I.

II.
III.
IV.

Title of Experiment
: Aluminium
Date before Experiment
: Tuesday, September 27, 2016
Date after Experiment
: Tuesday, September 27, 2016
Objective Experimenting :
To know characteristic of Aluminum and its compound
V. Basic Theory :
Aluminium is derived from the Latin alumen, alum Greeks and ancient Romans
used alum as a liquid closing the pores and sharpeners material dyeing process. In 1761
de Morveau proposed the name alumine for the base alum, and Lavoisier, in 1787, to
guess that this is a metal oxide that has not been found. Wohler is usually referred to as
the scientists managed to isolate this metal in 1827, although not pure aluminum has
been successfully prepared by Oersted two years earlier. In 1807, Davy presents a
proposal to name this metal aluminum (although not yet found the time), although in
the end agreed to replace it with aluminum. The last name is the same as the names of
many other elements that end in "ium". Aluminium is also the spelling used in the
United States until 1925 when the American Chemical Society decided to replace it
with aluminum. For the next spelling of the last used in their publications (Mohsin,
2006).
Aluminum, Al, a member of group 13 are as aluminosilicate in the Earth's crust
and is more abundant than iron. Metal is a white metal density low density has a density
of 2.7 g / cm3. Aluminum atoms have outer electron configuration 3s 2 3P1 with the first
ionization energy 577 kj / mol, the second ionization energy 1820 kj / mol and third
ionisation energy 2740 kj / mol. From the electron configuration, it appears that these
atoms can join by releasing valence electrons, but aluminum is more likely to have a
covalent bond because electronegative fairly common besar. Metals group III A tends to
be less reactive and less metal than with class IA and II A. It can be compared with
some of the properties of amphoteric or amfiprotik and the formation of covalent
compounds. Group III A can also be called a post-transition metals because there after
the ranks of the transition elements. Among metals III A, aluminum is one of the most
important metal found in the earth's crust. Ore of aluminum used for the production of
aluminum is bauxite. This ore contains aluminum oxide hydrate, Al 2O3.H2O and it as
well as oxides of iron, silicon, titanium, a bit of clay and silicates. Levels of aluminum
oxide (alumina) can reach 35-60%. The most important minerals in the aluminum
metallurgy are bauxite, AlOx(OH)3-2x (0 <x <1). Although Al is an expensive precious
metal in the 19th century, the price after the free fall can be produced with large
quantities by electrolysis of alumina, Al2O3, which melted in krolit, Na3AlF6. (Sunardi,
2006).
Aluminum (in the form of bauxite) is a mineral derived from acidic magma
undergoing the process of weathering and deposition are residual. Residual deposition
process itself is a process of mineral concentration of minerals in place. Definition of
aluminum metal in general is lightweight, does not corrode, is very strong, especially if
made alliances.
The characteristics of aluminum:
a.

Aluminium is a metal silvery-white.

b. Aluminum can be formed in accordance with the wishes because it possesses a

high enough plasticity.
c. Aluminum is a metallic element that is most abundant in the earth's crust after
having silicon and oxygen.
The properties of aluminum, among others:
1. Slight
Corrosion-resistant and non-toxic it is used for household appliances.
2. Reflection, fold in the form of aluminum used for packaging food, drugs, and
smoking.
3. Electrical conductivity, two times greater than Cu, Al is used as mtiang electrical
wiring.
4. Free Al with other metals to produce a strong metal such as duralin (mixture of Al,
Cu, Mg) for the manufacture of airframe
5. Al as a reducing agent for the oxide MnO2 and Cr2O2.
Pure aluminum is a silvery-white metal with many desirable characteristics.
Aluminium is light, nontoxic (as the metal), nonmagnetic, does not rust and does not
splatter. Aluminium is very malleable and less harsh. Aluminum is an active metal as
shown in the reduction of potential price and is not found in its elemental form in
nature. Aluminum is the third most elements in the Earth's crust, but is not found in the
form of free elements. Although most aluminum compounds found in nature, for years
not found an economical way to obtain aluminum metal from its compounds
(Sugiyarto, 2001).
Metal aluminum is used with a purity of more than 99%, and metals or alloys
(eg Duralium) is widely used. Aluminum metal dissolves in mineral acids, except
concentrated nitric acid, and the hydroxide solution will produce hydrogen gas.
Aluminum forms compounds with most nonmetallic and shows a rich chemistry, but
not as boron, not cluster hydrides (Sunardi, 2006).
Metal is reactive and immediately reacts with oxygen in the air to form oxide
layer metal body wraps that prevent further oxidation and corrosion resistant metal into.
Mixtures thereof with metals such as Ni, Cu, Zn, Si, etc., to produce lightweight alloy
with broad usability, such as for aircraft, ships, engine blocks, household appliances,
building frame, etc. The oxidize as alumina Al 2O3, which is found in nature which
include ruby, sapphire, corundum and emeri used for manufacturing delas and heatresistant material (Sugiyarto, 2001).
Some of the chemical reaction of aluminum.
1. Reaction with water
Aluminium does not react with cold water. Although aluminium reacts readily
with steam to give aluminium oxide andhydrogen gas, the reaction does not always
occur. This is due to a thin but strong layer of aluminium oxide being coated onto the
metal, thus preventing it from the reaction.
Aluminium + steam > aluminium oxide + hydrogen
2Al(s) + 3H2O(g) > Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g)

2. Reaction with oxygen

Strong heating is required to make aluminium powder burn in oxygen. Much
heat is given out during the reaction and a white powder is formed.
Auminium + oxygen > aluminium oxide
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) > 2Al2O3(s)
3. Reaction with dilute acids
a. Aluminium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give aluminium
chloride andhydrogen gas.
Aluminium + hydrochloric acid > aluminium chloride + hydrogen
2Al(s) + 6HCl (aq) > 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2(g)
a. Aluminium reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to give aluminium
sulphate andhydrogen gas.
b. aluminium + sulphuric acid > aluminium sulphate + hydrogen
2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) > Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)
c. Aluminium
reacts
with
dilute
nitric
acid
to
give aluminium
nitrate and hydrogengas.
d. aluminium + nitric acid > aluminium nitrate + hydrogen
2Al(s) + 6HNO3 (aq) > 2Al(NO3)3 (aq) + 3H2(g)
Aluminium is a metal invalen in compounds of aluminum ions (Al 3+) to form salts
are colorless with anions are colorless. Halida nitrates and sulfates soluble in water,
water solution, this solution shows the acid hydrolysis reaction. Aluminium sulphate can
be made only in the solid state only, hydrolyzed in water and form (Al(OH) 2) (Sugiyarto,
2001).
Two factors must be taken into consideration to assess, the solubility of
compounds in water, small size and high ionic (Al 3+) is poorly soluble in water. Dilute
hydrochloric acid easily dissolves these metals, slower dissolution in dilute sulfuric acid
or dilute nitric acid Example: Example: Al 2Cl3 even AlF3 which is a combination of Al 3+
and F- are monovalent 1. Shows the low water solubility AlCl 3, AlBr2 and AlI2 have
covalent nature and easily soluble in water (Svehla, 1990).
Some aluminum salts and as well as group metal (VIII A) crystallized and the
solution as hydrates, the main characteristics, a solution of aluminum salts in the water is
acidic. Because of the appeal will be an electron from a small ion with a high charge of
Al3+. OH bond in the molecule H2O metal broke. Proton is released out of the curved
coordinating ligand H2O. While ion complex changes to [Al(H2O)5OH] 2+ , metal coated
with aluminum oxide to prevent corrosion on the interval from 4.5 to 8.3 pH (Cotton,
1989).
Some aluminum compounds
1. Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)

Aluminium oxide with hydrochloric acid to produce a good reaction, but with
nitric acid does not react because of the strong bond Al-O. The heat of formation of
aluminum oxide Al2O3 is also great, 399 kcal. Because the aluminum can be used to
reduce oxides of other metals. Iron (III) oxide can be reduced by aluminum to free up
a lot of heat:
2Al (s) + 3/2 O2 (g) Al2O3

+ 399 kcal

Fe2O3 (s) 2 Fe (s) + 3/2 O2 (g)

- 197 kcal

Al2Cl3Heat is liberated enough to melt the results - the results of the reaction,
the iron and aluminum oxide. This reaction produces bias temperature up to 3000C.
Thermite reaction is used to weld iron and bomb fuel. Therefore, stability of
aluminum oxide, the metal can be used to reduce oxides - other metal oxides, such as
magnesium oxide and manganoxide. Reduction with hydrogen produces carbon or
metal - metal mixed with carbide and hydride. therefore, sometimes used to reduce
the aluminum.
2. Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3)
In the formula Al2Cl3 3s and 3p orbitals of atoms Al hybridized. Three of these
hybrid orbitals filled electron pairs (each one of the three electron atoms and three
chlorine atoms Al), fourth orbital empty, therefore these compounds can act as a
Lewis acid.
On dimer AlCl6 Al atoms in the unit AlCl3 obtain octet to use shared one pair
of electrons donated by the Cl atom of AlCl3. AlCl6 can dissociate into AlCl3.
Aluminum chloride in water will be hydrolyzed by the reaction:
Al3+ (aq) + 3 H2O (l) Al (OH)3 (s) + 3H+ (aq)
3. Aluminum Sulfate (Al2 (SO4)3)
Aluminium sulphate is used in the paper and cardboard industry. Other uses
are as a processing liquid and drinking water purification. The aqueous solution
containing the same molar amount of Al2 (SO4)3 and K2SO4. This salt is known as
alum or alum.
VI.

Equipment and Materials:

1. Equipment
Test tube
Test tube rack
Spatula
Bunsen
Tripod and screen
Pippets
2. Materials
NaOH solution 0,1 M
NH4OH solution 1 M
HCl solution 0,1 M
(NH4)2S solution

3 pieces
1 piece
1 piece
1 piece
1 set
8 pieces

VII.

Na2CO3 solution 0,1 M

Al2(SO4)3 solution 0,1 M
Blue litmus paper
Aquades
Aluminium metal
HgCl2 solution 0,1 M

Procedures :
1.
a small piece of aluminium
Dipped briefly in the test tube that filled NaOH 1 M until gas formed
Washed with water
Rubbed with cotton that filled by HgCl2 solution 0,1 M
Settled until dry
Observed the change and recorded

Observation result

2.

Aluminium

Cut until become little plate

Inserted into each test tube

Test tube 2
Na2CO3 hot 0,1 M

Test tube 1
NaOH 0,1 M

Observed and
recorded the
change

Observed and
recorded
the change

Observation
result

Observation
result

Al2(SO)3 solution

3.

Tested using litmus papaer

Observed
Observation result

Test tube 3
HCl 0,1 M
Observed and
recorded the
change
Observation
result

4.

1 mL of plate Al2(SO)3 solution

Inserted into test tube

NaOH 0,1 M drops by drops until the
precipitate dissolved
Added HCl 0,1 M until the solution constant
(no change)
Observed and recorded the drops
Observation result

5.
1 mL of plate Al2(SO)3 solution

Tested using litmus papaer

Observed

Precipitate formed
Filtered

Filtrate

Residue

Washed with hot

water
Moved into test
tubed using little
water
Added NaOH until
precipitate dissolve
Observed

Observation result
VIII.Observation Result
IX.Analysis and explanation
X.Conclusion
XI.Jawaban pertanyaan
XII.References
Cotton. 1989. Kimia Anorganik Dasar . Jakarta: UI Press.
Mohsin, Yulianto. 2006. Aluminium dan Senyawanya. Online (http://clubkimia- nk.blogspot.com/logam-utama-golongan-iiia.html, accessed on Friday,
30 Septemebr 2016 at 12.05 WIB).

Sugiyarto. 2001. Kimia Anorganik 2. Yogyakarta: UGM.

Sunardi, 2006, Unsur Kimia Deskripsi dan Pemanfaatannya, Yrama Widya, Bandung.
Svehla, G. 1990. Buku Teks Analisis Anorganik Kualitatif Makro dan Semi
Mikro Bagian I. Jakarta: PT Kalman Media Pustaka