autlck Volume 4-1 " AP IB (55 2733-5900tuber 1+ Jue 2013, Volume Analyzing Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Public Sector-An Indian Contextual Study Vial Baba Received: | Febru 2013 / Accepted § Jane Abstract nr spite ofthe interest related tothe entrepreneur ship. the problems related to the ercation of companies by the public civils servant still remain unanswered and not unani- ‘mously identified In fact, a central question arises in this ‘which are the factors which encourage the public civils servant to launch out in the creation oftheir own com pany?” or “how car one explain the entrepreneurial inten- tin ofthe public ewils servant? For this end, ard afer having reviewed the principal sub- Jacent factors of the enreprencurial tention as well as the ‘central assumptions of our research task, we will devote the ‘second part te the empirical valudation of the explanatory {factors of the entrepreneurial intention n the specific case of the Indian public ctvils servant while proposing some recom= ‘mendations on the matter Keywords Entrepreneurial intention + Entrepreneurship * India 1. Conceptual framework and factors of the entrepre- neural intention The intentional process is interested in the question of the transformation ofa stmple idea of ereation 2s a possible act into a mental representation of the creation of company ‘This process explains also the formation and the transfor- ‘mation ofthis vision into a true intention of ereation. . Vision and entrepreneurial intention For some authors the concept of vision is defined as a repre- ‘Avast Prlesar HRM Organi chavo a TIME¥ Oxford ery Unsveraty (UK ), Gargae, INDIA. Teena vbeburtnbe ce sentation of the future oF a person and bis company. At this level, Filion (1989) proposes the following definition: “the vision is a projection (oF image of the fim proyested in the future)” Moreover, Carriere (1991), D'Amboise and Bouchard (1990) define the vision as a mental construction (or image) of possible and desired future state of the organization. In the cognitive approach, the vision can be presented as «a cognitive product which helps the individuals in the inter= pretation of the events and the actions to be undertaken (Cossette, 1993), Varraut (1999) combvnted between these ‘hwo prospects and he defined the vision as: a mental repre= sentation of the future of the company. ts aetvities and is environment” In 2001, Verstrate advances that the vision is besides the representation which the contractor carries out Df the organteation that it creates, corresponding t0 the articulation of hus cognitive diagrams to the furure that it ‘wishes 10 reach, with the reality that confronted and its Anowledge. Thus, the viston ts regarded as the stating point of the intention of creation of a company Concerning the entrepreneurial intention, C. Brayat (1993, p. 244) shows that its comparable with a will This idea 15 consolidated by A. Fayolle (2000, p-405), which shows that “the tntention 1s a will to achieve an aet™ More over, Bird (1988, p 443; 1992, p. 11) presents also the intention hike a freedom and an individual will, ios a state ‘of mind which directs the vision, attention. experiment and ‘action ofthe individual towards his own ebyective (to create 1 company, decisions of gronth, changes). Even af the viston bom with the constant inspiration, attention and the mention are necessary to return if peoslamation. {nm addition, Varraut (1999) states that the strategie antes tion consists, om the one hand, to distinguish df from the leadership wished and, oa the other hare. toile tify the criteria which the company will use to present itsroe nosh nnton il preset the wen of the ret sn ull Be eo set eos isu egress the wil ace 4 cena oa, be 10 tach etme ren of company The aeons the es as paces the bli ins the wa cof te snes (Bed, 1988), Ths, the civil servant of the publte computes are not clearly yoined together withthe assumptions that they even have on them and the world which surround them. They depend on their perceptions and their experiments (Keueger and Carseud, 1993) The models relating to the enitepreneural intention gen- cally rested all on the same way of analysis. According to these theoves, we formulate first ofall the assumptions of our research retating tothe formation of the entrepreneurial {tention 1.2, Modeling of the entrepreneurial intention and research assumptions {nitially, we wll try in hat follows to represent the restricted ‘model of the intention to ereate a company adapted t0 our context Moreover, we will ry fo mtegrate ma second stage the other factors which represent the complementary vania- bles adapted 10 our study 1.2.1, Reduced modeling of the intention to create a company by a cvil servant of a public company {mn fact, the models of the intention rest on a fundamental assumption such as the intention can be explained starting from two independent variables. perceived desirability of the act of Shapero (comparable with the attitude towards th action and the perverved social standard of Ajzen) and its perception of feasiblity. Then, we add the variables which seem to us mteresting to mobilize an the context ofthe exea- tion of company for the crvils servant of the public compa tnies Thus, we present the concepts which we must use 10 distinguish and assemble the close concepts. These concepts relate toa vanables of desirability then vannables of feasibility and finally variables ofthe perceived soctal standard 1.0.0.1, Desirability of the entrepreneurial event Shapere, proposes mn its model of the entrepreneurial event ‘wo explanatory vanables of the entrepreneurial intention Acsirabilty and feasibulty. Several authors develop models to starting from the mitial conceptualization of the theory of the planned behavior of Ayzen and propose the variable of 1 Masser tay ofthe ates wat stl Peay cal (9H1) Tha pomage Aaron labret heey Asia Pace Haamal of Haine 1eteeived contol which is connscted with that oF feasbiy of Shapero, There are two variables which can influence the individual so that the creation of thetr own company and so the desire* the personal attitude towatds the behavior ang, the perceived social standard, The variable “desiabiliy™ which explains the degree of attraction that an individual declares for a given behavior (the enteeprencurial event) will be developed here in 5 10 variables: the personal attitude and the perception ofthe attitude ofthe social envi« ronment (or social perceived standard) The theory of planned behavior of Ajzen is based on a concept relating to the attitudes. The word attitude comes from Latin aptus what means capacity of adaptation. ln 17th century, the attitude referred to the manner of holding its body At the end of 18th century, Charles Darwin uses at 10 indicate the physical expression of a certain feeling. In 20h century, many work tried to connect the ways of feeling with the psychological provisions." “Then, the attitude is defined as: “a manner of being cor respondent at a certain psychological disposal of besond, ‘with a provision, a state of mind (with reyard to something ‘or somebody), a whole of judgment and tendencies which lead toa behavior” (Petit Robert) Stoetzel (1963), Dubois and Jolibert (1998), present the attitude as an acquired capacity and likely to undergo the effects ofthe external influences. Indeed, an attitude 1s “an interior proviston of the person sho results n moderate {emotive reactions which are Feared thea felt each time this person 1s in the presence of an object (or of an sdea or an activity); these emotive reactions lead st to approach (to be favorable) or to move away’ (unfavorable) from this object” (Monsette and Gingras, 1989), From their side, Rosenberg and Hovland (1960) defined the attitude by three components the frst is that of cogrtion (beliefs, the second 1s that of the assignment (or feelings) ‘and the third that of the tendeney to action (or the mtenion of behavior) Fishbein and Ajzcn (1980), define the attitude as te sit ‘atton of an individual who must react in a way more or less favorable or unfavorable opposite an object. a person. an institution, an event or any other aspect different from the ‘world to which the individual belongs tn this vision. the beliefs determine the attitudes (the emotional direction) 2 ing on the intentions to behave (cognitive dimension) and fm the behavior (action). The models of intention rest 00 his conceptualization of the atinude. One of the fist ante ccedents of the intention is thus the attitude proposed by the erature According to Ajzen and Fishbein (1980), so that 2 model correctly appears a behavior starting from an atitude, 1 laken span by Frolef-Browa2000)ohene + Numb une 2018 ‘essential that the definition of Uhe falter bs in perfect rel tionship tothe behavior to be presicte Thus, the desite would be a ditect antecedent of the inteation and plays the role of a tata intomesiary: between atitude and wntention, This concept approaches that af the perceived! desiratyhity” af Shapers which explains the degree with which en aa behavior wished Inv the light of these 10 Last ess, W ine Wo determine the entrepreneutal intention with: fim to create a company developing campetenves, fore tions and relations resulting fim the public office, This, ‘ae can represent the fits assumption A Las Folly agement in a eteation of c A Be The sine tot exerts a pusaive and sigan ett on he frargprncrl enc of apd ev sera ree compan tv eet the formations cvmperenes tnd He el tions res ed public ace ‘The researclt and the results of the studies centered on the intention are not elear to determine the place occupied by the perceived soetal standard im the movlets oF intentions, In the mode! of Ajzen (1991) ancl in other models of intention (Bayozzt and al, 1992), the percerved! social standard wets fon the intention without intermediary. In the desig of ‘Shiypera, his variable constitutes only one of dimensions of the desirability of the action. Severat authors having ted (0 salve the theory of the planned behavior (and of the reasoned action) which are connected with this approach, Then, the atiuite forthe desirability aust be consisted personnal and social ele= iments, Thus, Miniael ane Coben (1979), ander the effet of the problents often abserved between measurements of desirability and socal standard of the model, wonder about the conceptual separation of these two components 42 1 The perwelved social standard The perceived sowial standard tanstaves the opinion oF an Anniv thins to bis celevant seta o,in Lavon [My or untavouuhly, forthe veatieation of w certain paeticular faction The snypaet oft sacral entonayte ts evaluated wil the decision avahinge of action oF nat of the «divi Acoma 40 Chahlins, Ren and Kallyten( 1990), the p seve! octal tmnt as the aetna what the majority oF ‘THs, wht thinks the ta ven sit alt do for team), fen 1 brchuviot skal Klan (1985), egal the pereeiv standard as an antecedent anid a taetor of enteeprey intention which és summarized by the personal attitude towards the belav or Minatdl un Colson (1983) present the asstinption that only the perceived sovial standard whiel ‘ean possibly unfluenee the arta, which is affirmed bya certain number of studies esried out (Ryan, 1982sShinp and Kova, 1984, Oliver ant Hardon, 1988), ‘Ajeen (1991), shoves that in eertain cave, the attitude and conto! perceived ate sitieient to explain the intention, ty ‘othe research, the perweived social standard is an antecedent ‘ofthe attitude, Thus, even FH oes not have « diteet dntlucniee on the 1 it iret influences it by ity effect on the attitude. Iw the fight oF the above mentioned ideas, We ean present ‘out seound ass tion A2 ‘Tho perceiver social sunt exerts a poi ind spac cedlct om the entngprncurealwnntion of pc eli servant to Create nt comin by eevee the formations, cxmgpetences taal he ction vesting from the publ aioe Perceived stat ‘uni nat 121.3, Perceived feasibility Several close concepts are used i ¥ perceived beliavioral couttol, facilitating ceived personal effectiveness. We concepts betore justifyan ‘Ajzen takes into account the facility othe difficulty whieh 2 Anors gut ty Pittiaand Cen 19) 3 tathicanaly 16 Hr the realization of the ‘oral control, This concept the presence or the ities” the potential erentor ean fi beluavion. by the eoneep of bel is also detned as the pesvepion ot absentee the resources atid necessMty opps (Aizen sl Maalden, 186, p-AS2) to eomplets g bohasion One ean associate the concept of faeitaing condition of the model of interpersonal behavior of Urinals (1877) they conuent on the theory ofthe reason actin, which epoine why pareve bean jorl ent mat meaone vit4 which represents the existence of the extemal factors ‘the vaulabilty of the necessary resources to engage m @ EIvEn behavior) and sufficient factors of motivations for carrying ‘ut well the behavior. These concepts are close to the concept lof perceived personal effectiveness of Bandura (1977, 1982) This last shows the confidence of an individual i his capacity to take well a certain action to arnve at a certain resull (Bandura, 1977-193) Thus concept shows also the way tm which it ean realize to face the future situations (1982: 122) or the belief in ms personal capacity to carry out a task (Gist, 1987 p.472) The personal effectiveness is obtained in the course of experience and results from the development fof cognitive, soctal, nguistic, and/or physical competences (Bandura, 1982, Gist, 1987). “The personal effectiveness and perceived behavioral on- tro} were associated with the internal audit (Gist, 1987: Ajzen, 1991, 2002), However, a significant differentiation can be earied out betwen these two concepts (Gist, 1987). ‘Whereas the place of control does not change in al the situ ‘ations, the personal effectiveness (and perceived control behavioral) can and must change according to the situations and actions» where the individual is. For example, @ person believes tha the results obtained are the frat ofits behavior. Generally. the perceived personal effectiveness is compa rable with the percerved feasibility of the model of the shapero, which answers the degree with which one feels personally able to create a company (Krueger and Al, 2000. p19) whereas the internal place of audit would be atached tw the psychological variable introduced by Shapero (pro- ‘pensity ofthe action) ‘According to the reasoning of Krueger etal. (2000), in modeling of the theory of the planned behavior, the ‘measurement of perceived feasibility 1s raised from personal perceptions of effectiveness. For Armitage and Conner Asio-Patc Jeu nen, (1999), these two concepts would be distmgutshed Ins fs the personal effectiveness would do reference to renal resources wherexs percenved comtrol would refer 10 exemal fesources. Ayzen divides percenved behavwwral como! ime two evolutions. First is connected to the behefs of personal effectiveness of Bandura (1977, 1982) (laciny or diffculy perocived to cary out an action), whereas second resto perceived controllability. The analyss of Cheung and Chay (2000) differentiated the studies according We the ems used ‘to measure how perceived behavioral controi shows tha the personal effectiveness predicted the intentions and behavior, whereas controllabilty predicts the behevior but pot the intention. Several studies affirms that the perceived personal effectiveness ener a symificant effect on the amen- tions (and m certain eases on the behavior). whereas perseved ‘controllability does not have sygmuficant effects on the mtn tions. These studies show that the perceived personal efiec- tiveness explains am 9 sizmificamt way the anentuons amd the behavior, but that the stems of controllability explain the intentions anly when they are ordered with the tems of per ceived effectiveness. Insofar as our research concentrates on the explanatory factors ofthe intention, we preferred to choose te personal effectiveness rather than perceived cortroliabilmy (or more generally percened control), Moreover. the percerved effec tiveness was theoretically and empirically attached to many phenomena of managemem of which the entreprencurshp. Bandura (1986) finds correlayons ranging between 03 end 06 berween the personal effectiveness and the iment, ‘Thus, nour study, we use a measurement of perceived fee- sibility understood with the tradmonal directon of the Pe sonal effectiveness.‘ In others words, we ean present out ‘hurd assumption A3 as follows: AS: The perceived feailty exerts a positive and significant ‘er on the entrepreneurial intention ofa pai il servant 0 ‘rete is on company by deelopng the formations. competences and relansresulins rom he public ofce ‘tts level, we retained three principal explanatory vari bles of the intention fo ereate a company by a civil servant ‘ofa public company by developing the formations, compe- tences and relations resulting from the public office: the desire of We pubic envi servant, the perceived social stand. ard and ts perception of the feasibi These three assumptions mean th of such an aetion. the three variables have. significant effect on the entrepreneurial intention of ‘evil servant of a public company to create their own com. pany. What interests us isthe participation relating of each ‘ne to the explanation of the entrepreneurial intention inthe specific context ofthe public ivils servart. 1.2.2. Complementary variables adapted tothe context of study We will ty in what follows to add other explananary s= bes of the behavioral intention beside those expresscd *! Aizen (1991), We suppose that the addition of some sari bles to the announced variables will improve the explet® Yongwon inal etyolame t+ Nember f+ Fane 2015 tion of the intention to create 2 company. These variables which we will define and place within our model are the entreprencarial identity and the political role. LLL. The entrepreneurial identiog ‘Ajzen and Fishbem (1950), described the concept ef pa sonal identity as an idea that a person is dace on itself. ‘These authors rely on an assumption according to which ‘when an element becomes central in the personal idexcity of an individual. sts behavioral tntention is automatically adapted. DeBono and Snyder (1995) highlighted that the individuals are motivated (having the mention) to [ive new situations which are in agreement with their values. ‘Therefore. in our specific context a cr servant of a public ‘company will be regarded as a creatot of company having their own entrepreneurial identity. Greenderzer and Sexton s (1988) suppose that the person! density it 2 sigma sie meat of the imertion to rene 2 compan. Several mahors mead this facor as ont of the mos sig nificant facors for ectreprenewnal dynamics. For Lavoie (1983), the exreprenewrsoe and a sume of hex” Ki: “imegrative™ manner to appree decision-making Moreover. For Drasker (19854 the exore- prencumhip is 2 bebor an not 2 leanne of charac In addition. scoring i Vie [98S Se erermenie evokes the passaze woaards is the result, a the mendes! exensd o to plans: the & - srtinade and the anqusscton of the mle of commer Thus. we can present cur fourh assumption 44 25 follows: Ad: The erreproncuria! ides exo pine on riper ee fect on the nereprerecml mtenson of pbc coil servartto | Emeepronearist ‘es cree is unr compury fy developing the ormacins, Cpe a ere reletions resale from the public ce wn 41.223. The political role ‘The néo-instiutional approach is developed at 1980 (Meyer sand Rowan, 197; DiMaggio and Powell, 1983). The theory is based on the idea that the organizations adopt scutes im response to various extemal actors who exert a infls- ence on them (Meyer and Rowan. 1977). The sccompani- ment of the creators is declined in services of sensitizing. reception, information. accompaniment and council. forma tion, logistical support. fimanome, esablshmert and follow-up (Bruyat, 2600). According to Albert ef aL (1994), the sup- por for the careers of project is mutally developed around tree ates. financing, formation and logstical support The assistance to contactors’ requires severa! speakers. ‘These structures are reduced to a sumpie consultation of rules and Laws for the accompaniment of the carers of peo jects. They gather mstitational actors. government officals associations, liberal professions, various councils, large compamses, banks, msurances. etc. Bruyst (2000) prepares 2 representation ofthe die to support the creation of excapany Hee imially defines the reception and information facilites. Their principles consist i assisg the frst cocsact of the camer wit the concrete aspects ofits project. In the second place, he defines the mncubsiors. Their actiites tre primarily ‘ound the rrumng and of the setting of the creators ir pet ‘ork. In thin place, the seedbeds are Usted. Their fimetion is w accommodate young companies dorng ther crextion and during 2 Lmniaed Lapse of tne with an am of providing ther, localized stills nd speciSe rescerces Under these cond:nens. the mstintional envirement i regarded os dermis hermes the findamernal masons of the systems of asnamnce to the cremen and the tem ional behisvier of the earner of project. The defenders of the neo-insinssoonalis corer Rochinghs the mepact of suck ememal presses on the memtion of the comers of pre jects and particulary those & phase of reioe In addition. some axthors (Bak : Snancal nemare For that the commacor especily makes rene & personal finds or finds comme fee bis now edge and tos lesser ene 2 he brniong aoa. thes case. the goverment took into scooum the problems of fSranemg for the carers of propos. It negotiated web the banking structure abocr the possblzy of cxtalistion of 2 system ova scare of sizper atch cam henefi the young. renters. This system slowed the cpesance of am meres ingly compemng scumre of sexpert Tins sectors 15 a= ongmriticn and 2 space of sepa in terms of eomeil and finns for caries of prejecss. Bt 5 Vee wermped Se conor ef company a beng real oot int aepeef he aie pea tee my6 also aims at regulating a new need as the possibility of pro- ig the necessary resources to the creation of companies. to influence the intentions of the camers of projects. to give ‘anew dash tothe concretiation ofthe initiatives and to cause a greater participation ofall the actors for @ basic development. AS: The political role exerts a pustive ond significa effect on the ‘enirepreneurial intention of a public chil servant to creat ts on company by developing the formations, competences ar relations ‘resulting from the public office 2. Methodology and results of research (Our preliminary stage consists in specifying the methodo- logical approach adapted for the empirical validation of the conceptual model and to present with detail the results of the estimates and the necessary interpretations 2.1. Methodology of research ‘The sample object of our study is a sample built by the civils servant of the Indian public companies. The data acquisition ‘carries a list of the statements proposed to 60 public exvils servant of the Indian companies as a unit of relevant anal sis, and the questionnaire was managed according to our selected sample, Initially, we were interested in the validation of the ques- tonnaire and thereafter the methods of dsta analysis on the ‘one hand, and the validity ofthe structural model (assump tions of research) on the other hand. A certain number of items were retained to measure each one of dimensions of the entrepreneunal intention and thus. the scale of measure- iment vas formed with a scale of Likert in 4 points varying from a very unfavorable report toa very favorable opinion. In addinon, a convergent validity on each measuring instrument is intially analyzed by the inter-items matrx of | correlation which makes st possible to eliminate the least significant items (10 accept the assumption of nullity of the coefficient of correlation of Pearson® between two items ‘whose correlation 1s very weak) snd thus, the factorial analysis {in principal component (ACP) adapts enough with many situations when a ¢ertain level of multi-colineatity exists between the tems for each treated dimenston. ‘Our objective in this section isto validate empirically our assumptions of research in order 10 study’ the nature of the ‘bond between the factors which can generate the intention ff not of GD evils servant of public companies. With this intention, we also propose for that 2 multinomial logit spec- (© Te coo cretion of Pen aks pole to meses bncaay of epcincs nowcw OT errant ives expose our fifth assamption AS —~ Political ole — Fer ification. This is why an effective an the recourse to various economemnc last will help as for better explaming the relation bermexs our variables and the anitude with respec © At this level, we must justify the use of hoist 2.2. Results of the estimates Under the effect of the absence of 3 direct or rlishle mea lurement of our variable dependent associsted to the a= tionality; of the civils servant of the Indian public oxy nies 10 create their own company. We r following question: Are you intend to create 2 conf bbased on competences. formations and relations resin: from the public offce?. ‘Table 1 Distibusion ofthe enreprenerial meson According to the answers obtained, we note the 210% 226% of the civils servant of the Indian public ore of our sample are not intensive, and ths ransited ae downpours with the nsk. The 18 which proses = of the sample choose the prospect B (I agree) wha 2 lates that these evils servant do not mae an ops! sion but rather a sasfactor decision. : Merve, the majority of the individuals of the SF choose the prospect C (I am very agree). that #s #2 48254 and emote thane ci crane T= Tic companies prefered the most favorable sineionsYolume + Number Jane 2003 creation of company based om the three alternatives: com- petences, formations and relations resulting from the public office ‘On the basis of our descriptive result, it seems that the degree of intentionality for the eivils servant of the Indian public companies in our sample is associated with a proba- bilistic measurement and that our model must depend at the same time on the degree of intentionality and the civils servant of the Indian publie companies which represents the statistical unit in our study. At this level, the choice of a ‘multinomial logit specification is most appropriate compar- atively to that of a linear regression. Thus, the choice of the ‘multinomial logistic regression is justified by the impossi- bility of the recourse to the linear regression for three rea- + The estimated mode! must depend at the same time on the individuals, alternatives and also on the explanatory factors ofthe intentionality; *+ The linear regression tends ad infinitum when the value of the independent variable increase until the infinite one: + The no-normality which is due to the asymmetry of information that is not respected by the linear regression, For these reasons, we propose a multinomial logit specifies This is why, an effective analysis of our model requires. the recourse to various econometric techniques and these last will help us with better explaining the relation between our variables and the attitude opposite with the intention, The choice of the logit model depends on the measuring instrument inspired from the three alternatives acquired by the creators which are calculated taking into consideration the degree of intentionality. Alternative 1: | not intend to create a company based on the competences. formations and relations resulting from the public office (Degree of intentionality =1) Alternative 2: 1 intend to create a company based on the competences, formations and relations resulting from the public office (Degree of intentionality = 2) Alternative 3: 1 am very intensive to create a company based on the competences, formations and relations result- ing from the public office (Degree of intentionality = 3) On the basis of these alternatives, one ean identify how ‘much the creators having the intention to create a company ‘and the probability of chance so thatthe evils servant of the Indian public companies carry out a given level of intention 7 Wie vari 8 Masts md Me Far atsticallysznificat esnumytion HA isthe rejected 198) tk into necoust ht a acre shouldnt change stm the exe of he prac, ‘on the one hand, and the profit of effectiveness as regards precision of the estimates on the other hand. Thus, the model describing the probability of realization of 4 degree of intentionality compared to those which not intending to ereate a company is writen as follows Log [Pr(Intention==2)/Pr(Intention==1) ] = p0* Bl*Desirability + 2 Perceived Social Feasibility + p3* perceived Social Standard + fi4* Entrepreneurial Identity +5 Political Role + ni (Equation!) Analogically with the explanatory factors previously retained, the relation for causal purpose between highly dis- posed individuals compared to those nondisposed to create company is written as follows: Log [Pr(ntention==3)/Pr(Intention==1) | = 10 + 41 * Desirability + 42 Perceived Feasibility+ 73 * Perceived Standard+ 24 * Entrepreneurial Identity + 75 * al Role + (Equation2) With yi and ¢i indicate the term of error of null average and of variance equalizes with of and a2. The statistical quality of the multinomial logit model tests on the predictive tools: Axiom of independence of the alternatives, calculation of the ratios of chance and caleula- tion of the marginal effects and theory of predicted proba- bility. In others words, we sill empirically try to denufy the predictive quality of our model by stressing the proba: bility of good prediction forthe realization of a high degree of intentionality and the probability of good prediction for the realization of a fairly high degree of intentionality This ‘approach will be initially justified by the axiom of inde- pendence between the three altematives. The assumption of independence of the nonrelevant alternatives (I1A’) is among the limits of the roultinomial logit and which leads to the skews in the estimates. Accord tng to Debreu (1960), the respect of this axiom having harmful effets on our results since the application of 2 ‘multinomial logit results in predicting the probabilities of intentionality for each civil servant in our study To check the connection or not between the three alterna tives of degree of intentionality, we base ourselses on the Statistics of Hausman (HM") and Small (HS) which are based on the measure of the difference between the esti. mated parameters in the complete model and those ia a model in which an alternative was removed. The table below reveals the results ofthis test.8 ‘Table 2 Axiom of independence of the nonconcered alternatives. iT Eqeations pale Doss of mcaeealn “I melee na 840675) 2368810382) $850.456) 107640554) 260.575) 3760.34) s340117) 728083) 6.966) pralue prtuhin of awpeine th aemame aemeyption which mt Be Dower than 105% ‘The results ofthe estimates show the independance between the three degree of intentionality. Indeod, the test of Haus- man bated on the statistics of Chi2 shows that one will accept the cull assumption of independence (P-value ts Digher then the threshold of significativat of test which is omer than 10%»). These results are confirmed by Small. Ha’ and sa, cur model is of ype of mndependence of the stiemaives and per consequence the dissimilanty of degree of eennonaliy For well pradicting the quality of cur madel, we will ty to caleulste the ratio of chance or the ratio of risk (odds Ratio) winch measures the ratio of the probability of high degree of intentionality of cresting a company compared ts those of weak degree of intentionality Under the assumption HO. the model must be speciiet by aati of chance lower than I snd indicates that thee = more chance for no intention to create a company basal the competences, formations and relations resulting f= the pubic office. By opposition, the acceptance of the sh=- ative assumption justifies the cntenon of mtenstvi SF bended by the individuals of our sample and therestt=® 2 ratio of chance higher than 1. We suppose that RRi Geate the ratio of chance conceived by the degree of maennent ‘Table Rao of chance resting from the multinomial logit model Explained Variable: “degree of intentionality” Desai reskin fee ACP | ogee =P Degreefinttonsie Reon | Reva 7 ce os So prom came roca Sanda libood makes it possible to maakt SE ‘Seat the coefficients estimated on the two esses eee a ee ee mines SeekVolume 4+ Nomber f+ dane 2013, simultaneously different from zero, The estimates exposed by the table above emphasize the erucial role played by these factors tn the explanation of the intention of the eivils servant of the Indian public compares and this wea ts con- solidated empincally by the presence of a fairly acceptable coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.17) and thus, a good quality of adjustment. Our tesults of estimate based on the coefficient of ratio of risk show that one cannot accept the assumption AL of the effect of the variable of “desirability ~ on the ratio of the chances to have an intention to ereate a company based ‘on the competences. formations and relations resulting {rom the public office compared to those which they are not Intensive (RRC), In addition, the results obtained show also thatthe coeffi ‘tent associated with the variable “entrepreneurial entity’ relating to the intention, is mot statistically significant. Th 1s completely contradictory to the theoretical frame- work in our research This assumption could not be vali- dated. Indeed, the non-validity of this assumption ean be explained by the sensitivity of this studied behavior in the exploratory phase Concerning the other factors, the test reveals the impact of a nse of these explanatory variables on the report of the chanees of a high intention compared to those under-inten- sives (Intention=1). In others words, more ehance than the viduals ate intensive, than they are not. However, the cllects of each variable differ according to two degrees» of intensivity Therefore, our model highlights the significant effects of “perceived feasibility”, “perceived social standard” and “political Rote” on the explanation ofthe intention. Indeed, if perceived feasibility increase by a unit, the logarithm of the probabilities report of the realization of intention 2 and intention! increases by 1.74 with the threshold of significa- Uuvity of 10% and that the logarithm of the probabilities report of the realization of intention 3 and intention! increases by 2.1] with the threshold of significaivity of: This indicator shows that more “the personal effective ‘ness increases more their attitude with respect to the inten- tion to create a company increases, and these results vali- date the assumption of Chering and Char (2000) according to which “percerved feasibility” apprehended by the per- ‘sonal effectiveness predicts the intentions for the creation of the Companies since the individual has the capacity to take the actions well Thus, one can accept the assumption A2 of the effect of the vartable “feasibility perceived” on the report of the ‘chances to have the intention to create a company based on the competences, formations and relations resulting from the public office ‘Conceming the variable “perceived social standard, our tesults of the estimates show the significant and positive influence of this variable on the degree of intentionality Indeed. a rise of 1% of the petceived social standard gener ates an increase by 1.73 in the logarhm of the probabilities report of the realization of a degree of intentionality 2 and 1, and by 1.85 in that of a degree of intentionality 3 et]. There: fore, these results obtained validate the assumption A3 according to which the behavioral intention woul be ide tified by the attitude of the person and its relative social standards, ‘Thus, our results ofthe estimates confirm our theoretical predictions conceived by Fishlin (1975) according to which the perceived social standards appear as a pubhie percep: tions of the ctvils servant and by their motivation to ereate companies. Moreover. the assumption according to which the political role affects the degree of mntentionahty is vali- dated. Indeed our results show that the eoetfictents associ ated with the variable “political Role” are statistically sig= nificant with the threshold of 1%» and with a positive sign, ‘which translates the postive relation between the political ‘ole and the attitude opposite the ntention, Thereafter, these results obtamed validate the assumption AS according to which the behavioral intention would be identified b political role In others words, our empirical results go in par with our theoretical predictions conceived by Kostova (1997) accort- ing to which the political role appears as a means of motiva tion and support of the public evils servant to ereate com panies, Conclusion ‘The principal objective of this paper is to validate empiri- cally our assumptions of research in order to study the nature of the bond between the factors which can generate the intention oF not of 60 ervils servant of public companies Atthis level, our analysis shows AAthat there 1s no signifi cant effect oF the desirability and the entreprencurial iden. tity on the ratio of the chances to have an intention to create company based on the competences, formations and rela tions resulting from the public office compared to those which they are not intensive. By opposition. our results of estimates highlight the sig- nificamt effects of perceived feasibility, perceived social standard and politcal role on the explanation of the inten- tion to create a company based on the competences, forma. tions and relations resulting fromn the public office. {mn other words, our empincal analysis confirm the ideas stipulated hy Fishlin (1975), Chering and Char (2000) and Kestova (1997) of the factors of the entrepreneutial intention ‘when itis about the category of the public eivils servant,‘Bibliography AIZEN 1 (1981), “The Theory of Planned Behaviour”, Cryanizatumal Behavior and Human Decision Processes. vol 50. 7.1782 AUZEN L& FISHBEIN, M_ (1980), “Undersanding anmades and predicting sncial behaviour". Englewoad Cliffs, NI Prentice-Hall 2002), “Perseived Behavioral Control, Self ©). Locus of Conol, and the Theory of Planned jchavior”. Journal af Apphed Social Psychology, vol32. 20 AIZEN. 1. & MADDEN, T. J (1986). 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