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Zionism&Russia
8PacificaForumLecturesbyValdas
Anelauskas
Contents
ZionismandRussiaLecture1
May12,2006
June2,2006
June16,2006
July14,2006
August4,2006
September8,2006
October6,2006
November17,2006
ZionismandRussiaLecturel
May12,2006
LeonTrotsky,whoserealnamewasLeybaDavidovichBronstein,said:
"WemustturnRussiaintoadesertpopulatedbywhitenegroesupon
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whomweshallimposeatyrannysuchasthemostterribleEasterndespots
neverdreamtof.Theonlydifferenceisthatthiswillbealeftwingtyranny,
notarightwingtyranny.Itwillbearedtyrannyandnotawhiteone.
Wemeantheword'red'literally,becauseweshallshedsuchfloods
ofbloodaswillmakeallthehumanlossessufferedinthecapitalistwars
quakeandpalebycomparison.Thebiggestbankersacrosstheoceanwill
workintheclosestpossiblecontactwithus.Ifwewintherevolution,we
shallestablishthepowerofZionismuponthewreckageoftherevolution's
funeral,andweshallbecameapowerbeforewhichthewholeworldwill
sinktoitsknees.Weshallshowwhatrealpoweris.Bymeansofterrorand
bloodbaths,weshallreducetheRussianintelligentsiatoastateofcomplete
stupefactionandidiocyandtoananimalexistence...Atthemoment,our
youngmenintheirleatherjackets,whoarethesonsofwatchmakersfrom
Odessa,Orsha,GomelandVinnitsa,knowhowtohateeverythingRussian!
WhatpleasuretheytakeinphysicallydestroyingtheRussianintelligentsia
officers,academicsandwriters!..."
[AsrecordedintheMemoirsofAronSimanovich,ajeweleratthecourtofthe
Tsar'sImperialMajesty,secretaryofRasputinandquotedinnumerousRussian
scholarlyworks,includingTheNatureofZionismByVladimirStepin,published
(inRussian)inMoscow,1993andtranslatedintoEnglish(forRadioIslam)by
CliveLindhurst]
Zionism.WhatisZionism?Andwhydoesitgiverisetosuchcontradictory
emotions,dependingonwhetherthepersonisaZionistor,becauseheissubjected
totheeffectsofZionism,knowswhatitisliketoexperienceitandthushasatleast
someunderstandingofwhatitconsistsof?Letusfirsttrytolookintothese
questions.
Letmestateattheoutsetthat,inusingtheterm"Zionism",Iwillbe
referringnotmerelytothepoliticaltendency(ormovement)whichofficiallytook
shapeattheendofthe19thcentury.No,whatIwillbetalkingaboutratherthe
ideologyuponwhichthatmodernZionisttendencyisreallybasedandwhich
existedlongbeforethefoundersofmodernZionism(Hessin1862,Pinskerin
1882,Herzlin1896,AhadHaAmin1902,Jabotinskyin1906)publishedtheir
views.(Well,mypointisthatmodernZionismisbasednotonlyon"ShanaHaba
B'yerushalayim""NextYearinJerusalem"whichisthewishthatJewssay
attheirPassoversedarim...)
ThisideologyhasledtoZionismbeingpractisedthroughthecenturiesandis
stillmenacinglyactivetoday...
ThefoundationsofZionismwereformulatedinancienttimes,somethree
thousandyearsago,andtheyare:
1.TheJewsareGod'schosenpeople.
2.Allotherpeoplesaremerelytwoleggedanimals(goys).
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3.TheJewshaveboththerightandtheobligationtoruletheworld.
Thesecondandthirdpointsofthisthreeinoneformulaactuallyfollow
fromthefirst.Theformula,whichwasthebrainchildofanundoubtedlyvery
talentedpoliticianofancienttimes,wasamongthefoundationsofthereligionof
Judaism(seethebookofDeuteronomyintheOldTestament).Atthattimepeople
understoodverywellthatifoneistolendforcetoone'sintentions,onemust
expressthemasreligiousideas.Andonemustalsostrengthennotonlythereligion
butalsoitsinfluenceonpeople.
AnotherreasonwhythisancientZionistformulais,Iwouldsay,astrokeof
geniusisthat,irrespectiveofreligion,itisamostpowerfulwayofinfluencinga
personwhobelievesthathebelongstothechosenpeople(inthiscaseJewish
people).Theonlypointisthatifashasbeenpossibleinrecenttimeshedoes
notbelieveinreligion,thenthewords"God'schosenpeople"arereplacedby"the
peoplechosenbynature"orsimplyby"thechosenpeople".Andifsomeone's
opinionshavenotyetbecomefirmlyfixed,itissoeasy,merelybyalittle
application,toconvincehimthatheisamemberofwhat,intermsofintelligence,
talent,audacity,etc.,isthebestofallnations,andthatnoothernationisfittohold
acandletothatonenation.
And,ofcourse,itisimpossibletopersuadeZioniststochangetheirviews,
becausethisformulawasinstilledintomostoftheminprobablyearlychildhood.
EvenJewswhomayhavebrokenwithJudaismanditstraditionsnevertheless
imbibedsomeofitsvaluesandtransposedthemontomodernpolitics.
AndtheGentiles,wedonotofcourseagreewiththeideathatwearetwo
leggedanimals,evenifsomeofus(likesocalledChristianfundamentalists,
dispensationalists,ChristianZionists)havebeenledtobelievethattheJewsare
indeedthe"chosen"peopleandhavetheabilityandtherighttoruletheworld...
Anotherpointisthatthepowerofthisthreeinoneformulaliesinthatit
legitimizesandsanctifiestheideaofconquering,oppressing,perhapseven
exterminatingothernations.Itgoeslikethis:"Whyneedwecareabouttwolegged
animals?Ifwearethechosenpeopleanditisourinalienableright,andevenour
duty,toruleotherpeoples,thenGodhimselforderedustogrowrichattheir
expense,asthesayinggoes."(Well,justreadDeuteronomyintheBible,
everythingisthere,andit'sJudaism'sholyoftheholiestitsTorah)
Inthiswayideologyisplacedonamaterialbasis.Robandrule!Ruleand
rob!Richesandpower!Fromthetimethisformulabeginstooperate,itbecomes
bothameansandanend,butitneverthelessalsobecomesamoreimportant
means,ameansforattainingthemainobjectivecontainedinthethirditemofthe
formula:theJewishpeoplemusthave,andwillhave,undivided,absolutepower
overthewholeworld.
Well,ontheonehand,Ialwayssaythatthewholecommunityornationor
raceshouldn'tbeblamedforwhatsomeofitsmemberssayordo(evenifthose
"some"areactuallymany).Thisistrue,ofcourse,forexample,withthecaseof
DavidIrving'spersecutionand,now,hisincarcerationinAustria.Iwouldn't
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blame,forexample,JewishprofessorNormanFinkelstein,orNoamChomsky,for
whatallthosegloatingJewishcommunityleadersaresayingaboutIrvingnow.I
thinkthatNormanFinkelsteinespeciallydidnoless(maybeevenmore)thenMr.
Irvingdid,inordertouncoverandexposealltheliesofholocaustindustry.
But,ontheotherhand,myopinionis(youcanagreeordisagreewiththis,of
course)thatJewishcommunityasawhole,yes,Iwouldsayisratherverydifferent
fromallotherpeoplebecauseofitsuniquesolidarity,whichwouldn'tbeabad
thing,ofcourse,ifthatsolidarityweren'tdirectedagainstothernationsand
communities,asitissooftendonenow.Therearemanygoodpeopleandalso
manybadpeopleineverynation,butaftermanyyearsofmyexperienceand
researchIcametoconclusionthatamongtheJews,forsomereason,thereisa
muchlargerpercentageofbadpeoplethanamongothers.Imeanmorethan,say,
amongChineseorRussiansoranyothernation.Thereisoneandahalfbillion
Chineselivingonthisplanetnow,therearealsooverabillionIndians(thosein
India),millionsofMalaysians,Indonesians,andvariousothernations,peoples,
tribes,communities...Noneofthosecauseasmanyproblemsintheworldasthe
JewsandtheirZionistIsraeltoday,unfortunately,do.Notonlytodaydo,but
alwaysdid.(ThisiswhatI'mgoingtotalknow,justinamoment.)
Now,ifyougivemeablanksheetofpaperandaskmetowritenamesof
someveryevilpeoplefromamongJewsthatwouldcometomymind
immediately,Icouldeasilyfillupthatpaperinjustcoupleofminutes.Ontheother
hand,ifIaskyoutorepeatthissameexperimentbywritingdownnamesof,say,
evilChinese,youwouldprobablyhaveahardtimerememberingothersthanjust
perhapschairmanMao.AndI'mnotaskingtowritenamesofLithuaniansor
peoplefromsomeotherverysmallnation,butnamesfromamongChinese.From
among1.5billionofthem,fromtheirwholeageslonghistory...Well,Ithinkthis
saysatleastsomethingwhythereexistsuchthingasantiSemitism,butnothing
suchasantiChinismorantiLithuanism...
Ofcourse,someofyoucansaythatthisisnottrueandevenlabelmean
antiSemite,whichisOKwithme,Idon'treallycare.Especiallynow,afterthis
recentabsolutelyoutrageoussavagetreatmentof"thoughtcriminal"DavidIrving,
IseethatZionistsbasicallydeclaredawaragainstpeoplewhodaretocriticize
them.BythrowingDavidIrvingintoAustrianjail,Zionistsbasicallydeclaredwar
onallofus.ImeanwarnotonlyagainstIrvingpersonallybutagainstalsoallother
dissidenthistorians,activists,writings,includingmyself.
Mypointisthatiftheyprovokeme,Ihavetofightbackandstandupformy
rights,suchasfreedomofspeech.BecausetheviolationofIrving'srightsisatthe
sametimeaviolationofmyownrights,concerningfreespeech,therighttosay
whatIthink.And,ofcourse,Iwouldnevereversubmitmyselftosuchan
infringementofmyrightsandreconcilewithsuchasituation.Never!JustlikeI
neversubmittedmyselftotheSovietregimeandtheKGB,inmy"previouslife".
Therefore,asIsaidalready,anyoneiswelcometolabelmea"holocaustdenier"or
"antiSemite".Idon'tcare.Asmyacademichero,ProfessorKevinMacDonaldof
CaliforniaStateUniversitysaidrecently:"Weareincreasinglyapproachinga
situationwherebeinglabeledanantiSemiteisabadgeofhonor.""Thequestionis
notwhetherIamantiSemitic.ThequestionisonlywhetherIamright."[John
Bryant,MortalWords,v8]
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And,ofcourse,ifDavidIrvingwerethrownintojailbecause,say,the
ChinesewouldpressureAustrianstodothatbecauseofwhathesaidorwrote
about,say,somehistoricdetailsofChinese"BoxerRebellion",wellthenIwould
saythesamethingsabouttheChineseasIsayabouttheJews.ButIrving,no,he
hadnoproblemswithChinese,andtheyhadnoproblemwithhim.Theonly
peoplethathadproblemswithIrvingweretheJews,theZionists.Moreover,I
wouldsaythattheonlypeoplewhohaveproblemswithfreespeechtodayare,yes,
allthoseJewishorganizations,likenotoriousAntiDefamationLeagueofB'nai
B'rithorthesocalledSouthernPovertyLawCenter,andtheircrookedleaders.
WhenIstartspeakingorwritingaboutthingslikethese,Iusuallybecome
unstoppable,soIcanwritepagesandpagesandpages...ortalkforhours...It'snot
justbecauseIliketowriteortalkingeneral,butratherbecauseIcarewhatI'm
writingabout.AndifI'minadiscussionwithsomeone,Irespectthepersonthat
I'mtalkingto,andsoIjustdon'twanttowriteafewshortlinesorsayfew
meaninglessphrases.Idon'twanttobesuperficialandthusIalwaystrytobaseall
myopinionsonsolidfactsandexplaineverythingwithvariousquotationsand
usuallyevenshowbooksandarticlesandotheravailablesources,likeinternet
websites.So,anyonecancheckitbythemselves.BecauseImyselfalwaystryto
researchthingsasmuchasIcan,so,naturally,Iexpectotherstodothesame.
Accordingly,mywritingsortalksarestuffedwithalotofquotationsfrombooks,
newspaperarticles,internet,etc.
I'vedoneanenormousamountofresearchandcollectedahugeamountof
variousrelevantmaterialstowhatI'mgoingtotalknow,andIstillkeepdoing
that,becauseIwantthateverythingIsaywouldbebasedonsolidfactsand
information,ratherthenentirelyonmyfeelings.ActuallyIreadover500books
(637tobeexact)ontheseissues.
IknowverywellwhatishappeningnowinEurope,inRussia,where
pressurefromvariousJewishorganizationsistrulyenormous.Icouldprovideyou
perhapshundredsofexamplesthatarenothingbutrocksolidfactstakenfrom
variousverysolidsources,butIjustdon'twanttowasteourratherlimitedtime
andI'msureyouunderstandwhatImean.RighthereinAmericathesedaysthose
sameJewishorganizations,suchasjustmentionedAntiDefamationLeagueof
B'naiB'rithortheinfamousWiesenthalCenterarethemostvocalpushersfor
somenewsocalled"hatespeechcrime"laws.WhatiscomingtoAmericais
alreadywidelyimplementedinEuropebytheeffortof,again,thosesameZionist
organizations.WhatI'msayingisbasedonsolidfacts.Iknowitvery,verywell,
becauseIspentcountlesshoursonresearch.
Therefore,whatsomekangaroocourtinAustriaisdoingagainstIrving(or
inGermanyagainstErnstZundel,GermarRudolf,andothers)isallorchestrated
anddirectedfromNewYork,orevenTelAvivorJerusalem.LockingDavidIrving
inprisonforthreeyearsforexpressinghisopinionsisnothinglessthanacrime
againsthumanity.AndsoAbrahamFoxman,ADLNationalDirectorgloatingly
saidinhisofficialpressreleasethat"theAustriancourthassentanunmistakable
andimportantmessage."AndallthoseZionistleaderswholikeFoxmanare
gloatingtodayinallthenewspaperarticlesabouthowitisgreattoberidof
annoyingIrvingare,inmyopinion,allareenemiesnotonlyoffreedomofspeech
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butalsogreatestenemiesofhumankindtoday.
Myself,well,tobehonest,Ididn'treallycaremuchaboutallthisholocaust
controversy.Priortoalltheserecentarrestsofsocalled"holocaustdeniers",Ihad
noproblemwiththeofficialversionofeventsinWorldWarTwo.Iwouldn'tcare
aboutitiftherewouldn'tbesuchpressuretoconformwith"partyline".TodayI
do.DavidIrvingisawriter,morepreciselyahistorian,isthrowninjailfor
expressinganillegalopinion.ILLEGALOPINION!!!Justlikeitwasinthe
formerSovietUnionwhenwealsowererequiredtosubmitourselvestoofficial
Communistideology.
NowIdohaveaprettygoodunderstandingofwhythisclampdownon
revisionisthistoriansandotherdissidents,andwhynow?It'sbeensuggestedthat
theInternethaspanickedtheZionists,whotoalargeextentowetodaytheirpower
andinfluencetothe"holocaust"story.Afterall,Israelwasfoundedonitsmemory
andifit'sproventobealie,evenpartially,oratleastagrossexaggeration,the
powertheZionists'holdoverordinaryJewscouldbeundermined.Forthevery
notionofthe"holocaust"hasbeenusednotonlytoextractfinancialredressfrom
othernationsbutalsotokeepordinaryJewscompliant.Ineffect,ithasbecome
likeagrotesquedollwieldedbywitchdoctors,usedtokeepindividualsfrom
askingtoomanyquestions,fromthinkingforthemselves,orsteppingoutofline.
LikeOrwellsaid:"hewhocontrolsthepast,controlsthepresent..."andour
perceptionofpasteventsshapesthewaywelookattheworldaroundusnow.The
Zionistsunderstandthisandknowthattheideaofthe"holocaust"iscrucialtotheir
power.ThisiswhycertainIanJ.Kagedan,DirectorofGovernmentRelationsof
theB'naiB'rith,statedthat"Achievingourquestofa'newworldorder'depends
onourlearningtheHolocaust'slessons."[IanJ.Kagedan,"MemoryofHolocaust
CentraltoNewWorldOrder,"TorontoStar,Nov.26,1991.]Whichiswhysuch
harshmeasuresarebeingexactedagainstthosewhoasktoomanyquestions.
OK,enoughaboutthe"holocaust".Let'sgobacktodefinitionofZionism
andthenmovetoRussia.
IntellingthisstoryIwillchallengethevitalpremisesoftheestablishment
historyandroastsomesacredcows.
Again,whenItalksomethingaboutJews,Idon'tnecessarilymeanevery
singlepersonwhoisJewish.Noatall.No,whatImeaniswhatIusuallycall
JewishSupremacismandthoseJewswhofollowthispeculiarideology,whichis
actuallythesameasZionism.Iwouldsaytheseareprettymuchinterchangeable
terms.TheZionistsareconcernednotonlyaboutjusttakingoverwholePalestine
andcreating"greaterIsrael"bygettingridofArabs.No,thosethatIcallJewish
Supremacistshavemuchmoresinisteragenda.Somewritersprefertocallthem
Jewishracists,butIdisagreewithsuchcombinationofwordsbecausetheJews
aren'taseparaterace,asfarasIknow(itis100%provenscientificfact)andso
theycanbeperhapscalledwhiteracists(whentheyactassuch),butnotJewish
racists...
Well,Idon'twanttogointosomedeepparticulars,butIwanttoemphasize
thatthereisdefinitelynoconspiracyaboutwhatisgoingon,andIwouldnevercall
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itaconspiracy.It'sallveryopenandupfront.It'sjustenoughtoopenany"Who's
WhoinAmerica"bookanddosomebasicresearchtoseewhoarealreadyin
power.AndImeannotjustAIPAC,noteventhosewhoarepuppetmastersbehind
BushandCheneytoday,orwhowerebehindClinton.Imeanallthoseleadersof
numerousorganizationssuchasWorldJewishCongress,WorldZionist
Organization,andzillionsofothers.Theyarenotsecret.Everythingisdonepretty
openly.And,asIsaid,thewhole"holocaust"storyisusedtodaybasicallyasa
shieldtohideallthatisgoingon,muchofwhichisoriginated,yes,inworldwide
Jewishcommunity.
NotonlyhereinAmericabutalsoinRussia.Inasecondpartofthis
presentationnexttimeI'mgoingtotellyouaboutallthoseoligarchswholike
vampiressuckedRussiadryandtookbillionsofdollarsout,whileRussianpeople
werestarving,andtheyruinedRussia'seconomy,andculture,andsocial
structures...andyes,yes,yes,theyjusthappentobeallJewish.Coincidence?
Well,Idon'tthinkso.
Thesethingsarenotsecret.Youcanreadabouttheminbooksthatare
availableevenatourEugenepubliclibrary.Onedoesn'thavetobearesearcher
likemyselftofindoutaboutwhat'sgoingon.Theinformationisavailableandto
denythesekindsofthingswouldbe,inmyopinion,justequaltosayingthat
"holocaust"neverhappenedatall.ImeanthatsayingthattheZionists(orJewish
Supremacists)havenothingtodowithwhatiscalledtodayNewWorldOrder,is
prettymuchthesamekindofridiculousstatementaswouldberealdenialofwhat
happenedtomanyJewsduringtheWW2.
EvenwellknownRabbiDanielLapin,whooftenmakesquitestrong
statements,agreesthat:"You'dhavetobearecentimmigrantfromOuter
MongolianottoknowoftherolethatpeoplewithJewishnamesplayinthe
coarseningofourculture.AlmosteveryAmericanknowsthis.Itisjustthatmost
gentilesaretoopolitetomentionit."[RabbiDanielLapin,"OurWorstEnemy",
TowardTradition,January20,2005]
Now,willtrytoexplainmoreaboutwhatImeanwhenIsayZionism(or
JewishSupremacism)becauseit'simportanttounderstandmeaningoftheword,
beforeI'llapplyittoRussia.ThisisJewishmoralparticularismcombinedwitha
profoundsenseofhistoricalgrievancehatredbyanyothernameagainst
EuropeancivilizationandadesirefortheendofEuropewithitstraditionalethnic
base.AccordingtoJewishsupremacists,themenacesof"extremism,hateand
fundamentalism"prototypicallyagainstJewscanonlyberepairedby
jettisoningthetraditionalculturalandethnicbasisofEuropeancivilization.And
Russiawouldbeonlyoneexample,amongmany.
Youcandisagreewithme,ofcourse,butmyresearchleadmetobelievethat
thisJewishhatredtowardnonJewsemergedasaconsistentthemethroughoutthe
ages,beginningintheancientworld.TheRomanhistorianTacitusalreadynoted
that"Amongthemselvestheyareinflexiblyhonestandeverreadytoshow
compassion,thoughtheyregardtherestofmankindwithallthehatredof
enemies."TheeighteenthcenturyEnglishhistorianEdwardGibbonwasstruckby
thefanaticalhatredofJewsintheancientworld:"FromthereignofNerotothatof
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AntoninusPius,theJewsdiscoveredafierceimpatienceofthedominionofRome,
whichrepeatedlybrokeoutinthemostfuriousmassacresandinsurrections.
Humanityisshockedattherecitalofthehorridcrueltieswhichtheycommittedin
thecitiesofEgypt,ofCyprus,andofCyrene,wheretheydweltintreacherous
friendshipwiththeunsuspectingnatives;andwearetemptedtoapplaudthesevere
retaliationwhichwasexercisedbythearmsofthelegionsagainstaraceof
fanatics,whosedireandcreduloussuperstitionseemedtorenderthemthe
implacableenemiesnotonlyoftheRomangovernment,butofhumankind."
[EdwardGibbon,TheDeclineandFalloftheRomanEmpire,Chapter16,p.78.]
ThenineteenthcenturySpanishhistorianJoseAmadordelosRioswroteofthe
SpanishJewswhoassistedtheMuslimconquestofSpainthat"withoutanylove
forthesoilwheretheylived,withoutanyofthoseaffectionsthatennobleapeople,
andfinallywithoutsentimentsofgenerosity,theyaspiredonlytofeedtheiravarice
andtoaccomplishtheruinoftheGoths;takingtheopportunitytomanifesttheir
rancor,andboastingofthehatredsthattheyhadhoardedupsomanycenturies."
[QuotedinWilliamThomasWalsh,IsabellaofSpain:TheLastCrusader(New
York:RobertM.McBride,1930),p.196.]Andin1913,economistWerner
Sombart,inhisclassicbookJewsandModernCapitalism,summarizedJudaismas
"agroupbythemselvesandthereforeseparateandapartthisfromtheearliest
antiquity.Allnationswerestruckbytheirhatredofothers."[Sombart,Jewsand
ModernCapitalism(NewBrunswick,NJ:TransactionBooks,1913/1982reprint),
p.240.]
Myself,asIsaid,Ialwaystrytofindoutabouteverythingmyself,andsoI
doverycarefulresearch.ThisisexactlywhatIdidwhenIwantedtolearnmore
aboutthe"holocaust"andZionismandIsrael,andespeciallyaboutwhatIcall
JewishSupremacism.Forexample,whenIfoundsomereallyweirdquotations
fromTalmud,atfirstIsimplycouldn'tbelievethatsuchthingscanbesaidin
Jewishholybook.Forexamplethese:"Ifaheathen(Gentile)hitsaJew,the
Gentilemustbekilled,hittingaJewisthesameashittingGod"[Sanhedrin58b].
"WhenaJewmurdersaGentile("Cuthean"),therewillbenodeathpenalty,and
whataJewstealsfromaGentilehemaykeep"[Sanhedrin57a.]."Eventhebestof
theGentilesshouldbekilled(Tobshebegoyyimharog)"[MinorTractates.
Soferim15,Rule10].Andtherearemanymore!Itsoundedjustoutrageous,soI
justwenttoourUniversity'slibraryandthereiswholemultivolumeTalmud
available,soIspentacoupleofhoursandfoundwhereallthosequotationsare,
and,yes,theyarealltrue.[TALMUD,UOKnightLibrary#BM499.5.E41989]
TheTalmudicrabbisbelievedthatintheeyesofGod,JewandGentilewere
notequal.[NormanF.Cantor,TheSacredChain:TheHistoryoftheJews(New
York:HarperCollinsPublishers,1994),pp.107108]
IntheeyesofWorldJewry,anyonebutaJew,isaheathen,agoy,ora
cuthean,alltermsofcontempt.ThewellknownJewishauthor,JosefKastein,
states(inHistoryandDestinyoftheJews,p.211)that"thelawsoftheTalmud
provedexceedinglyefficaciousinbindingtheJewishpeopletogether",andthatthe
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Talmudwas"carriedwiththemeverywhere"and"becametheirhome".
ThereputationoftheTalmudamongliberalandsecularJews,especiallyin
theUnitedStates,hasundergoneabigchangeinthedirectionofahighlyfavorable
attitudeinthepastfewdecades.Bythe1970stheTalmudwasnostalgicallyseen
bymanysecularJewsasbelongingtothemainstreamofwhatwasgoodinthe
Jewishtradition.AnIsraeliTalmudicscholar,AldinSteinsaltz,publishedashort,
enthusiasticbookcalledTheEssentialTalmud.AnAmericanpaperbacktranslation
ofitappearedin1976andhassincegonethroughelevenprintings.TheTalmud
hadbecomeacoffeetablebookforsuburbanJewishAmerica![NormanF.Cantor,
TheSacredChain:TheHistoryoftheJews(NewYork:HarperCollinsPublishers,
1994),pp.l02103]
ButwhenIaskedsomeJewsaboutthesequotes,Iwasgivendifferent
answers.Iheardeverythingfromanangry,defensive"no,thereisnosuchthingin
theTalmud"to"therearewordslikethatbuttheymeansomethingelse,"to
(seriously)"youdon'twanttoknow."And,ofcourse,throughoutitall,Iwas
accusedofbeingan"antiSemite"forevenaskingthequestions.Itisjust
ridiculous!Itisexactlywhatprof.Finkelsteindescribedas"beyondchutzpah".
TrulyhugeCHUTZPAH!
And,ofcourse,intheprocessofmyresearchIevenfoundmoreoutrageous
thingsinsomebooks,andthenIwentfurtherintoresearchandIfoundbooks
writtenbysomecontemporaryJewishreligiousauthorities,suchas,forexample,
RabbiMenachemMendelSchneerson.
WhatIcallJewishSupremacismisexactlywhat'sdescribedinallsuch
books.
Incaseifyouhaven'theardabouthim,RabbiSchneersonwasarealOld
TestamentJew,aTalmudJew,whopreachedtheunadulterateddoctrinesofthe
Talmud,includingthedoctrineofJewishsuperiorityandthedoctrinethattheJews
arereallythechosenpeopleofGod,ordainedtorulealltheothernationsofthe
worldandownalltheirpossessions.Hissermonshavebeenpublished,although
you'renotlikelytofindtheminanymainstreamlibraries.ButIcanquoteatleasta
littlebit,justtogiveyoutheflavor.TheLubavitcher"Rebbe"preached,describing
thedifferencebetweenJewsandnonJews,forexample,likethis:"Thebodyofa
Jewishpersonisofatotallydifferentqualityfromthebodyofamemberofany
othernationoftheworld....TheJewishbodylooksasifinsubstanceitwere
similartothebodiesofnonJews,but...thebodiesonlyseemtobesimilarin
materialsubstance,outwardlook,andsuperficialquality.Thedifferenceofthe
innerquality,however,issogreatthatthebodiesshouldbeconsideredas
completelydifferentspecies.ThisisthereasonwhytheTalmudstatesthatthereis
ahalachicdifferenceinattitudeaboutthebodiesofnonJews....Theirbodiesarein
vain...Anevengreaterdifferenceexistsinregardtothesoul.Twocontrarytypes
ofsoulexist.AnonJewishsoulcomesfromthreesatanicspheres,whilethe
Jewishsoulcomesfromholiness."[IsraelShahakandNormanMezvinsky,Jewish
FundamentalisminIsrael(PlutoPress,London,1999),p.5960.]
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10
ItookthisbigquotefromabookaboutJewishethnocentrismauthoredby
twoJewishscholars,IsraelShahakandNormanMezvinsky.AsIlearnedfromthis
andmanyotherbooks,theethnocentrismapparentinsuchstatementswasnotonly
thenormintraditionalJewishsociety,butremainsapowerfulcurrentof
contemporaryJewishfundamentalism,withespeciallyimportantimplicationsin
Israelipolitics.Forexample,RabbiKook,thereveredfatherofthemessianic
tendencyofJewishfundamentalismintoday'sIsrael,saidthat"Thedifference
betweenaJewishsoulandsoulsofnonJewsalloftheminalldifferentlevels
isgreateranddeeperthanthedifferencebetweenahumansoulandthesoulsof
cattle."[alsofromsameShahak'sandMezvinsky'sbookJewishFundamentalism
inIsrael,p.ix.]
Ilearnedthatsuchpresentdayfundamentalistssimplyjustattempttore
createtheagesoldtraditionofJewishcommunities.Especiallythosebeforethe
EuropeanEnlightenment(i.e.,priortoabout1750).Duringthisperiodthegreat
majorityofJewsbelievedinCabbalaJewishmysticism.WhattheCabbalasays
isthatsalvationisonlyforJews,whilenonJewshave"Satanicsouls."{Jewish
FundamentalisminIsrael,p.58.]
Therefore,RabbiKook'sentireteachingisalsobasedupontheLurianic
Cabbala,theschoolofJewishmysticismthatdominatedJudaismfromthelate
sixteenthtotheearlynineteenthcentury.OneofthebasictenantsoftheLurianic
CabbalaistheabsolutesuperiorityoftheJewishsoulandbodyoverthenon
Jewishsoulandbody.AccordingtotheLurianicCabbala,theworldwascreated
solelyforthesakeofJews;theexistenceofnonJewswassubsidiary.Ifsome
influentialChristianbishoporIslamicmullaharguedthatthedifferencebetween
thesuperiorsoulsofnonJewsandtheinferiorsoulsofJewswasgreaterthanthe
differencebetweenthehumansoulandthesoulsofcattle,hewouldincurthe
wrathofandbeviewedasanantiSemite.Thereisnodoubtthatteachingsof
RabbiKookorRabbiSchneersoncontainbasicideasaboutJewishsuperiority
comparabletotheworstformsofantiSemitism.
TheJewishsupremacismtoday,asdescribedbyShahakandMezvinsky,are
thuspartofalongmainstreamJudaisttraditionwhichconsidersJewsandnon
Jewscompletelydifferentspecies,withJewsabsolutelysuperiortononJewsand
subjecttoaradicallydifferentmoralcode.AndthefactisthatcertainJews,some
ofwhomwieldenormouspoliticaloreconomicinfluence,considerJewstobe
superiortononJewsandviewtheworldashavingbeencreatedonlyorprimarily
forJews.ThetruthisthatmanyJews,especiallyreligiousJewstodaycontinueto
adheretosuchtraditionalJewishethicsthatotherJewswouldliketoignoreor
explainaway.
Fewmoreexamples:RabbiYitzhakGinsburgandRabbiYaacovPerrin
declaredrespectively,"WehavetorecognizethatJewishbloodandthebloodofa
11
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goyarenotthesamething"{NewYorkTimes,June6,1989)and"Onemillion
ArabsarenotworthaJewishfingernail"{NewYorkDailyNews,Feb.28,1994).
Thesearewordsofspiritualleadersintoday'sJewishcommunity!
SothiskindofideologycanbeseenamongthosethatIcallJewish
supremacists(orZionists).TheysaythatJewsarebetterandthatbeingsoJews
deservetoruleoverotherpeople.TheeternaluniquenessoftheJews,astheysay,
istheresultoftheCovenantmadebetweenGodandtheJewishtribeatMount
Sinai.TheimplicationisthatsuchtranscendentimperativesforJewseffectively
nullifymorallawsthatbindthebehaviorofnormalnations.RabbiShlomoAviner,
oneofIsrael'smostprolificideologues,forexample,arguesthatthedivine
commandmentstotheJewishpeople"transcendthehumannotionsofnational
rights."HeexplainsthatwhileGodrequiresothernationstoabidebyabstract
codesofjusticeandrighteousness,suchlawsdonotapplytoJews.[IanLustick,
"Israel'sDangerousFundamentalists,"ForeignPolicy68,Fall1987,pp.123124.]
ThisclaimofJewishuniquenessechoesalso"holocaust"activistElieWiesel's
claimthat"everythingaboutusisdifferent."Jewsare"ontologically"exceptional.
[ElieWiesel,AgainstSilence:TheVoiceandVisionofElieWiesel.Selectedand
editedbyIrvingAbrahamson(NewYork:HolocaustLibrary,1985),vol.1,p.
153.]
AsIsaid,theideasofRabbiSchneersonweretakenfromabookofhis
recordedmessagestofollowersinIsrael,titledGatheringsofConversationsand
publishedinIsraelin1965.Duringthesubsequentthreedecadesofhislifeuntilhis
death,RabbiSchneersonremainedconsistent;hedidnotchangeanyofthe
opinions.WhatRabbiSchneersontaughteitherwasorimmediatelybecame
official,Lubovitch,Hassidicbelief.HeheadedtheChabadmovementandwielded
greatinfluenceamongmanyreligiousJewsinIsraelaswellasintheUnitedStates.
Asyouofcourseknow,theLubavitchersarethosestrangelookingJewsonesees
inNewYorkwearinglong,blackcoatsandblackhats,withsideburnsdownto
theirshoulders.TherearealsothousandsoftheminNewJersey,notfarfrom
wherewelived.AndLubovitcherJewishcommunityintheUnitedStates,has
oftenexpressedhisviewsinmanypublications.Thefollowing,forexample,
appearedinanApril26,1996ofJewishWeek(NewYork)articlethatcontained
aninterviewwithanotherRabbiGinsburghwhoisregardedasoneofthe
Lubovitchersect'sleadingauthoritiesonJewishmysticism.Hespeaksfreelyof
Jews'geneticbased,spiritualsuperiorityovernonJews.Itisasuperioritythathe
assertsinvestsJewishlifewithgreatervalueintheeyesoftheTorah."Ifyousaw
twopeopledrowning,aJewandanonJew,theTorahsaysyousavetheJewishlife
first,"RabbiGinsburghtoldtheJewishWeek."IfeverysimplecellinaJewish
bodyentailsdivinity,isapartofGod,theneverystrandofDNAispartofGod.
Therefore,somethingisspecialaboutJewishDNA."Later,RabbiGinsburghasked
12
rhetorically:"IfaJewneedsaliver,canyoutaketheliverofaninnocentnonJew
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passingbytosavehim?TheTorahwouldprobablypermitthat.Jewishlifehasan
infinitevalue,"heexplained."Thereissomethinginfinitelymoreholyandunique
aboutJewishlifethannonJewishlife."[JewishFundamentalisminIsrael,p.62]
That'sisexactlywhatImyselfcallJewishSupremacism!Changingthe
words"Jewish"to"German"or"Aryan"and"nonJewish"to"Jewish"turnsthe
Ginsburghpositionintothedoctrinethatyouoryourcolleagues,nodoubt,would
callneoNazi.Well,butyoucanperhapssaythatthisiswhatonlysomeextremist
JewssayandIdoagreethatwhatLubovitcherRabbissaidisindeedpretty
extreme,buttheywereandstillarereligiousleadersofsuchlargesegmentof
JewishsegmentasHassidicOrthodoxJews,andtheyarepresenteverywhere,not
onlyinNewYork,butevenhereinEugene.RightjustafewblocksfromwhereI
live,on19thStreet,thereisChabadHouse.Thosehousesareinalmostevery
collegetown!Theyarenotsomeundergroundfanatics,butrathermainstream
religiontoday.Well,youcansay,ofcourse,thatnotalloftheJewsarepartof
thoseLubovitcher,butthisexplainsnothing.IfthisorthatJewisn'tafollowerof
RabbiSchneersonorRabbiGinsburg,thisdoesnotmeanatallthatnolarge
numbersofJewsfollowteachingsofsuchextremists.Quitethecontrary.Myself,
forexample,IamnotaCatholic,butitdoesnotmeanthatLithuaniansaren't
Catholics.ManyLithuaniansarevery,extremelydevoutCatholics.
Therefore,asIsaid,giventhatethnocentrismcontinuestopervadeall
segmentsoftheJewishcommunity,manythingsarejusttooobviousand
impossibletoignoreanddeny,andeverybodyshouldbeawareofthesethings,
regardlessofbeingaJew,orLithuanian,orRussian,orChinese.Icouldprovide,
assaid,hundredsandhundredsofquotationsandfullarticles.Whowants,justlet
meknow,writeanemail,andIgiveyouanyparticularinformationuponrequest.
ThebookKitsurShulkhanArukhwasofficiallypublishedinMoscowin
2001bytheCongressofJewishReligiousOrganizationsandAssociationsin
Russia.ThatbookisacondensedversionoftheJewishlawcode,theSulkhan
Arukh,compiledcenturiesagoonthebasisoftheTalmudandrequiredinpractice
tothisday.IntheintroductiontothebooktheheadofJewishReligious
OrganizationsandAssociations,RabbiZinoviyKogan,makesthefrank
acknowledgementthat:
"Theeditorialcouncilconsidereditnecessaryinthistranslationtoomit
someinstructionsofthehalakha[Jewishlaw]...whoseinclusioninthe
publicationintheRussianlanguagewouldbeperceivedbythepopulationof
Russia,whichdoesnotadheretoJudaism,asanunprovokedinsult.The
readerwhowishestoreadtheKitsurShulkhanArukhintheideally
13
completevolume,isinvitedtocometoayeshivainordertostudythisand
manyotherholybooksintheoriginal."
Thatis,oneoftheleadersofRussianJewryhimselfrecognizedthatsome
regulationsoftheJudaiccodeofbehaviorwereinsultingtothenonJewish
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populationofRussia,butconsidersitpossibletoinvitehisfellowtribesmento
yeshivastostudytheseinsults.IntheintroductiontothisbooktheheadofJewish
ReligiousOrganizationsinRussiawritesthat"theTalmudistheunsurpassed
monumentofJewishgenius,"andthisdistillationofitsmorality,"theKitsur
SulkhanArukhistheanthologyoftheJewishcivilizationofourtime....Thisbook
iscompletelynecessaryforyou.Youcanactinthemannerthatitprescribesand
beconfidentthatyouhavecarriedoutthewilloftheExlted."
Well,IalreadyquotedalittlebitfromTalmud.
ThemajorityofJews,ofcourse,donotstudythe"ShulkhanArukh."But
manygenerationsoftheselfcontainedlifeofJewsamongotherpeoples(inthis
contexttheredevelopedtheideaoftheJewishkahalasa"statewithinastate")led
tothesituationwherethemoralityofthe"ShulkhanArukh"becameapartof
Jewishnationalselfconsciousnesseveninitssecularform.Thisconclusionwas
drawnbythewellknownJewishwriterandsociologistHannahArendt:
"PreciselyintheprocessofsecularizationwasbornecompletelyrealJewish
chauvinism....TheideaofthechosennessoftheJewsbecame...theidea
thatJewssupposedlywerethesaltoftheearth.Fromnowon,theold
religiousconceptofchosennesswasnolongertheessenceofJudaism;it
becameinsteadtheessenceofJewishness."[Arendt,TheOriginsof
Totalitarianism(NewYork:Schocken,2004),p.99.]
Well,IhopeIexplainedmorethanenoughwhatImeanbyZionistsor
JewishSupremacistsandwhatdifferencethereisbetweenJewish/Zionist
supremacistsandjustordinaryJewishfolks.
And,now,IsraelandallthoseZionist/Supremacistorganizationsare
preparingforanewwaragainstIran,asifthereweren'tenoughwarinIraq,which
costtoAmericabillionsofdollars.TheysaythatIranisverydangerousbecauseit
wantstocreateanuclearbomb,butitsoundsabsolutelyridiculousandbizarrefor
thosewhoknowthatthenuclearbombisanexclusivelyJewishcreation.Ifwe
lookatthenamesofthosewhowerebehindthecreationofAmericanbomb,we
seeOppenheimer,Teller,Szilard,andothers.Again,atleast90%ofthemwere
Jewish.Well,youcanofcoursesaythattheyweresimplyfollowingordersgiven
bytheUSgovernment,butisn'tthiswhatAdolfEichmanntriedtosayinhisown
defense?Iwouldsaythatthecreationofatomicbombandthenwholesalemurder
14
ofhundredsofthousandsofJapanesecivilians,wasn'tcrimeanylessthenwhatis
called"holocaust".Actually,ifwetaketheword"holocaust"literally,lookinthe
dictionary,itdoesmeandestructionbyfire...Yes,sayingthatthosewhocreated
thebombwerejustfollowingordersisnonsense,becauseIstudiedthesethingsa
lotandIknowthatthewholeManhattanprojectwasinitiatedbyaletterto
RooseveltthatSzilardwroteandEinsteinsigned.Well,Einstein,wasalwaysgood
atputtinghisnameunderotherpeople'swritings...
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Today,Israelitselfhasalreadyhundredsofnukesandisthreateningnotonly
itsArabneighborsbutothernationsaswell.JustlistenwhatfamousIsraeli
militaryexpertMartinvanCreveldsaid:"Wepossessseveralhundredatomic
warheadsandrocketsandcanlaunchthemattargetsinalldirections,perhapseven
atRome.MostEuropeancapitalsaretargetsforourairforce."
ThechiefpowerofZionismliesinbeingsilent.Themandus!Themain
pointisthat,whatevermayhappen,thewholetruthaboutZionismcannotbe
permittedtobecomewidelyknown.Thatwouldmeanthefailureofthewhole
affair.Anagreementtokeepquietisreachednotonlywiththeirownpeople,but
alsowiththemostfuriousopponentofZionism:theymustkeepquiet.Dealthe
blow,butkeepquiet!Astrongmanisvulnerablebecauseofhisstrength,andthe
Zionistssaythatthereisnoneedtoexplainanythingtopeoplebecause,sothey
say,thedangerhasbeeneliminated,andyouhavedonethebusinessbyusing
methodswhichareobviouslynotclean.
Theyhavekeptsilentthroughthecenturies!Ofcourse,somefactsdoslip
throughthenet,anditisnotpossibletokeepone'seyeoneverything.Thereisa
fairlyrichantiZionistliteratureatpresent,butitisonlypartial.Itisnotcomplete,
anditdoesnotclearlyandpreciselystatethegoalsofZionism,butthechiefpoint
isthatZionistsaremostcarefultoremoveandliquidatesuchliterature,never
permittingitawidedistributionunderanycircumstances.Silenceandsecrecyare
themainpowerofZionism.Theyarethereasonforitssuccesses,andtheyarethe
factorthatbringstheZionistsvictory!
Oneofthestrengthsliesinthattheyarenotatallembarrassedaboutthe
meanstheyemploy.Thedirectivewhichstates"Theendjustifiesthemeans!"was
usedbytheZionistslongbeforetheJesuits.Ofcourse,theyhaveusedsuchmeans
rightuptothepresentdayandstillareusingthem.Zionistsknownomoral
standards.Andwhyshouldthey?TheyregardtheGentileswithwhomthey"work"
astwoleggedanimals(pleaserememberthethreeinoneformulaofZionism!).
ANTISEMITISMISZIONISM'SWEAPON
ApowerfulweaponemployedbyZionismisthatofaccusingantiZionistsof
beingantiSemitic.
"AntiSemite"(or"selfhatingJew")isalabelusedtosluranyonewho
disagreeswithZionism,whospeakstheTruthabouttheJudaicreligionandaspects
15
ofhistorythatJewishleadershipwouldratheryounotknowabout,orwhodaresto
offersocialcriticismoftheJewishcommunityinanyway.Assoonasoneis
labelledan"antiSemite,"heisoutofthegame,abigot,aNazi,afascist,ahater,a
nutter.Hisideascanbewrittenoff,hewillneverholdpoliticalofficeorbetaken
seriouslyagainby"decentpeople."
WriterJoeSobransumsitupbysaying:
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An"antiSemite"inactualusage,islessoftenamanwhohatesJewsthana
mancertainJewshate.Thewordexpressestheemotionalexplosionthat
occursinpeoplewhosimplycan'tbearcriticaldiscourseaboutasacred
topic,andwhoexperiencecriticismasprofanationandblasphemy.Theterm
"antiSemitism"doesn'tstandforanyintelligibleconcept.Itbelongsnotto
theworldofrationaldiscourse,buttotherealmofimprecationsand
maledictionsandritualostracisms."(NationalReview,March16,1992).
HaveaproblemwithEretzIsrael'spolicies?You'rean"antiSemite."
KnowwhatiscontainedinJewish"holy"booksanddaretoevenmention
theirtruecontents?You'reanantiSemite.
Daretocomparethe66,000,000Russians(andpeopleofothernationalities)
deadatthehandsofJewishBolsheviksintheSovietUniontothose6millionJews
murderedintheThirdReich?ActuallybelievethatJewishpeoplehaven'tcornered
themarketonsuffering?You'reanantiSemite.Ofcourse!
SpeakthetruththatJewsspeakamongthemselvesconcerningJewishpower
overthemediaandAmerica'spoliticalsystemandculture?Notonlyareyouan
antiSemite,you'reaparanoidonewhoprobablyhasanSSUniforminyourcloset.
EXAMPLE:
FederalReserveBoardGovernorBenShalomBernankebecomechiefofthe
U.S.FederalReserveBoardonJanuary31,replacinghisfellowJewAlan
Greenspan,whohaddictatedU.S.monetarypolicysince1987.
AnypersonwhopubliclyopposeonebadJeworanother,evenifonlyin
strictlybusinessaffairs,canbeaccusedofantiSemitism.Playingonpeople's
feelingsofcompassion,sympathyandcharity,theyaccuseaspecificpersonof
racism,ofmisanthropy,ofchauvinism,xenophobia,"hatespeech",andfinallyof
havingacompletelyinadequateattitudetowardstheJews,whoaredescribedas"a
peoplewhoareperpetuallyhounded,downtrodden,quiet,inoffensive,and
undeservinglydespisedandabused"...Andwhowouldlikethosearoundhimto
thinkthatheissuchamonster?
ButantiSemitismisinfactgeneratedpreciselybyZionismandbythe
ZionistmoodsandactionswhichJewsdisplay.TheZioniststhemselvesfosterthe
antiSemites.IhavealreadysaidthatantiSemitismisnaturallygeneratedbythe
16
ZionismoftheJews.Anordinarypersoncanbynomeansalwaysrisetoaposition
whereheunderstandsthepartplayedbyideologyandorganization.Hesimplysees
someJewsbehavingbadlyand,withoutgoingintoadeepanalysisoftheproblem
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andwithoutseparatingtheZionismofaJewfromthatJewhimself,hebeginsto
considerthattheJewsareallbadasanationandhebeginstohateJews.Anti
SemitismisgeneratedandregeneratedbyZionism!Andthereversealsoapplies:
antiSemitismnurturesZionisminahiddenway;ithelpstheZioniststobringthe
JewsunderthepowerofZion.
ButtheJewsarenota"race"inthebiologicalsense(thatisHitlertalkand
Talmudtalk),andanyJewiswelcometowalkawayfromZionismandtheJewish
religionandtofacehistoricalTruths;manyJewshave.Irepeatthepointandhope
youreaditthreetimes:"race"inthebiologicalsenseisnottheissue,"ethnicity"
perseisnottheissue,whoone'smotherandfatherareisnottheissue;ideologies
aretheissue.
IftheJewsweretorenounceZionism,theattitudeofothernationstowards
theJewswould,nodoubt,changeabruptly;itispreciselytheZionismoftheJews
thatgivesrisetoantiSemitism,andnottheotherwayround,astheZionistsfalsely
anddishonestlyclaim.Ofcourse,thereareexceptionstoeveryruleandthereare
quiteafewnonZionistJewstobefound,buttheyareagreatrarity,resultingfrom
deviationsinthe"educational"process.However,theZioniststrybyeverymeans
possibletodrivetheseJewsintotheZionistfold.Ifsucheffortshadnotbeen
taken,theideaofZionismwouldhavecollapsedcenturiesago.
19thcenturyZionistAhadHaAm,whoarguedthattheendofanti
SemitismwouldresultinJewslosingtheircultureandsenseofpeoplehood.[L.
Simon,AhadHaAm(AsherGinzberg):ABiography(Philadelphia:Jewish
PublicationSocietyofAmerica,1960),pp.104105,quotedinKevinMacDonald,
SeparationanditsDiscontents:TowardanEvolutionaryTheoryofAntiSemitism
(Westport,CT:Praeger,1998),p.180]
In1958,NahumGoldmann,thenpresidentoftheworldZionist
Organization,hadwarnedthatacurrentdeclineofantiSemitism"mightconstitute
anewdangertoJewishsurvival;...thedisappearanceof'antiSemitism'inits
classicmeaning,whilebeneficialtothepoliticalandmaterialsituationsofJewish
communities,hashad'averynegativeeffectonourinternallife'"(TheNewYork
Times,24July1958).Similarly,CharlesSolomoninhisarticleinBlackFriars
Magazine(January1957)atthattimepointedtothedangeroftheextinctionofthe
JewishcommunityinBritainbecauseoftheabsenceofantiSemitism:"whento
proclaimone'sselfaJewmaymeanhardship,evendeath,theindomitablespiritof
manorperhapsthesheerobstinancyassertsitself....ButwhentobeaJewis
merelyinconvenient,itisdifficulttoattainamoodofhighresolve."Eventhe
AmericanJewishCongress,throughitscounselLeoPfeffer,stated:"Such
17
discriminationmaywellbeablessing.ItispossiblethatsomeantiSemitismis
necessaryinordertoensureJewishsurvival"(TheNationalJewishPostand
Opinion,6November1959).[QuotedinZionism&Racism:Proceedingsofan
InternationalSymposium(Tripoli,Libya:InternationalOrganizationforthe
EliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination,1977),pp.5657]
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AntiSemitismisindeedapositiveforceforJewishpeople,aleadingJewish
academicclaimstoday.RabbiProfessorDanCohnSherbok,whoteachesin
England,arguedthatantiSemitismprovidesaparadoxfortheJewishcommunity
anditsdemisehaslefttoday'sJewsinchaos.HesaysthathatredofJewshas
keptJudaismaliveforthousandsofyears.Buthearguesthatstateofaffairsis
beingthreatenedbythefactthatantiSemitismhasgraduallydisappearedandin
thelasttwocenturieswiththeexceptionofNaziGermanyJewshave
integratedintosociety.HisbookTheParadoxofAntiSemitismwillinfuriatemany
membersoftheJewishcommunityacrosstheworld.Hewarned,"Atthemoment
thereisarisktheJewishpeoplewilldisappearifantiSemitismdisappears."That's
something!Isn'tit!?
TheJewishQuestionisimportantinawayinwhichothervitalproblemsare
not,becauseoftheGreatTabooonevendiscussingit.Infact,theJewishQuestion
todayhasbecomeasortofabenchmarkofintellectualfreedom:Wheneverthereis
aninabilitytofullyandfreelydiscussthisissue,intellectualfreedomhasbeen
severelycompromised.
Nowmostpeopledon'tgiveatinker'sdamnaboutintellectualfreedom,
whichishardlysurprisingsincemostpeopledon'thavemuchofanintellecttobe
freewith...
Forme,truthisthegoal,nomatterwhoseoxgetsgored,whoseassgets
kicked,orwhosesacredcowgetsturnedintohamburger.Truthseeking,itistobe
admitted,canbeariskybusinessthehistoryofmankindislitteredwiththe
corpsesofdissentersandheretics,andthereisonlythethinbluelineofcivilization
whichstandsbetweenthetruthseekerandthebarbarityofmostothermen.
LestIbemisunderstood,Idonotwishtoexcessivelydenigratethosewho
areunwillingtobreaktheGreatTabooitissimplytoofrighteningformost
peopletoriskjobsorsocialdisapprovaloveranissuewhichseemssofarremoved
fromtheireverydayconcerns.
Youcanrunfrommywords,fromwhatIsaidtodayhere,butyoucannot
runfromthetruthitrepresents.
Iopenedmypresentationwithquotingfromwhatsaidperhapsthegreatestvillain
inJewishhistory,LeybaDavidovichTrotskyandthatwasreallyverynastystuff.
NowIwanttocloseitbyquotingwhatsaidRussianwriterVladimirStepinon
whosebookTheNatureofZionismIbasedmuchofwhatIsaid:
18
"ThechiefweaponfordefeatingZionismispublicity.Everyonemustbetold
thetruth.Everyonemustknow,understand,andachieveaproperfeelingfor,
thewholetruthaboutZionismandZionists:itsaims,history,strategy,
tactics,currentconditionandcurrentstruggle.Theymustunderstandthe
danger,themortaldanger.TheymustunderstandthatZionismistheenemy
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ofallpeople,istheenemyofeachindividualperson,andisinfactyour
enemytoo.ItiseventheenemyoftheJewsandtheZionists,andthatisno
paradox.Everyonemustgointobattleagainstit,andconductamerciless,
unyieldingfighttothefinish,untilcompletevictoryoverZionismhasbeen
achieved,untilmankindhasbeenridofthethreatofZionism'svictory,of
thedangerofZionism,ofZionismaltogether!"[TheNatureofZionismBy
VladimirStepin,Published(inRussian)inMoscow,1993,andtranslated
intoEnglish(forRadioIslam)byCliveLindhurst.]
June2,2006
LeonTrotsky,whoserealnamewasLeybaDavidovichBronstein,said:
"WemustturnRussiaintoadesertpopulatedbywhitenegroesupon
whomweshallimposeatyrannysuchasthemostterribleEasterndespots
neverdreamtof.Theonlydifferenceisthatthiswillbealeftwingtyranny,
notarightwingtyranny.Itwillbearedtyrannyandnotawhiteone.
Wemeantheword'red'literally,becauseweshallshedsuchfloods
ofbloodaswillmakeallthehumanlossessufferedinthecapitalistwars
quakeandpalebycomparison.Thebiggestbankersacrosstheoceanwill
workintheclosestpossiblecontactwithus.Ifwewintherevolution,we
shallestablishthepowerofZionismuponthewreckageoftherevolution's
funeral,andweshallbecameapowerbeforewhichthewholeworldwill
sinktoitsknees.Weshallshowwhatrealpoweris.Bymeansofterrorand
bloodbaths,weshallreducetheRussianintelligentsiatoastateofcomplete
stupefactionandidiocyandtoananimalexistence...Atthemoment,our
youngmenintheirleatherjackets,whoarethesonsofwatchmakersfrom
Odessa,Orsha,GomelandVinnitsa,knowhowtohateeverythingRussian!
WhatpleasuretheytakeinphysicallydestroyingtheRussianintelligentsia
officers,academicsandwriters!..."
[AsrecordedintheMemoirsofAronSimanovich,ajeweleratthecourtofthe
Tsar'sImperialMajesty,secretaryofRasputinandquotedinnumerousRussian
scholarlyworks,includingTheNatureofZionismByVladimirStepin,published
(inRussian)inMoscow,1993andtranslatedintoEnglish(forRadioIslam)by
CliveLindhurst.]
Aswecanseefromthisquote,Russia,ofcourse,didnotescapetheattention
oftheZionists.TheRussiandimensionofZionismcannotbeoverestimated.Itis
perhapsimpossibletodescribealltheactivitiesoftheZionistsinRussia.Weshall
onlydwellonsomeofthem.
FIRST,HOWZIONISMPENETRATEDINTORUSSIA?
Well,historicalhomelandofancestorsofmosttoday'sJewsisactuallyin
Russia.
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TheoriginalJews(thoseHebrewsoftheBible)werewhatwetodaywould
callSephardics,SephardicJewsoutoftheMiddleEast,wholaterwenttoSpain
andPortugalwhentheMoorsoccupiedtheIberianPeninsula.However,almostall
JewstodayareAshkenaziwhichmeansthattheyarenotdescendantsofthe
Sephardics(Hebrews),butoriginatefromabandofruthlesstribecalledthe
Khazars.TheSephardics,insearchofarmyfortheirrevolutions,chosethe
Khazars.TheKhazarswereconvertedtoJudaism,andtodaytheymakeup95%of
theworld'sJewishpopulation.
ThekingdomoftheKhazarsvanishedfromthemapoftheworldmany
centuriesago.Todaymanypeoplehaveneverevenheardofit,yetinitsdaythe
Khazarkingdom[Khazaria]wasaverymajorpower,indeedholdingswayovera
largeempireofsubjugatedpeoples.Ithadtobereckonedwithbythetwo
neighbouringsuperpowersofthatday.TothesouthandwestofKhazariathe
ByzantineEmpirewasinfullflowerwithitsEasternOrthodoxChristian
civilisation.Tothesoutheast,theKhazarkingdomborderedontheexpanding
MoslemEmpireoftheArabCaliphs.TheKhazar'sinfluencedthehistoriesofboth
oftheseempiresbut,farmoreimportantly,theKhazarkingdomoccupiedwhat
waslatertobecomeasouthernportionofRussiabetweentheBlackandCaspian
Seas.Asaresult,thehistoricaldestiniesoftheRussiansandtheKhazarsbecame
intertwinedinwayswhichhavepersisteddowntothepresentday.
IncaseyouhaveneverheardoftheKhazars,IthinkthatfirstofallIshould
mentionwhereyoucanlooktolearnmoreaboutthem.In1976abookaboutthe
KhazarswaspublishedbytheBritishwriter[aJew]ArthurKoestler.Thebookis
titled,TheThirteenthTribe:TheKhazarEmpireandItsHeritage.TheAmerican
publisherwasRandomHouse.
HistoryrecordsthattheKhazarswerederivedfromamixtureofMongols,
TurksandFins.Accordingtosomerecords,theydescendfromTogarmahthrough
hissonKhozar.Asearlyasthe3rdCenturyAD,theywereidentifiableinconstant
warfareintheareasofPersiaandArmenia.ThefirstmentioningofKhazarsrefers
tothe5thcentury,atthattimetheywereknownasakatsirs,inhabitingthesteppes
ofthenorthernCaucasus.TheirlanguagereferstotheBulgariangroupoftursk
languages.Butnowrittentextshavebeenfound.
Inthe5thCentury,theKhazarswereamongthedevastatinghordesofAttila,
theHun.ThedeathofAttila,however,precipitatedthecollapseoftheHunnic
empireandleftanEasternEuropeanpowervacuumwhichtheKhazarseventually
filled.Theythenproceededtosubjugateallothersurroundingtribestotheextent
that,shortlyaftertheirdefeat,thosetribeswentvirtuallyunmentionedin
subsequenthistoricalaccounts.TheKhazarshadjustswallowedthemup,
historicallyspeaking.
Around550AD,thenomadicKhazarsbegansettlingthemselvesinthearea
aroundthenorthernCaucasusbetweentheBlackandCaspianSeas.TheKhazar's
capitalofItilwasestablishedatthemouthoftheVolgaRiverwhereitemptiedinto
theCaspianSea,inordertocontroltherivertraffic.TheKhazarsthenexacteda
tollof10%onanyandallcargowhichpassedItilontheriver.Thosewhorefused
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wereattackedandslaughtered.
Inthemiddleofthe7thcenturytheyhadalreadytheirownstatewhichwas
calledKhazarKaganat.WiththekingdomfinallyestablishedintheCaucasus,the
Khazarsgraduallybegantocreateanempireofsubjugatedpeoples.Moreand
moreSlavonictribes,whowerepeacefulcomparedwiththeKhazars,were
attackedandconquered.TheybecamepartoftheKhazarEmpire,requiredtopay
tributecontinuallytotheKhazarKagan.
AndsotheKhazarEmpireexpandednorthwardtoKievwhichistodaythe
capitalofUkraine,ontheDnieperRiver.Then,theKhazarianEmpireextendedits
territoryfromtheDnieprRiverinthewesttotheAralSeaintheeast,controlling
mostoftheshoresoftheCaspianSea,sothatitisstillcalled"KhazarSea"in
Turkish,Persian,Arabicandotherlanguages.Eventually,itoccupiedanimmense
landareaofoveramillionsquaremilesextendinginthewestfromwhatistoday
Hungary/AustriaeastwardtotheAralSea,northtotheUpperVolga,andits
southernregionextendingtotheCaucasusMountainsbetweentheBlackand
Caspianseas.Itwasatthattimeliterallythelargestcountryonearth.This
KingdomoftheKhazarsisclearlyrevealedinavastbodyofhistoricalevidence,
muchofwhichhascometolightonlyinthelastthreetofivedecades.
Sopowerful,sociallyandmilitarily,weretheKhazarsthat,asKevinAlan
BrookrelatesinhisworkTheJewsofKhazaria,"emperoroftheByzantines
[RomanEmpire],ConstantinePorphyrogenitus,sentcorrespondencetothe
Khazarsmarkedwithagoldsealworth3solidimorethanthe2solidithat
alwaysaccompaniedletterstothePopeofRome,thePrinceoftheRus,andthe
PrinceoftheHungarians."[Brook,TheJewsofKhazaria]Atthepeakoftheir
empireitisbelievedthattheKhazarshadapermanentstandingarmythatcould
havenumberedasmanyasonehundredthousandandcontrolledorexactedtribute,
astonishingly,fromthirtydifferentnationsandtribesinhabitingthevastterritories
betweentheCaucasus,theAralSea,theUralMountainsandtheUkrainiansteppes.
RussianarchaeologistMikhailArtamonovstatesthat,foracenturyandahalf,the
KhazarswerethesuprememastersofthesouthernhalfofEasternEuropeand
presentedavirtuallyimpenetrablebulwark,blockingtheUralCaspiangateway
fromAsiaintoEurope.
TheKhazar'soriginal(indigenous)paganreligionwassomewildformof
Shamanism,consistingofapantheonofnebulousgods,andtheysacrificednot
onlyvariousanimalsintheirritualceremonies(preferablyhorses),buthumans,
usuallytheverycleverestandsmartestamongtheircaptives.
Then,inabout740AD,astunningeventtookplace.TheKhazarsconverted
toJudaism!
Inhisfamousbook,TheThirteenthTribe,theJewishauthorArthurKoestler
relatesinconsiderabledetailthatfollowingthisbizarreseriesofevents:"...in732
afteraresoundingKhazarvictoryovertheArabsthefuture[Byzantine
Catholic]EmperorConstantineVmarriedaKhazarprincess[baptizedEirene].In
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duetimetheirsonbecametheEmperorLeoIV,knownasLeotheKhazar.Afew
yearslater,probablyAD740,the[Khazar]King[Bulan],hiscourtandthemilitary
rulingclassembracedtheJewishfaith,andJudaismbecamethestatereligionof
theKhazars..."[TheThirteenthTribe,p.14]
Now,thisoddmassconversionofthewildandwoollyKhazarKingdom,we
learn,wasbut"acunningpoliticalmaneuver",sincethisbothersometribewasthen
surroundedonallsidesbyhostiletribes.TheKhazarshadbeenundercontinual
pressurefromtheirByzantineandMoslemneighbourstoadoptChristianityor
Islam.So,intheyear740AD,KingBulan,theKingofKhazaria,decidedtoadopt
somemonotheisticreligion.Accordingtolegend,hewasrespondingtodreamsor
visions.But,ofcourse,it'smoreprobablethattherealitiesofpowerpoliticsplayed
alargepartinthisdecision.Bulan'sEmpirewasadjacenttotheByzantineand
MuslimEmpires.Ipresumethattheremusthavecomeatime,inthemidstofall
thebloodshed,whenhebegantowonderjustwhatitwasthatmadetheArabsand
Christianssuchfuriousproselytizers.Sohebegantostudyreligion.
TheactualmechanicsoftheKhazariankingdom'sturntoJudaismwas,most
historiansagree,ratherwellthoughtoutratherthanrandomandcapriciousassome
havebelieved.AccordingtoGeorgeVernadski,inhisbookAHistoryofRussia,in
AD860adelegationofKhazarsweresenttoConstantinople,whichwasthenwhat
remainedoftheancientcapitoloftheoldRomanEmpireturnedChristianunder
theEmperorConstantine.Theirmessagewas:
WehaveknownGodtheLordofeverything[referringheretoTengri]from
timeimmemorial...andnowtheJewsareurgingustoaccepttheirreligion
andcustoms,andtheArabs,ontheirpart,drawustotheirfaith,promising
uspeaceandmanygifts.[GeorgeVernadsky,AHistoryofRussia,Vol.1
(NewHaven,CT:YaleUniversityPress,1948),p.346.]
Thisappeal,inallitsimplications,wasobviouslymadeforthepurposeof
drawingtheChristianRomanEmpireintothedebatewithaneyeperhapstowarda
balancedargumentamongstthemajormonotheisticreligions.KevinBrookmakes
theobservationthat"thisstatementrevealsthattheJewswereactivelyseeking
convertsinKhazariain860."Healsoaddsthat"intheyear860,[Christian]Saints
CyrilandMethodiusweresentasmissionariestotheKhazarsbytheByzantine
emperorMichaelIII....sincetheKhazarshadrequestedthataChristianscholar
cometoKhazariatodebatewiththeJewsandMuslims."[Brook,TheJewsof
Khazaria]Inasmuchastheworldhasseldom(orperhapsnever)witnessedany
cultureofpeoplemoreadeptattheartofreligiousdebatethanrabbinicalJews,the
Khazar'sconversiontoTalmudicJudaismisnotasurprisingoutcome,giventhat
suchaforumwastobethedeterminingfactorintheirchoice,ratherthanpurely
spiritualperceptions.
ThelegendstatesthatBulaninvitedrepresentativesofthethreefaiths
(Christianity,Islam,andJudaism)tovisithiminItil,hiscapitalcityonthemouth
oftheVolgaRiverneartheshoresoftheCaspianSea(whichwas,asIjustsaid,
calledthe"KhazarSea"inthosedays).Eachrepresentativegaveapowerful
argumentforhisrespectivefaith.KingBulanwasunabletochoose.Sohesentthe
threerepresentativesout,andcalledbacktheChristianbyhimself.Heaskedhim
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whichoftheothertwofaithsheshouldchoose,shouldhedecidetoreject
Christianity.TheChristian,withouthesitation,beganrailingagainsttheMuslim
religion,andstronglyadvocatedJudaism.Likewise,theMuslimrailedagainst
Christianity,andadvocatedJudaism.SoBulantooktheiradvice.Herejectedboth
ChristianityandIslam,andhebecameaJew.Thekingthenconcludedthat
Judaism,beingthefoundationuponwhichbothoftheothermonotheisticreligions
werebuilt,wouldbethatwhichheandhissubjectsshouldembrace.
AccordingtoBenjaminFreedmantheKhazars'conversiontoJudaismwas
alsofirstprecipitatedbytheirmonarch'sabhorrenceofthemoralclimateinto
whichhiskingdomhaddescended.Freedmanhasclaimed,andotherhistorians
confirmed,thatthepaganKhazarsengagedinextremelyimmoralformsof
religiouspractices,amongthemphallicworship.
Yet,Koestler'spositionwasthattheking'sconversionwasessentiallya
politicaldecision."Atthebeginningoftheeighthcentury,"hewrites,"theworld
waspolarizedbetweenthetwosuperpowersrepresentingChristianityandIslam.
Theirideologicaldoctrineswereweldedtopowerpoliticspursuedbytheclassical
methodsofpropaganda,subversionandmilitaryconquest.""TheKhazarEmpire
representedaThirdForce,"Koestlercontinues,"whichhadprovedequaltoeither
ofthem,bothasanadversaryandanally.Butitcouldonlymaintainits
independencebyacceptingneitherChristianitynorIslamforeitherchoice
wouldhaveautomaticallysubordinatedittotheauthorityoftheRomanEmperor
ortheCaliphofBaghdad."[Koestler,TheThirteenthTribe,p.58.]Itwasclearthat
theKhazarsweredeterminedtopreservetheirsupremacyasa"ThirdForce"inthe
world,andundisputedleaderofthecountriesandtribalnationsofthe
Transcaucasus.Theysawthattheadoptionofoneofthemonotheisticreligions
wouldconferupontheirmonarchthebenefitofbothprelaticandjudicialauthority
thattheirsystemofshamanismcouldnot,andthattherulersoftheothertwo
powersclearlyenjoyed.CambridgehistorianJohnBuryconcurs:"Therecanbeno
question,"hesays,"thattherulerwasactuatedbypoliticalmotivesinadopting
Judaism.ToembraceMohammadanismwouldhavemadehimthespiritual
dependentoftheCaliphs,whoattemptedtopresstheirfaithontheKhazars,andin
ChristianitylaythedangerofhisbecominganecclesiasticalvassaloftheRoman
Empire.JudaismwasareputablereligionwithsacredbookswhichbothChristian
andMohammadanrespected;itelevatedhimabovetheheathenbarbarians,and
securedhimagainsttheinterferenceofCaliphorEmperor."[Bury,AHistoryofthe
EasternRomanEmpire,p.406.]
AccordingtoanancientdocumententitledKingJoseph'sReplytoHasdai
ibnShaprut,Joseph(alaterKhazarianking)statedthat,"Fromthattimeonthe
AlmightyGodhelpedhim[KingBulan]andstrengthenedhim.Heandhisslaves
circumcisedthemselvesandhesentforandbroughtwisemenofIsraelwho
interpretedtheTorahforhimandarrangedthepreceptsinorder."[Brook,The
JewsofKhazaria,p.126.]
Well,thereappearstobeasmanyhistoricalaccountsastohowKingBulan
wasconvertedtoJudaismastherearehistoriansandmysticstopresentthem.
Manyoftheminvolvevisionsofangels,suchasthetalebyaSephardicJewish
philosopherdetailingadreaminwhichanangeltoldthekingthathis"intentions
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aredesirabletotheCreator"butthecontinuedobservanceofshamanismwasnot.
[YehudaHaLevi,TheKuzari(Northvale,NJ:JasonAronson,1998),p.1.]Inthe
aforementioneddocument,KingJoseph'sReply,itsauthorclaimsthatinthatsame
dreamGodpromisedKingBulanthatifhewouldabandonhispaganreligionand
worshiptheonlytrueGodthatHewould"blessandmultiplyBulan'soffspring,
anddeliverhisenemiesintohishands,andmakehiskingdomlasttotheendofthe
world."Itisbelievedbyscholarsthatthedreamwasdesignedtosimulatethe
CovenantinGenesisandmeanttoimply"thattheKhazarstooclaimedthestatus
ofaChosenRace,whomadetheirownCovenantwiththeLord,eventhoughthey
werenotdescendedfromAbraham'sseed,"saysKoestler.[Koestler,The
ThirteenthTribe,p.66.]
Overnightanentirelynewgroupofpeople,thewarlikeKhazars,suddenly
proclaimedthemselvesJewsadoptiveJews.TheKhazarkingdombegantobe
describedasthe"KingdomoftheJews"byhistoriansoftheday.Succeeding
KhazarrulerstookJewishnames,andduringthelate9thCenturytheKhazar
kingdombecameahavenforJewsofotherlands.Significantly,asspeculatedupon
bythenotedRussianarchaeologistMikhailArtamonov,authorofHistoryofthe
Khazars(thebookwhich,unfortunately,isavailableonlyinRussian),thesudden
andunprecedentedKhazaracceptanceofJudaismastheirnewreligionwas
actuallytheresultofacarefullyplannedJewishcoupd'etat,whichatthesame
timenotonlyreducedtheKagantoamerefigureheadbutturnedoverallthereal
powertoanewcorulercalledtheBek!AsKoestlerwrites,all"theaffairsofstate
includingleadershipofthearmy,weremanagedbytheBek(sometimesalsocalled
theKaganBek),whowieldedalleffectivepower."Thus,theancientKhazar
systemofgovernmentbecamea'doublekingship',theKaganrepresentingdivine,
theBeksecularpower."[Koestler,TheThirteenthTribe,p.54.]Shortlythereafter,
theJewsnowhavingconsolidatedtheirpower,theyhadtheKhazarsadoptthe22
letterHebrewalphabetaswellastheirlanguage,andevenconvincedthemto
submittocircumcision!
TheJewsthemselvesfullyunderstandtheirKhazarianheritage,asthethird
editionoftheJewishEncyclopediafor1925records:"Chazars:apeopleofTurkish
originwhoselifeandhistoryareinterwovenwiththeverybeginningsofthe
historyoftheJewsofRussia."
Ifnotforthefactthatatleast95%oftheworld'sJewsareprobably
descendantsofKhazarconverts,thiseventwouldmeritlittlefurtherdiscussion.
ButsincemostJewshailfromEasternEuropeandRussia,weareinnoposition
whatsoevertoignorethisextraordinaryconversion.Therefore,itisextremely
importanttolookintotheKhazarsinsomedetail.
OftheferocityandwarliketendenciesoftheKhazarsthereislittledoubtand
muchhistoricalevidence,allofitpointingtoagroupofpeoplesoviolentintheir
dealingswiththeirfellowmenthattheywerefearedandabhorredaboveall
peoplesinthatregionoftheworld.Legendsandstoriesaboundthatcenteraround
AlexandertheGreatandhisattempttoenclosetheKhazarsandquarantinethem,
duetotheirviolentandbarbaricnature,fromtherestofthecivilizedworld.This
endeavorapparentlyfailed.Somelegendsevenclaimtheywerecannibals.[Those
werementionedinAndrewCollinGow'sbook,TheRedJews(Leiden,
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Netherlands:E.J.Brill,1995),pp.4041.]Afterthekingdom'sconversionto
Judaism,theterm"RedJews"cameintousageoutofthesuperstitionofmedieval
Germans,whoequatedtheirredhairandbeardsandtheirviolentnaturewithdeceit
anddishonesty.And,asIsaid,itisalsowelldocumentedthattheyheavilytaxed
thosepassingthroughtheirlands,fornonedaredrefusethem.
Itisnotdifficulttodeterminesomeofthemotivatingfactorsbehindthe
legendaryKhazarferocityinwar."Whenthebek[theKhazarheadofthemilitary
andsecondincommandonlytotheKaganhimself]sendsoutabodyoftroops,
theydonotinanycircumstancesretreat.Iftheyaredefeated,everyonewho
returnstohimiskilled....Sometimeshecutseveryoneofthemintwoand
crucifiesthemandsometimeshehangsthembytheneckfromtrees."[DouglasM.
Dunlop,TheHistoryoftheJewishKhazars,p.113.]
Tributebyconqueredpeopleshasalwaysbeenafeatureofempires,of
course,butnotinthefashionoftheKhazars.Thesocalledgreatempiresofthe
worldalwaysgavesomethinginreturnforthetaxestheyextracted.Rome,for
example,madecitizensofthosetheyconquered;andinreturnforthetaxesthey
levied,theybroughtcivilisation,orderandprotectionagainstattackfromwouldbe
invaders.ButnotsointheKhazarEmpire.Thepeoplewhoweresubjecttothe
Khazarsreceivedonlyonethinginreturnfortheirpaymentsoftribute,andthat
wasashakypromisetheKhazarswouldrefrainfromfurtherattacksandpillage
solongasthetributeswerepaid.Therefore,thesubjectsoftheKhazarEmpire
werenothingmorethanthevictimsofthegiantprotectionracket.TheKhazar
overlordswerethereforeresenteduniversallyandbitterlythroughouttheirdomain,
buttheywerealsofearedbecauseofthemercilesswayinwhichtheydealtwith
anyonewhostooduptothem.
TheKhazariankingdomreacheditspeakofpowerandworldinfluencein
thelatterhalfoftheeighthcentury.Butthenanewfactorappearedonthescene.
Thedeathknelloftheirempirewaseventuallyseeninthedragonheaded
shipsoftheVikingswhoweretocrossandnavigateallthemajorwaterwaysin
theironslaughts.
InthemidstoftheriseofKhazars,anewNordicpowerenteredthefray
theNorsemen.Asearlyasthe6thCentury,thesetallblondGermanictribesmen,
emergingfromScandinavia,hadstartedtoestablishsettlementsalongtheBaltic
SeaandhadsentexpeditionsintocentralRussiaupthewesternDvinaRiver.
AttackbytheKhazarsupontheSlavictribesledthelattertocallupontheirNordic
Scandinaviancousinsforhelp.Bytheendofthe8thCenturytheNorsemenhad
builtfortifiedsettlementsatNovgorodandKievandhadsetupsmallertrading
postsfurtherdownsouth,intoKhazarterritory.
TheNorsemen,whocalledthemselvesVarangians,mixedwiththeIndo
EuropeanremnantsinwesternRussia,theAlansandpartsoftheoriginalSlavs.
TheAlanshadoriginallycalledthemselvestheAs,andaleadingclanamongst
themwasknownastheRukhsAs(the"shining"or"leading"Alans).Thistribe
wastheverylastIndoEuropeantribewhoemergedfromtheCaucasusregionjust
beforeitwasoverrunanddestroyedbytheMongols.FromtheRukhsAs
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developedatribalname,theRus.AfterawhiletheNorsemenalsobegantakingon
thecustomsoftheseoriginalIndoEuropeans,eventuallycallingthemselvesthe
Rus.ItisfromthistimethatthewordRussiaoriginated.
LikeotherVikings,theRuswereboldadventurersandfiercefighters,but
whentheytangledwiththeKhazars,theRusoftenendeduppayingtributelike
everyoneelse.TheKhazarsattackedtheRuswithoutwarning.
InitiallytakenabackbytheferocityoftheKhazarattack,theRuscalledfor
reenforcementsfromScandinavia.ThecallwasansweredbyRurik,rulerof
southernJutlandandFrieslandinDenmark,whosetoffforthesteppesofRussia
withanarmy,arrivingin856AD.ItisfromthisdatethattheRussiansformally
countthehistoryoftheircountryashavingstarted.In862Rurikfoundedthecity
ofNovgorod,andtheRussiannationwasborn.
WithtwootherVikings,DirandAskold,Rurikgainedthekingshipofthe
cityofKievandsuccessfullyorganizedthedefenseoftheterritoriesbelongingto
thesetwocitystates.TheRusVikingssettledalsoamongtheSlavonictribesunder
Khazardomination,andthestrugglebetweenVikingsandKhazarschangedin
character.ItbecameastrugglebytheemergingnationofRussiaforindependence
fromKhazaroppression.
RurikhadalreadyestablishedareputationasawarriorintheWesthe
wouldhavebeencalledaViking(asindeedmanyofhiscompatriotswhowent
westontheirforays,werecalled).Rurikhadintheinterimbecomekingofthecity
Novrogod,andledtheemergingRussuccessfullyuntilhisdeathin879AD.
HissuccessorwastheNorwegianbornOleg(OldNorsenameHelgi,
Khazarianform:Helgu).Hewasarelative(likelybrotherinlaw)ofRurik.Oleg
(ortheVarangianHelgi)wasentrustedbyRuriktotakecareofbothhiskingdom
andhisyoungsonIngvar,orIgor,untilhegrewup.Rurik,beforehisdeath,asked
OlegtorulethecountryandtakecareofIgor
OlegfulfilledRuric'swill.Oleggraduallyunitedtheprincipalitiesof
NovrogodandKievandthenstartedexpandingtheterritoryunderthecontrolof
theRus.Kiev(previouslyheldbytwootherVarangians,AskoldandDir)was
incorporatedintoanewunitedstatein882AD.PrinceOlegmovedthecapitalof
RusfromNovgorodtoKiev.
Thenewcapitalwasaconvenientplacetolauncharaidagainst
Constantinople.Hegatheredasufficientarmyby907ADandhadasuccessful
campaignagainstByzantium.Thecampaignresultedinanexceptionally
advantageoustradetreaty,signedalittlebitlater,intheyear911.Olegalso
subduedandincorporatedmanyneighboringtribes,launchingraidsintotheKhazar
heldterritoryinthesouth.
Toprotecthisvastpossessions,Olegstarteddevelopingtownsinthe
southeasternfrontier.TheKhazarshadusedtoraidRussiafromthere,butOleg
defeatedthemseveraltimesandforsomeperiodoftimeRussiawasoutofdanger.
OleghasgonedowninhistoryasoneofthebestKievianprinces.
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AlegendisconnectedwiththedeathofOleg,whichbecamethebasisof
Pushkin'sSongofOleg.AccordingtoalegendrecordedbyPushkininhis
celebratedballad,settingoutforacampaignagainsttheKhazars,Olegmeta
soothsayerintheforestwho,inPushkin'sversionofthelegend,toldhim:"The
deathwoundshallcomefromthygoodbattlesteed."Itwasprophesiedbythis
paganprieststhatOlegwouldtakedeathfromhishorse.Thoughhelovedthe
horseverymuch,Olegordereditbetakenawayandkeptitfarawayfromhim.
SeveralyearspassedandOlegfoundoutthatthehorsehaddied.Hecametothe
placewherethedeadhorsewasleft,ofwhichonlybonesremained.Hewassad
overthehorseandatthesametimegladthathehadescapedtheprophecy.But
whilehewasstandingdeepinthoughtsoverthebones,avenomoussnakeemerged
fromthehorse'sskullandbitOleg.SaysPushkin:
"Fromtheskullofthechargerasnake,withahiss
10
Creptforthastheherowasspeaking:
Roundhislegs,likearibbon,ittwineditsblackring;
AndthePrinceshriekedaloudashefeltthekeensting."
Theprophetwasright.Olegdied,thusfulfillingtheprophecy.In
Scandinaviantraditions,thislegendlivedoninthesagaofOrvarOdd.Two
funerarybarrowshavebeenknownasOleg'sgraves,oneinLadogaandanotherin
Kiev."AndOlegbecameknownasprophetic,"withthesewordstheauthorof
thePrimaryChronicleendshisnarrationabouthim.
Oleg'ssuccessor,princeIgor,ruledKievianRussiafrom913untilhisdeath
in945.OurknowledgeofhimcomesfromGreekandLatin,inadditiontoRussian,
sources.IgorhadtofighttheDrevlianeaswellastomaintainandspreadKievian
authorityinotherEastSlaviclands.
Igor'ssuddendeathlefthiswidowOlgainchargeoftheKievianstate,for
theirsonSviatoslavwasstillaboy.Olgausedtheopportunitytobecomethefirst
womanintoruleinRussianhistory.In957shemadeajourneytoConstantinople,
whereshewaswarmlyreceivedbytheemperorConstantinePorphyrogentusand
whereshewasbaptizedasaChristian.HoweverOlga'sconversiondidnotmeana
conversionofherpeopleorhersonSviatoslav.
In962AD,Olgaabdicatedinfavorofherson,Svyatoslav,thefirstprinceof
thehouseofRuriktohaveaSlavicname.ThetenyearsofSviatoslav'sruleof
KievianRussia,962to972AD,havebeencalled"thegreatadventure".Sviatoslav
standsoutinhistoryasaclassicwarriorprince:simple,severe,brave,sharingwith
hismenuncountedhardshipsaswellascontinuousbattles.
AfiercewarriorwhoadheredstrictlytohisScandinavianupbringing
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evenrefusingtobecomeaChristianafterhismotherhadconvertedSvyatoslav
setashisfirsttaskthedestructionoftheJewishKhazarempireinthesouth.In
965,theRusarmyunderSvyatoslav,crashedthroughtheKhazarbordersand
utterlydefeatedtheJewishslavetradingempireforever.
TheRusianChroniclerecordedtheconquestofonemajorKhazarcity,
Sarkel,asfollows:
"SvyatoslavwenttotheOkaandtheVolga[rivers],andoncominginto
contactwiththeVyatichians[aSlavictribe]heaskedthemtowhomthey
paidtribute.Theyansweredthattheypaidasilverpieceperplowsharetothe
Khazars.Whenthey[theKhazars]heardofhisapproach,theywentoutto
meethimwiththeirprince,thekagan,andthearmiescametoblows.When
thebattlethustookplace,SvyatoslavdefeatedtheKhazarsandtooktheir
cityofByelayaVyezha."
11
OnhavingdefeatedtheKhazars,Svyatoslavcompletedtheunificationofthe
EastSlavsaroundKiev.AlsohebroughtunderRussiancontrolthegreatVolga
Caspiantraderoute,whichhadalwaysbeenofpeculiarimportance.Svyatoslav
evenchallengedtheByzantineEmpire.Thenewemperor,thefamousmilitary
leaderJohntheTzimisces,hadbecomefullyawareofthenewdanger.Onhaving
overwhelmedarebellioninAsia,heshiftedhismainefforttotheBalkansand
finallydefeatedtheRussians.Sviatoslavwasforcedtosignapeacetreatyonthe
conditionsthatheabandonstheBalkansandpromisenottochallengethe
ByzantineEmpireagaininthefuture.Onhiswayhome,withasmallretinue,he
wasattackedandkilledbyByzantiumforces.AccordingtothePrimaryChronicle,
thePechenegkhanheadmanthatkilledSviatoslavhadadrinkingcupmadeoutof
Sviatoslav'sskull.Thegreatadventurehadcometoitsend.
AremarkableRussianhistorianKaramzinwrote:"Svyatoslavdeservesthe
admirationofapoetandalsothereproachofahistorian."
UponSvyatoslav'sdeath,hiskingdompassedtohisyoungestson,Vladimir.
OveracenturyafterthefoundingofRussia'sfirstcity,anothermomentousevent
tookplace.Russia'sleader,PrinceVladimirofKiev,acceptedbaptismandbecame
aChristianintheyear989AD.VladimiralsomadehisnewlyacquiredChristian
faiththestatereligionofRussiareplacingthepaganworshipformerlypracticedin
Russiasinceitwasfoundedin820A.D.HeactivelypromotedChristianityin
Russia,andhismemoryisreveredbyRussianstodayas"SaintVladimir";andsoa
thousandyearsagoRussia'straditionasaChristiannationbegan.Vladimir's
conversionalsobroughtRussiaintoalliancewithByzantium.DuringVladimir's
reign(9801015)KievianRussiareachedit'sheightinmanyrealmsandbecame
oneofthestrongestandculturallymostdevelopedcountriesinEurope.
THEDECLINEOFTHEKHAZARSANDTHEEMERGENCEOFTHE
ASHKENAZIM:
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TheswansongoftheKhazarkingdomwasactuallynotaprecipitousdecline
inaclimacticordecisiveseriesofbattles,butratheragradual,evolutionary
succumbingtosuperiorforcesoveraprotractedperiodoftime.TheKhazar
kingdomwasshattered,andthekingdomoftheKhazarsfellintodecline.Likethe
SemiticJewssome1000yearsearlier,theKhazarJewsbecamedispersed.The
kingdomoftheKhazarswasnomore.
Inthehistoricaldocuments,afterthedestructionoftheKhazarEmpire,
individualJewsarementionedonlyinKiev(about1160)andChernigov(1181).
TheZionists(yes,IwillcallthemZionists)remainedunpacifiedand,in1175,
organizedaconspiracywhichincludedthekillingofPrinceAndreyBogolyubskiy.
ManyJewswereslaughteredinresponsetothisandtheRussianprinces,meeting
atanassembly,resolvednolongertoadmitJewstoRussia.Therewerenomore
12
Zionists(oranyJews,forthatmatter)inRussiauntilthetimeofCatherinethe
Great.
EventuallymostoftheKhazarJewsmigratedtootherareas.Manyofthem
woundupineasternEurope.
TheAmericanPeople'sEncyclopediafor1964at15292recordsthe
followingreferencetoKhazars:
"Intheyear740A.D.theKhazarswereofficiallyconvertedtoJudaism.A
centurylatertheywerecursedbytheincomingSlavicspeakingpeopleand
werescatteredovercentralEuropeWHERETHEYWEREKNOWNAS
JEWS.ItisfromthisgroupingthatmostGermanandPolishJewsare
descended,andtheylikewisemakeupaconsiderablepartofthatpopulation
nowfoundinAmerica.ThetermAshkenazimisnowappliedtothis...
division."
StudentsofKhazarhistoryhavelongbeeninterestedinthefateofthe
Khazarsafterthecollapseoftheirempireinthe10thcentury.Thisisadifficult
topictoresearch.Notunexpectedly,thistopicishighlycharged,sinceaprimary
KhazaroriginfortheAshkenazicJewswouldinvalidatetheZionistthesisthatthe
contemporaryJewsarelargelyofPalestinianSemiticoriginandaremore
deservingofPalestinethantheindigenousPalestinianArabpopulation.
AsIsaidinthebegining,theKhazarJewsarealsoknownbythename
"Ashkenazim."Undertheheading"ASHKENAZI,ASHKENAZIM,"TheNew
StandardJewishEncyclopediaprovidespopulationstatisticsfortheAshkenazim:
ASHKENAZI,ASHKENAZIM:...constitutedbefore1933someninetenths
oftheJewishpeople(about15,000,000outof16,500,000)[asof1968itis
believedbysomeJewishauthoritiestobecloserto100%].
Again,ArthurKoestler'sbookwasthefirsttoblewthelidoffthis
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suppressedfact.Koestlernotesthat"Inthe1960's,thenumberoftheSephardim
wasestimatedat500,000.TheAshkenazim,atthesameperiod,numberedabout
elevenmillion.Thusincommonparlance,JewissynonymouswithAshkenazi
Jew."[ThirteenthTribe,p.181]
"About92percentofallJewsorapproximately14,500,000are
Ashkenazim."[TheUniversalJewishEncyclopedia]And,todayeven
EncyclopediaAmericanaadmitsthat"TheKhazarsarebelievedtobetheancestors
ofmostRussianandEasternEuropeanJews)."[EncyclopediaAmericana(1985)]
ThesequotesclearlyillustratestheJews'positionregardingtheirancestry.
TheJewsrecognizethattheirgeneticlineageisprimarilyfromtheTurkish
13
MongolianKhazarsratherthanfromthelineageofAbraham,IsaacandJacob.The
KhazarsadoptedthereligionofJudaismbetweentheseventhandninthcenturies;
thisconversiongaverisetotheirfalseclaimofbeingJudahiteswheninfactthey
havenohistoricalorracialbasisfordoingso.TheKhazars'andtheirmodernday
descendants'claimtobeingJewsisstrictlyreligious.
IntheearlyMiddleAgestherewerenosignificantnumbersofJewsandno
JewsinleadingpositionsinEurope,exceptperhapsMuslimSpain.Theremay
havealreadybeenasmallpopulationofwhatKoestlercalls"realJews"livingin
Europe,buttherecanbelittledoubtthatthemajorityofmodernJewryoriginated
inthemigratorywavesofKhazarswhoplaysuchadominantpartinearlyhistory
ofRussia.
AbrahamN.Poliak,TelAvivUniversity'sProfessorofMediaevalJewish
History,wonderedat"howfarwecangoinregardingthis[Khazar]Jewryasthe
nucleusofthelargeJewishsettlementinEasternEurope.Thedescendantsofthis
settlement,"Poliakdeclares,"thosewhostayedwheretheywere,thosewho
emigratedtotheUnitedStatesandtoothercountries,andthosewhowenttoIsrael
constitutenowthelargemajorityofworldJewry.[A.N.Poliak,Khazaria
TheHistoryofaJewishKingdominEurope(MossadBialik,TelAviv,1951).]
Somehistorians,suchasAustrianorientalistHugoKutschera,assertthatEastern
EuropeanJewrywasnotpart,butentirelyofKhazarianorigin.[Koestler,The
ThirteenthTribe,p.169.]"ThestrangestfactisthatthenameoftheAshkenazim,
thebulkwhomIseeasthedescendentsoftheKhazars,"writesHugoKutschera,
"pointstowardstheoldgroundsoftheKhazarsaroundtheCaucasus....According
totheexplanationbytheTalmud,AshkenazthusmeansacountryneartheBlack
SeabetweenAraratandtheCaucasus,withintheoriginalregionoftheKhazar
empire.ThenamewithwhichtheSefardimindicatetheircoreligionistsfrom
Polandalreadygivestheexplanationfortherealdescent,fromthecountriesinthe
Caucasus."[HugoFreiherrvonKutschera,DieChasaren:HistorischeStudie
(Vienna:A.Holzhausen,1910).]This,again,ispreciselythegeographiclocalityof
theKhazarianempire.
TheAshkenazimspreadnorthwardsintoRussia,andthenwestwardsintothe
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restofEurope.ThisgradualdispersionoftheKhazar(orAshkenazim)Jewsup
intocentralRussiaandacrossintotherestofEuropeandeventuallybeyondis
describedbyMichaelRiceinhisbook,FalseInheritance,inthesewords:
Intime,theKhazarsdisappearedasadistinctentity,butbythattime
Judaismwasfirmlyplantedamongstalargenumberofpeasants,
smallholdersandmodesttownsfolklivinginsouthernRussia.Gradually
someoftheirsurpluspopulationsdriftedwestwards,settlinginmostofthe
easternEuropeancities,thoughtheoriginalcommunitieshadtendedalways
14
tobestronglypeasantincharacter.Theycametorepresentanimportant
stratuminthelineageoftheAshkenaziJews,havingmigratedintoPoland,
LithuaniaandHungary.
Inanarticle"TheJewishKingsofRussia"fromtheJewishmagazine
ShabbatShalom,RobertC.QuillanelaboratedupontheKhazarJews:"theJewsof
PolandandeasternEuropeareoflargelyKhazarJewish,ratherthanSemitic
Jewishorigin,"and"BecausemanyAmericanJewstracetheirlineagetothese
countries,"manyscholarshaveconcludedthatthis"disturbstheconceptofa
chosenpeople[fromtoday'sJews]extendingbacktoAbraham."H.G.Wells,in
hisOutlineofHistory,reachedthesameconclusion:"ThemainpartofJewry
neverwasinJudeaandhadnevercomeoutofJudea."OnSeptember10,1985in
anaddresstotheCornellClubofWashington,D.C.,JewishauthorDr.AlfredM.
LilienthalrevealedthattheKhazarJewishconnectionhasbeenverifiedbymany
prominentanthropologists:
Many[moderndayJews]ofwhomhaveclamoredtogoback[to
Palestine]neverhadantecedents[physicalancestors]inthatpartofthe
world....
TheoverwhelmingmajorityofJewsaredescendantsfromthe
convertsofKhazariaandelsewherewhoadoptedJudaism....Thisviewof
thenonethnicityofthelargestportionofJewryissustainedbysuch
prominentanthropologistsasRipley,Weissenberg,Hertz,Boas,Pittard,
Fishberg,Meadandothers.
ArrivingattheobviousconclusionthattheAshkenaziJewswerenot
Semitic,Dr.Lilienthalwrote:"These'Ashkenazim[Khazar]Jews'(theJewsof
EasternEurope),...havelittleornotraceofSemiticblood."
AndasIsaid,allofthepreviousquotationsaredocumentedastrueand
historicallyaccurateintheremarkablebookTheThirteenthTribebythewell
knownJewishauthor,ArthurKoestler.Followingisoneofthemanyadmissions
madebyMr.Koestleraboutthetrueancestryoftoday'sJewishpeople:...
geneticallythey[today'sJews]aremorecloselyrelatedtotheHun,Uigurand
MagyartribesthantotheseedofAbraham,IsaacandJacob.Shouldthisturnoutto
bethecase,thentheterm"antiSemitism"wouldbecomevoidofmeaning.
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RandomHouseadvertisedKoestler'sbookquiteextensively;theybegansomeof
theiradswiththeheadline:"WHATIFMOSTJEWSAREN'TREALLY
SEMITESATALL?"
TheJewsadmitthattheyarenotthedescendantsoftheAncientIsraelitesin
theirwritings.Undertheheading"ABriefHistoryoftheTermsforJew,"inthe
15
1980JewishAlmanac,isthefollowing:"Strictlyspeakingitisincorrecttocallan
ancientIsraelitea"Jew"ortocallacontemporaryJewan"Israelite"ora
"Hebrew."[1980JewishAlmanac,p.3]Thisisaremarkableadmission.Readit
againandletitreallysinkin!
AstheKhazarsmovedandlivedamongstotherpeople,theKhazarJews
passedonadistinctheritagefromgenerationtogeneration.Oneelementofthe
Khazar(orAshkenazi)JewheritageisamilitantformofZIONISM."Itwasamong
AshkenaziJews,"saystheEncyclopediaAmericana,"thattheideaofpolitical
Zionismemerged,leadingultimatelytotheestablishmentofthestateofIsrael....
IntheviewofKhazarJews,thelandoccupiedbyancientIsraelistoberetaken
notbymiraclebutbyarmedforce.ThisiswhatismeantbyZionismtoday,and
thisistheforcethatcreatedthenationwhichcallsitselfIsraeltoday.
TheothermajoringredientoftheKhazarJewheritageishatredforthe
Russianpeople.Russiaisviewedastheforcewhichcausedtheancientsocalled
empireoftheJews,theKhazarempire,tocollapse.Havingoncedominatedmuch
ofwhatispresentdayRussia,theKhazarJewsstillwanttoreestablishthat
dominationandforamillenniumtheyhavebeentryingcontinuallytodojust
that.
SotheymovedtoPoland.UnderBoleslawIIIKrzywousty(11021139),the
Jews,encouragedbythetolerantregimeofthisruler,settledthroughoutPoland,
includingovertheborderintoLithuanianterritory.AccordingtoKoestler's
estimationabouthalfmillionKhazarsmovedtoPolandLithuania,whichamount
wouldaboutcorrespondtheestimatedsizeoftheJewishpopulationinthearea.
"ThefirstJewstosettleinLithuaniainthe11thcenturycamefromthelandofthe
Khazars.WhentheKhazarswereoverrunbytheMongolsandRussians,theJews
settledinLithuania,whoserulers,atthattime,wereextremelytolerant."[Sidney
L.Markowitz,WhatYouShouldKnowAboutJewishReligion,History,Ethicsand
Culture(NewYork,NY:CitadelPress,1955).]ThePrinceofCracow,Mieczyslaw
(Mieszko)III(11731202),inhisendeavortoestablishlawandorderinhis
domains,prohibitedallviolenceagainsttheJews,particularlyattacksuponthem
byunrulystudents(zacy).Boysguiltyofsuchattacks,ortheirparents,weremade
topayfinesasheavyasthoseimposedforsacrilegiousacts.
Actually,asearlyasthe10thcenturytheJewswerealreadyquiteinfluential
inPoland,andbythe12thcenturytheywerewellenoughentrenchedtoeven
monopolizethecoinageofPoland'smoney.SaystheJewishEncyclopedia:"Coins
unearthedin1812intheGreatPolishvillageofGlenbokshowconclusivelythatin
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thereignsofMieszko,Casimir,andLeshek,theJewswere,asstatedabove,in
chargeofthecoinageofGreatandLittlePoland."[Funk&Wagnall'sJewish
Encyclopedia,vol.10,page56]Itisinterestingtonotethatthesecoinsbore
HebraicaswellasPolishinscriptions.
16
FromthevarioussourcesitisevidentthatatthistimetheJewsenjoyed
undisturbedpeaceandprosperityinthemanyprincipalitiesintowhichthecountry
wasthendivided.Intheinterestsofcommercethereigningprincesextended
protectionandspecialprivilegestotheJewishsettlers.In1334,CasimirIIIthe
Great(13031370)amplifiedandexpandedBoleslaw'soldcharterwiththe
WislickiStatute.CasimirwasespeciallyfriendlytotheJews,andhisreignis
regardedasaneraofgreatprosperityforPolishJewry.Hisimprovedcharterwas
evenmorefavorabletotheJewsthanwasBoleslaw's,insofarasitsafeguarded
someoftheircivilrightsinadditiontotheircommercialprivileges.Heregarded
theJewsnotsimplyasanassociationofmoneylenders,butasapartofthenation,
intowhichtheyweretobeincorporatedfortheformationofahomogeneousbody
politic.ForhisattemptstouplifttheJews,Casimirwassurnamedbyhis
contemporaries"KingoftheJews."
Now,IshouldatleastbrieflymentionalsoLithuaniawhichisfromwhereI
ammyself.Lithuaniawasfirstmentionedin1009AD,formedastatein1183AD,
anddevelopedintoapowerfulempireinthe14thcentury.Itexpandedbeyondthe
boundariesoftheinitialareaofLithuaniansettlement,acquiringlargepartsof
formerKievanRus.ItcoveredtheterritoryofpresentdayLithuania,Belarus,
Ukraine,TransnistriaandpartsofPolandandRussiaduringtheperiodofits
greatestextentinthe15thcentury.Itsurvivedandgainedpowerintheconstant
fightwiththeTeutonicKnightswhoweresupportedbyalmostthewholeof
CatholicEurope.I'mveryproudtosaythatLithuanianswerethelastamong
EuropeanstobecomeChristians.
VytautaswasoneofthemostfamousrulersoftheGrandDuchyof
Lithuania,GrandDukefrom14011430.HewasthecousinofJogaila,who
becameKingofPolandasWladyslawII.InLithuania,Vytautasisrevered,andisa
nationalhero.Vytautasisstilloneofthemostpopularfirstnamesforboys.
VytautasMagnusUniversitywasnamedafterhim.
AsaresultofthemarriageofLithuaniandukeJogaila(JagielloinPolish)to
Jadwiga,daughterofLouisIofHungary,Lithuaniawasunitedwiththekingdom
ofPoland.JogailabecameKingWladislausII.Hewaschristenedandthen
convertedLithuaniatoChristianityoneyearlater.Thislaidthefoundationforthe
futureCommonwealthofPolandandLithuania.Jogaila'ssuccessorswentonto
successfullyexpandtheirpoliticalinfluenceallthroughoutthe15thCentury.
UndertheLublinUnionin1569,theGrandDuchyofLithuaniafederatedintothe
PolishLithuanianCommonwealth.Inthisfederation,theGrandDuchyof
Lithuaniahadaseparategovernment,laws,army,andtreasury.So,now,rights
wereextendedtoLithuanianJewsaswell...
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Here,bytheway,Ishouldmentionaverypeculiarpeoplecalledthe
CrimeanKaraitesthatarealsoknownasKaraimsandQarays.Theyarea
17
communityofethnicTurkicadherentsofKaraiteJudaism.Originallycenteredin
Crimea,KaraimswereestablishedinLithuaniaandalsoinafewplaceselsewhere
inEuropefrommedievaltimes.Theiroriginisamatterofgreatcontroversy.Some
regardthemasdescendantsofKhazars(unlikely)orKipchak(morelikely)
convertstoKaraiteJudaism.ModernKaraimsseektodistancethemselvesfrom
beingidentifiedasJews,emphasizingwhattheyviewastheirTurkicheritageand
claimingthattheyareTurkicpractitionersofa"Mosaicreligion"separateand
distinctfromJudaism.Whatevertheirorigin,fromthetimeoftheGoldenHorde
onward,theywerepresentinmanytownsandvillagesthroughoutCrimeaand
aroundtheBlackSea.In1392GrandDukeVytautasofGrandDuchyofLithuania
relocatedonebranchtheCrimeanKaraitestoLithuaniawheretheycontinuedto
speaktheirownlanguage.TheLithuanianKaraitessettledprimarilyinVilniusand
Trakai.TheKaraimsinLithuanianterritoryweregrantedameasureofautonomy.
Today,theStatisticsDepartmentofLithuaniacarriedoutanethnostatistic
research"KaraimsinLithuania"in1997.Itwasdecidedtoquestionalladult
Karaimsandmixedfamilies,whereoneofthemembersisaKaraim.Duringthe
survey,i.ebeginning1997therewere257Karaimnationalitypeople,32among
themwerechildrenunder16.
ThemostprosperousperiodforPolishJewsbeganfollowingthisnewinflux
ofJewswiththereignofZygmuntI(15061548),whoprotectedtheJewsinhis
realm.Hisson,ZygmuntIIAugust(15481572),mainlyfollowedinthetolerant
policyofhisfatherandalsograntedautonomytotheJewsinthematterof
communaladministrationandlaidthefoundationforthepoweroftheKahal,or
autonomousJewishcommunity.Thisperiodledtothecreationofaproverbabout
Polandbeinga"heavenfortheJews"...UndertheruleofKingStephenBathory
(157586)JewsweregrantedaParliamentoftheirown,whichmettwiceayear
andhadthepowertolevytaxes.
Thus,theKhazarJews,farfrombeingdestroyedbythedevastating
invasionsoftheirRussianhomeland,hadinsteadenteredintoanewand
prosperouschapterintheirhistoryinPoland.
ItwasduringthisperiodthattheJewsdevelopedtheirnewlanguage:
Yiddish.ItsoundslikeGerman,butthat'snotbecausethePolishJewscamefrom
Germany.No,it'sbecauseGermanChristianscamefromGermany,actively
recruitedbytheKingofPolandtoimmigratetoPoland,bringingtheirrelatively
advancedculturewiththem.And,immigratetheydidinlargenumbers,having
beengiventremendousincentivestodoso.Mostoftheimportantbusiness
transactionsinPolandduringthistimewereconductedbyGermanChristiansor
KhazarJews,andeveryonewhowantedtoprosperhadtohavesomeabilityto
understandGerman,Hebrew,andSlavic.Thesewerethekeyelementswhichwent
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intotheformationoftheYiddishlanguage;trulyalanguageofexpedienceduring
thatperiod.
PolandwasthehomeformoreJewsthananyotherplaceintheworld.After
beingexpelledfromotherareasofEuropeinthemid1300's,Jewswereallowed
bytherulingnoblestoimmigratetofeudalPoland.There,despitemodernJewish
itemizationofallegedPolishpersecutionsoverthecenturies,theJewish
communityflourished.(JustbeforeWorldWarII,"84%ofalltheJewsinthe
worldeitherlivedinhistoricallyPolishterritory,orcamefromfamiliesthathad
livedthere."[Sherwin,p.157])
ThehistoryofPolandforthenextthreecenturiesrevolvesaroundthe
struggleforsupremacybetweenthenativePolishpeopleandtheJews.Duringthe
greaterpartofthattimePolandwasmoreorlessdominatedbytheJewsa
situationmostbeneficialtoall,accordingtoJewishhistorybooks.Butwhen,as
occasionallyhappened,therewasalapseinJewishfortunes,thesesamehistories
arerepletewithaccountsofgentilecrueltytothe"chosenpeopleofGod".And
becausetheselamentshavebeenrepeatedoftenenoughandloudlyenoughthereis
awidelyheldbeliefthatPolandhasbeenalandofoppressionforJewry...Inmy
opinion,that'sisanonsense.IthasbeentheunhappyfateofPolandtobesaddled
forthegreaterpartofitshistorywithalargeproportionoftheworld'sJewish
population.This,morethananythingelse,accountsforthetragicdisunitywhich
haskeptPolandfromtakingitsplaceamongthegreatnationsoftheearth.
TheJewsinsixteenthcenturyPolandweremadeestateagents,sentoutto
theoutlyingpropertiesofthenobilitytogoverntheserfsandproducerevenuefor
thelords.ThistheJewsprosperedsowellthatwhenthePolishandLithuanian
crownswerejoined,theJewsmovedintoLithuania,followedupwiththeir
"services."TheJewsreachedtheirzenithofwealthandsocialimportancewhen
around1600thePolishnobilityopenedupthefrontierregionoftheUkraine.With
PolishexpansionintotheUkrainianfrontiers,Jewsleasedlandtheretoofromthe
aristocracy,andruledoverthepopulationofserfslaves.
"Jews,"writesWitoldRymankowki,"incontrasttothemillionsofserfsand
theimpoverishedtownspeoplewhowereoppressedbythenobility,constituteda
privilegedgroupwhich...effectivelyrepresentedtheonlyclassinthePolish
LithuanianCommonwealthtoconcentratefinanceandliquidassetsinitshands."
[Polonsky,Antony,Ed.FromShtetltoSocialism:StudiesfromPolin.TheLitman
LibraryforJewishCivilization,London,Washington,1993,p.156]AnoldLatin
proverbproclaimedthatthePolishCommonwealthwas"heavenforthenobles,
purgatoryforthetownsfolk,hellforthepeasants,andparadisefortheJews."
[WilliamW.Hagen,Germans,Poles,andJews:TheNationalityConflictinthe
PrussianEast,17721914(Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1980),p.13]
19
WealthyJewsestablishedthemselvessecurelythroughoutthePolish
economyandfarmedoutworkandmanagementopportunitiestorelativesandco
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religionists."Duringthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturies,"saysJewish
historianSaloBaron,"domesticcommerce(inPolandandLithuania)aswellas
export(timber,grain,furs)andimport(cloth,wine,luxuries)wereforthemost
partinJewishhands."[SaloW.Baron,inEconomicHistoryoftheJews,editedby
NahumGross(NewYork:SchockenBooks,1976),p.227]Infact,anotherJewish
historian,HeinrichGraetz,statesthat"circumstancesweresuchatthetimethatthe
JewsofPolandcouldformastatewithinastate."[HeinrichGraetz,Popular
HistoryoftheJews(NewYork:HebrewPublishingCompany,1949),vol.5,p.
10.]
Fortheirpart,thepeasantswereinadespicablestate.InPolandthe
aristocracy'scompletecontrolovercommonerliveswaslegalizedwithstatutesin
1496,1518,1532,and1543,wherebythepoorwereformallyrenderedashuman
chattelliving"underconditionsofvirtualslaveryascheaplaborersforthenoble's
farmsteadeconomy."[EncyclopediaBritannica,vol.25,p.949]
"TheJewisharendator[leaseeofland,mills,inns,breweries,taxfarming,
etc.],"writesNormanDavies,"becamethemasteroflifeanddeathoverthe
populationofentiredistrictsand,havingnothingbutashorttermandpurely
financialinterestintherelationship,wasfacedwiththeirresistible
temptationtoparehistemporarysubjectstothebone.Onthenobleestates,
hetendedtoputallhisrelativesandcoreligionistsinchargeoftheflour
mill,thebrewery,andinparticulartheLords'tavern,wherebycustomthe
peasantswereobligedtodrink.Onthechurchestates,hebecamethe
collectorofallecclesiasticaldues,standingbythechurchdoorforhis
paymentfromtithepayers...thebaptizedinfant,newlyweds,andmourners
...TheJewishcommunitybecamethesymbolofsocialandeconomic
exploitation."[NormanDavies,God'sPlayground:AHistoryofPoland
(Oxford:ClarendonPress,1981),p.444]
"TheJewishsteward,"addsseminalJewishhistorian,HeinrichGraetz,
"strovetodrawasmuchaspossiblefromthemanorsandtoexploitthepeasantsas
muchaspossible."[GraetzquotedinAbramLeon,TheJewishQuestion:A
MarxistInterpretation(NewYork:PathfinderPress,1970),p.192]"Jews,"notes
historianHillelLevine,"sometimesevenmanagedwholevillagesandoversawthe
economicdevelopmentandexploitationofforests,mines,mints,customhouses,
tollroads,andbreweriesonthegentry'sestates,usingserflabor...Jewswere
motivated...tosqueezeprofitsoutofthemargins.Theseincludedmorerigorous
supervisionoftheserfsandmoreefficientcollectionofrentsandtaxes,addingto
20
theharshnessoftheserfs'livesandbynomeansmakingtheJewisharendator
[lesseeofabusinessenterprisefromthelords]beloved."[HillelLevine,"To
ShameaVision,"inJackNusanPorterandPeterDreier,eds.,JewishRadicalism:
ASelectedAnthology(NewYork:GrovePress,Inc.,1973),p.63]Jewishscholar
ChaimBermantnotes:
"InPoland,theJewsbecamesonumerous,prosperousandentrenched,that
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theybegantolosesomethingoftheircaution.Theirwholeeconomywas
basedmainlyonthearendasystemunderwhichtheybecametaxfarmers
andcollectorsforthecrown,orlesseesoftheforests,estates,millsandsalt
minesofthenobility.Someoperatedonalargescale,manyonasmallscale,
leasingafewacresofland,oroperatingasmalldistilleryortavern,buttheir
utilitytotheirsuperiorsrestedintheirpowersofextraction.Thepeasantry,
theworkforce,thecattle,theland,wereallregardedinmuchthesamelight
andwerepressedfortheirmaximumyield,andifthenobilitywerethusthe
ultimateexploiters,theJewswerethevisibleonesandarousedthemost
immediatehostility.RabbiswarnedthatJewsweresowingaterribleharvest
ofhatred,butwhiletherevenuesrolledinthewarningswereignored.
Moreover,therabbisthemselveswerebeneficiariesofthesystem."[Chaim
Bermant,TheJews(TimesBooks,1977),p.26]
TheJewswererewardedinvariousways,butonebenefitstandsout.The
Jewsweregivenamonopolyontheonalcoholdistributionthroughoutmostof
Poland,includingtheUkraine.Onlytheyhadalicensefromthenobilityforretail
liquorsales,andtheyheldlongtermleasesonthetavernsinthepeasantvillages.
WheneveraPolishorUkrainianpeasantwantedhisshotofvodka,hehadtobuyit
fromtheJewishtavernowner,whosemarkupinthismonopolysituationwas
lucrative.TheJewssang,intheirYiddishlanguage,"Shickerisagoy...trinker
musser."(TheGentileisadrunkard;hehastodrink.)[NormanF.Cantor,The
SacredChain:TheHistoryoftheJews(NewYork:HarperCollinsPublishers,
1994),p.183]Thismeantthatthepersonwhoregularlydemandedtaxpayments
fromsuchpeasant"slaves,"thepersonwhomanagedthelandandmadedecisions
uponwhichtheimpoverishedpeasantswereexploited,thepersonwhodraggedthe
peasant'schildaway,themanwhodrovethepeasantintodeeperdebt,andtheman
whosoldthepeasantsboozetodrinkawaytheirmisery,allhadaJewishface.In
themideighteenthcentury,inruralareasofpartsofEasternEurope,upto85%of
theJewishpopulation"wasinvolvedinsomeaspectofmanufacturing,
wholesaling,orretailingofbeer,mead,wine,andgrainbasedintoxicants,like
vodka."[HillelLevine,"ToShameaVision,"inJackNusanPorterandPeter
21
Dreier,eds.,JewishRadicalism:ASelectedAnthology(NewYork:GrovePress,
Inc.,1973),p.9]
Jewswerevisiblydistinctfromtherestofthepopulation,especiallyby
dress.Theyusuallyworeblackandthemenweredistinguishedbysidelocksover
theirears.Theyalso'"stoodoutbyspecificmannerisms,"saysPolishhistorian
JanuszTazbir,"theirnervousgestures,continuallyemphasizingthespokenword,
andtheircharacteristicfeverishhaste."TheJewwastoaChristian"aneconomic
rival,anonerouscreditor,accusedofarroganceandimpudence...andwillingto
sufferanyhumiliationforevenasmallgain."Theywerewidelyperceivedas
cowardsandswindlerswhoheld"occupationsthatdidnotdeservetobecalled
'work.'"[Tazbir,Janusz.ImagesoftheJewinthePolishCommonwealth,(in
Polonsky,FR.SHT),p.2731]
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ThePolishlandownersinUkrainesoldtotheJewstherighttomakeuseof
theirlandswithallthattheycontainedbywayofhumansandanimals.Thelessees
oftheland,bypayingthelandownerthesumlaiddownintheagreement,extorted
fromtheUkrainiansaconsiderablylargeramountforthemselves.Theextentof
theoppressionwastrulyincredible."TheUkrainianshadarighttoresenttheJews,
ifnottokillthem.TheJewsweretheimmediateinstrumentoftheUkrainians'
subjectionanddegradation,"admitsJewishhistorianNormanCantor[NormanF.
Cantor,TheSacredChain:TheHistoryoftheJews(NewYork:HarperCollins
Publishers,1994),p.184]
ThePolishandUkrainianJewsfirstfeltlargescaleretributionfortheirself
aggrandizingpoliciesonthebacksoftheUkrainianpoorin1648.Itisa
particularlyaccursedyearinbothJewishandPolishhistory,butisconsidereda
heroiconeofrebellioninUkraine.Itisalsothedateofthebeginningofanevent
sometimesreferredtoinJewishhistoryastheir"ThirdGreatCatastrophe."Tens
ofthousandsofUkrainianCossacks,ledbyBogdanKhmielnitsky,roseupagainst
Polishnobledominationandengagedinavindictiveorgyofvengeanceand
murderthroughouttheUkraineandPoland.DuringtheuprisingofBogdan
Khmelnitskiy,manyJews,alongwiththePolesandPolishChristianpriests,were
slaughteredinthecrudestfashion.Well,theordinaryJewishpeoplesufferedfor
thesinsoftheirZionists.
ThecatalystwaswhenChmielnickicamehomeonedaytofindhishome
confiscatedbyaPolishnoble,oneofhissonskilled,andhisfianceekidnapped.
FromhispersonalrageChmielnickiforgedaunifiedrevoltamongsthispeople
againstthesuffocatingaristocracy.AndJews,omnipresentlyexploitive
appendagesofaristocraticoppressionaslandmanagers,taxcollectors,financial
advisors,tavernownersandmerchantsweresoontobearthewrathandfury,full
force,ofCossackrevenge."[TheCossacks]firstattackedthesoldiersofthePolish
noblesandtheJewishcommunitiessettledontheirestates,andwhichfrequently
22
servedastheirestatemanagers."[RevoltandthePeasant,p.161]ThePolish
peopleatlarge,however,mayhaveborneuptotentimestheJewishnumberof
casualties.
Inthistimeofmysticismandoverlyformalrabbinismcametheteachingsof
IsraelbenEliezer,alsoknownunderthetitleofthe"MasteroftheGoodName"
(theBa'alShemTov,abbreviatedastheBesht),(16981760),whichhada
profoundeffectontheJewsofEasternEuropeandPolandinparticular.His
disciplestaughtandencouragedthenewferventbrandofOrthodoxJudaismbased
onKabbalahknownasHasidism.
Earlyon,aseriousschismevolvedbetweentheHasidicandnonHasidic
Jews.TheHasidimdubbedEuropeanJewswhorejectedtheHasidicmovementas
Mitnagdim.TheVilnaGaon,theheadoftheMitnagdimwasthemostfamous
opponentofHasidism.AtonepointHasidicJewswereputincherem(aJewish
formofcommunalexcommunication);afteryearsofbitteracrimony,a
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rapprochementoccurredbetweenHasidicJewsandthosewhowouldsoonbecome
knownasOrthodoxJews.Thereconciliationtookplaceinresponsetothe
perceivedevengreaterthreatoftheHaskala,orJewishEnlightenment.Sincethen
OrthodoxJudaism,andparticularlyHarediJudaism,hassubsumedallthesectsof
HasidicJudaism.
TheriseofHasidicJudaismwithinPoland'sbordersandbeyondhadagreat
influenceontheriseofHarediJudaism(orJewishreligiousZionism)alloverthe
world,withacontinuousinfluencethathasbeenfeltfromtheinceptionofthe
Hasidicmovementsanditsdynastiesbyfamousrebbes,includingtheAleksander
Hasidism,BobovHasidism,GerHasidism,NadvornaHasidism,andSassov
Hasidism,amongothers.MorerecentrebbesofPolishoriginincludeRabbi
Schneersohn,theheadoftheChabadLubavitchHasidicmovement,wholivedin
movedLubavitchmovementfromPolandtotheUnitedStates.
June16,2006
LasttimewefinishedwithhowfundamentalistJudaism,whichisreligious
basisofZionism,wasborninJewishShtetlsofPoland,Ukraine,Lithuaniaamong
theKhazar(orAshkenazi)Jews,in18thcentury.Thenitrapidlyspreadtoother
placesandnowwehaveitprominentlypresentevenhereinEugene,asChabad
movement.
Forsixhundredyears,PolandhadservedasarefugefortheJewsandgiven
themlandandfreedom,whileotherEuropeannationsexpelledJews.InPoland,
theyevenhadtheirownJewishSejm(parlament)andtheirowncourtsoflaw.AsI
justsaid,PolandevenallowedtheJewstofleecetheirsubordinatesfreely.And
whatdidtheJewspaytoPolandinreturnforthis?Well,it'sbelievedthatthe
Zionists,inlargepart,organizedthepartitioningofPoland.
Whydidtheydothat?Well,becausetheywantedtopenetrateRussiaand
eventuallytotakerevengeforthedestructionoftheirKhazarkingdom.Remember
thatpoisonoussnakethatappearedfromhorse'sskullandstungPrinceOleg?
Asaresultofthethreepartitionings,in1772,1776and1796,Polandwas
dividedbetweenPrussiaandRussiaandthusceasedtoexistasanation.
ThethirdpartitionofPolandwasaneventofparamountsignificancein
RussianhistorybecauseasabyproductofthepartitionRussiaacquiredthe
world'slargestJewishpopulation.FromthismomentonRussia'shistorybecame
hopelesslyintertwined(again!)withwhatmanywouldcall,yes,theKhazarJewish
problem,andeventually,aswewillseeinnextpartofthispresentation,theJewish
Supremacists/ZionistsbroughtaboutthedownfallofRussia.
ButnoonecanpossiblyunderstandthenatureofRussia'scommunism,nor
ofZionism,withoutsomeknowledgeofthesituationexistinginRussiainthe
centuryprecedingtheOctoberrevolutionof1917.
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IjusttoldyouaboutthepresenceofKhazarJewsinPoland.Butwhereas
PolandhadinvitedtheJewstosettleinvastnumberswithinitsboundariesinthe
13th,14th,and15thcenturies,theImperialRussiangovernmenthadpermittedno
suchimmigrations,andhadinfactsealeditsborderstothem.Aswouldbe
expected,therefore,theImperialgovernmentwassomethinglessthanenthusiastic
overthissuddenacquisitionofPoland'steemingmassesofJews.Thelawonnot
allowingJewsintoRussiawasbrokenwithoutanypriorarrangement.Can
CatherinetheGreathavethoughtthatmatterswouldendinthiswaywhenreaching
heragreementwiththeZionists'envoysonthepartitioningsofPoland?
Takingfrightatwhatshehaddone,Catherinethenrestrictedthesettlement
ofJewsinRussiatothePaleofSettlement,butwithreservationsandexceptions.
Somemerchantsofthefirstandsecondorders,personswithhighereducation,and
certainothercategoriesofJews,wereactuallypermittedtoliveoutsidethePaleof
Settlement,andbyapplyingsufficientcunningitwaspossibletomakefairly
extensiveuseofthis...But,generally,fromtheverybeginningtheTsarist
governmentimposedasetofratherstrictrestrictionsdesignedtoprotectRussia's
economyandculturefromtheinroadsoftheJews.
Itwasdecreed(in1772)thatJewscouldsettleinGreaterRussiaonlyin
certainareas.Withinthis"PaleofSettlement"Jewsweremoreorlessfreeto
conducttheiraffairsastheypleased.ButtravelorresidencebeyondthePalewas
rigidlyrestricted,sothatin1897(dateofRussia's1stcensus)93.9%ofRussia's
Jewishpopulationlivedwithinitsboundaries,andonly6%ofthetotalresidedin
otherpartsoftheEmpire.Topreventsmuggling,noJewwaspermittedtoreside
within50verstsoftheborder.
FromthestandpointofJewishhistory,thePaleofSettlementranksasoneof
themostsignificantfactorsofmoderntimes.Herewithinasingleandcontiguous
areathegreaterpartofJewryhadgathered,andwastoremain,forsomethinglike
125years.ForthefirsttimeJewrywassubjectedtoacommonenvironmentanda
commongroundofexperience.Outofthiscommonexperienceandenvironment
thereevolvedtheJewsofthe20thcentury.Heretoowerebornthegreat
movementsofmodernZionismandalsoCommunism.
ThePaleofSettlementextendedfromtheCrimeatotheBalticSea,
encompassinganareahalfasgreataswesternEurope.By1917,sevenmillion
Jewsresidedthere,comprisingperhapsmorethanhalftheworld'stotalJewish
population.Yes,itwaswithinthePaleofSettlementthatthetwinphilosophiesof
CommunismandZionismflourished.BothmovementsgrewoutofJewishhatred
ofChristiancivilization(persecutorofthe"chosenrace"),andbothmovements
havespreadwhereverJewshaveemigrated.ThePaleofSettlementhasbeenthe
reservoirfromwhichtheworldwideforcesofcommunismandZionismhave
flowed.
Itisworthnotingthathalfoftheworld'sJewishpopulationnowresidesin
theU.S.,andthatallbutahandfulofthesearedescendantsofemigrantsfromthe
Palewhich,again,meansthattheirancestorswereKhazarsandhadabsolutely
nothingtodowithPalestine.
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BecauseJewshadalwaysmaintainedaseparatecommunity(kahal)within
hostsocieties,thePalecannotbecalledabusive.ItnotonlyprotectedRussians
fromJewishinfluence,butprotectedJewsfrombeingkickedoutbytheirhosts
afterJewishinfluencewasfeltanddespised.
AlthoughZionistpropagandistshavecomplainedlongandloudlyofbeing
oppressedbytheRussianImperialgovernment,itisafactthatupuntil1881they
prosperedbeyondallexpectation.TheJewssettledintheRussianeconomylikea
swarmoflocustsinafieldofnewcorn.Veryquicklytheyachievedamonopoly,
forexample,overRussia'sliquor,tobacco,andretailindustries.Laterthey
dominatedtheprofessionsaswell.
Jewscontinuedtoinvestinandpropagatealcohol,aproducttheythemselves
recognizedwasharmfulandweredisinclinedtousethemselves(shortofritual
wineuses).BythelatenineteenthcenturyperhapsthelargestbreweryinEurope,
SchultheissPatzenhofer,"wasa'Jewishfirm'(intermsofmanagement,Board
membership,andfinanciallinks)."[Mosse,p.1213]IntheUkraine,by1872,after
thefeudalsystemhadpassedintohistory,wealthyJewsownedabout90%of
Ukraine'sdistilleries,aswellas56%ofitssawmills,48%ofitstobacco
production,and33%ofthesugarrefineries.[Subtleny,p.277]IntheRussian
provinceofZhitomir,73.7%oftheJewslivingtheremadetheirlivingbyleasing
distilleriesandsellingalcoholattaverns.[Lindemann,Esau'sTears,p.152]Even
inthePolishtownofOswiecim(renamedandknowninfamouslyastheNazisite
fortheconcentrationcampAuschwitz)JakobHaberfeld,aJewish"liquor
magnate"owned(uptotheWorldWarIIera)themostbeautifulbuildinginthe
areaa40roommansion.[Goldman,A.,1998,p.Al]
HayimZhitlowskywasfromtheJewishvillageofUschahinwhatlater
becamepartoftheSovietUnion.Hewas,asoneJewishhistorianputsit,"the
outstandingthinkeroftheJewishculturalrenaissanceintheYiddishlanguagein
thetwentiethcentury."Hewasnotsomeprejudicial,peasantantiSemite;hewasa
loverofhisownJewishpeople,andinfluentialinhiscommunity.ButZhitlowsky
wasdeeplytroubledbytheomnipresentJewishexploitationoftheirsurrounding
nonJewishpeasantneighbors.In1883hewrote:
"TheJewishbusinessmanSamuelSolomovichPoliakovbuiltrailroadsfor
Russia.Thoserailroadswere,accordingtoNekrasov'sfamouspoem,built
ontheskeletonsoftheRussianpeasantry.MyuncleMichaelinthe[Jewish
townof]UschachdistilledvodkafortheRussianpeopleandmadeafortune
ontheliquortax.Mycousinsoldvodkatothepeasants.Thewholetown
hiredthemtocutdownRussianwoodswhichheboughtfromthegreatest
exploiteroftheRussianpeasants,theRussianlandowner....WhereverI
turnedmyeyestoordinary,daytodayJewishlife,Isawonlyonething,that
whichantiSemiteswereagitatingabout;theinjuriouseffectofJewish
merchantryonRussianpeasantry."[InCuddihy,p.138]
BerBorochov,aJew,asocialist,andaZionist,explainedJewish
exploitationofnonJewsthisway:"ThevastmajorityofnonJewsgaintheir
livelihoodfromnature...whereasthemajorityofJewsearntheirlivingdirectly
fromothermen.InRussiaandGalicia7080%ofnonJewsearntheirlivelihood
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fromnature;asimilarpercentageoftheJewsearntheirsfrommen."[Borochov,
Ber.NationalismandtheClassStruggle.AMarxistApproachtotheJewish
Problem.PoaleZionZeireZionofAmericaandPoaleZionAllianceofAmerica,
NY,1937,p.68]
Aslateasthe1800s,saysJewishscholarHowardSachar,"thetypical
Russianpeasantwasboundinserfdomtohissoil.Diseased,ignorant,hopelessly
superstitious,helivedinarudehut,sleptinhisclothes,andfedhisfirewith
animaldung."[Sachar,p.80]
AndwhatoftheJewishmerchantsandmoneylenders,andtheJewsatlarge,
thepeoplethatkepttothemselvesandrefusedtointeractwithothersexcept
towardscommercialprofit,thesepeoplefromwhommanyimpoverishedGentiles
soughtouttoborrowmoney,nottoexpandtheirfortunes,butmerelytosurvivethe
currentseason?AJewishauthor,MaxDimontsays:"Noneoftheserestrictions
appliedtotheJews.Theywerefreetocomeandgo,marryanddivorce,selland
buyastheypleased..."[Dimont,Max.Jews,God,andHistory.ASignetBook
fromNewAmericanLibrary,TimesMirror,1962,p.247]
Jewswerevisiblydistinctfromtherestofthepopulation,especiallyby
dress.Theyusuallyworeblackandthemenweredistinguishedbysidelocksover
theirears.Theyalso'"stoodoutbyspecificmannerisms,"saysJanuszTazbir,
"theirnervousgestures,continuallyemphasizingthespokenword,andtheir
characteristicfeverishhaste."TheJewwastoaChristian"aneconomicrival,an
onerouscreditor,accusedofarroganceandimpudence...andwillingtosufferany
humiliationforevenasmallgain."Theywerewidelyperceivedascowardsand
swindlerswhoheld"occupationsthatdidnotdeservetobecalled'work.'"[Tazbir,
p.2731]
WhileJews,yes,weresometimesprohibitedfromowningland(aswere
mostotherpeople),theycouldpaytheowningnoblesaflatfeetoleaseit;profits
beyondthisfeeweretheirstokeep."ThebeliefthatJewscouldnotownland,"
notesAlbertLindemann(whoisprofessorofUniversityofCalifornia,Santa
Barbara),"ranksasoneofthemostoftenoverheardsimplificationsabouttheir
status,bothinRussiaandelsewhereinEurope...Therealissuewasnotwhether
Jewscouldownland,iftheywouldworkitwiththeirownhands,butwhetherthey
couldownlandthatallowedthemtoexploitthelaborofthepeasants."
[Lindemann,Esau'sTears,p.63]AsJewishhistorianHowardSacharadmits,
"agricultureheldlittleifanyattractiontothem."[HowardMorleySachar,The
CourseofModernJewishHistory(NewYork:VintageBooks,1990),p.78]
YuriSlezkine'sbookTheJewishCentury,whichappearedlastyearto
rapturousreviews,isanintellectualtourdeforce,alternatelymuddledandbrilliant,
courageousandapologetic.Slezkine'sgreatestaccomplishmentistosetthe
historicalrecordstraightontheimportanceofJewsintheBolshevikRevolution
anditsaftermath.Hesummarizespreviouslyavailabledataandextendsour
understandingoftheJewishroleinrevolutionarymovementsbefore1917andof
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Sovietsocietythereafter.HisbookprovidesafascinatingchronicleoftheJewish
risetoelitestatusinallareasofSovietsocietyculture,theuniversities,
professionaloccupations,themedia,andgovernment.Slezkinehimselfisan
immigrantfromRussiaandofpartiallyJewishextraction.ArrivinginAmericain
1983,hemovedquicklyintoeliteU.S.academiccirclesandisnowaprofessorat
U.C.Berkeley.DanielBoyarin,ProfessorofTalmudicCultureatBerkeley,calls
Slezkine'snewbook"abrilliantadditiontoJewishstudies."Hereiswhat
ProfessorSlezkinehastosay:
TheJewshaddominatedthecommerciallifeofthePaleformostofthe
nineteenthcentury.JewishbanksbasedinWarsaw,Vilna,andOdessahad
beenamongthefirstcommerciallendinginstitutionsintheRussianEmpire
(inthe1850s,Berdichevhadeightactiveandwellconnectedbanking
houses).In1851,Jewshadaccountedfor70percentofallmerchantsin
Kurland,75percentinKovno,76percentinMogilev,81percentin
Chernigov,86percentinKiev,87percentinMinsk,and96percenteachin
Volynia,Grodno,andPodolia.Theirrepresentationinthewealthiest
commercialelitewasparticularlystrong:inMinskandChernigovprovinces
andinPodolia,all"firstguild"merchantswithoutexception(55,59,and7,
respectively)wereJews.Mostwereinvolvedintaxfarming,moneylending,
andtrade(especiallyforeigntrade,withavirtualmonopolyonoverland
crossbordertraffic),buttheimportanceofindustrialinvestmenthadbeen
risingsteadilythroughoutthecentury.BeforetheGreatReforms,mostofthe
industryinwesternRussiahadbeenbasedontheuseofserflaborforthe
extractionandprocessingofrawmaterialsfoundonnobleestates.
Originally,Jewshadbeeninvolvedasbankers,leaseholders,administrators,
andretailers,butalreadyin182832,93.3percentofthenonnobleindustrial
enterprisesinVolynia(primarilywoolandsugarmills)wereownedby
Jews.Theirrelianceonfreelabormadethemmoreflexiblewithregardto
location,moreopentoinnovation,andultimatelymuchmoreefficient.[Yuri
Slezkine,TheJewishCentury(Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress,
2004),p.118]
AmongRussia'sgreatestfinancierswereEvzel(Iossel)Gabrielovich
Gintsburg,whohadgrownrichasaliquortaxfarmerduringtheCrimean
War;AbramIsaakovichZak,whohadbegunhiscareerasGintsburg'schief
accountant;AntonMoiseevichVarshavsky,whohadsuppliedtheRussian
armywithfood;andthePoliakovbrothers,whohadstartedoutassmall
timecontractorsandtaxfarmersinOrsha,Mogilevprovince.{TheJewish
Century,p.119]
SeveralJewishfinanciersfromWarsawandLodzformedthefirstRussian
jointstockbanks;EvzelandHoraceGintsburgfoundedtheSt.Petersburg
DiscountandLoanBank,theKievCommercialBank,andtheOdessa
DiscountBank;IakovSolomonovichPoliakovlaunchedtheDonLand
Bank,thePetersburgAzovBank,andtheinfluentialAzovDonCommercial
Bank;andhisbrotherLazarwasthemainshareholderoftheMoscow
InternationalMerchantBank,theSouthRussiaIndustrialBank,theOrel
CommercialBank,andtheMoscowandYaroslavlKostromaLandBanks.
ThefatherandsonSoloveichiks'SiberianCommercialBankwasoneof
Russia'smostimportantandinnovativefinancialinstitutions.Other
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prominentRussianfinanciersincludedtheRafalovichs,theVavelbergs,and
theFridlands.In191516,whentheimperialcapitalwasstillformallyclosed
toallbutspeciallylicensedJews,atleast7ofthe17membersoftheSt.
PetersburgStockExchangeCounciland28ofthe70jointstockbank
managerswereJewsorJewishconvertstoChristianity.Whenthemerchant
ofthefirstguildGrigorii(GershaZelik)DavidovichLesinarrivedinSt.
PetersburgfromZhitomirinOctober1907toopenabankinghouse,ittooka
specialsecretpoliceinvestigationbytwodifferentagenciestopersuadethe
municipalauthorities,whohadneverheardofhim,toissuethelicence.By
1914,Lesini'sbankhadbecomeoneofthemostimportantinRussia.[The
JewishCentury,p.119]
NorwasfinancetheonlysphereofJewishbusinessexpertise.Accordingto
thepremiereconomichistorianofRussianJewry(andfirstcousintoIsraeli
primeministerYitzhakRabin),ArcadiusKahan,"Therewashardlyanarea
ofentrepreneurialactivityfromwhichJewishentrepreneurswere
successfullyexcluded.ApartfromthemanufacturingindustriesinthePale
ofSettlement,onecouldhaveencounteredthemattheoilwellsofBaku,in
thegoldminesofSiberia,onthefisheriesoftheVolgaorAmur,inthe
shippinglinesontheDnepr,intheforestsofBriansk,onrailroad
constructionsitesanywhereinEuropeanorAsiaticRussia,oncotton
plantationsinCentralAsia,andsoforth."[TheJewishCentury,p.120]
Attheturnofthetwentiethcentury,theGintsburgscontrolledalargeportion
oftheSiberiangoldindustry,includingtheInnokentievminesinYakutia,
BerezovkaminesintheUrals,theSouthAltaiandUpperAmurconcerns,
andlargestofthemall,theLenagoldfields(whichtheyabandonedin1912
afterascandalfollowingthemassacreofstrikingminers).[TheJewish
Century,2004),p.121]
In1887inOdessa,Jewsowned35percentoffactories,whichaccountedfor
57percentofallfactoryoutput;in1900,halfofthecity'sguildmerchants
wereJews;andin1910,90percentofallgrainexportswerehandledby
Jewishfirms(comparedto70percentinthe1880s).MostOdessabanks
wererunbyJews,aswasmuchofRussia'stimberexportindustry.Onthe
eveofWorldWarI,Jewishentrepreneursownedaboutonethirdofall
Ukrainiansugarmills(whichaccountedfor52percentofallrefinedsugar),
andconstituted42.7percentofthecorporateboardmembersand36.5
percentofboardchairmen.InallthesugarmillsinUkraine,28percentof
chemists,26percentofbeetplantationoverseers,and23.5percentof
bookkeeperswereJews.InthecityofKiev,36.8percentofallcorporate
managerswereJews(followedbyRussiansat28.9percent).Andin1881in
St.Petersburg(outsidethePale),Jewsmadeupabout2percentofthetotal
populationand43percentofallbrokers,41percentofallpawnbrokers,16
percentofallbrothelowners,and12percentofalltradinghouseemployees.
Between1869and1890,theproportionofbusinessownersamongSt.
PetersburgJewsgrewfrom17percentto37percent.[TheJewishCentury,
p.122]
Aselsewhere,themostpopularcareers[amongtheJews]werethoseinlaw
andmedicine.In1886,morethan40percentofthelawandmedicalstudents
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attheuniversitiesofKharkovandOdessawereJewish.Intheempireasa
whole,in1889Jewsaccountedfor14percentofallcertifiedlawyersand43
percentofallapprenticelawyers(thenextgenerationofprofessionals).
AccordingtoBenjaminNathans,"duringtheprecedingfiveyears,22%of
thoseadmittedtothebarandanastounding89%ofthosewhobecame
apprenticelawyerswereJews."Jewsconstituted49percentofalllawyersin
thecityofOdessa(1886),and68percentofallapprenticelawyersinthe
Odessajudicialcircuit(1890).Intheimperialcapital,theproportionof
Jewishlawyerswasvariouslyestimatedat22to42percent,andof
apprenticelawyers,at43to55percent.Attheverytop,6outof12senior
lawyerschoseninthemid1880stoleadseminarsforapprenticelawyersin
St.PetersburgwereJews.[...]Between1881and1913,theshareofJewish
doctorsanddentistsinSt.Petersburggrewfrom11and9percentto17and
52percent.[TheJewishCentury,p.125]
Well,Ithinkit'senoughtounderstandhowreally"bad"thelifeforthe
JewswasinRussiaatthattime.
"[Jewishlife]wascertainlybetterthanthelifeoftheRussianpeasant,"
remarksHowardSachar.[HowardMorleySachar,TheCourseofModernJewish
History(NewYork:VintageBooks,1990),p.215]
AhistorianofLithuanianJewrynotedthatin1792"allthetradeand
industryofLithuaniawascontrolledbythispopulation."[Mendelsohn,Ezra.Class
StruggleinthePale:TheFormativeYearsoftheJewishWorkers'Movementin
TsaristRussia.Cambridge,attheUniversityPress,1970,p.2]"Nearlyallthe
merchantsofthePale[ofwhichJewswere12%ofthepopulation],"saysHoward
Sachar,"wereJews...[and]itwastruethattheJewswereexceptionallyinfluential
intheupperlevelsofcommerce."[Sachar,TheCourseofModernJewishHistory,
p.212]Bytheturnofthetwentiethcentury,estimatesanotherscholar,three
quartersofthemerchantsofthePalewereJewish,8896%ofthoseinprovinces
likeGrodnoandMinsk,82%ofthoseinWesternGalicia,and92%inEastern
Galicia.[Heinze,AndrewR.AdaptingtheAbundance.JewishImmigrants,Mass
Consumption,andtheSearchforAmericanIdentity.ColumbiaUniversityPress,
NY,1990,p.185]
InthePaleofSettlementasawhole,tentofifteenpercentofthepopulation
wasJewish(theonlycomparableconcentrationoutsideofRussiawasinGalicia,at
elevenpercent),butJewswereconcentratedinmuchhighernumbersinsome
areas.Bialystok'spopulationinthe1860swasapproximatelyseventyfivepercent
Jewish,Moghilev's,aroundninetypercent,andthepopulationofLodzalsowas
overwhelminglyJewish.By1900overhalfoftheurbanpopulationofLithuania
andByeloRussiawasJewish.InBessarabia(theprovinceborderingonRomania,
touchingtheBlackSea)andinCongressPolandtherateofgrowthoftheJewish
populationappearstohavebeenaboutthreetimesasfastthatofthenonJewish
population.ThesoutherncitiesofKishinevandOdessahadpopulationsthatwere
fiftypercentJewish.Commonly,Jewsmadeupoverninetypercentofthebusiness
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classinRussia'scities.[AlbertS.Lindemann,Esau'sTears:ModernAnti
SemitismandtheRiseoftheJews(NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,1997),
pp.6364]
ThisJewishinfluencewaseverywhereoppressive,andnowandthenbecame
anunbearableyoke.[P.Botkine,"AVoiceforRussia,"CenturyMagazine,No.45,
February1893,pp.613614,writingaboutJewsinRussia,quotedinKevin
MacDonald,SeparationanditsDiscontents:TowardanEvolutionaryTheoryof
AntiSemitism(Westport,CT:Praeger,1998),p.42]
EasternEuropeanJewswerealsoespeciallyinfamousinthenineteenth
centuryforinvolvementinactivitiesassociatedwiththesaloon,aspimps,orinthe
languageofthetime,in"whiteslavery,"butalsoinotherillegalactivities.A
substantialJewishsubcultureofcriminalitythrivedincitieslikeOdessaand
Bucharest.[Lindemann,Esau'sTears,p.66]
In1804TsarAlexanderIgavepermissionforeveryonetohaveanequal
education,therebyevidentlyhopingtoassimilatetheJewishcommunity.Underthe
reignofAlexanderIalsomanyoftherestrictionsagainstresidence"beyondthe
Pale"(oneshouldrecognizethispopularsaying)wererelaxed,especiallyforthe
artisanandprofessionalclasses.
AdeterminedeffortwasmadetoestablishJewsinagricultureandthe
governmentencouragedateveryopportunitytheassimilationofJewsintoRussian
nationallife.WhatlittleknowledgehehadofZionists!
Butinthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcenturyitbecameutterlyclearthat
thepolicyofassimilationandemancipationhadfailed.Itsimplydidn'twork.
RussianJewrycouldnotbeconvinced,cajoled,coerced,ortornawayfromtheir
traditionsof"separateness"and"uniqueness."Inspiteofeveryconceivable
repressivemeasure,notesHowardSachar,"theJewsremainedacohesivemass,
devoutlytraditionalinreligionandoccupation,aseparatenationstickinglikea
boneinRussia'sthroat."[Sachar,TheCourseofModernJewishHistory,p.84]
TheJewshadnotamalgamatedwithRussia,buthadbeguntocrushher,
firstlybymakingafortuneoutofthegenocidewhich,bymeansofalcohol,was
beingcommittedagainsttheRussian,Ukrainian,Byelorussian,Lithuanian,and
othernations,andsecondlybyseizingcontrolofthefinances,thecourtsoflaw,the
taxationsystem,trade,industry,thepress,education,etc.
ThegreatestRussiannovelist,FyodorDostoevsky,whosetreatiseaboutthe
Jewsis,eventoday,keptcarefullyhiddenawaybythecocalledWestern"free"
publishinghouses,wrotein1877,inhisDiaryofaWriter,"Intheveryworkthe
Jewsdo(thegreatmajorityofthem,atanyrate),intheirexploitation,thereis
somethingwrongandabnormal,somethingunnatural,somethingcontainingits
ownpunishment."[Slezkine,TheJewishCentury,p.156]"Theirkingdomandtheir
tyrannyiscoming,"Dostoevskywrote."Theunlimiteddespotismoftheirideology
isnowonlybeginning.Underthistyrannyhumankindnessandneighborlinessas
wellasthelongingforjusticewillfadeaway;allChristianandpatrioticidealswill
perishforever!"[LouisMarschalko,TheWorldConquerors:TheRealWar
Criminals(London:JosephSueliPublications,1958),p.50]
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HereisProfessorSlezkineagain,abouttheprevalentattitudesamong
Russia'sJewsofthattime,towardtheirGentileneighbors:
Notonlyweregoy("Gentile"),sheigets("aGentileyoungman"),andshiksa
(aGentile[i.e.,"impure"]woman)generallypejorativetermsthatcouldbe
usedmetaphoricallytorefertostupidorloutishJews;muchofthecolloquial
Yiddishvocabularydealingwithgoyimwascrypticandcircumlocutory.
AccordingtoHirszAbramowicz,LithuanianJewsusedaspecialcodewhen
talkingabouttheirnonJewishneighbors:"Theymightbecalledsheretsand
10
shrotse(reptiles);thewordshvester(sister)becameshvesterlo;foter(father)
foterlo;muter(mother),muterlo,andsoon.Khasene(wedding)became
khaserlo;geshtorbn(died)becamegefaln(fell),geboyrn(born)became
geflamt(flamed)."Similarly,accordingtoM.S.Altman,whenJewsofhis
shtetlreferredtoGentiles'eating,drinking,orsleeping,theyusedwords
normallyreservedforanimals.TheYiddishforthetownofBilaTserkva
("WhiteChurch")wasShvartsetume("Blackfilth,"thewordtume
generallydenotinganonJewishplaceofworship).[Slezkine,TheJewish
Century,p.108]
M.S.Altman'sgrandmother"nevercalledChristanythingotherthan
mamser,or'theillegitimateone.'Once,whentherewasaChristian
processioninthestreetsofUlla[Belorussia],withpeoplecarryingcrosses
andicons,Grandmahurriedlycoveredmewithhershawl,saying:'Mayyour
cleareyesneverseethisfilth.'"[Slezkine,TheJewishCentury,pp.108109]
AsWorldZionistCongressPresidentNahumGoldmannstatedregarding
JewishperceptionsofLithuaniansearlyinthecentury,"TheJewssawtheir
persecutorsasaninferiorrace....Mostofmygrandfather'spatientswerepeasants.
EveryJewfelttenorahundredtimesthesuperioroftheselowlytillersofthesoil;
hewascultured,learnedHebrew,knewtheBible,studiedtheTalmudheknew
thathestoodheadandshouldersabovetheseilliterates."[NahumGoldmann,The
JewishParadox(NewYork:FredJordanBooks/Grosset&Dunlap,1978),p.13.]
Alexander'ssuccessor,TsarNicholasI,waslessinclinedtofavorJewry,
andinfactviewedtheirinroadsintotheRussianeconomywithalarm.Hewas
muchhatedbytheJews.
Priortohisreign,AlexanderIhadallowedanymaleJewtheprivilegeof
escapingcompulsorymilitarydutybypayingaspecialdraftexemptiontax.In
1827Nicholasabolishedthecustom,withtheresultthatJewswereforthefirst
timetakenintotheImperialarmies...In1844NicholasIfurtherantagonizedJewry
byabolishingtheinstitutionoftheKahal(Jewishselfrule,autonomy),andinthat
sameyearheprohibitedbylawthetraditionalJewishgarb,specifyingthatallJews
should,exceptonceremonialoccasions,dressinconformitywithRussian
standards.Thesemeasures,andmanyotherslikethem,wereaimed,again,at
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facilitatingtheassimilationofJewryintoRussianlife.TheTsaristgovernmentwas
muchconcernedbytheJew'sfailuretobecomeRussiancitizens,andviewedwith
hostilitytheancientJewishcustomsofmaintainingaseparateculture,language,
modeofdress,etc.allofwhichcontributedtokeeptheJewanalienintheland
ofhisresidence.Itistothisdeterminationto"Russianize"and"civilize"theJew
thatwecanascribetheunusualeffortsmadebytheImperialgovernmentto
11
providefreeeducationtoitsJews.AsIsaidalready,in1804allschoolswere
thrownopentoJewsandattendanceforJewishchildrenwasmadecompulsory.
CompulsoryeducationwasnotonlyanoveltyinRussia,butinanycountryinthe
early19thcentury.InRussiaeducationwasgenerallyreservedforaprivileged
few,andevenaslateas1914only55%ofRussia'spopulationhadbeeninschool.
ThenetresultoftheImperialgovernment'sassimilationprogramwasthatRussian
JewrybecamethebesteducatedsegmentinRussia.This,well,eventuallyworked
tothedestructionoftheTsaristgovernment...
Then,thereignofAlexanderIImarkedtheapexofJewishfortunesin
TsaristRussia.In1861CzarAlexanderII,thefamousLiberator,hadliberated
23,000,000Russianserfs.Fromthatmomenttheprospectoflibertyand
improvementopenedoutforRussiancitizensofallnationalities(Russiacontained
about160nationalitiesandtheJewsformedabout4percentofthetotal
population).By1880,asSlezkinesays,theywerebecomingdominantinthe
professions,inmanytradesandindustries,andwerebeginningtofiltereveninto
governmentinincreasingnumbers.Asearlyas1861AlexanderIIhadpermitted
Jewishuniversitygraduatestosettleandholdgovernmentalpositionsingreater
Russia,andby1879apothecaries,nurses,midwivesdentists,distillers,andskilled
craftsmenwerepermittedtoworkandresidethroughouttheempire.
NeverthelessRussia'sJewswereincreasinglyrebelliousovertheremaining
restraintswhichstillboundthegreaterpartofRussianJewrytothePaleof
Settlement,andwhich,tosomeextentatleast,restrictedtheircommercial
activities.
Moreover,withtheemancipationofthepeasantserfsinthe1860sand
1870s,Jewishsocioeconomiclifewaschanging;aristocraticlinkedprivileges
includingcompleteselfautonomywereeroding."Thecommercialmonopolyof
theJewsdeclined,"notesAbramLeon,"inthedegreethatthepeopleswhose
exploitationhadfedit,developed."[LEON,p.136]
Hereinlaythedilemma;theImperialgovernmentcouldretaincertainofthe
restrictionsagainsttheJews,andbydoingsoincurtheirundyinghostility,orit
couldremoveallrestraintsandthuspavethewayforJewishdominationover
everyphaseofRussianlife.CertainlyAlexanderviewedthisproblemwith
increasingconcernastimewenton.
AlexanderIIlostaconsiderableamountofhisenthusiasmforliberalcauses
afteranattemptwasmadetoassassinatehimin1866.Hedismissedhis"liberal"
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advisorsandfromthattimeondisplayedaninclinationtowardconservatism.This
isnottosayhebecameantiJewish,buthedidshowmorefirmnessindealingwith
them.
Then,in1876asecretsociety,LandandLiberty,wasformed.Thegroup
wasledbyMarkNatanson.InOctober,1879,theLandandLibertysplitintotwo
12
factions.Themajorityofmembers,whowereJewishandfavoredapolicyof
terrorism,establishedthePeople'sWill(NarodnayaVolya).Others,suchas
GeorgePlekhanov,whowasn'tJewish,formedBlackRepartition(Chernyj
Peredel),agroupthatrejectedterrorismandsupportedasocialistpropaganda
campaignamongworkersandpeasants.Jewsweretobefoundinbothfactionsand
playedasubstantialroleintheformationandactivityofbothorganizations.
Indeed,notonlyAaronZundelevichandMarkNatansonbutJewishactivistsin
generalcontributedsignificantlytotheevolutionofPeople'sWillandBlack
Repartition.[ErichHaberer,JewsandRevolutioninNineteenthCenturyRussia
(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1995),p.148]Withtheestablishmentof
NarodnayaVolyathe"Jewishmission"ofinfusingRussianrevolutionary
Populismwithapartypoliticaldimensioncomplementing,ifnottranscending,its
socialrevolutionaryfixationhadbeenaccomplished.[Haberer,Jewsand
RevolutioninNineteenthCenturyRussia,p.171]
DespitetheobviouspresenceofJewsinChernyjPeredel,ithasbeenargued
thatJewsquaJewsweremoreattractedtoNarodnayaVolyabecausepolitical
terrorismwasmorecongenialtoJewishparticipationthanthetheoryandpractice
oftraditionalPopulism.InthisviewmostforcefullyputforthbyElias
Tscherikowerthenewpoliticalorientationanditsurbancentredterrorist
activitysignificantly"broadenedtherangeofpossibilitiesforJewish
revolutionariesbothpsychologicallyandfactually."Factually,itprovidedJews
withtheunprecedentedopportunitytobeactiveinanurbanenvironmentthatwas
muchmoreconducivetotheirnaturalabilitiesandnationalcharacteristics:instead
ofactingaspropagandistsinthenameofanalienideologyinanalienpeasant
environment,theynowwereabletopartakeinactivitieswheretheirJewishness
waslessofaliabilitythanpreviously.Withoutfeelingasenseofinferiority,
withoutnecessarilydivestingthemselvesoftheirJewishtraits,asNarodovoltsy
theycouldparticipatefullyandeffectivelyinthesortofworkforwhichtheywere
ideallysuitedasJews.Inshort,theircharacteristicallyJewishabilitiesof
"undergroundorganization"and"technicalknowhow"werearealassetreadily
appreciatedandsoughtafterbytheirRussiancomrades.Psychologically,
NarodnaiaVoliaprovidedJewswithapoliticalrationaleforrevolutionaryaction
thatwasmuchmoreintunewiththeirexperienceofJewishrightlessnessthan
Populistabstractionsofsocialrevolution.[EliasTscherikower,"Yidn
revolutsionerninruslandindi60erun70eryorn,"inHS,3(1939),pp.135,131
32,13536.,quotedinHaberer,JewsandRevolutioninNineteenthCenturyRussia,
p.173]Tscherikoweroffersabetterexplanationinarguingthat,psychologically,
thenewatmosphereofpoliticalterrorismwasmuchmoreappealingtoJewsthan
theoldapoliticalvarietiesofPopulistsocialism.[ErichHaberer,Jewsand
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13
RevolutioninNineteenthCenturyRussia(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity
Press,1995),p.174]
Aspreviously,butnowonamuchlargerscale,theyexcelledinmaintaining
themovement's"underground"asitsproverbial"practitionersandtechniciansof
revolution."[EliasTscherikowerquotedinHaberer,JewsandRevolutionin
NineteenthCenturyRussia,p.186]
ThepersonthatcomestomindmostreadilyisAronZundelevich,"themost
JewishJewamongJewishrevolutionaries,"who,saysTscherikower,"surelychose
forhimselfintentionallythepartyname'Moishe'."[Tscherikowerquotedin
Haberer,JewsandRevolutioninNineteenthCenturyRussia,1995),p.174]Inhim
theJewishmotifwasneverfarbelowthesurface,andrepeatedlycametolightin
situationswhichforcedhimtorevealhissenseofJewishidentityandloyalty.
InRussianrevolutionaryhistorytheeventfulyearsof187981inaugurated
whatisgenerallyknownasthedecadeofNarodnayaVolya.WhileChernyj
Peredelwasfightingforitssurvival,NarodnayaVolyainitiatedastringofterrorist
operationswhichculminatedintheassassinationofAlexanderIIin1881.
WhenthePeople'sWilldecidedtoassassinateAlexanderII,firstthey
attemptedtousenitroglycerinetodestroytheTsartrain.TheMoscowrailroad
explosionof19November1879waspartofNarodnayaVolya'sfirstsystematic,
thoughunsuccessful,assassinationprojectagainsttheTsar.ThreeJewswere
directlyinvolved:SaveliiZlatopolskii,GrigoriiGoldenbergandAizikAronchik.
TheprojectwasdesignedtokillAlexanderIIonhisreturntripbyrailfromthe
CrimeatoSt.Petersburgbyminingthetracksatthreedifferentlocations:near
Odessa,Alexandrovsk,andMoscow.However,theterroristmiscalculatedandit
destroyedanothertraininstead.AnattempttheblowuptheKamennyBridgeinSt.
PetersburgastheTsarwaspassingoveritwasalsounsuccessful.Thenextattempt
onAlexander'slifeinvolvedacarpenterwhohadmanagedtofindworkinthe
WinterPalace.Allowedtosleeponthepremises,eachdayhebroughtpacketsof
dynamiteintohisroomandconcealeditinhisbedding.Heconstructedaminein
thebasementofthebuildingunderthedinningroom.Theminewentoffathalf
pastsixatthetimethatthePeople'sWillhadcalculatedAlexanderwouldbe
havinghisdinner.However,hismainguest,PrinceAlexanderofBattenburg,had
arrivedlateanddinnerwasdelayedandthedinningroomwasempty.Alexander
wasunharmedbutsixtysevenpeoplewerekilledorbadlywoundedbythe
explosion.
ThePeople'sWillcontactedtheRussiangovernmentandclaimedthey
wouldcallofftheterrorcampaigniftheRussianpeopleweregranteda
constitutionthatprovidedfreeelectionsandanendtocensorship.On25th
February,1880,AlexanderIIannouncedthathewasconsideringgrantingthe
Russianpeopleaconstitution.Toshowhisgoodwillanumberofpolitical
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14
prisonerswerereleasedfromprison.CountMichaelTarielovitchLorisMelikoff,
theMinisteroftheInterior,wasgiventhetaskofdevisingaconstitutionthatwould
satisfythereformersbutatthesametimepreservethepowersoftheautocracy.
Nevertheless,thePeople'sWillbegantomakeplansforanother
assassinationattempt.In1881aplothatchedinthehomeoftheJewess,Hesia
Helfman,wassuccessful.
On1stMarch,1881,AlexanderIIwastravellinginaclosedcarriage,from
MichaelovskyPalacetotheWinterPalaceinSt.Petersburg.AnarmedCossacksat
withthecoachdriverandanothersixCossacksfollowedonhorseback.Behind
themcameagroupofpoliceofficersinsledges.Allalongtheroutehewas
watchedbymembersofthePeople'sWill.OnastreetcornerneartheCatherine
CanalterroriststhrewtheirbombsattheTsar'scarriage.Thebombsmissedthe
carriageandinsteadlandedamongsttheCossacks.TheTsarwasunhurtbut
insistedongettingoutofthecarriagetochecktheconditionoftheinjuredmen.
WhilehewasstandingwiththewoundedCossacksanotherterroristthrewhis
bomb.Alexanderwaskilledinstantlyandtheexplosionwassogreatthatterrorist
himselfalsodiedfromthebombblast.AlexanderIIwasblownupandsoendedan
era.
TheCzarAlexanderIIwasactuallysolovedbythecommonRussianpeople
(becausehewassuchareformer)thatafterhisdeaththerewasbuiltanincredibly
beautifulchurchrightonthespotwherehewasmurderedandthatchurchwas
giventhename"SpasnaKrovi",whichmeans"SaviouronBlood."Thechurchis
oneofthemostbeautifulbuildingsIhaveeverseen,andifyoueverhappentovisit
St.Petersburgthatshouldbeontheverytopofyourlistofmustseeplaces.
Meanwhile,Ipickedsomebeautifulphotosofthatchurch,soyoucouldseethem
nowandrealizewhatZionistsinRussiawereboundtodestroy:allthebeautyand
spiritoftheuniqueRussiancivilization.
Now,what,infact,wastheJewishroleintheterrorismofNarodnayaVolya
duringitsmostvolatileperiodofactivityin187981?Whatpreciselywasthe
contributionofJewstotheterrorismofNarodnayaVolya,whichclaimedthelife
ofAlexanderIIin1881andfrightenedtheRussiangovernmentthroughoutthe
1880s?
TheconventionalanswerhasbeenthatJewscontributednexttonothingto
themomentoussurgeofPopulistterrorism.CommentingontheRussian
government'santisemiticrationaleinblamingJewsfortheassassinationof
AlexanderIIon1March1881,SaloBaronstated:"Althoughtheterrorists
includedonlyoneJewishwoman,GesiaHelfman,whosecontributionhad
consistedmerelyinprovidingshelterforherfellowconspirators,officiallyinspired
rumourswerespreadthatJewshadplayedaleadingpartintherevolutionary
upheaval."[S.W.Baron,TheRussianJewsunderTsarsandSoviets(NewYork,
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15
1976),p.44.]Asidefromthefactthatthereisnoevidenceforthose"officially
inspiredrumours,"Baron'sstatementisgrosslymisleading,bothindescribing
Helfman'scontributionandingivingtheappearancethathersupposedlymodest
rolewassufficientforofficialopiniontoholdJewsresponsibleforthe
revolutionaryunrest.
AsNarodnayaVolya'smostreliableandcapablekeeperofconspiratorial
quarters,Helfmanhadbeeninchargeofmanagingtheoperationalbaseforthe1
Marchattempt.[Haberer,JewsandRevolutioninNineteenthCenturyRussia,
p.198]AsR.M.Kantorwrote,itwasthereforein"thepreparationandspeedy
executionofthisterroristact...thatHelfmanmadeavitalcontributionwithinher
uniquesphereofcompetence."[Kantor,GesiaGelfman(Moscow,1926),p.25,
quotedinHaberer,JewsandRevolutioninNineteenthCenturyRussia,p.198]
TheassassinationofAlexanderIIon1March1881wasthemomentous
event,thefinalresultoftwoyearsofsystematicterroristactivitythatwitnessed
Jewishparticipationinalmostallitsfacets,callsforanassessmentoftheroleof
Jewsinapartycommittedtoregicide.[Haberer,JewsandRevolutionin
NineteenthCenturyRussia,p.198]
Totellthewholestoryitisbesttoreturntolate1879,whenJewish
participationinNarodnayaVolyaterrorismbegan,and,consequently,tracetherole
ofJewsinitsvariousstageswhichledoneandahalfyearslatertothekillingof
theTsar.TheactivityofAronZundelevich,again,offersaconvenientpointof
entrytothischapterinthehistoryofJewsintherevolutionarymovement.
[Haberer,JewsandRevolutioninNineteenthCenturyRussia,pp.187188]The
roleofZundelevichinutilizingdynamiteforrevolutionarypurposeshasbeen
confirmedbyseveralofhiscontemporaries.GrigoriiGurevichstatesthatheand
hiscomradesintheBerlincircle"knewthatArkadiihadboughtdynamitefrom
somewhereandhadbroughtittoStPetersburg."This,heclaims,"wasthefirst
dynamitewhichtherevolutionariesreceivedinRussia."LevDeichgoessofaras
toattributetoZundelevichalonetheideaofusingthenewlyinventedexplosivefor
terroristobjectives."ToZundelevich,"hewrites,"belongstheinitiativetoreplace
knivesandrevolverswithdynamiteandbombswhich,duetohisefforts,beganto
beproducedbyhomemademethodsinRussiaitself."Thoughessentiallytrue,
thesestatementsmustbequalifiedinseveralrespects.[Haberer,Jewsand
RevolutioninNineteenthCenturyRussia,pp.188189]Inthefirstplace,
Zundelevichdidnotbuydynamiteinlargequantitiesbutonlyprocuredsamplesto
enablehiscomradesinRussiatomanufacturehighqualitydynamitethemselves.
Secondly,Zundelevichhimselfindicatedthatwhenheandotherssoughtnew,
moreeffectiveweaponsofterrorism,itwasSergeiKravchinskiiwho,uponhis
request,conductedexperimentsintheSwissmountainstotesttheefficacyof
dynamiteandotherexplosives.Communicatinghisfindings,Kravchinskii
16
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confirmedZundelevich'sownpreferencefordynamitewhich,hetoldhim,
"correspondsbestwiththetargetssingledoutforterroristacts."Reassuredthat
dynamitewasthe"rightstuff,"ZundelevichusedhiscontactsinSwitzerlandto
securesamplesfortheterrorists'"laboratory"inStPetersburg.Thus,asidefrom
promotingtheintroductionofdynamiteintotherevolutionarystruggle,
Zundelevichalsohelpedtoinitiatetheactualhomemadeproductionofthe
"elegantandslenderbombs."[ThisphrasebelongstoAdamUlam,Nameofthe
People,ch.13)]Ofcourse,the"dynamitebusiness"wasmerelyoneofthemany
taskswhichZundelevichperformedinhiscapacityas"chiefcontrabandist"and
"ministerofforeignaffairs."[Haberer,JewsandRevolutioninNineteenthCentury
Russia,p.189]
TheroleofIokhelson,Zundelevich,Tsukerman,andHelfmaninmanning
NarodnayaVolya'sundergrounddoesnot,ofcourse,exhausttheJewish
contributiontothefunctioningofitstechnoorganizationalinfrastructureduring
187981.OtheroutstandingactivistsinthisrespectwereGrigoriiMikhailovich
Fridenson(18541913),AizikAronchik,GrigoriiGoldenberg,andtheZlatopolskii
brothers,SaveliiandLev.Thelattertwoparticipatedinpreparationstoblowupthe
Tsar.SaveliiassistedVeraFignerinplanningtheNovember1879attempttomine
railroadtracksinOdessa.Lev,whohadareputationfor"extraordinary
mathematicaltalent"and"inventivetechnicaloriginality,"appliedhistheoretical
knowhowtothesecondOdessamininginAprilMay1880.Fittinglyknownbyhis
nicknameMekhanik,henotonlyadvisedSofiaPerovskaia(whowasinchargeof
theassassinationteam)onhowtotunnelandmineamajorOdessathoroughfare,
butalsoparticipateddirectlyinbuildingthesubterraneanexplosivedevice.
[Haberer,JewsandRevolutioninNineteenthCenturyRussia,p.195]
Itwouldbemisleading,however,todescribetheJewishroleinNarodnaya
Volyamerelyintermsof"secondaryfunctions,"andtoclaimmoreover,as
Tscherikowerhasdone,thatthisrolewasamodestone(abesheydene)sinceJews
were"locatedbasicallybetweentheleadersofthepartyandthedirectperpetrators
ofterroristacts.""ThestrengthoftheJewishrevolutionary,"heargues,"lay
altogetherindifferentspheres:hewasapioneerofpartybuilding,agreat
practitionerandtechnicianofrevolution."[TscherikowerquotedinHaberer,Jews
andRevolutioninNineteenthCenturyRussia,p.200]]Muchofthisistrueof
course.But,assuch,hisrolewasneither"modest"noralways"secondary."As
intermediariesbetweentheparty'sExecutiveCommitteeanditsrankandfile,the
JewishNarodovoltsyoccupiedanimportantpositioninthepropagationand
organizationofpoliticalterrorism.
ThoughhighlyprejudicedinitsassertionthatJews,alongwithPoles,were
themainspringoftherevolution,thetsaristgovernmentobviouslyhadacasein
blaming"Jewishnihilists"forthewaveofterrorismthathadrockedtheshipof
17
statesince187879andevenclaimeditscaptainin1881.Insomeways,andin
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spiteoftheirexaggerations,itsofficialshadamoreaccurateappreciationofthe
roleofJewsintheterroristmovementthantherevolutionariesthemselvesor
historianswhojoinedthemindownplayingtheJewishcontribution....This,in
turn,producedanewstrainofantiSemitismthathadterribleconsequencesforthe
JewsofRussia."[Haberer,JewsandRevolutioninNineteenthCenturyRussia,
pp.200201]
ThemakingofthisnewantisemitismwascorrectlyidentifiedbytheSoviet
JewishhistorianYuriGessenwhenhewrotethat"the1870sgaverisetoanew
motiftheJewsareharmfulanddangerous[due]totheirpoliticalrevolutionary
activity."[Gessen,Istoriya,2,p.212.,quotedinHaberer,JewsandRevolutionin
NineteenthCenturyRussia,p.201]Ifpreviouslytheywereconsideredharmfulfor
theeconomicandmoralwellbeingofsocietybecauseoftheir"exploitation"ofthe
nativepopulationandtheirreligious"fanaticism"whichoffendedChristian
sensibilities,theynowassumedalsothereputationofbeingapoliticallysubversive
element.Threeyearslater,theVilnachiefofpolicewasmoreexplicit.In
connectionwiththeJune1875destructionofthefirstVilnacircle,hedeclared:
"UntilnowweconsideredyouJewsonlyswindlers;nowwewillconsideryoualso
rebels."[ErichHaberer,JewsandRevolutioninNineteenthCenturyRussia
(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1995),p.201]
Upto1881Russianpolicyhadconsistentlybeendirectedinanattemptto
"Russianize"theJews,preparatorytoacceptinghimintofullcitizenship.Inline
withthispolicy,freeandcompulsoryeducationforJewshadbeenintroduced,
repeatedattemptshadbeenmadetoencouragethemtosettleonfarms,andspecial
effortshadbeenmadetoencouragethemtoengageinthecrafts.NowRussian
policywasreversed.HereafteritbecamethepolicyoftheImperialgovernmentto
preventthefurtherexploitationoftheRussianpeoplebytheJews.Thusbeganthe
deathstrugglebetweenTsarandJews.
TheassassinationofAlexanderII,thefirsteventofasimilarseries,wasthe
firstmajorsuccessoftherevolutionaryZionistsinpreventingJewish
emancipation.ItrestoredtheidealconditiondepictedbyMosesHess(oneofthe
earliestZionistpropagandists)intheyearfollowingtheliberationoftheserfs:"We
Jewsshallalwaysremainstrangersamongthenations;these,itistrue,willgrant
usrightsfromfeelingsofhumanityandjustice,buttheywillneverrespectusso
longasweplaceourgreatmemoriesinthesecondrankandacceptasourfirst
principle,'WhereIflourish,thereismycountry'."[QuotedinDouglasReed,The
ControversyofZion(Durban,SouthAfrica:DolphinPress,1978),p.196]
DuringthisperiodLeonPinsker,anotherheraldofZionism,publishedhis
bookAutoEmancipation.Thetitlewasathreat(totheinitiated);itmeant,"We
willnotacceptanykindofemancipationbestowedonusbyothers;wewill
18
emancipateourselvesandwillgive'emancipation'ourowninterpretation."He
said,"Thereisaninexorableandinescapableconflictbetweenhumansknownas
Jewsandotherhumans",andhedescribedthemastermethodtobeusedtobring
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aboutthis"selfemancipation"andto"restoretheJewishnation":thestruggleto
achievetheseends,hesaid,"mustbeentereduponinsuchaspiritastoexertan
irresistiblepressureupontheinternationalpoliticsofthepresent."[Quotedin
Reed,TheControversyofZion,p.196]
ThereactiontotheassassinationofAlexanderIIwas,ofcourse,
instantaneousandfarreaching.Therewasawidespreadbeliefinandoutofthe
government,thatiftheJewsweredissatisfiedwiththeruleofevenAlexanderII
whommanypeopleinRussiaandabroadhaddescribedas"themostbenevolent
princethateverruledRussia"thentheywouldbesatisfiedwithnothingless
thanoutrightdominationofRussia.
Allthrough1881therewaswidespreadantiJewishriotingalloverthe
empire.RiotsagainstJewsbeganin1881aftertheassassinationofTsarAlexander
II;thefactthattherewasaJewishmember(GessiaGelfman)intheassassin's
groupenflamedalreadyexistingnegativepublicopinionagainstJews.[Lowe,
Sanford.WhatJesusDidorDidNotSay:ANewScholarlyPortraitRevealsthe
RootsofAntisemitism.Moment.April1994,p.59]Amongthemostreported
RussianantiJewishpogromsitesattheturnofthecenturywasKishinev.(This
incidentledtothecreationoftheJewishlobbyingagency,theAmericanJewish
Committeein1903).ChaimWeitzmann,anotherZionistactivistandthefirst
PresidentofthestateofIsrael,wrotetoamemberofthewealthyJewish
Rothschildfamily(instrumentalinfundingearlyJewishsettlementsinpreIsrael
Palestine):"Elevenyearsago...IhappenedtobeinthecursedtownofKishinev...
Inagroupofabout100JewswedefendedtheJewishquarterwithrevolversinour
hand,defendedwomenandgirls...Wesleptinthecemeterytheonlysafeplace
andwesaw80corpsesbroughtin,mutilateddead...""ThusWeizmann,"says
AlbertLindemann,"reportsthathepersonallysaweightymutilatedcorpsesina
singleplace,whenthedeathtollfortheentirecitywaslatergenerallyrecognized
tobefortyfive.Butthereisanotherproblemwiththeaccountheprovides.Itis
purefantasy.WeizmannwasinWarsawatthetime."[Lindemann,Esau'sTears,
1997),p.164]LindemannshowsindetailhowtheJewsdeliberatelyexaggerated
theirlossesinthepogromandhowthroughbiasedscholarship,continuingtothe
presentday,theyhavetriedtofosterthemyththatCzaristauthoritieswere
responsibleforincitingthepogroms.[AftertheKishinev"pogrom"]Jewish
sourcesinitiallyreportedover700dead,but...asevenafriendlyAmerican
reporterrecognized,someoftheatrocitiesinitiallyreportedsimplydidnotoccur,
andsomeJewsmadefalseclaimsinhopesofgettingreliefmoneyfromwestern
EuropeandAmerica.[MichaelDavitt,WithinthePale:TheTrueStoryofAnti
19
SemiticPersecutioninRussia(NewYork,1903),pp.2401,quotedinLindemann,
Esau'sTears,1997),p.291]
Judeocentrichistory,however,isonlyinterestedinthemartyrological
legendsofitstribeandlargelyfocusesontheseminal1881rioting/pogroms
againstJewswhichspreadinto8provincesand240communitiesinpartsof
Russia.AsJewishscholarMichaelAronsonnotes,however,"Thenumberofcases
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ofrapeandmurder(oneofthehighestestimatesrefersto40deadand225rapesin
1881)seemsrelativelylowbytwentiethcenturystandards.Butthisdidnotprevent
thestormyeventsof188184fromhavingadeeplyshockingandlonglasting
impacton[largelyJewish]contemporaries."[MichaelAronson,TroubledWaters:
TheOriginsofthe1881AntiJewishPogromsinRussia(UniversityofPittsburgh
Press,1990),p.61]ForJews,especiallyintheWest,theattacksuponJewish
communitiesmerelyinformed,andconfirmed,convictionsofJewishinnocence
andthespecialnessoftheiruniquesufferingwithintheirreligiouslybased
martyrologicaltradition.But,asChaimBermantnotes,Jewishinnocenseand
passivitytoPolishattackisnotaccurate:
"Afterthe1881pogromsJewsbegantoorganizeselfdefenceunits.Inthe
late'eighties,forexample,alargegangwhichsetupontheJewsofOdessa
foundthemselvesconfrontedbyJewishbands,armedwithclubsandiron
bars(andaccordingtothepolice,firearms),andquicklydrewback.The
samehappenedinBerdichevandseveralothercentres.Jewsoftengaveas
goodastheygot,evenbetteronoccasion,buttheireffortswererestrictedby
thepoliceandthearmy,nominallytheretokeepthepeace,butusually
sidingwiththeattackers.InAugust1903,therewasapitchedbattleinthe
streetsofGomelbetweenJews,peasantsandrailwayworkersinwhich
twelveJewsandeightChristianswerekilledandmanyhundredswere
injured:muchpropertywaslootedanddestroyed.InapogromatZhitomir
whichextendedoverthreedaysinApril1905,tenChristiansandsixteen
Jewswerekilledmainlythroughpoliceaction.Onthethirddayofthe
fightingacrowdofaboutathousandJewsmadetheirwaytothegovernor
andwarnedthatiftheirattackerswerenotcalledofftheywouldembark
uponageneralslaughter.'Riversofbloodwillflow.Wewillkillall
Christiansirrespectiveoftheirage,sex,class..."[ChaimBermant,TheJews
(TimesBooks,1977),p.211]
TheRussianorPolishsideofthestoryinantiJewish"pogroms"inthat
countryisnevermentionedinmainstreamJewishhistory.AsTadeuszPiotrowski
notesaboutviolenceagainstJews,forexample,inthetownsofKielceand
Czestochowa,"thefirstwassparkedbyamassivedemonstrationinvolving300
20
youngJewswhomarchedupanddownthetownstreetschanting:'Longlive
Lenin!LongliveTrotsky!TohellwithPoland!'Thesecondwasprecipitatedby
theshootingofaPolishsoldierbyaJew."[TadeuszPiotrowski,Poland's
Holocaust:EthnicStrife,CollaborationwithOccupyingForcesandGenocidein
theSecondRepublic,19181947(Jefferson,NC:McFarland&Co.,1998),p.43]
LargenumbersofJewswhohadbeenpermittedtosettlebeyondthePaleof
Settlementwereevicted.InMayof1882theMayLaws(ProvisionalRulesofMay
3,1882)wereimposed,thusimplementingthenewgovernmentalpolicy.TheMay
Lawsshooktheempiretoitsfoundations.Thefollowingpassageistakenfrom
EncyclopediaBritannica[page76,volume2,1947]:
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"TheRussianMayLawswerethemostconspicuouslegislativemonument
achievedbymodernantiSemitism...Theirimmediateresultswasaruinous
commercialdepressionwhichwasfeltallovertheempireandwhich
profoundlyaffectedthenationalcredit.TheRussianministerwasathiswit's
endformoney.Negotiationsforalargeloanwereentereduponwiththe
houseofRothschildandapreliminarycontractwassigned,when...the
financeministerwasinformedthatunlessthepersecutionsoftheJewswere
stoppedthegreatbankinghousewouldbecompelledtowithdrawfromthe
operation...InthiswayantiSemitism,whichhadalreadysoprofoundly
influencedthedomesticpoliciesofEurope,setitsmarkontheinternational
relationsofthepowers,foritwastheurgentneedoftheRussiantreasury
quiteasmuchastheterminationofPrinceBismarck'ssecrettreatyof
mutualneutralitywhichbroughtabouttheFrancoRussianalliance."
Thus,withinaperiodof92years(fromthe3rdpartitionto1882)theJews,
althoughconstitutingonly4.2%ofthepopulation,hadbeenabletoentrench
themselvessowellintheRussianeconomythatthenationwasalmostbankrupted
intheattempttodislodgethem.And,aswehaveseen,thenation'sinternational
creditwasalsoaffected.
After1881eventsservedincreasinglytosharpentheenmityofRussia's
JewrytowardTsarism.TheMayLawshadnotonlyrestrictedJewisheconomic
activity,buthadattemptedunsuccessfullytopreserveRussia'scultural
integrity.HereafterJewswerepermittedtoattendstatesupportedschoolsand
universities,butonlyinratiototheirpopulation.Thiswasnotunreasonablesince
Russia'sschoolswerefloodedwithJewishstudentswhilelargenumbersof
Russia'spopulationwereilliterate,buttotheJewsthisrepresentedanotherbitter
"persecution,"andalltheworldwasacquaintedwiththeenormityofthisnew
crimeagainstJewry...
21
OnMay23rdadelegationofJewsheadedbyBaronGunzbergcalledonthe
newTsar(AlexanderIII)toprotesttheMayLawsandtheallegeddiscrimination
againstJewry.Asaresultoftheinvestigationwhichfollowed,TsarAlexander
issuedanedictthefollowingSept.3rd,apartofwhichIcanread:
"ForsometimethegovernmenthasgivenitsattentiontotheJewsand
totheirrelationstotherestoftheinhabitantsoftheempire,withaviewof
ascertainingthesadconditionoftheChristianinhabitantsbroughtaboutby
theconductoftheJewsinbusinessmatters...
DuringthelasttwentyyearstheJewshavegraduallypossessed
themselvesofnotonlyeverytradeandbusinessinallitsbranches,butalso
ofagreatpartofthelandbybuyingorfarmingit.Withfewexceptions,they
haveasabodydevotedtheirattention,nottoenrichingorbenefitingthe
country,buttodefraudingbytheirwilesitsinhabitants,andparticularlyits
poorinhabitants.Thisconductoftheirshascalledforthprotestsonthepart
ofthepeople,asmanifestedinactsofviolenceandrobbery.The
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government,whileontheonehanddoingitsbesttoputdownthe
disturbances,andtodelivertheJewsfromoppressionandslaughter,have
also,ontheotherhand,thoughtitamatterofurgencyandjusticetoadopt
stringentmeasuresinordertoputanendtotheoppressionpractisedbythe
Jewsontheinhabitants,andtofreethecountryfromtheirmalpractices,
whichwere,asisknown,thecauseoftheagitations."[ElizabethWormeley
Latimer,RussiaandTurkeyinthe19thCentury(A.C.McClury&Co.,
1895),p.332.]
In1896theRussianstatesetupaliquormonopoly,deprivingthousandsof
Jewsoflucrativeoccupations,eitheraswholesaleliquormerchantsoras
innkeepers.Inmanyareasuptothistime,theliquortradehadbeenimportantto
Jewisheconomicsurvival.InthevillagesofZhitomirprovince,forexample,73.7
percentoftheJewsearnedalivingbyleasingdistilleriesandsellingtheproductat
inns.[EzraMendelsohn,ClassStrugglesinthePale:TheFormativeYearsofthe
JewishWorkers'MovementinTsaristRussia(Cambridge,England,1970),p.2.]
Notsurprisingly,aftertheestablishmentofthestateliquormonopoly,manyJews
continuedtoproduceandsmugglecontrabandalcohol,furtherswellingtheranks
ofJewishcriminalswhofounditnecessarytobribelocalofficialstosurvive.
[Lindemann,Esau'sTears,p.289]
In1887,thesocalled"percentagerate"wasintroduced:thenumberof
membersofanyethnicgroup,ordenominationasitwascalledatthattime,who
enteredtheinstitutionsofhighereducationhadtobeproportionatetothenumber
ofmembersofthatethnicgrouplivinginthelocalityinquestion.Onewouldthink
22
thatthisprocedureprescribedajustuniformityforallnations.ButtheZionists
howled:"Antisemitism!"Theywereinanycasealsoverydissatisfiedwiththe
Statenewmonopolyonvodka.
ItwasinthisatmospherethatthetwinmovementsofMarxismandpolitical
ZionismbegantotakeholdanddominatethemassofRussianJewry.Modern
Zionism,whosechiefadvocatewasTheodoreHerzl,tookrootinRussiainthe
1880sincompetitionwithMarxism,whosehighpriestwasKarlMarx,also
grandsonofarabbi...EventuallyeveryRussianJewcametoidentifyhimselfwith
eitheroneortheotherofthesemovements.
Theytookthreedecisions.ThefirstwastogotoAmericaandstrengthen
Zionismthere:ZionistshadestablishedafairlyfirmgripontheUnitedStatesby
themiddleofthe19thcentury.Thesecondwastosettleinthe"PromisedLand".
AfterlengthydebatestheydecidedthatthiswouldbePalestine,their"historical
homeland".Thethirdwas,byoverthrowingtheRussiangovernmentandseizing
power,toturnRussiaherselfintoasortoflike"PromisedLand"fortheJews.All
thesethreepathsweretobepursuedinparallel.Inaddition,itwasdecidedtowage
amoreclearlyopenstrugglethanpreviously:powerfulandvariedZionist
organizationsweretobesetup,employingnotonlytheirown,butalsoallthe
other,ideologiesandtendencies.
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EmigrationtoAmericareceivedalsoapowerfulimpetus.Afurtheroneand
ahalfmillionJewshademigratedtherebytheendofthecentury.TheJewsalso
begantotakepossessionofPalestine.AndasforRussia,manyhourswouldbe
requiredtodescribetheactivitiesuponwhichtheZionistswere,andstillare,
engagedinRussia.Idescribedthemtoyouonlybriefly.
Inparticular,ZionistsweretopenetrateRussiansociety,inordertoprepare
fortheseizureofpowerandforsubsequentgovernment.Theworldonlyactually
begantonoticeZionismafterthe"WorldZionistOrganization"(founded1897)
andagreatnumberofotherorganizationshadbeencreated.Thereweresome500
suchorganizationsinRussiaalonebythetimetherevolutionbegan.Thisservedto
makepeoplethinkthattheideologyandpracticeofZionismwerealsocreated
preciselyatthattime.ButinrealitytheZionistshadmerelycomeoutintotheopen
andwerepursuingtheiractivitieslegally.Aswehavesaid,Zionismhasbeen
puttingitsideologyintopracticeforthreethousandyears.
BytheturnofthetwentiethcenturyalargeJewishpopulationinRussiahad
grownandtheirprincipalagitationtendedtobeabout"beingJewish.""Byfarthe
mostsignificantJewishMarxistpartywastheBund,"notesLionelKochan(who
wasoneofBritain'sleadingexpertsonthehistoryofCentralandEasternEurope),
"ItfarexceededotherRussiansocialdemocraticpartiesinsizeandinfluence."
[LionelKochan,EastEuropeanJewrySince1770,p.122]
23
Asanoutgrowthofthispoliticalfermentation,thereappearedatthe
beginningofthe20thcenturyoneofthemostremarkableterroristorganizations
everrecordedintheannalsofhistory.ThiswastheJewishdominatedSocial
RevolutionaryParty(EssersinRussian),whichbetween1901and1906was
responsiblefortheassassinationofnolessthansixfirstrankingleadersofthe
Imperialgovernment,includingMinisterofEducationBogolepov(1901);Minister
ofInteriorSipyagin(1902);GovernorofcityofUfaBogdanovich1903);Premier
ViachelavvonPlehve(1904);GrandDukeSergei,uncleoftheTsar(1905);and
GeneralDubrassov,whohadsuppressedtheMoscowinsurrection(1906).
TerrorismwasregardedbytheSocialistRevolutionaryPartyanditsleaderstobe
ofprimeimportance.AsOliverRadkey,professorofRussianhistoryatUniversity
ofTexas,hasemphasized,thefortunesofthepartywereinextricablyboundto
terrorism.ChiefarchitectoftheseterroristactivitieswastheJew,Gershuni,who
headedthe"terrorsection"oftheSocialRevolutionaryParty.Inchargeofthe
"fightingsection"wasYevnoAzev,sonofaJewishtailor,andoneoftheprincipal
foundersoftheparty.
ThemainterroristorganizationofthePartywasthesocalledCombat
Brigade(Boevayaorganizatsiya),anautonomousgroupthatwasresponsibleonly
totheCentralCommittee.Becauseofthemanyapplicantsandthefactthat
requirementsformembershipwereverystringent,itwasdifficulttogain
admittanceandmemberswerecarefullyscreened.Oneformermember,theSR
leaderV.Zenzinov,writes:"Membershipwasconsideredagreathonorbecausea
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memberwasentrustedwiththegoodnameandreputationofthepartyandhehad
todeserveit,tomeritthisgreatfaith...Ipersonallyknowofmanypersonswho
expressedthewishtojointheTerroristBrigadeandwereturneddown."Zenzinov
estimatesthattheBrigadeincludedabout78personsaltogetherduringthetimeof
itsexistence(19021910).
ProminentmemberoftheBrigadewasDoraBrilliant,whosestorygives
someinterestinginsightsintothepsychologyoftheJewishfemaleterrorist.After
being,exiledtoPoltavaforParticipationinastudentdemonstration,Brilliantmet
Gershuni,thefounderoftheTerroristBrigade,whoapparentlyhadagreat
influenceonher.ShejoinedthePSRin1902andin1904shewasfinallyadmitted
intoTerroristBrigade.V.Levitskii(Tsederbaum),whoknewherinPoltava,noted:
"Whatwasinterestingaboutherwereherdeeplyset,darkeyes,whichexpressed
somesortofinconsolablemelancholyandgrief.Someoneaptlysaidthattheage
oldsorrowoftheJewishpeoplewasexpressedinthem."Brilliant'sfirstterrorist
undertakingwasherparticipationintheplottokillPleve.Toprepareforthe
assassinationsheandSavinkov,actingashusbandandwife,rentedaflatwithtwo
otherfellowterrorists,whoplayedthepartoftheservants.Brilliantpleaded
incessantlywithSavinkovtoallowhertothrowoneofthebombsatPleve,buthe
24
refused,insistingthataslongasthereweremenavailablewomenshouldnot
actuallycommitterroristacts.
RahelLurie,anothermemberoftheTerroristBrigade,wassimilarto
Brilliantinthatshetoolongedtothrowabombherself.AccordingtoSavinkov,
"shebelievedinterrorandconsidereditadutyandanhonortoparticipateinit."
Terrorbecamethefocalpoint,theirraisond'etre.Theultimatepoliticalandsocial
goalswereovershadowedbytheimmediacyoftheterroristcampaignandtheir
participationinit.MariyaShkol'nik,ayoungJewishterroristwhoparticipatedin
theplottokillGeneralTheodoreTrepov,thegovernorofSt.Petersburg,recalled
inhermemoirs:"Theisolationandconcentrationononeideaaffectedmeina
particularway.Theworlddidnotexistforme."
FrumaFrumkina,aformerBundist,anotherJewishwomanwhoseobsession
withterrorbecameirrational.Afterheroffertocommitaterroristacthadbeen
rejectedbytheparty,Frumkinadecidedtotakeherowninitiative.InMay,1903,
whileservingabriefterminKievprison,FrumkinaaskedtospeakwithNovitskii,
theKievaChiefofPolice.Afterbeingadmittedtohisofficeshewalkedoverand
stabbedhimwithasmallknife,woundinghimonlyslightly.Shewassentencedto
alongperiodofhardlaborforthis,butherdesiretocarryoutaterroristact
successfullyhadbecomeanideefixe.AletterwrittenbyhertoVladimirBurtsev,
theeditorofByloe,revealsthattoalargeextentherterroristmotivesstemmed
fromadeepdesiretoconfirmherownimportanceasanindividual:"Imust
confessthatIhavedoneverylittle....Ihavealwaysbeenstronglyenticedbythe
ideaofcarryingoutaterroristact.Ihavethought,andstillthink,onlyofthat,have
longedandstilllongonlyforthat.Icannotcontrolmyself."In1907,whileina
Moscowprison,Frumkinamadeanotherunsuccessfulattempttokillaprison
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officialandwasexecutedshortlythereafter.
Azevlaterplotted,butwasunabletocarryout,theassassinationofTsar
NicholasII.Hewasexecutedin1909andGershuniwassentencedtolife
imprisonment.Thismarkedtheendoftheterroristactivitiesoftheparty,butthe
effectofthesepoliticalmurderswasfarreaching.Neveragainwastheroyal
family,oritsministersfreefromthefearofassassination.Soonanotherprime
ministerwouldbeshotdownthistimeintheverypresenceoftheTsar.This
wasthebackdropforthefirstrevolutionof1905.
Wemustforthemomentturnourattentionalsotoagroupofrevolutionary
exileswhoareimportanttothisstorybecausetheyandtheirdiscipleseventually
becametherulersofCommunistRussia.Headofthisgroup,andthemanwhois
generallyrecognizedasLenin'steacher,wasGeorgePlekhanov,agentile.
PlekhanovhadfledRussiainthe1880sandsettledinSwitzerland.Therewiththe
aidofVeraZasulich,LeoDeutch,andPavelAxelrodallJewshehadformed
theMarxist"GroupfortheEmancipationofLabor",anduntil1901wasrecognized
25
astheleaderofthegroup.AlthoughPlekanovwashimselfnotaJew,thosearound
himwere,withafewexceptions,Jewish.OneoftheexceptionswasLenin,who
firstbecameadiscipleofPlekanov,andlateracompetitor.
Incarryingouttheirowndecision,theZionistsentereduponthe
revolutionarymovementinRussiaonamassivescale.Ofcourse,inallthisthey
hadbeenpursuingtheirownaimsofsubjectingthesemovementstothetasksof
Zionism.Iwouldsaythatthemovementwassimplyhijackedbythem.
AtthattimeLeibaDavidovichBronsteinwasalreadybecomingactiveinthe
subversivemovementoftheseradicals.Hereyoucanseetheseearlyphotos,
includinghisparents(YiddisheMama,whogavebirthtothemostviciousmonster
inthehistoryofhumankind),andalsohismugshotforhiscriminalrecord,and
oneofthesupportersofTrotskywasAlexaderParvus,whoactuallyhimselfwasa
millionaireandinthisphotoyoucanseeTrotskyandParvusandanotheroftheir
fellowrevolutionariesinjail.But,no,ofcourseIdon'twanttoimplythatall
subversivesandterroristsinRussiaatthattimewereexclusivelyonlyJews.
Although,asIsaid,theJewsmadeupthebulkofrevolutionaries,oratleastmost
activeandmostprominentmembersofthatmovement,buttherewerealsoquitea
few"shabbagoys"tohelpthem.Atthattime,bytheendof19thcentury,Vladimir
IllychUlyanov,wholaterbecameknownasLenin,wasgrowingupandgaining
statusinthemovement.But,hey,hewasalsoaquarterJewish.Nowit'sa
commonlyknownfact,althoughwhenIwasinschoolintheformerSovietUnion,
itwasagreatsecret.ButherintheUnitedstates,itwasknownalongtimeago.
In1898,seizingtheinitiativefromtheSocialDemocratsinRussia,the
ZionistsorganizedtheRussianSocialDemocraticWorkers'Party.Itistobenoted
thatthiswasdoneimmediatelyaftertheWorldZionistOrganizationwascreatedin
1897.OftheninedelegatespresentatthefirstconferenceoftheRussianSocial
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DemocraticWorkers'Party,eightwereZionists:Katz,Mutnik,Tuchapsky,
Kremer,Petrusevich,Edelman,VannovskyandVigdorchik.Theyconstituted89%
oftheconference.TheZionists,asIsaid,alsocreatedtheSocialistRevolutionary
partyfromtheremainsofthePopulistmovement,withaZionistcalledGotz
playinganimportantpart.TheycreatedalsotheConstitutionalDemocrats'Party,
thePeople'sSocialistParty,andothers.TheprincipleofZionismistousedifferent
routesandmethodstomovetowardsasinglegoal.Decentralization,broadnessof
scope,becomingfamiliarwithanyoutwardappearancetheycaretoadopt,and
withanyexternalgoalswhichtheyzealouslypursue,pretendingtobeentirely
seriousaboutwhattheyaredoing:allthisconstitutesthepowerfulandmethodical
approachwhichhasforcenturiesenabledZioniststosubjecteverythingtotheir
will.
Youknow,backclosetothebeginningof20thcentury,around1905orso,a
bookfirstwaspublishedcontainingthetextofwhatbecamegenerallyknownas
26
TheProtocolsoftheLearnedEldersofZion.ThepublisherwasaRussian
academic,ProfessorSergeiNilus.Nilushimselfallegedlyhadobtainedthe
ProtocolsfromaRussianofficial,whohadobtainedthetextfromsomeRussian
noblewoman,whointurnhadpurchasedthematerialfromaJewinParisabout15
yearsearlier.TheProtocolspurportstobeacollectionofminutesorreportsof
meetingsheldbytheleadersoftheworldJewishcommunity,atwhichthey
summarizetheprogresstheyhadmadetothattimeintheirquestforworld
subversion,worldownership,andworldpowerandoutlinetheirplansfor
continuingtheprocessinthefuture.Theytalkaboutgainingcontrolofthebanking
systemsofvariouscountries,aboutfomentingwarsandrevolutionstoweakenand
destroyGentilepower,aboutcorruptingmusicandartandeducation,about
subvertingvariousGentileinstitutions,abouttakingoverthepresseverywhereand
controllingtheflowofinformationtothemasses,aboutunderminingthefamily
andbringingfamilyvaluesintodisrepute,andsoon.Well,readingtheProtocols
makesone'sfleshcrawl.
WeshouldrememberthatwhentheProtocolsbegancirculatinginRussiain
thefirstdecadeof20thcentury,thatcountryhadnotyetfallenvictimto
Bolshevism,buttheJewswerealreadygenerallyrecognizedasadangerously
subversiveelementinRussia,astheschemersandstringpullersbehindevery
attempttodamageorupsettheestablishedorderinRussia,andsoProfessorNilus'
publicationoftheProtocolsfoundareadymarketamongtheRussianpublic.
TheJewshavebeenclaiminghystericallysincetheProtocolsfirstappeared
thatthetextis"aforgery."Well,Iwouldn'tcallTheProtocols"aforgery,"asthe
Jewsdowheneverthebookismentioned.I'minclinedtobelieveProfessorNilus
wasanastuteobserveroftheJewsandalsowasatrueRussianpatriot.Hewanted
towarntheRussianpeopleofwhattheZionists(orasIcallthem,Jewish
Supremacists)areupto,whattheywereplanningtodotoRussia,andsohe
imaginedhowtheZionistplanmightlookifitwerealllaidoutinstraightforward
language.Ibelievethathewrotethetexthepublished,butthathebelieveditwasa
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reasonablyaccuratedescriptionofwhattheJewishZionistsactuallyweredoing.
HereinthisfamouspaintingbyRussianartistVereschaginisvery
symbolicallydepictedwhatZionismhadinstoreforRussianpeople.
WeknowthatitwasnottheBolshevikswhocarriedouttherevolutionof
1917.Thatistosay,therevolutionwas,inthefinalanalysis,carriedoutby
ZionistsandforZionists.
AsPushkinsaidinhis"SongofOleg":
"Fromtheskullofthechargerasnake,withahiss
Creptforthastheherowasspeaking:
Roundhislegs,likearibbon,ittwineditsblackring;
AndthePrinceshriekedaloudashefeltthekeensting."
July14,2006
Today'spresentationIwouldliketomake(timepermitting)ofthreeparts.
First,I'lltellalittlebit(andjustalittlebit)aboutthehistoryoftheProtocols.Both
versions:kosherandnonkosher,whichmeansI'lltouchuponhowitispresented
bytheZionistJewsthemselves,bythosewhoclaimthattheProtocolsarefake
(forgery,plagiarism,andsoon),andalsoversionpresentedbythosewhodo
believethattheyareauthentic.No,I'mnotgoingtogodeepintodetailsandI'm
notgoingtoquotefromtheProtocols,because,ofcourse,wedon'thavetimefor
that,andtherearesomeverygoodresourcesavailableontheInternetforthose
whowanttolearnmore.Iputtogetheralistofsuchresources,andallInternet
addressesareonthatlittlepieceofpaperthatIgaveyou.Therearealsosome
booksincluded,andallofthemareavailablehereatourUniversityofOregon
library.AfterthisshortexcursethroughthehistoryoftheProtocols,Iwillmove
ontomyownandotherpeople'sopinionregardingtheirimportance.And,asa
backgroundtherewillbeaslideshow.And,Ihope,wewillfinishthissessionby
listeningtoveryimportantaudiorecodingofshortlecturebythelateDr.William
L.Pierce,whoexplainedeverythinginmuchmoreclearandpowerfulwaythenI
evercouldorwould...
So,whatisthisbestsellingpoliticaltractofthe20thcentury,thereadingof
whichcarriedthedeathpenaltyinBolshevistRussia?ItwaslaudedbyHenryFord
andWinstonChurchill,andthenalsoloudlycondemnedforthepast60orsoyears,
sinceitwasbrieflydeclaredanantiSemiticforgery(inaSwisscourtin1935,but
lateroverturnedbytheAppealsCourtin1937)?WHYsomuchfussaboutit?
WHYdotheZionistJewssopersistentlytrytosuppressit?
TheProtocolsareinfactaseriesof24mostlyarticulate,wellargued
lecturesoutliningaplanforworlddomination,withsharppoliticalandsocial
analysis,lotsofMachiavelliandaMarxiansophisticationinitsunderstandingof
capitalismandhistoricalprocesses.Briefly,itoutlinesaplanofworldconquestby
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firstestablishingworldgovernmentbyconsent.Therefore,understandably,aswith
anybrilliantpoliticalanalysis,ithasbeendenounced,dismissed,misinterpreted,
andevenbanned...
Thefirsteditionofthisremarkablebookwaspublishedexactlyhundred
yearsago,in1905,inRussia.Itquicklydisappearedfromcirculationandattracted
littleornoattention.OnecopyneverthelessreachedtheBritishMuseumin1906
andwascataloguedunderthenumber3926D.17.
AsthearticleinLondonTimesstatedonAugust17,1921:
"ThesedocumentsattractedonlyalittleattentionbeforetheRevolutionof
1917.TheastoundingbreakdownofagreatstateduetoattackbyBolsheviks
andthepresenceofcountlessJewsamongthem,hadtheresultthatmany
peoplewerelookingforreasonableexplanationsofthecatastrophe.The
Protocolsfurnishedthisexplanation,especiallyasthetacticsofthe
Bolsheviksatmanypoints,wereidenticalwiththerecommendationsofthe
Protocols."
Therefore,later,duringthewhole20thcentury,theProtocolswerepublished
inmanycountriesalthoughpowerfuleffortsweremadetopreventtheir
publication.Infact,theProtocolsoftheEldersofZionisperhapsthemosttabooed
bookintheworld...Also,nexttotheBible,theProtocolsareperhapsthemostly
widelyreadbookintheworld!!!
TheProtocolsweredescribedasahoax.Theinterestingpointhereisthat
thereisnoevidenceorproofneitherthatitisahoax,northatitisauthentic.Ifone
looksintoanyencyclopediahewillfindthewords"forgery","hoax"or
"fraudulent"inregardstothisdocumentwithouttheevidenceforsuchastatement.
Now,asensationalarticleappearedintheLondonTimesofMay8,1921,
fromwhichthefollowingquotationistaken:
"Whatdotheymean,thoseProtocols?Aretheygenuine?Hasagangof
criminalsreallydrawnupsuchplansandistriumphingovertheir
fulfillment?Aretheyaforgery?Buthowcanoneexplainthenthisterrible
propheticgiftthatforetoldallthisbeforehand?Didwefightalltheseyears
todestroytheworldpowerofGermanyonlytofindourselvesnowfacinga
muchmoredangerousenemy?Havewesavedourselvesthroughenormous
effortsfromPAXGERMANICAonlytofallavictimtoPAXJUDAICA?"
TheTimesconcludesthisarticlewiththefollowingsignificantwords:
"IftheProtocolswerewrittenbytheLearnedEldersofZiontheneverything
thatwasattemptedanddoneagainsttheJews,isjustified,necessaryand
urgent"
Someweightywords!
Isthereanywonderthenthatthepowerfulinfluencesagainstwhichthis
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terribleindictmentisdirected,madeallpossibleeffortstobringthisdocumentinto
discredit?CleverstepswereundertakentoprovethattheProtocolswereforgeries.
TheZionistJewshaveagainandagaindisputedtheirauthenticity.
Hereisalittlebitofsuchofficial(Jewish)versionofProtocols'history.
WearetoldthattheProtocolsisahoax,a"provenforgery"concoctedby
theTsaristPoliticalPolice(theOkhrana)toinciteantiSemitismanddiscredit
revolutionaries.Buttheonly"proofforthatisfarfromconvincing.Itconsists
onlyofthreearticlespublished,again,intheLondonTimes(onthe16th,17thand
18thofAugust1921)andwrittenbyPhilipGraveswhowasTimes'reporterin
Constantinople.IntheseseriesofarticlesGravesassertsthattheProtocolsareonly
aclumsyfraudproducedbyaconsciencelessplagiaristwhoparaphrased(chapter
bychapter)anotherbook,publishedinGenevaandBrussels,in18641865.That
bookcalledDialoguesinHellBetweenMachiavelliandMontesquieuandwritten
bya"Frenchman"namedMauriceJoly.TheTimespublishedseveralpassages
frombothbooks(fromProtocolsandDialogues)inparallelcolumnsthus
supposedly"provingbeyondanydoubt"thespiritualkinshipbetweenthem.The
forgeryversionseemedtobewellestablished.Itwaseasytomakethisclaim
whileJoly'sbookwasunavailable.NapoleanIll'spoliceconfiscateditassoonas
itwaspublished.
OK,thecruxofGraves'argumentisthatcertainreferencesandpassagesin
ProtocolswereliftedfromDialogues.Heclaimsthereare50oftheseand
producesaboutadozen.TheirstrikingresemblancetoProtocols,yes,leaveslittle
doubtthattheauthordidrefertotheDialoguesaspartofhisresearch.Hehadno
compunctionaboutborrowingorreshapingafewpassagesthatstruckhisfancy.
IndeedPhilipGraves,ashewrote,was"struckbytheabsenceofanyeffortonthe
partoftheplagiaristtoconcealhisplagiarisms."That'sbecausehe(whowrotethe
Protocols)hadnothingtohide!
Now,theTimesemphasizedcarefullyitsstandinginregardtotheJewish
opinionasbeingabsolutelynonpartisanandpretendedtohaveexposedthis
"remarkableforgery"forthesakeofthetruthonly,asitwasveryimportantthat
this"legend"oftheProtocolsshalldisappearassoonaspossibleandforever...
Indeedso,sincethematterinquestionisoftremendousimportance!Thelastofthe
Times'articlesterminatedwiththefollowingwords:"Thefactthatwehavetodo
withaplagiarism,only,isdefinitelyestablished.LettheLegendnowbecomea
matterofthepast."Butthispiouswishfailedtomaterialize.Therearemany
circumstancesthatmakeitimpossibletoaccepttheassertionoftheTimesasafinal
decision.AsShakespearewouldsay,somethingisrotteninKingdomofDenmark
...Andifweinvestigatewemakesomeinterestingdiscoveries.
Forexample,NationalTidscrift,newspaperinOslo,Norway,inoneofits
Julyissuesofyear1922,reportedthatacertainJEWISHbankeracquiredthe
controloftheLondonTimesatthetimewhentheseseriesofarticlesappeared.
Thisstatementtomyknowledgewasneverrefuted.
And,tome,Graves'articlessmackofaZionistpropagandaoperation.
Graves'"expose"ofProtocolsappearedinAugust1921whenZionistswere
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pressingtheLeagueofNationstoturnPalestineintoaJewishhomelandunder
BritishMandate.Quitea"coincidence"!
TheTimesproclaimedtriumphantlythat"indisputableevidence"was
produced!!!
Isthatso?Howwonderful...
TheTimesexplainsthatthe"forgery"wasdiscovered"accidentally."Iftrue
thenitwasaverylucky"accident,"consideringthegreatimportanceofthe
questioninvolved.AccordingtoPhilipGraves,inConstantinople,wherehewas
theTimes'reporter,hebecameacquainted,bymereluck,withacertainRussian.
(Wishingtoremainincognito,hewasreferredtoonlyas"Mr.X")Thismysterious
strangerhandedthecorrespondentoftheTimestheparticularbooklet,writtenby
MauriceJoly,whichmadeitpossibletodiscoverthe"forgery."Mr.Xpresentedit
as"irrefutableproofthattheProtocolsareaplagiarism.Heclaimsheboughtthe
bookfrom,getthis,"aformermemberoftheOkhrana"whohadfledto
Constantinople.Thewholestoryseemstobesomewhatdarkandromantic.No
evidencewasproducedthatMr.GravesevermetthatRussianinConstantinople.
Theidentityof"Mr.X"wasneverrevealed.
Whysomuchmysteryaboutit?
HowdidthelongsinceforgottenJolybookfinditswaytoRussia?That
problemwasneversolved.Severaluntenabletheorieswereadvanced.Themindof
thereaderwasswitchedatlightningspeedfromConstantinopletoSt.Petersburg
andfromCorsicatoLondon....sothattheBritish"goyim"readersoftheTimes
becamedizzyandunabletokeepinstep,remainingfarbackinignorance.The
gamewaswon!(Bytheway,youcanreadallthosearticlesontheInternet.
AddressisavailableonthelistwhichIgave.)
Well,inhisfamousbook,TheControversyofZion(Chapter34),Douglas
Reed,alsoTimes'correspondentatthetime,providesadditionalbackground.
InMay1920,LordNorthcliffe,apartowneroftheTimes,printedanarticle
abouttheProtocolsentitled"TheJewishPeril,aDisturbingPamphlet,aCallforan
Enquiry."Itconcluded:
"Animpartialinvestigationofthesewouldbedocumentsandtheirhistoryis
mostdesirable...arewetodismissthewholematterwithoutinquiryandto
lettheinfluenceofsuchabookasthisworkunchecked?"
TheninMay1921NorthcliffevisitedPalestineandwrotethatBritainhadbeentoo
hastytopromiseittotheJewswheninfactitbelongedto700,000MuslimArab
residents.Mr.WickhamSteed,theeditoroftheTimesofLondon,forsomereason,
refusedtoprintthearticleandNorthcliffetriedtogethimfired.SomehowSteed
wasabletohaveNorthcliffedeclared"insane"...LaterNorthcliffecomplainedhe
wasbeingpoisonedandthendiedsuddenlyin1922.Wow!Againjustmere
coincidence???
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DouglasReedactuallywasNorthcliffe'ssecretarybutdidn'tlearnofthese
eventsuntiltheyappearedintheOfficialHistoryoftheTimesinthe1950s.
ClearlyNorthcliffehadoffendedsome"bigboys"whenheopposedthe
BritishMandateinPalestine.Thus,onemanwhohadenoughpowerandwillto
challengetheProtocolsandZionismonaninternationalstagetoanaudienceof
millions,whowascommittedtoilluminatingtheworldastothetrueagenda,had
beenremoved.
Now,ifallthatsupposed"evidence"regardingtheProtocolsbeingnothing
but"forgery"isproperlyscrutinizedandsubjectedtoseriousinvestigationtheonly
solidsubstancethatisleftisthefactthatoneofthebooksrepresentsan
overwritingandfurtherdevelopmentoftheotherone.Underthesecircumstances
cantheuglyword"forgery"beapplied???
SuchaconclusionissimplyridiculouswhenweconsiderthattheBible,for
example,containmanyparallelpassages.Afurtherdevelopmentandwideningofa
certaintextcannotbeclassifiedas"forgery,"otherwiseeverypreacherwhoquotes
apassagefromtheBiblewithoutmentioningtheverseandchapterwouldalsobe
consideredasaforgerandplagiarist.IstheGospelofLukeaplagiaryofthe
GospelofMattheworMark?Supposethatthosepassageswereprintedinparallel
columns(aswasthecasewiththeProtocolsandthebookofJoly)theresultwould
bejustasconvincingthatoneoftheScripturesisaparaphraseoftheother.Would
thisjustifythestatementthataclumsyfraudwasconcoctedandthatoneofthe
Scriptureswasaforgery?Itisasclearasdaylightthatnoplagiarismwas
committed.YoucangetabookcalledGospelParallelsthatshowsyousidebyside
allofthecommonquotesintheGospels.InfactGospelParallelsisnowonline
somewhere.TheBible'swriterswereusingintheirwritingsmaterialwithwhich
theywerefamiliarbeforehand.ShalltheJewscontinuetoinsistona"forgery"then
alsotheirownBiblicalProphetsshallbeaccusedastheycommittedthesame
"crime."
Still,todaytheProtocolsareloudlydismissed,yes,asaforgery.But...It
wasanonymous,sohowcanitbeaforgery.Whoforgedwhat?Inthatcasewecan
dismisstheBibleasaforgery.AndwhocareswhowrotethePsalmsanyway?
Theystandontheirownmerits...
SoiftheProtocolsarefakethencallthemfake.Whyisitalwaysreferred
nowtoasa"forgery"asifitwereanalterationofsomethingtheelusive"Eldersof
Zion"actuallywrote?Ifit'safake,callitafake,notaforgery!Theirdeclarationas
aforgeryprovesthemtobetrue,becauseaforgeryisanUNAUTHORIZED
COPY."
Well,nowondertheSwissAppealsCourt,in1937,threwthecaseout...
Nowletuscontinueourquickhistoricinvestigation.Thepathweare
followingisgettingwarmerandwestepondangeroussoil!Letusfindoutwho
wasthewriteridentifiedasMauriceJoly.Themysterious"MrX"(from
Constantinople)andTimes''reporterMr.Graves"incidentally"paidnoattentionto
hisrealidentity.Whowasthis"Frenchman,"theauthoroftheDialoguesinHell!
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ThisproblemissolvedbyGottfriedzurBeckinhisprefacetotheGermanedition
oftheProtocols.InwhichwefindthatMauriceJoly,accordingtotherecord,was
reallyMosesJoel!!!Howstrange!
OK,nowitdoesnotrequireaSherlockHolmesintherealmofliterary
sciencetoprovethattheconstructionoftheProtocolswasfromwithinandnot
fromoutsidesources.
ThehighlyremarkablebookWatersFlowingEastward,writtenbyPequita
deShishmareff,whowroteunderthenameofL.Fry,andeditedbytheReverend
DenisFahey,containsmuchvaluableinformationregardingMauriceJoly(Moses
Joel).Inthe"MemoirsofReneMareuil,"(whowasoneofthemembersofthe
MinisterialCabinetofPolignacofFrance)isstatedthatMauriceJolywas
employedin1848intheministryatChebreauassomeminoremployee.Theyoung
manwasstronglyinfluencedbyAdolphIsraelCremieux(thefounderofthe
AllianceIsraeliteUniverselle.)Then,Mr.Joly(orJoel)wroteasatireinwhichtwo
posthumousvoices,NiccolodiBernardoMachiavelli,thekingmakingphilosopher
oftheItalianRenaissance,advancedthecaseforpoliticalexpediencyandsly
statesmanshipandCharlesLouisdeSecondat,barondeLaBredeetde
Montesquieu,France'sclearthinkinglibertarianphilosopher,arguedtheliberal
line.Thisbook,DialogueauxenfersentreMachiaveletMontesquieu(Dialoguein
HellBetweenMachiavelliandMontesquieu)waspublishedinGenevain1864,
theninBrussels.Sinceitwasillegaltocriticizethemonarchy,Jolyhadthebook
printedinBelgium,thentriedtosmuggleitbackintoFrance.Thepolice
confiscatedasmanycopiesastheycould,anditwasbanned.Afteritwastracedto
Joly,hewasarrested,triedonApril25,1865,andsentencedtofifteenmonthsin
prison.Andhislifethereafterwasasuccessionoffailuresthathefinallyfound
intolerable.In1878hecommittedsuicideandathisburialtheLeonGambetta
(formerprimeministerofFrance),whowashimselfJewish,deliveredapost
mortemspeech.Joly'sbook,bytheway,nowisavailable(inFrenchonly)onthe
Internet,atProjectGutenbergwebsite.And,thebookthatImentioned,Waters
FlowingEastward,alsoisavailableontheInternet.(Bothaddressesareonthe
list.)
Whataretheconclusionthatcanbedrawnfromtheforegoinginformation?
CriticsoftheProtocols''genuinenesshaveclaimedthattheywereaforgery,
derivedfromearlierdocumentsandusedaspropagandaagainsttheJewsbytheir
opponents.AsIhopeIhaveshownhere,thedocumentsmostcertainlydoderive
fromanearliercommonsource,butthatdoesnotmakethemforgeries,anymore
thanlatestencyclopediacanbecondemnedasadeliberateforgerybecause
previousworksofanalmostidenticalnaturealreadyexist.
And,inmyopinion,again,theProtocolshavenothingwhatsoevertodo
withtheRussianSecretpolice,asPhilipGraves'articleintheLondonTimes
infers.
TheDialoguesfromwhichtheProtocolswerelater"plagiarized"werenota
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creationofanantiSemite,butonthecontrarytheyrepresenttheQuintessenceof
Jewishmind.Moreover,thedevelopmentofideasofthisbookisextractedfroma
stillolderwork,thusprovingJolytobeaplagiaristhimself.Machiavelli,
MontesquieuandRousseauisthetitleofthisolderbook,publishedbyFranz
DunckeratBerlinin1850.ItalsocontainspassagesverysimilartotheProtocols.
TheauthorofthisbookwasalsotheJew,JacobVenedey.Hewasbornin1805in
Cologne,Germany;expelledfromGermanyhesettledinParisin1835...
Prosecutedbythepoliceforhissubversiveactivities,hewasprotectedand
defended(aswasthecasewithJoly)byIsaacMoiseCremieux,betterknownas
AdolpheCremieuxwhowasthefounderoftheAllianceIsraeliteUniverselle.
Venedey,bytheway,wasalsoanintimatefriendofKarlMarx.WithMarx's
assistanceheorganizedin1847TheCommunistWorkersLeague.In1843he
visitedEnglandandorganizedanothersecretsocietyhavingasapurposethe
promotionofJewishsupremacists'worlddomination.Thusitisdefinitelyproved
thatbothbooksthatservedasafoundationfortheProtocols,werewrittenbyJews,
bothofwhomwerefriendsofthefounderoftheAllianceIsraeliteUniverselle,
AdolpheCremieux.Cremieuxisakeyfiguretolookatbecausehehadknown
contactswithtwomostprominentZionistRabbisoftheperiod:RavAvraham
YitzkhakKookoftheAshkenaziJewsandRavBenIshHaioftheEastern
Sephardiccommunity.BothRabbisareknowntohavemetCremieuxin
Constantinopleonanumberofoccasions.Therearedocumentedstatementsfrom
bothKookandtheBenIshHaithatmirrortheProtocols]ThisiswhatIfindmost
fascinating.
Venedey'sbookisavailableinsomelibrariesIhaveseenitbutthere's
noEnglishtranslation,andit'swrittenintheoldGothicGermanscript,whichfew
canread.
Underthesecircumstancesitcannotbedoubtedthatbothbooksfromwhich
theProtocolsallegedlywere"plagiarized"aretheproductofJewishthought.
Anyonewhowillstudycarefullythesebooksshouldbeverymuchsurprisedto
heartheZionistJewsnowwhiningaboutthembeinginnocentlypersecutedand
forcedtodefendthemselvesagainst"Lies&Defamation."And,asIjustsaid,there
canbenotalkabout"forgery"whatsoever,aswehavetodoonlywithslightly
differentversionsofideascomingfromthesamepowerfulpoliticaland
economicalcircleofinfluence.
Oneeasilyunderstandsthe"aims"ofthis"league"ifhereadscarefully,for
example,theletterwrittenbytheJewBaruchLevytoKarlMarx(anotherJew).
Hereiswhathewrites:
"TheJewishpeopletakencollectivelywillbeitsownMessiah.Hisreign
overtheUniversewillbeobtainedbytheunificationofthehumanracesand
throughtheeliminationoffrontiers.AUniversalRepublicwillcomeinto
beinginwhichtheSonsofIsraelwillbecomethedirectingelement.We
knowhowtodominatetheMasses.Thegovernmentsofallnationswill
graduallyfall,THROUGHVICTORYOFTHEPROLETARIAT,INTO
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THEHANDSOFJUDAH.Allprivatepropertywillbecomethepossession
ofthePRINCESOFISRAELtheywillownthewealthofalllands.Thus
willberealizedthepromiseoftheTALMUDthatwhenthetimeofthe
MessiahcomestheJewswillholdundertheirkeysthepropertyofallthe
peoplesoftheworld."
ThespiritualrelationbetweenthisletterandtheProtocolsisexactlythe
sameasbetweenanacornandanoak.
HISTORICALFACTS
Now,let'salsoexplore(atleastalittlebit)alsounofficial(nonkosher)
versionofhistoryoftheProtocols.
AJewishWeeklyJudischePressezentrale,publishedinZurich,Switzerland,
claimedinitsissueofDecember15,1933,thattheProtocolswerefabricatedby
theRussiansecretpolicein1905shortlyaftertheJapanesewar.ThatJewish
assertionissimplyridiculous.Howisitpossiblethatadocument,whichexisted20
yearspreviously,inthreelanguages,couldbeconcoctedin1905adocument
withwhichseveralpersonswerealreadyfamiliar?
ThoseofyouwhoreadtheProtocolsknowthattheyrepresentastrategical
plan,anassemblyofdocuments,whichwerekeptsecretforatleastsometime.The
book,whichattractedsomuchattentionthroughoutthewholeworldwasallegedly
compiledandeditedbytheKAHAL,thesecretJewishGovernment.
Myself,no,Idon'tthinkit'strue,butmanypeoplesayso.L.Fry,theauthor
ofWatersFlowingEastward,forexample,saysthattheactualeditorialworkwas
donebyAsherGinzberg,alsoknownasAhadHaAm.ThisveryimportantJewish
leader(alsousedtobeknownlocallyinOdessaas"KingoftheJews")wasoneof
thefourJewswhoforcedBalfourtomakeknownthedeclarationofNovember2,
1917,throughwhichtheZionistsobtaineda"NationalHome"inPalestine.
HerewiththeZionistsachievedoneoftheaimscontainedintheProtocols.
AsherGinzbergwasborninthetownshipofSkvira,inUkraine,in1856,the
sonofaJewishtaxcollector.HereceivedanexcellentTalmudiceducation.Early
inlifehebecameprominentinJewishliteratureforhisarticles,whichhesigned
AhadHaAm.GinzbergsettledinOdessa,in1886.In1889heorganizedasecret
societyknownas"B'naiMoshe"(SonsofMoses).Themeetingsofthissecret
societywereheldinhishouse.ItisthroughpersonswholivedinOdessaatthat
timethatinformationwasobtainedthatamanuscriptoftheProtocolsintheJewish
languagewascirculatedamongtheJews.TheJewBernstein,publisheroftheFree
PressinDetroit,Michigan,admittedinthepresenceofWilliamCameronsecretary
toHenryFord,thatHEHADPERSONALLYREADTHEPROTOCOLSINTHE
JEWISHLANGUAGEINODESSA.
NowletusfollowupthedestinyoftheFrenchtranslation.Onecopyofthe
ProtocolswasallegedlykeptintheMasonicLodgeof"Miz'raim."Onememberof
thislodge,theJewJosephSchorstaliasShapirobecameatraitortohissecret
organizationandsoldthedocumentfor2,500francstoMademoiselleJustina
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Glinka,daughterofaRussiangeneral.Thisyoungwomanwhowasemployedby
theRussianforeignintelligenceservice,senttheFrenchcopytogetherwiththe
RussiantranslationtoGeneralOrgenskyinSt.Petersburg,withtherequesttopass
itontohersuperiorGeneralCherevin,whowastheMinisteroftheInteriorand
whosedutyitwastotakeactionaccordingly.ButGen.Cherevinwasdeeply
entangledfinanciallywithrichandpowerfulJewsanddidnotdaretofulfillsucha
dangerousmission.Hepigeonholedthedocumentinhisarchives,whereitwas
foundafterhisdeathin1896.(TheJewSchorstwasobligedtofleeforhislife,but
wasmurderedinEgypt.)MeantimethereappearedinPariscertainbookson
RussiancourtlifewhichdispleasedtheTsar,whoorderedhissecretpoliceto
discovertheirauthorship.Thiswasfalselyattributed,perhapswithmalicious
intent,toMademoiselleGlinka,andonherreturntoRussiashewasbanishedto
herestateindistrictofOrel.ThereshemettheGovernorGeneralofthisdistrict,
AlexisSukhotinandhandedhimalsoacopyoftheProtocols,pointingoutthat
Syapyagin(Russia'sMinisteroftheInterior)hadbeenmurderedforattemptingto
checktheJewishrevolutionaryactivities.Sukhotinshowedthedocumenttotwo
friends,PhilipStepanovandSergiusNilus;theformerhaditprintedandcirculated
privatelyin1897;thesecond,ProfessorSergiusA.Nilus,publisheditforthefirst
timeinTsarskoeTselo(Russia)in1905,inabookentitledTheGreatWithinthe
Small.Then,aboutthesametime,afriendofNilus,G.Butmi,alsobroughtitout
andacopywasdepositedintheBritishMuseumonAugust10,1906(Soit's
almostexactly100yearsago).
ThisinformationismostlydrawnfromL.Fry'sworkWatersFlowing
Eastward.ItiscorroboratedbyastatementmadebyPhilipStepanov,
Chamberlain,PrivyCouncillorandformerProcuratoroftheHolySynodat
Moscow;itiswitnessedbyPrinceDimitriGalitzin.Inthisevidentialdocument,
deliveredonApril17th1927,StepanovstateshereceivedtheM.S.ofthe
Protocolsin1895fromMajorSukhotin.Hehadthemprintedprivatelyandgavea
copytoA.T.Kelepotovsky,chiefofGrandDukeSergius'household.After
readingthem,theGrandDukesighedandmurmured;"TOOLATE!"Hewas
assassinatedshortlyafterward.
10
Now,ithasbeenoftenassertedthattheProtocols,whichreadslikea
strategicplanfortheconquestoftheworldanddominationbyIsraelwerefirst
readattheFirstZionistCongressin1897atBasle,Switzerland.TheJews,of
course,alwaysdenyitmostvigorouslyanduseasanargumentthefactthatthe
officialrecordoftheCongressmakesnomentionofit.Thatsortofargumenthas
novalueatall,whenonetakesintoconsiderationthatthefuriousdifferences
betweenAsherGinzbergandTheodorHerzlwerealsonotmentionedintherecord.
Theofficiallypublishedrecordisincompleteanddoesnotpossessanyconvincing
powerinthatrespect.ThesecretrecordoftheZionistCongressinBaslewas
securedbytheRussianGovernmentthroughtheeffortsofsecretserviceagent
Ratchkovsky,whoboughtitfromtwoJewsEvnoAsevandRabbiFrom.Thelatter
soughtlatersecurityinamonasteryinYugoslavia,wherehediedin1925.When
thesecretrecordoftheBasleCongresswasexaminedbytheRussianpoliceitwas
discoveredtotheirgreatsurprisethattheacquireddocumentswerealmostidentical
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withtheProtocols.Ratchkovskyalsodiedsuddenlyunder"mysterious
circumstances,"shortlyaftermakinganimportantreporttotheChiefof
Gendarmes,GeneralKourloff.KourloffwasconvincedthatRatchkovskywas
murdered.
InJanuary1917,Nilushadpreparedasecondedition,revisedand
documented,forpublication.Butbeforeitcouldbeputonthemarket,the
revolutionofMarch1917hadtakenplace,andKerensky,whohadsucceededto
power,orderedthewholeeditionofNilus'sbooktobedestroyed.In1924,Prof.
NiluswasarrestedbytheChekainKiev,imprisoned,andtortured;hewastoldby
theJewishjudgethatthistreatmentwasmetedouttohimfor"havingdonethem
incalculableharminpublishingtheProtocols".Releasedforafewmonths,hewas
againarrested,wassubjectedtoinhumantorturesbytheChekaanddiedon
January13,1929.
That'snonkosherhistory.And,Ithinkit'senoughofhistory.
Now,let'smovefrommysticalandmythical"EldersofZion"toreality.
WhentheProtocolsfirstwerepublished,inRussian,exactly100yearsago,there
wasanorganizationatthattimeinRussia,anorganizationofRussia'spatriotsthat
ZionistJewsfearedandhatedverymuch.Forsomereasonthatorganizationwas
calledthe"blackhundred"(chernayasotnya)andyouwillfindinallkosherized
historybookstodaythatthemembersofthe"blackhundred"weresomehow
responsibleformostofthepogroms.I'mnotgoingtogodeeperintohistorical
details,butwhatIwanttodonow,whileI'llbetalkingabouttheimportanceofthe
Protocols,andquotingvariouspeoplewhosaidvariousthingsabouttheProtocols,
Iwillshowalsoapresentationoftherealblackhundred.It'llserveasa
background(withminimalcommentary)towhatI'mtalking.Onlynamesand
faces(andproofofsomedeeds)...Onepersonforeachyearthatpassedsincethe
11
ProtocolswerepublishedforthefirsttimeinRussia.Wehavetonamethenames
andshowthefaces...Thesearenotsomemysterious"EldersofZion,"notsome
undergroundconspirators,butrealmoversandshakersofhistory.Eachoneof
them,insomeway(notnecessarilyonlynegative),wasorisresponsiblefor
fulfillingpropheciesoftheProtocols.
TheProtocolsgainedwidespread(andworldwide)recognitionupontheir
translationintoEnglish,in1920.MuchtothechagrinofworldJewry,who
immediatelybeganthepropagandabandwagonrolling..."Probablysomuch
moneyandenergywereneverbeforeinhistoryexpendedontheefforttosuppress
asingledocument,"saidDouglasReed.Theperiodof1920s"markstheendofthe
timewhentheJewishquestioncouldbeimpartiallyopenlydiscussedinpublic."
(Reed,TheControversyofZion)
AsIsaid,theoftencited"fact"thattheProtocolsarea"provenfraud,"is
easilydismissed,asitisactuallyentirelyuntrueandbaseduponaveryspecific
courtcase.NumerousunsuccessfulattemptshadbeenmadebyworldJewryto
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havetheProtocolsdenouncedasaforgery.Butitwasnotuntil1933thatanylegal
actionwastakeninthisrespect.On26thJune,1933,theFederationofJewish
CommunitiesofSwitzerlandandtheBerneJewishCommunitybroughtanaction
againstfivemembersoftheSwissNationalFront,seekingajudgmentthatthe
Protocolswereaforgeryandaprohibitionoftheirpublication.Theprocedureof
theCourtwasastounding,theprovisionsoftheSwissCivilCodebeing
deliberatelysetaside.Sixteenwitnessescalledbytheplaintiffswereheard,but
onlyoneofthefortywitnessescalledbythedefendantswasallowedahearing.
Thejudgeallowedtheplaintiffstoappointtwoprivatestenographerstokeepthe
registerofproceedingsduringthehearingoftheirwitnesses,insteadofentrusting
thetasktoaCourtofficial.Inviewoftheseandsimilarirregularities,itwasnot
surprisingthat,afterthecasehadlastedjustontwoyears,theCourtpronounced
theProtocolstobeaforgeryanddemoralizingliterature.Thedecisionwasgiven
on14thMay,1935,butitwasannouncedintheJewishPressbeforeitwas
deliveredbytheCourt.On1stNovember,1937,theSwissCourtofCriminal
Appealquashedthisjudgmentinitsentirety.Jewishpropagandists,however,still
declarethattheProtocolshavebeen"proved"tobeaforgery.
Thefactremains,thattheProtocolsarenotaprovenforgery.Thetheorythat
theyareaforgeryhasnotbeenproven,contrarytotheJews'hystericalclaims.
TheJewspretendthattheProtocolswereconcoctedbytwomembersofthe
secretpoliceofRussia.Suppose,butthewholepropheticalprogramhassince
turnedintoreality!!!HowwasitpossiblefortwoRussianpoliceofficialstoalter
completelythefaceofthewholeworld,tooverthrowthronesandtodestroy
empires?Howdidtheysucceedinaccumulatingallthegoldoftheworldintheir
hands,toruinentirenationsandtomuzzlethepress???
12
Today,yes,manypeopledothinkTheProtocolsoftheEldersofZionisanti
Semitic"hateliterature"andafraud.ButNobelPrizewinningnovelistAlexander
Solzhenitsynwrotethatthebookexhibits"themindofgenius."Prettygoodfora
hoax,wouldyousay?
ThedifficultyoftheProtocolsisinanuncannydissonancebetweenits
uncouthlanguageanddeepsocialandreligiousthought.Itisarudeparodylike
renderingofasatanic,subtleandwellthoughtoutplan,wroteSolzhenitsyn[Evrei
vSSSRivbuduscheiRossii,2001(inRussian)]inhis(writtenin1966and
publishedin2001)analysisoftheProtocols:
"TheProtocolsshowablueprintofasocialsystem.Itsdesigniswellabove
abilitiesofanordinarymind,includingthatofitspublisher.Itisadynamic
processoftwostages,ofdestabilization,increasingfreedomandliberalism,
whichisterminatedinsocialcataclysm,andonthesecondstage,new
hierarchicalrestructuringofsocietytakesplace.Itismorecomplicatedthan
anuclearbomb.Itcouldbeastolenanddistortedplandesignedbyamindof
genius.ItsputridstyleofanantiSemiticgrubbybrochure[intentionally]
obscuresthegreatstrengthofthoughtandinsight."
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SolzhenitsynisawareoffaultsoftheProtocols:
"Itsstyleisthatofafilthyleaflet,thepowerfullineofthoughtisbrokenand
fragmented,mixedupwithillsmellingincantationsandpsychological
blunders.ThesystemdescribedisnotnecessarilyconnectedwiththeJews;it
couldbepurelyMasonicorwhatever;whileitsstronglyantiSemiticcurrent
isnotanorganicpartofthedesign".
Solzhenitsynmakesatextualexperiment,removeswords"Jews,""Goyim"
and"conspiracy"andfindsmanydisturbingideas.Heconcludes:"Thetext
demonstratesimpressiveforesightonthetwosystemsofsociety,theWesternand
theSovietone.Whileastrongthinkercouldpossiblypredictthedevelopmentof
theWestin1901,howcouldhegrasptheSovietfuture?"
SolzhenitsynbravedtheSovietregime,daredtowriteandpublishthe
mammothArchipelagoGulag,anindictmentoftheSovietrepression,butevenhe
stalledanddidnotpublishhisresearchoftheProtocols.Heaskedittobe
publishedafterhisdeathonly,anditwasprintedagainsthiswillinaverysmall
numberofcopiesin2001.
TheProtocolsidentifythemovingforceoftheNewWorldOrderwitha
powerfulgroupofextremelychauvinist,manipulativeanddominationobsessed
Jewishsupremacistleaders.Theleaders,accordingtotheProtocols,despise
13
ordinarycommunitymembers;theyutilizeandsupportantiSemitismasthemeans
tokeeptheir"lesserbrethren",innocentordinaryfolkofJewishorigin,inthrallto
theirrule.Theleadersaredescribedaspathologicalgoyhaters,bentondestroying
cultureandtraditionsofothernationswhilepreservingtheirown.Theirgoalisto
createworldgovernmentandrulethehomogenizedandglobalizedworld.
Theiraimsandintentionsarestatedinextremelycontrarianandobnoxious
way.Solzhenitsynconcludedthatnosanepersonwoulddeliverhisfavouriteideas
insuchselfdemeaningandselfdefeatingway."Weextractgoldfromtheirblood
andtears","ourpowerisbasedonworkers'hunger","revolutionariesareour
humantools","brutishmindsofGoyim"are,inhisopinion,wordsascribedtothe
Jewsbytheirenemies.AJewwouldratherputsuchideasinanobliqueway,he
felt.
Well,itisnotawatertightargument.Somepeoplespeakinobliqueway,
otherspreferadirectone.DavidBenGurion,thefirstPrimeMinisteroftheJewish
state,forexample,coinedanequallyarrogantmaxim:"WhocareswhatGoyim
say?WhatmattersiswhattheJewsdo!"Thissentenceisanalmostdirectquote
fromtheProtocols.
TheProtocolsascribetotheEldersasaying,"EachJewishvictimisworth
inthesightofGodathousandgoyim"...Thisline,apinnacleofarrogance,isnota
vaininventionofanantiSemite.TwoministersofSharon'sgovernment,Uri
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LandauandIvetLiebermandemandedtokillonethousandPalestiniangoyimfor
eachJewishvictim.AJewishextremistatarallyfortheJewishTempleMount
(Nov.18,2002)calledeachJewtokillonethousandPalestiniangoyim.
Apparently,someideasoftheProtocolsarenotforeigntosomeJews.
ThelateIsraelischolarIsraelShahakandanAmericanJewishwriterNorton
Mezvinskypresentintheirbook,JewishFundamentalisminIsrael,aplethoraof
sayingsbyJewishRabbisthatwouldn'tbeoutofplaceintheProtocols."The
differencebetweenaJewishsoulandsoulsofnonJewsisgreateranddeeperthan
thedifferencebetweenahumansoulandthesoulsofcattle"(p.ix).Shahakand
MezvinskyprovedtherageoftheJewishchauvinistsdoesnotdifferentiate
betweenPalestinians,ArabsandGoyimingeneral.Inotherwords,whatever
happenedtoPalestinianscouldhappentoanyGentilecommunitystandingonthe
wayoftheJews.
AndthoughtheyclaimthattheProtocolsareforgeries(thedefinitionof
forgeryisanunauthorizedcopyoftheoriginal!),andhavespentafortuneto
suppressanddiscreditthem,evenmakingitillegaltopossesstheminsome
countries,theyhaveneverattemptedtoaddressoranswertherealquestionthatthe
existenceofsuchadocumentraises:HavetheyfulfilledtheProtocolswhile
claimingtheydidnotwritethem?Yes.
Then,whatisthedifferencewhethertheywrotethemornot?
14
Numerousscholarshavenotedthecorrespondencebetweentheprophecies
oftheProtocolsandtheirfulfillment.WecanseetheProtocolsbeingcarriedout
wordbywordintheworldpowertheJewsatthetophaveachieved.TheseJewsat
thetop,theoneswhoareconspiratorsagainstallofmankindtodayandalways
havegainedpowerandmaintainitthroughworlddominationandcontrolofall
meansofcommunication(themedia.)WhattheseJewishpowerbrokershave
attainedtodayistooglaringtobesetasideordeemedasmerelycoincidental.
Indeed,iftheProtocolswouldhavenorelationtoreality,theyprobably
wouldn'tbeaspopularastheyare.
HaveyouevernoticedthatProtocoldeniersneverattackthetenetsthatare
actuallybeinglaidoutintheProtocols?Onlytheirexistence?!?
Asalreadystated,theirauthenticitycannotbeproveneither.Itwouldbebest
tostayclearoftheoriesandsimplylookatevents.Eventsareplainenoughand
speakloudlyenough.
OnemayshrugofftheProtocolsas"forgeries"(ofwhat?),butonecannot
denythattheirpropheciesarebeingfulfilled...
IftheProtocolsarefraudulent,Iwouldliketohearthemexplained.They
aren'tlike,say,thewritingsofNostradamus,whicharesovagueandconvoluted
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thattheycanbeinterpretedtomeananything.TheProtocols,whatevertheyare,
AREhappening.Thatisimpossibletodeny.
Wetalkaboutitbecausethereisnothingwrittentodaywhichmoreclearlyexplains
currentevents.
OnewhohasdigestedtheProtocolscannotlookoutintotheworldwithout
seeingthefulfillmentofthatmuchmaligneddocument.HavingreadtheProtocols
many,manytimes,Istillcan'tgiveatrulyplausibleopinionastowhetherthey're
genuineorfraudulentlyauthored.ButIcanhonestlysaythatwhoevertheauthors
mayhavebeen,theywerepropheticallyaccurate.Forspuriousshotsintheairto
hitatargetsomanytimesoncentreseemslittleshortofmiraculous.
Therefore,mypointofviewis,yes,thatthequestionofwhowroteitisnot
allthatimportant.Whatisimportantisthatitisclearlyseenashavingtranspired.
Apersonwouldhavetobewellnighbraindeadnottorealizetheawesome
successofsomebrilliantlyorganizedpurposeinbringingallmentothestatethey
areintoday.Thedocumentitselfisamazinginitstheoreticaldesign.Ifitwere
simplycreatedforshow,itwascreatedbygeniussinceinitthereisseenclear
understandingofhowhumanbeingsaremanipulated.
OnFebruary17,1921,veryinfluentialatthattimeAmericannewspaper,
TheNewYorkWorld,publishedaninterviewwithHenryFord,inthecourseof
whichhewasasked:"IsyourbeliefthattheJewsareendeavoringtocontrolthe
worldbasedinanydegreeonthesocalledProtocols...saidtohavebeen
formulatedbytheEldersofZion?Youknow,ofcourse,thatthesehavebeen
15
denouncedasforgeriesorinventions.Doyoubelievetheyaregenuine?"Ford
replied:"TheonlystatementIcaretomakeabouttheProtocolsisthattheyfitin
withwhatisgoingon.Theyaresixteenyearsoldandhavefittedtheworld
situationuptothistime.Theyfititnow."Indeedtheydo!
Soevenifyoudon'tbelieveintheauthenticityofthisremarkabledocument,
onethingyoucan'tdenyistheirfulfillment.YoucantosstheProtocolsoutthe
windowifyouwant,butyoucan'tdenythefactthateverythingtheyplotted,
plannedandpredictedhaseitheralreadyhappened,orishappeningnow.Theideas
ofpowerdevelopmentdepictedinitmoveonourcontemporarystage,playthe
partsforetoldandproducetheeventsforeseen.Thisisthegreatestproofoftheir
authenticity:Thattheyarenowfulfilled.
Notonlydoesthisdocumentilluminatethereasonforthemassivesuccessof
internationalZionism,butitalsoprovidesprofoundinsightintoeverysingle
politicalsituationofthelastcenturyandshedsgreatlightonmuchofwhathas
transpiredforthepast100yearsontheworldstage.Stunningly,virtually
everythingplannedforandpredictedintheProtocolshasprovablycometopass.
Thisdocumentisaspertinenttodayasitwaswhenitfirstcametolightin1905.
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TheProtocolsattheirpenninganddiscoverylooks,yes,kindoffishytome,
butsincetheJewsseemtobefollowingthem(intentionallyornot),itmakesthe
Protocolslegitimatebydefault.
Hitler,forexample,saiditverywellthatiftheProtocolsweren'twrittenby
JewstheywerewrittenbysomeonewhoknewJewishthinking...Hereisa
quotationfromMeinKampf(Vol.I,ChapterXI):
"...Towhatextentthewholeexistenceofthispeopleisbasedona
continuouslieisshownincomparablybytheProtocolsoftheWiseMenof
Zion,soinfinitelyhatedbytheJews.Theyarebasedonaforgery,the
FrankfurterZeitungmoansandscreamsonceeveryweek:thebestproofthat
theyareauthentic.WhatmanyJewsmaydounconsciouslyishere
consciouslyexposed.Andthatiswhatmatters.Itiscompletelyindifferent
fromwhatJewishbrainthesedisclosuresoriginate;theimportantthingis
thatwithpositivelyterrifyingcertaintytheyrevealthenatureandactivityof
theJewishpeopleandexposetheirinnercontextsaswellastheirultimate
finalaims.Thebestcriticismappliedtothem,however,isreality.Anyone
whoexaminesthehistoricaldevelopmentofthelasthundredyearsfromthe
standpointofthisbookwillatonceunderstandthescreamingoftheJewish
press."[AdolfHitler,MeinKampf,TranslatedbyRalphMannheim(Boston:
HoughtonMifflinCompany,1943),pp.307308.]
16
Now,ifAdolfHitlersoundstooextremeforyou,hereIhavevarious
quotationsfromwritingsofgreatvarietyofpeople(JewsandGentiles):
"The'controversy'aboutwhowrotetheProtocolscontinues.However,the
obvious,practicalconclusionisthatitdoesn'tmakeanydifferenceWHO
wrotethem.Theargumentaboutauthorshipandhoaxtheoriesareutterly
MOOT.This'controversy'isusuallyseatedamongpeoplewhohaveNOT
readthem.AnyoneIknowwhohasactuallyreadthemhasnodoubtabout
themandwhattheyrepresent.TheProtocols,nomatterwhopennedthem,
arethekeytounderstandingthecurrentcollapseofourcivilization....Ihave
justrereadtheProtocolsonceagain(maybeforthetenthtime).And,as
always,Iremainamazed...absolutelyAMAZED.EachtimeIrereadit,Iam
discoveringnewimplementationsoftheProtocols,andhowtheprotocols
areslowlyconfiscatingourproperties,erodingoureconomiesandthecivil
rightsofthepopulationsinwesterncountries,andthestupidGoyimSTILL
donotrealiseit....NOONEcanclaimtobeinformedaboutthecurrentstate
oftheworldWITHOUThavingreadtheProtocols."ProtocolsofZionA
NonZionistJewishPerspective",LettertotheEditor,ByJosephWeinstein,
6262005,<http://www.rense.com/general66/proto.htm>]
"Sowhydoesitstillwork?Ifyouarelivingintheoccupiedterritoriesand
IsraelitanksandbulldozersdestroyyourhomeandIsraelibulletskillyour
childrenonthestreetsduringtheintifada,Icanseewhythistextandits
messageappeals.HowcanyouexplainthewayinwhichIsraelcancontinue
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togetawaywithwhatitdoes?Itcanalsoservetomotivateyoutojointhe
struggle."["TheenduringattractionoftheProtocolsofZion"byBrian
Brivati,Guardian(London),Apr24,2006]
In1986YajimaKinji,professorofpoliticalscienceattheAoyamaGakuin
University,publishedabookabouthowtoreadthe"hiddenmeaningoftheJewish
protocols."HecalledtheProtocolsthemostmysteriousdocumentofthetwentieth
century,becauseallitsprophecieshadbeenfulfilled,inspiteofitsbeingregarded
asaforgery.YajimaadvisedtheJapanesetotaketheProtocolsseriouslyinorder
tobepreparedforthefuture.Hisbookwasagreatsuccesswithfiftyfiveprintings.
SimonJones,whoisaCanadianjournalistlivingwritingforPeace
Magazine(Toronto)andwhohasmanypublishedarticlesinCounterpunchand
YellowTimes.org:
17
"Whatimmediatelystruckmewasthatwithalittledustingoff,abridging
andupdating,itcouldeasilybethehandbookoftheneocons.Withthe
wondersofmoderncomputers,youcandownloadafreecopyfromthe
Internet,cleanseitofantiSemitismbyreplacing"fellowJews"with
"neocons"andmakesenseofwhat'shappeningintheworldtoday."[Simon
Jones,"TheProtocolsaNeoconManifesto,"DissidentVoicewebsite,
August21,2003,
<http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Articles7/Jones_ProtocolsNeocons.htm>]
FollowingisfromatextofaradiobroadcastfromItalyofApril20,1943byoneof
thegreatestAmericanpoets,EzraPound,discussingtheProtocols:
"IforwhenonementionstheProtocolsallegedtobeoftheEldersofZion,
oneisfrequentlymetwiththereply:Oh,buttheyareaforgery.Certainly
theyareaforgery,andthatistheoneproofwehaveoftheirauthenticity.
TheJewshaveworkedwithforgeddocumentsforthepast24hundredyears,
namelyeversincetheyhavehadanydocumentswhatsoever.Andnoone
canqualifyasahistorianofthishalfcenturywithouthavingexaminedthe
Protocols."
GreatItalianphilosopherJuliusEvolawroteanintroductiontoanItalian
editionoftheProtocols"andgaveasummaryin"Inquadramentodelproblema
ebraico",anarticlepublishedintheItalianpaper"Bibliografiafascista",whichcan
befound,withmostofthearticleshewroteforitfrom1934to1939,inbook
Esplorazioniedisanime:
"Itisnaive,inanabsolutesense,toputthequestionoftheauthenticityofa
documentsuchas"TheProtocols",forthesimplereasonthatitisnaiveto
thinkthat,ifitexists,anorganizationsuchas"TheWiseofSion"wouldlet
behinditselfwritingsthatcouldbeauthentified.Thequestionofthe
authenticitymustthusbesubstitutedforthequestionoftheveracity,and,
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then,itisnotimportantanymoretoknowwhetherthedocumentisaliterary
piracy.Whenitcomestothequestionoftherealityofaplot,doesitmatter
whethertheplotterstooktheirinspirationfromthisorthatpreexisting
document,rewritingitintheirownwayandcommittingthusaliterary
piracy?Fromthis,onecanhaveanideaofthefrivolouslevelonwhichthe
problemisputmostofthetimes."
IsubmittoyouthatwhowrotetheProtocolsisnottheissue.Therealissue,
theonethatnevergetstalkedabout,isfactthattheyarecomingtopass!
18
Itisoneofthemostimportantdocumentsevertocometolightintheworld.
TheProtocolsisahistoricaldocumentwithoutwhichthehistoryofthe20th
centurycannotbeunderstood:itisrelevanttoWorldWarI,theBolshevik
RevolutionandTerror,Nazism,WorldWarII,andtheMiddleEastcrisis.
TheProtocolscanbereexaminedinthatlight,andcomparedagainstthe
historicalrecord.Thatistheonlywaytoevaluateit.
REMEMBER:TheProtocolsmustbeSTUDIED,notmerelyread.STUDY
themcarefullyinthelightoftherecenthistoricalandpoliticalevents...thendraw
yourownconclusiontoitsTRUTHorFORGERY
CONCLUSION
Intheinterestsofkeepingthislecturebrief,Ihaveprovidedhighlightsonly.
Foramoredetaileddiscussion,pleaserefertothebooksandInternetsitesonthat
list.Ihaveprovidedheresometinyamountofthevastamountofcircumstantial
evidencewhichindicatesthattheProtocolsaresimplyoneofmanydocumentsto
betrayanagendaofworlddominationwhichremainsunchanged,stretchingback
throughtimetoitsfirstincarnationastheBookofDeuteronomytheSecond
LawasgiventoMosesbyYahweh.ThefactthattheProtocolsaredemonstrably
theagendatowhichtheworld'spoliticianshaveorchestratedpublicandsecretive
maneuverstobringtheworldtothebrinkofaNewWorldOrderunderaOne
WorldGovernment,isalmostimpossibletorefute.
Well,itwouldseemthatquiteavariedassortmentofpeoplehasavested
interestinkeepingusfromlookingattheProtocols,andpresumablyafterreading
atleastsomeexcerptsfromthem,youcanseewhy.Thevariegatedvoicesofthe
cryptocracywouldlikeyoutobelievethattheProtocolsarenothingbutanAnti
Semiticforgery,andanyonewhoreadsorevenspeaksofthemhasadangerously
delusionalworldview,andislikelytogooffatanymomentintoaxenophobic
killingfrenzy.Whatbetterwaytokeeppeoplefromexaminingthemoreven
whisperingofthem?Hownecessarytokeepthepopulaceinabysmalignorance
accompaniedbyfatuousdenialofit.Thebestwaytokeeppeoplefromthetruthis
toletthembelievetheyhaveit(oralltheyneedofit,orthat"theirtruth"is
equivalentto"thetruth",orthatthereisn'tanysuchthinganyway),andtoteach
themtothoroughlydespiseanyonewhodarestosuggestthatTruthexists,andthat
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itmatters.TheProtocolshaveproventhemselvestobetruefortwocenturiesand
arenearingcompletion,soamassindoctrinationagainstanywhowouldexpose
themhastobeclampedfirmlyinplace.
Thesolutionisforeverymantosimplyopenhiseyestothetruth.Inregards
totheProtocolsoneneedsimplylookoutintotheworldandseethatinevery
detailthispaperisbeingrevealed.The"secretplans"areunfoldingforalltosee.If
amanbelievesthattheProtocolsisahoax,allheneedsdoisrefrainfromreading
it.Ifonebelievesitisauthentic,itmaygiveonetheanswerstothequestionsthat
19
ariseinoursociety.Itmaytakethemysteryoutofwhatishappeningtoourworld.
Inanycase,howwouldoneknowwhetherornotitisauthenticunlessonefirst
comestounderstandwhatitsays?
Timeandtimeagain,throughouthistory,KhazarianZionistshaverepeated
thesesameantiGentileviews,allofwhichresonateinperfectsympathywiththis
document,theProtocolsoftheLearnedEldersofZion,sooftencondemnedasa
fraudandantiSemitic.EveniftheProtocolshadneverexisted,therewouldbe
ampleproofoftheveryconspiracywhichtheydocumentsographically.How
nonsensicalarethecriesof"antiSemitic!"and"fraud!"inrelationtothe
Protocols.TheJewsALWAYSdenyanythingthatmakesthemlookbad.Theyare
currentlyclaimingthattheAIPACspyscandalistheinventionofantiSemites.
Thepurposeofthislecturewasnottoanalysealiteraryhypothesisbutto
emphasizethefactthatsincepublicationoftheProtocols,worldeventshave
unfoldedexactlyaccordingtotheirdescriptionsurelythisshouldbeproof
enoughthataplansuchastheProtocolsexists?
Everybodyshould,fromcovertocover,readtheProtocolsoftheLearned
EldersofZion,justtounderstandwhyJewssovehementlyprotestitsauthenticity.
Itisnotimportantwhetherthesedocumentsarerealorfakebutthatwhatiswithin
theirpagesisopenlyhappeninginourworldtoday...
Ourentirecivilizationisindangerofgoingdowninsmokeandchaos.How
canwecheckthatcancerthatdevoursslowlyallthatisbeautifulandnoblein
everynation?Howcanwesaveourspiritualinheritance,whichismanytimes
morevaluablethanallmaterialwealth?
Nocureispossibleaslongaswedonotunderstandthecauseofourailment;
acorrectdiagnosismustprecedetheapplicationofthemedicineinordertorelieve
thesicknesswhichweallobservearoundus,butdonotcomprehend.
Firstofall,itshouldbeclearlyrealizedthatthecrisisinwhosedeadlygrip
wearenowovertaken,isnotincidentalbutwascarefullypreparedbyagangof
powerfulcriminals.Norecoveryispossibleuntilthetoolsofdestructionaretaken
awayfromthesenefariouspoisonmixersoftheuniverse.
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TheZionistonslaughtseemsalmostimpossibletooppose,whenall
courageouseffortsbymenofintegritytoinformtheworldoftheZionist
conspiracyfalllargelyondeaf,andevenoffended,ears.Onecanonlyimagine
whatkindofabetterworldwewouldhavetoday,hadthemassesralliedinsupport
ofthoseopposingtheZionistconspiracy,ratherthancondemningthem,or
opposingthem.
TheZionistleader,ChaimWeismannstatedbackin1920:
"WetoldtheauthoritiesinLondon;weshallbeinPalestinewhetheryou
wantusthereornot.Youmayspeeduporslowdownourcoming,butit
20
wouldbebetterforyoutohelpus,otherwiseourconstructiveforcewillturn
intoadestructiveonethatwillbringaboutfermentintheentireworld."
[JudisheRundschau,No.4,1920,Germany]
...sostatedtheJewishbanker,PaulWarburg:
"Wewillhaveaworldgovernmentwhetheryoulikeitornot.Theonly
questioniswhetherthatgovernmentwillbeachievedbyconquestor
consent."[February17,1950,ashetestifiedbeforetheU.S.Senate]
Theyarepersistent,andtheyaretireless.Ifwearegoingtokeepondoing
this,wecannolongerstandbyandwatchthisgoon.Speakout!Standupandbe
counted!Orlaydownanddie.
ThecontrolledmediatreattheAmericanpeoplelikemushrooms:Keep'em
inthedarkandfeed'emmanure!Butagain,moreandmoreofus"mushroom
people"arewakinguptotheTruth...
And,theJewsthemselves...well,theyshouldalsoawake...becausetheJews
willneverunderstandantiSemitismuntiltheyrealizethatitisnotalwaysbased
justonirrationalprejudice.
August4,2006
Iknowthatsomeofyousaythatitwouldbebetterrathertofocusmoreon
currenteventsandIdoactuallyagreethatitisindeedveryimportanttoknowwhat
isgoingontoday,intheMiddleEastorhereinAmerica,andshareourfeelings
aboutit.TobewellinformedaboutAIPACandothersuchthingsisimportantbut
myselfIalwaysemphasizethatitisevenmoreimportanttoknowandunderstand
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whythingstodayarethewaytheyare.Alloftoday'shorribleeventsinPalestine,
Iraq,Lebanon(or,forthatmatter,inWashington,D.C.)arejustlikebranchesand
leavesofthesametreeandthattreehasitsdeeproots.Thoserootsaremost
important!Iftherewerenoroots,thentherewouldn'tbeanytree.
Asolidunderstandingofhistoryhaslongbeenthebestguideto
comprehendingthepresentandanticipatingthefuture.Forexample,manypeople
ask:HowdidtheBolsheviks,asmallmovementguidedbytheteachingsof
GermanJewishsocialphilosopherKarlMarx,succeedintakingcontrolofRussia
andimposingacruelanddespoticregimeonitspeople?Well,veryfewpeopleare
awareoftheextenttowhichJewishZionistswereresponsiblefortheBolshevik
revolutioninRussia.That'shistory.
Inrecentyears,Jewsaroundtheworldhavebeenvoicinganxiousconcern
overthespecterofantiSemitisminthelandsoftheformerSovietUnion.Inthis
newanduncertainera,wearetold,suppressedfeelingsofhatredandrageagainst
JewsareonceagainbeingexpressedinRussia.Accordingtoonepublicopinion
surveyconductedin1991,forexample,mostRussianswantedallJewstoleavethe
country.ButpreciselywhyisantiJewishsentimentsowidespreadamongthe
peoplesoftheformerSovietUnion?WhydosomanyRussians,Ukrainians,
LithuaniansandothersblametheJewsforsomuchmisfortune?
NowIwilltrytocontinueexplainingtoyouthisTabooSubjectasbest
asIcan.
Thefatherofcommunism,KarlMarx,whowasaJewhimself(accordingto
UniversalJewishEncyclopedia,Vol.VII,p.289,"onbothpaternalandmaternal
sidesKarlMarxwasdescendedfromrabbinicalfamilies"),issuedhisCommunist
Manifestoasfarbackasthemiddleofthe19thcentury,butitwasanother50years
beforemostlyJewishCommunistswereabletohavemuchofanimpactonthe
Gentileworld.WhetherMarxwasa"religious"Jewisofnosignificantimportance
inthisdiscussion,sinceJewishness,asweknow,isnotdefinedexclusivelyby
adherencetoJudaism.TheJewsthemselvesarguealmostconstantlyoverwhat
makesoneaJew.Nonetheless,agreatbulkofJewstodaywouldprobablyidentify
themselvesasatheistsoragnostics,butalsononethelessconsiderthemselvesJews.
Butfirstlet'stalkaboutthepoliticalZionists,notCommunists.Becauseof
what'shappeningrightnowinLebanon,Ifeelasmydutytotouchuponhowthis
projectofZionistscameintoexistence.TheZionists,justliketheirCommunist
brethren,alsobeganpropagandizingandorganizing(mainlyalsoinRussiaand
Poland)aboutthemiddleofthe19thcenturyandonlybecamereallynoticeableat
thebeginningofthe20thcentury,whentheybeganhavinginternationalZionist
congressesandmoreorlessopenlylayingtheirplanstofomentwarsand
revolutions,ofwhichtheycouldtakeadvantagetopromoteJewishinterests.
Now,theZionistsofthelate1800sfacedonemajorproblemwiththeirbold
takeoverschemeofArabPalestine.Palestinewasunderthesovereigntyofthe
OttomanTurkishEmpireandtheArabscertainlyweren'tabouttojustgiveaway
primerealestateinPalestinetotheZionistsofEurope.TherewereveryfewJews
evenlivinginPalestineandtheJewshadnotcontrolledPalestinesincethedaysof
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theRomanEmpire.Thisdestroys,bytheway,thecommonlybelievedmyththat
theArabsandtheJews"havebeenfightingoverthatlandforcenturies."The
handfulofJewswholivedinPalestineatthetwilightof20thcenturygotalongwell
withtheirMuslimhostsandneverexpressedanydesirewhatsoevertooverthrow
theOttomanrulersandsetupanationcalledEretzIsrael.Themovementtostrip
PalestineawayfromtheOttomanEmpirecamestrictlyfromKhazarianZionists
whohadbecomeveryinfluentialwithinseveralEuropeannationsand,
increasingly,inAmerica.Forexample,attheZionistCongressin1897,inBasel,
Switzerland,theZionistleaderTheodorHerzltoldhisfellowJewsthatthey(the
politicalZionists)werehavingtroublepersuadingtheTurks,whoatthattime
controlledPalestine,toturnthecountryovertothem,butthattheJewishleaders
hadplansforgettingaroundtheTurks.AndIshouldmentionthatHerzl'saddress
tothe1897ZionistCongresshasbeenpublishedinanumberofplaces,andany
diligentresearchercandigupacopy.Herzlsaid:
"ItmaybethatTurkeywillrefuseusorwillbeunabletounderstandus.This
willnotdiscourageus.Wewillseekothermeanstoaccomplishourend.The
Orientquestionisnowaquestionoftheday.Soonerorlateritwillbring
aboutaconflictamongthenations....ThegreatEuropeanwarmustcome.
WithmywatchinhanddoIawaitthisterriblemoment.Afterthegreat
Europeanwarisendedthepeaceconferencewillassemble.Wemustbe
readyforthattime."
Remember,HerzlwastalkingabouttheJewry'splans17yearsbeforethe
outbreakoftheFirstWorldWar.ButtheJewswerereadywhenthetimecame.As
fate(orperhapsdesign)wouldhaveit,agreatopportunitywouldsoonpresent
itselftotheZionistMafia.Therecame,in1914,"TheGreatWar"pittingthethree
powersofGermany,AustriaHungary,andtheOttomanTurkishEmpireagainst
thethreepowersofEngland,France,andRussia.TheassassinationofCrown
PrinceFranzFerdinand,heirtotheAustrianthrone,wascarriedoutbytheassassin
GavriloPrincip,onJune28,1914.Theevent,knownastheassassinationin
Sarajevo,promptedtheAustrianactionagainstSerbiathatledtoWorldWarI.
Then,in1916,withthewarmoreorlessstalemated,theBritishwerefacing
defeatanddesperatelyneededAmericanhelp.ZionistsapproachedBritain's
politicalleadersandmadeadealtobringtheUnitedStatesintothewarontheside
ofBritaininreturnforaBritishpromisetotakePalestineawayfromTurkeyand
turnitovertotheJewsafterthewar.TheZionistspromisedtodeliverAmerican
muscleinexchangeforthepromiseofaZioniststateinPalestine.TheBritish
governmentandtheZionistleadersstruckadirtydeal.TheZionistswereledby
ChaimWeizmann,themanwholaterbecamethefirstPresidentoftheStateof
Israel.TheideawasfortheZioniststousetheirinfluencetodragthemightyUSA
intothewaronBritain'sside,sothatGermanyanditsOttomanalliescouldbe
crushed.InexchangeforhelpingtobringtheUnitedStatesintothewar,theBritish
wouldrewardtheZionistsbygivingovertothemPalestinetakenfromthe
conqueredOttomansafterthewarwasover.TheBritishhadoriginallywantedto
givetheZionistsaJewishhomelandinsomeAfricanterritory.ButtheZionists
werefixatedonclaimingPalestineandonlyPalestineastheirland.
TheBritishsideofthedealwasmadepublicinthesocalledBalfour
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Declaration.TheBalfourDeclarationtooktheformofaletterfromBritishForeign
SecretaryArthurJamesBalfouraddressedtoLordRothschild.TheBalfour
Declaration,inthewordsofBritishhistorianProf.HaroldTemperley,wasa
"definitecontractbetweentheBritishGovernmentandJewry."[Historyofthe
PeaceConferenceinParis,vol.6,p.173.]AmonthafterthedateoftheBalfour
DeclarationinDecemberof1917,theBritisharmyenteredJerusalem.
AndtheZionistskepttheirendofthebargainbyworkingthroughJews
closetothePresidentoftheUnitedStates,WoodrowWilson.
SamuelLandman,whowasSecretaryoftheWorldZionistorganization
from19171922wrotethefollowinginapaperentitled"GreatBritain,theJews,
andPalestine"in1936(publishedundertheauspicesoftheZionistAssociation,
wasintendedtoremindBritainofherobligations):
"...theonlyway...toinducetheAmericanPresidenttocomeintothe
WarwastosecurethecooperationofZionistJewsbypromisingthem
Palestine,andthusenlistandmobilizethepowerfulforcesofZionistJewsin
AmericaandelsewhereinfavoroftheAlliesonaquidproquocontract
basis..."
TheforegoingcommentarybyMr.LandmanimpliesthatZionistshadthe
earofPresidentWilsonandthereforeextraordinarycontroloverU.S.foreign
policy.(Thatwasalmost100yearsago!)Sincethis"littledetail"wasleftoutof
yourhighschoolhistorybooks,alittleexplorationisinorder.HowwouldZionists
havesuchinfluence?Throughwhom?
TheAmericanIsraeliCooperativeEnterpriseassists,here,byrecommending
PeterGrose'sexcellentbookIsraelintheMindofAmerica.Onpage64,theauthor
(whoisdirectorofMiddleEasternstudiesattheCouncilonForeignRelations!)
states,quiteplainly,thatPresidentWilson'stopadvisorsatthetimewereBernard
Baruch,RabbiStephenWise,andJusticeBrandeis.Hegoesontopointoutthat,
whenLordBalfourcametoAmericatodrumupsupportfortheBalfour
Declaration,insteadofgoingtoPresidentWilsonheheadedstraightforJustice
Brandeis,becauseoftheinfluencethatJusticeBrandeiswieldedwiththePresident.
ButwhatofJusticeBrandeis?ItwouldbereasonabletoexpectthataU.S.
SupremeCourtjusticewouldbeanAmericanfirstandforemostandhisJewish
identitywouldbeafardistantsecondaryconsideration.Yesitwouldbea
reasonableexpectationbutalsoverywronginthispeculiarcase.Evenvery
smallamountofresearchunearthsimmediatelythefactthatJusticeLouisDembitz
BrandeiswasaseriousZionistpartisanwhowasactuallylikealeaderoftheworld
Zionistmovement.HisowncopiouswritingsonthetopicshowZionismtobe
centralinhislife.Hisownwordsconfirmthis.Writinginhisfamousbook,
ZionismandPatriotism,onpage113,hisloyaltiesareunmistakable:"Letus
recognizethatweJewsareaDISTINCTNATIONALITYofwhichEVERYJEW,
whateverhiscountry,hisstation,orshadeofbelief,isnecessarilyamember"...
Zionistspowerbrokersimmediatelywenttoworktoputthescrewsto
PresidentWilson.During1915and1916,PresidentWilsonkeptfaithwiththe
bankerswhohadpurchasedtheWhiteHouseforhim.PresidentWoodrowWilson
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wasbasicallythepuppetofRothschildagentEdwardMendelHouse.And,asI
said,theBalfourDeclarationtooktheformofaletteraddressedtononeotherthan
LordLionelRothschild.
WilsonhadwontheelectiontohissecondtermintheWhiteHousein1916
bypromisingAmerica'svotersthathewouldkeeptheUnitedStatesoutofthe
Europeanwarbutassoonashetookofficein1917hebeganschemingtogetthe
countryintothewaronthesideofBritain.OvernighttheZionistinfluencedpress
transformedtheGermanKaiserandhispeopleintobloodthirsty"Huns,"
determinedtodestroycivilization.Then,theUnitedStatesenteredthewaron
Britain'ssideundertheridiculouspretextof"makingtheworldsafefor
democracy."ThatcostacoupleofmillionadditionalGentilelives,butitgot
PalestinefortheJewsanditalsoprolongedthewarenoughfortheJewsin
RussiatotoppletheTsarandgettheircommunistrevolutionofftheground.
AfterAmerica'sentryintoWorldWarI,PresidentWoodrowWilson
immediatelyturnedthegovernmentoftheUnitedStatesovertohisZionist
backers,PaulWarburg,BernardBaruchandEugeneMeyer.Baruchwasappointed
headoftheWarIndustriesBoard,withlifeanddeathpowersovereveryfactoryin
theUnitedStates.EugeneMeyerwasappointedheadoftheWarFinance
Corporation,inchargeoftheloanprogramwhichfinancedthewar.PaulWarburg
wasincontrolofthenation'sbankingsystem.
58,480dead!189,955wounded!14,290missing!Atotalof262,725
AmericanmilitarypersonnelwerecasualtiesintheGreatWar,nowknownas
WorldWarOne.
But,anyways,wearesupposedtotalkherenotaboutPalestine,butabout
RussiaandnotaboutcreatingofIsrael,butaboutBolshevikRevolutionandsoit
wouldbebettertostickclosertoourmaintopic.
WhenIsaythatinRussiasomeJewstooktheZionistrouteandsomethe
Marxistroute,Idon'tmeanthatallJews(all100%ofthem)becameactive
participantsinoneortheotherofthosemovements.MostJewsremainedfulltime
moneygrubbersandprovidedpropagandaandfinancialsupportfortheir
conspiratorialbrethren,continuingtobuyupmassmediaandtodispensecapitalto
theZionistsorthecommunistsasneeded.EventuallyeveryRussianJewcameto
identifyhimselfwitheitheroneortheotherofthesemovements.
VeryfewpeopleareawaretodayoftheextenttowhichJewswere
responsiblefortherevolutioninRussia.Firsttheyorganizedunsuccessful
revolutionof1905,andthenthelaterandsuccessfulBolshevikRevolutionof
1917.BothwereheavilyfinancedbyoutsideJewishbankinghouses,and
ultimatelyresultedinJewsassumingcontrolofwhathadbecometheSoviet
Russia.Concurrently,JewishZionistmachinationsintheUnitedStates,Germany,
Britain,andelsewherehelpedsetthestageforthetakeoverofRussia.
LongpriortotheRevolutioninRussia,internationalJewryhadconceiveda
hatredofChristianandTsaristRussia,becauseofoppositionoftheRussianpeople
andGovernmenttoJewishTalmudism.Inhisintroductiontothe1903translation
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oftheTalmud,forexample,RabbiMichaelL.Rodkinsondetailstherepeated
denunciationsoftheTalmudovermanycenturiesbynearlyeverycountry,the
Popes,andothers,andalsostates:"Stillwhathasbeentheresult?TheTalmud
existstoday,andnotoneletterinitismissing.Itistrue,thepersecutionsagainstit
arenotyetatanend;accusationsandcalumniesbyitsenemies,underthenew
nameofantiSemites,arestilldirectedagainstit,whilethegovernmentofRussia
legislatesagainstandrestrictstherightsofthenationwhichadherestothe
Talmud."
And,attheturnofthetwentiethcentury,therewerealreadyforces,ledby
JacobHirschSchiff,aseniorpartnerintheenormouslypowerfulAmericanJewish
bankinghouseofKuhn,Loeb,andCompany,whichweredeterminedtohumiliate
Russiainonewayoranother.HewasoneoftheprimeJewishconspiratorsplotting
totakeoverRussia.ThedocumentationofKuhn,LoebCompany'sinvolvementin
theestablishmentofCommunisminRussiaismuchtooextensivetobequoted
here,butIwillmentionatleastsomefacts.
SchiffwagedaprivatewaragainstRussiafromthe1890suntil1917.His
wardevelopedovertimeinanallconsumingpassionandtookontheovertonesof
apersonalcrusade.Thebanker"repeatedlydrewanalogiesbetweenRussiaandthe
biblicalstoryoftheJewsinEgypt;subconsciously,hedoubtlesssawhimselfas
anotherMoses."[NaomiW.Cohen,JacobH.Schiff:AStudyinAmericanJewish
Leadership(Hanover,NH:BrandeisUniversityPress,UniversityPressofNew
England,1999),p.124]Atonepoint,SchiffevenlobbiedthenPresidentTeddy
RoosevelttoconductaRoughRiderassault,patternedafterthe1898American
invasionofCuba,againstRussia.[RonChernow,TheWarburgs:TheTwentieth
CenturyOdysseyofaRemarkableJewishFamily(NewYork:RandomHouse,
1993),p.100]TermingSchiffsrequest"hysterical,"Rooseveltdismisseditoutof
hand.[Cohen,JacobH.Schiffp.142]
Now,it'sveryimportanttoknowthatallthegreatJewishbanking
monopolieshavebeeninterwovenbymarriagelikearug.Notethreethingsabout
theRothschildsfromtheJewishEncyclopediaof1905:Itsaysthatofthe58
Rothschildmarriagestothatdate,exactlyhalf,or29,hadbeentofirstcousins.
AlsothisencyclopediasaysthattheRothschilds"werethefirsttomakeuseof
journalisticmethodstoarousetheinterestofthepublicintheirloans.Theyhave,
however,consistentlykeptthesecretoftheirownoperations!"Amajorreason
whyRussiacollapsedandwentundertheRedheelduringWorldWarIalso
appearsinJewishEncyclopediaof1905,namely,"OfrecentyearstheRothschilds
haveconsistentlyrefusedtohaveanythingtodowithloanstoRussiaowingtothe
antiJewishlegislationofthatempire."(Thiswaswrittenin1905.)
AbrahamKuhnandSolomonLoebwerebrothersinlaw,GermanJewish
haberdasherswhohadmadeafortunesellinguniformsandblanketstotheNorth
duringtheAmericanCivilWarandthenmovedtoNewYorkstartingtheKuhn&
Loebbankinghousein1867.[Chernow,TheWarburgs,p.48.]SoonKuhn&Loeb
wasactuallyrunbyJacobSchiff,aFrankfurt,Germany,nativewhohadmarried
intothefamily,marryingSolomonLoeb'sdaughterTheresa.Schiffsancestor's
hadbeenlinkedtotheRothschilds,[Chernow,TheWarburgs,p.46.]andSchiff
hadpreviouslyworkedatbankinghousesinFrankfurt,NewYork,andatthe
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WarburgbankinHamburgbeforeacceptinganofferfromSolomonLoebtoreturn
totheUnitedStatesandbecomeapartneratKuhn&LoebinNewYork.Schiff
concentratedonwhatwasthenthemostlucrativepartofWallStreet:railroad
financing.
SchiffsdaughtermarriedFelixWarburgfromtheHamburg,Germany,
bankingfamilywhereSchiffhadpreviouslyworked.PaulWarburg,oneofFelix's
olderbrothers,marriedSolomonLoeb'syoungestdaughterfromhissecond
marriage,twentyyearsafterLoeb'sdaughterfromhisfirstmarriagehadmarried
Schiff.Everythingis,asIsaid,interwovenbymarriagelikearug.ThereforePaul
Warburg,inadditiontobeingFelixWarburg'sbrother,becamethroughthetwo
marriageshisbrother'suncle.AndJacobSchiffwasnotonlyFelixWarburg's
fatherinlaw,hewasPaulWarburg'sbrotherinlawbecausePaul'swifewas
JacobSchiffshalfsister.[Chernow,TheWarburgs,pp.46to56.]
ThehistoryoftheWarburgfamilyisjustasintriguingasthehistoryofthe
Rothschilds.TheWarburgfamilyoriginallycamefromItalyin1559,andthis
Jewishfamily,knowninItalyasDelBranco,tooktheGermannameWarburg
fromthecityofWarburgum,wheretheyfirstsettled.In1798thebank
M.M.Warburg&Co.ofHamburgwasfounded.SimonEliasWarburgthenwentto
Sweden,wherehefoundedthefirstJewishcommunityinthatcountry,his
grandsonFrederikEliasWarburgmovedtoEngland.OtherWarburgsmovedto
CopenhageninDenmark,andtooktheoriginalnameDelBranco.PaulWarburg
cametotheUnitedStatesin1902andbecameamemberofthebiggestJewish
bankintheUnitedStates,Kuhn,LoebandCo.ofNewYork.FelixWarburgalso
movedtotheUnitedStatesandjoinedsamebankasapartner.MaxWarburg
stayedinGermany.BothPaulandFelixWarburgwereatvarioustimespartnersin
boththeKuhn&LoebbankinghouseinNewYorkandintheM.M.Warburg
bankinghouseofHamburg,Germany,thatwasrunbytheirolderbrotherMax
Warburg.PaulWarburgworkedactivelyatbothbanks,spendingaboutsixmonths
eachyearinHamburgandtherestoftheyearinNewYorkbeforesettlingdownin
NewYorkandfinallybecomingaU.S.citizenin1911.Atthistimeinhistory,the
WarburgbankwastiedinwiththeRothschildbank,andthereasonforPaul
WarburgtomovetoNewYork,wastoworkfortheestablishmentofanAmerican
CentralBank.WorkingatKuhn,LoebandCo.PaulWarburglecturedandworked
onAmericanpoliticiansuntiltheFederalReserveactwaspassedonDecember22,
1913and,totheconsternationofmany,PaulWarburg,whohadnevervotedinan
Americanpresidentialelection,wasappointedtotheFederalReserveBoardby
PresidentWoodrowWilsonin1914.
Now,turntothelaudatorysketchofJacobSchiff,intheJewishCommunal
(Kehillah)RegisterofNewYorkCity,191718,ofwhichKehillahhewasan
ExecutiveCommitteeman.ItisstatedtherehowGermanbornSchiffcameto
Americaandmadeconnectionswithabankinghouse."ThefirmofKuhnLoeb&
Co.floatedthelargeJapanesewarloansof19045,thusmakingpossiblethe
JapanesevictoryoverRussia..."Then,thelastparagraphboasts"Mr.Schiffhas
alwaysusedhiswealthandhisinfluenceinthebestinterestsofhispeople.He
financedtheenemiesofautocraticRussia....andusedhisfinancialinfluenceto
keepRussiafromthemoneymarketoftheUnitedStates."[Thiswaswrittenin
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1918,aftertheBolshevikrevolution]Itisstatedthat"allfactionsofJewry"hailed
himforthis.
Yes,thisamazingstorybeginswiththewarbetweenRussiaandJapanin
1904.
Asitturnedout,Jewishinternationaleconomicpowertowardexpressly
JewishpoliticalendscouldevenbeassertedinAsia.Withtheoutbreakofthe
RussoJapaneseWar,freshcurrentsweresetinmotioninthedisturbedAsian
waters.TheRussoJapaneseWarof19045gaveSchifftheopportunitytoflexhis
financialmusclesinagrandmanner,andasoneAmericandiplomatputit,he
"wentoutofhiswaytohelpJapan."[Cohen,JacobH.Schiff,p.135]
Firstofall,JacobSchiffworkedtodiscourageloanstoRussiabythe
RothschildsandotherEuropeanJewishbankers.LordRothschildassuredSchiffin
1904thathisLondonbankhadnothandledaRussianloansince1875andthat
RussiahadnochanceinEnglandwitheitherJewishor,forthatmatter,nonJewish
banks.[Cohen,JacobH.Schiffp.135]
OncetheRussoJapaneseWargotunderway,Schiffhelpedarrangethe
extremelysuccessfulJapanesefinancingeffort.Hehadraisedthecapitalforlarge
warloanstoJapan.Towardthisend,SchiffhelpedJapanraise$180million,nearly
onefourthofthetotalJapaneseexpenditureinitswarwithRussia.Someofthe
laterloansfromSchiffsKuhn&LoebtoJapanwereinpartsubscribedthrough
theWarburg'sHamburgbank.ItwasduetothisfundingthattheJapanesewere
abletolaunchastunningattackagainsttheRussiansatPortArthurand,the
followingyear,tovirtuallydecimatetheRussianfleet.Asthewarprogressed,
SchiffsawJapanesegainsredoundingtothebenefitoftheJews."Ibelievethe
RussianGovernmentwouldnowgoveryfartogainthegoodwillofinternational
Jewry,"hesaidconfidently.[Cohen,JacobH.Schiffp.134]
AsprofessorAlbertLindemannwritesinhisbookEsau'sTears,"Schiff,the
wealthycapitalist,evenfundedsocialistindoctrinationprogramsforRussian
prisonersofwarbytheJapanese,inthehopethatthismightaidintheTsar's
downfall."[p.170]Duringthetwoyearsofhostilities,thousandsofRussian
soldiersandsailorsweretakenasprisonersbytheJapanese.Schiffpaidforthe
printingofoneandahalftonsofMarxistpropagandaandhaditdeliveredtothe
prisoncamps.HealsosentscoresofRussianspeakingJewishrevolutionaries,
trainedinNewYork,todistributethepamphletsamongtheprisonersandto
indoctrinatethemintorebellionagainsttheirowngovernment.Whenthewarwas
ended,50,000officersandenlistedmenreturnedhometobecomevirtualseedsof
treasonagainstRussia.Theyweretoplayamajorroleafewyearslaterincreating
mutinyamongthemilitaryduringtheCommunisttakeoverofRussia.
AshistorianJohnLewisGaddissaid,"Schiffsmotiveswerequitefrankly
thoseoftheRussianrevolutionariesof1905:toworkforaRussiandefeatatthe
handsofJapan,inthebeliefthatthiswouldhastentherevolutionwhich,asSchiff
thought,wouldgivepowertotheJews."[JohnLewisGaddis,Russia,theSoviet
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Union,andtheUnitedStates:AnInterpretativeHistory(NewYork:JohnWiley
andSons,1978),pp.4344]
BythistimeAmericanJewshadalreadybeguntoclaimaleadingrolein
internationalJewishaffairs.SchiffdelightedinthewaythatheandotherJewshad
beenabletocontributetothehumblingofthegreatRussianEmpire.Heboasted
thatafteritshumiliationintheRussoJapaneseWar,Russiahadcometo
understandthat"internationalJewryisapowerafterall."[GaryDeanBest,To
FreeaPeople:AmericanJewishLeadersandtheJewishProbleminEastern
Europe,18901914(Westport,CT,1982),p.108.]WhenRussia'sPrimeMinister
CountWittearrivedintheUnitedStatestonegotiatethepeacetreatywithJapan,
hewascontactedbySimonWolf,anotherAmericanJewishleaderandlongtime
confidantofpresidents,whotoldhimthatRussianeededtwothings,moneyand
friends.Headded:
TheJewsoftheworld,ascitizensoftheirrespectivecountries,controlmuch
ofthefirst...ThereisnouseindisguisingthefactthatintheUnitedStates
theJewsformanimportantfactorintheformationofpublicopinionandin
thecontroloffinances....Byvirtueoftheirmercantileandfinancial
standinginthiscountrytheyareexercisinganallpotentandpowerful
influence.[QuotedinAlbertS.Lindemann,Esau'sTears:ModernAnti
SemitismandtheRiseoftheJews(NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,
1997),p.302]
ThisboastingbySchiffandbyWolfwastransparentlydesignedtoimpress
theRussians,withthequiteexplicitgoal.ObserversasdifferentasWinston
ChurchillandTheodoreHerzlfirmlybelievedthatinternationalJewryevenatthat
timeexercisedenormouspowerininternationalrelations.BritishjournalistArnold
WhitewrotethattheEuropeanpressandinternationalfinancewereinJewish
hands,andthat"thePrimeMinisterandtheCabinetofEnglandaltertheirpolicy
andabandonanimportantbillinparliamentatthefrownoftheRothschilds."He
concludedthatJewsweremaking"monotonousprogresstowardthemasteryofthe
world."[QuotedLindemann,Esau'sTears,pp.302303]
Since1890,JewishAmericanfinanciersledbyJacobSchiff,Isaac
Seligman,andAdolphLewisohnhadalsovigorouslylobbiedthepowerful
internationalJewishbankingcommunityasacollectiveentitytorejectany
Russia'ssearchesforloans.UltimatelydefeatedbyJapanandsufferinggreat
indemnitydemands,Russiafacedalargelysuccessfulinternationaleconomic
lockoutbyJewishmoneylenders."Agreatnation,"reportedtheJewishChronicle
10
withsatisfactionabouttheteeteringRussianstate,"wasnowgoingfromone
Jewishbankertotheother,vainlyappealingforfinancialhelp."[C.C.Aronsfeld,
"JewishBankersandtheTsar,"JewishSocialStudies,April1973.V.XXXV,no.
2,p.103]
ThefollowingultimatumtothehugecountryofRussia,andathreattothose
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whobrokeJewishrankstodobusinesswithit,wasannouncedbyagroupof
JewishAmericanbusinessmenwieldingtheirownforeignpolicy,selfdescribedas
the"Hebrewalliance":
"First,...nomoneywillbeloanedtheRussiangovernmentbyany
AmericanJews.Second,theRothschildsareunitedwiththeAmerican
Jewishbankersinthisagreementandwillusealltheirenormousprestige
andpowertoassistincarryingoutthethreat.Third,nofinancialconcern
willbeallowedtoloanRussiamoney,underpainofthedispleasureand
financialpunishmentthatsuchacombinationofresourcesoftheHebrew
alliancecouldsoreadilydispense."[C.C.Aronsfeld,"JewishBankersand
theTsar,"JewishSocialStudies,April1973.V.XXXV,no.2,p.100]
JacobSchiffandothersunashamedlyusedtheirfinancialinfluencetothwart
Russiaateveryturn.AsheboastedtoLordRothschildin1904,"Ipridemyself
thatalltheefforts,whichatvarioustimesduringthepastfourorfiveyearshave
beenmadebyRussiatogainthefavoroftheAmericanmarketforitsloans,Ihave
beenabletobringtonaught."[CyrusAdler,JacobH.Schiff:HisLifeandLetters
(GardenCity,NY:Doubleday,1928),vol.2,p.122.]ThisantiRussiacrusade
broughtSchifftotheheightofhispowersandtoapositionneverbeforeattained
byanAmericanJewishleader.[Cohen,JacobH.Schiff,p.126]Interviewedin
1911,theRussianministeroffinancesaid:"Ourgovernmentwillneverforgiveor
forgetwhatthatJew,Schiff,didtous....HealonemadeitpossibleforJapanto
securealoaninAmerica.Hewasoneofthemostdangerousmenwehadagainst
usabroad."[Cohen,JacobH.Schiff,p.134]
Then,theAmericanJewishCommitteewasfoundedin1906.Schifftoldthe
organizingmeetingthatheandhisfriendsneededacommitteethatwouldbe
powerfulbutdiscreetbecausehewasfearfulofsubstantiatingtheassumption
prevalentinthe1890sthatJewswerecontrollinginvisiblefinancialempiresand
secretlydirectinggovernmentsofmanynations.TheAmericanJewish
Committee'slobbyingtechniquesincluded"lavishexpendituresofmoney,public
speakingcampaigns,extensivedistributionofpropaganda,andcourtingpoliticians
byplayingoffRepublicansagainstDemocrats."(Soundsliketoday'sAIPAC)
Centraltothestrategyofbehindthescenespressureandbackstairsdiplomacythat
istheirtrademarkarethepoliticalandsocialcontactsitsleadersenjoywithhigh
11
levelofficialsandforeigndignitaries.[GreggIvers,ToBuildaWall:The
AmericanJewsandtheSeparationofChurchandState(Charlottesville:
UniversityPressofVirginia,1995),p.36.]
ThehistoryoftheAmericanJewishCommittee'sfirstlegislativefightis
importantbackgroundinformationbecauseitshowstheawesomepowerofthese
Zionistgroupsevenatthebeginningofthetwentiethcenturyandthatthemethods
thattheyarestillusingtodaytoinfluencepublicopinionhavebeenaroundfora
longtime.ThebookcalledPoliticsofEthnicPressure,writtenbyJudithS.
Goldstein(obviouslyJewish)isanexcellent,assiduouslyresearchedbookcovering
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thisperiodindetail,andIrelyhereonherconclusionsregardingSchiffsconduct
intheconflictwiththeU.S.Government'shandlingofperceivedpersecutionsof
hisfellowJewsinRussia.(Bytheway,ProfessorMacDonaldalsoquotesher
heavily.)
Theirfirsthighprofileventureintothepublicarenawasafightforthe
abrogationoftheRussoAmericanTreatyof1832.Abrogationmeanstocancel,
repealorannulbyauthority.Bythetermsofacommercialtreatyof1832
reciprocalrightsofsojournandtradeweregrantedRussianandAmericans.Ithad
permittedRussiatohavesomesayastothosefromtheU.S.A.itmustadmit
throughitsborders.RussiahardeneditspolicyofrefusingvisastoAmericanJews.
Russiaretainedsomesovereignty,whichRedRevolutionaryJewryfromRussia,
armedwithAmericanpassports,couldnothurdle.TheJewishmobmustbefreeto
returntoRussiaandputovertheJewishrevolution.Thereciprocaltreatyof1832
withRussiahadtobebroken.Thiscampaignwasenhancedwhenattheturnofthe
centuryincreasingnumbersofimmigrantsfromRussia(mostofwhomwere
Jewish)toldtoAmericansallkindsoffantasytalesaboutallegedpersecution,
pogroms,andinjusticesinRussia.
Technically,theAJCranthecampaign,widelypublicizingtheissueand
mobilizingcongressmen,opinionmolders,religiousleaders,andthepublicatlarge
totheirside.Behindthescenes,however,Schiffasalwaystookcenterstage.
[Cohen,JacobH.Schiff,p.145]
PresidentWilliamHowardTaftwasnotwillingtoshapeAmerica'sRussian
policyaroundtheneedsofRussianJewryandthedesiresofanethnicminorityat
home.ThebackgroundoftheseprerevolutionaryactivitiesoftheAmerican
JewishCommitteewascoveredverywellintheHenryFord'snewspaper,The
DearbornIndependent(January1921issue),inanarticleentitled:"TaftOnce
TriedtoResistJewsandFailed."Toquote:
Mr.TaftoncestoodoutagainsttheJews,wasstronglydenouncedas
unfavorabletotheJews,wassoundlybeatenbytheJewsonamatteron
12
whichhehadtakenafirmstand,andhaseversinceshownthathehas
learnedhislessonbyaccommodatingtheJewsintheirdesires...
ForcenturiesRussiahashadherowntroubleswiththeJewsand,as
theworldknows,hasatlastfallenprostratebeforeJewishpowerwhichfor
centuries,hasbeenworkingtoundermineher....Thebiggesthoaxin
moderntimeswasthepropagandaagainstRussiaasthepersecutorofthe
Jews.RussiadevotedtotheJewsalargepartofthemostfavoredsectionof
theland,andwasalwayslaxinthoselawswhichprohibitedJewsfrom
settlinginotherpartsofthecountrythattheJewwasabletocreatean
undergroundsystemthroughoutthewholeofRussiawhichcontrolledthe
graintrade,controlledpublicopinion,andutterlybaffledtheTsar's
government.Thecryof"persecution"arosebecausetheJewswerenot
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permittedtoexploitthepeasantsasmuchastheydesired.Theyhave,
however,gainedthatprivilegesince.
ReportsofU.S.A.Ministersarequotedshowingthatwhile1500Jews
wereregisteredinSt.Petersburgwiththepolice,30,000wereoperating
thereillegally.Jewisheditorsandwriterswieldedpowerontheleading
newspapersofSt.PetersburgandMoscow,andtheliquortradewasentirely
inJewishhands.AteveryturntheUnitedStatesGovernmentdiscovered....
TheJewsrepresentedthattheirlifeinRussiawasahell...Presently,after
yearsofundergroundworkandopenpropagandaagainstRussiainthedaily
press,untiltheAmericanconceptionagainstRussiawasfixedalmost
beyondcorrection,theagitationtooktheformofthe"Russianpassport
question"...JewsdemandednothinglessthanthattheUnitedStatesshould
breakalltreatyrelationswithRussia.Theydemandedit.
Then,inthatsamearticle,howJacobSchiff,LouisMarshall,AdolphKrauss
andJudgeHenryM.Fogle(allExecutiveCommitteemembersoftheAmerican
JewishCommittee)walkedinonPresidentTaftattheWhiteHouse,onFebruary
15,1911,isdescribed.Theyhaddemandedtheconference,weredinedatthe
WhiteHouseluncheontable,butPresidentTaftinsisteduponreadingthemhis
conclusionsthatthetradetreatyof1832withRussiashouldnotbebrokenasan
exceptionalfavortoJews,despitehissentimentsinfavorofJewry.JacobSchiff
wasenraged."Thismeanswar!"heexclaimed.OnleavingtheWhiteHouse,Jacob
SchiffrefusedtoevenshakethePresident'shand...JacobSchifflivedtooverthrow
Russia.
HenryFordwrote:"TheneutralityoftheUnitedStateswastorntoshredsby
amovementorganizedandfinancedonAmericansoilfortheoverthrowofa
friendlynation,andtheorganizersandfinancierswereJews!...TheUnitedStates
wastobeusedasacrowbartobatterdownthewalls."
13
WhentheJewishAmbassadorslefttheWhiteHouse,ordersflewfrom
WashingtonandNewYorktoeverypartoftheUnitedStates,andtheJewish
"nagging"drivebegan.Ithadacenterineverycity.Itfocusedonevery
RepresentativeandSenator.Itwasoperatedonpreciselythesamelinesasthe
AIPACisproceedingtoday!
JacobSchiffhadsaidonFebruary15,1911,"Thismeanswar!"Sohehad
immediatelyorderedalargesumofmoneyusedforthatpurpose.Duringthis
periodofpoliticalturmoil,theAmericanJewishCommitteecleverlyandboldly
employeditsnetworkofnationalcontactsandsupportedpoliticianssuchas
WoodrowWilsonwhowerehungryforvotesinthe1912election.
LouisMarshallwasthepresidentandchiefstrategistoftheAmericanJewish
Committeeatthetime.AcontemporaryandallyoftheSchiffsandWarburgs,he
directedtheAmericanJewishCommitteeinaskillful,uncompromisingcampaign
tospreadwhatwascalledthe"abrogationmessage"topoliticiansatthestateand
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nationallevels.ThecommitteeworkedopenlyandunabashedlytomakeCongress
andthepublicbelievethatthelifeoftheJewsinRussiawasahell.Finally,inNew
YorkCityin1911,theAmericanJewishCommitteestagedanenormousrallyin
whichfeaturedtheappearanceoftwopresidentialhopefuls,WoodrowWilsonand
ChampClark,alsoWilliamRandolphHearst,aformerambassadortoRussia,and
severalCongressmen.OnDecember13thofthatsameyearalmosttenmonths
toadayafterJewryhaddeclaredwaronPresidentTaft'sconclusionsboth
housesofCongressorderedPresidentTafttonotifyRussiathatthetreatywith
Russiawouldbeterminated.TheJewshavewon.
Schiffhailedtheabrogationvictoryinjubilantwords:"Forthefirsttime,
Russia,thatgreatColossus,hasreceivedaslapinthefacefromagreatnation,
whichact...mustbeofthegreatestconsequenceinthehistoryofcivilization."
[Cohen,JacobH.Schiff,pp.150151]Hebraggedthattheabrogationvictorywas
"thegreatestvictoryfortheJewssinceNapoleongrantedthemcivilrights."[Judith
S.Goldstein,ThePoliticsofEthnicPressure(NewYorkandLondon:Garland
Publishing,1990),pp.165178.]
AteverystageofthegameoftakeoverRussiaforTalmudism,theUnited
StateswasusedabaseofoperationsfortheZionistJewstoputRussiaunderheel.
PropagandafloodedthiscountrythattheTsarwieldedablacksnakewhipover
little"angel"Jews,madetosufferjustbecausetheywere"PeopleoftheBook."
Americansweretaughtthattothetuneofmillionsofdollarsspentbythe
AmericanJewishCommitteeandothers.YouhaveonlytoreadsuchJewishbooks
asDubnow'sHistoryoftheJewsofRussiaandPoland,putoutbytheAmerican
JewishCommittee'sJewishPublicationSocietyofAmericaforitsownpeopleto
seehoweverylawwasfloutedastheTalmudistsrosetoassassinateandcrowd
theirwayintocompletemasteryandbutcheryinRussia.
14
JewisheconomicandpoliticalcollusionagainstRussia,notesEdwinBlack,
"waswidelycriticizedforthestubborncontinuationoftheirboycottevenasit
threatenedtheAllies'[WorldWarI]wareffort.Buttheboycottremainedineffect
untilthemonarchywastoppledin1917."[EdwinBlack,TheTransferAgreement:
TheUntoldStoryoftheSecretAgreementBetweentheThirdReichandJewish
Palestine(NewYork:MacMillan,1984),p.31]
Now,let'smovetoRussiaitself.
ThePolishsurnameTrotskywasnottheonehewasbornwith.Histrue
namewasLeybaDavidovichBronstein,andhewasbornin1879intoafairly
wealthyfamilyofJewishlandownersinsouthernUkraine.Inthefallof1888,at
thetenderageof9,LeybaDavidovichmovedfromthefamilyestatetothecoastal
cityOdessa,wherehelivedwithhismother'snephew,MosesPhilipovichSpentzer
aliberalJewishpublisher.AfterattendinghighschoolinOdessa,hewentonto
juniorcollegeatNikolayev,wherehefellimmediatelyinwithagroupofJewish
radicals.HebegantoreadMarxaroundthistimeandstartedtotakepartinvarious
kindsofsubversiveactivities.Heendedupbeingarrested,anditwasatthispoint
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inhiscareerthathedecidedtoadoptapseudonym.Withastrokeofirony,hetook
onthenameofhisPolishprisonwarden,Trotsky.Duringthefallof1899hewas
movedtoaprisoninMoscow,andwastriedearlyinthefollowingyear.Hewas
sentencedtofouryearsexileinSiberia.However,beforethetransfercouldbe
broughtabout,TrotskydecidedtowedoneofhisfellowJewishagitators:
AlexandraLvovnaSokolovskaya.Arabbiwasbroughttotheprisoncellto
officiate.Soonafterthecouple'sexiletoSiberia,ababydaughterwasborn,with
anotherfollowingin1902.DespitetherigorsofSiberia,Trotskywasableto
contributeprolificarticlestothelocalIrkutsknewspaper,andtoreceiveandstudy
Marxistbooks.AroundthistimeheheardofVladimirUlyanovLenin,another
Communistagitator,andthetwobegancorresponding.LeninwroteTrotskythathe
shouldabandonhisSiberianexileandgoandliveinaforeigncountry.Friends
wouldhelp.SoTrotskyfoundhiswaytoVienna,wherehewasaidedbyhisfellow
JewishCommunist,VictorAdler;andthenontoZurich,whereanotherJewish
Communist,PavelBorisovichAxelrod,waspointman.Trotsky'swifeand
childrenwereleftbehindinSiberia(andabandonedforgood)...
OntoParis,andthentoLondon,whereTrotskyfinallymetLeninata
roominghouseat30HolfordSquare,King'sCross.TrotskygavesomeMarxist
lecturesinLondon'spredominantlyJewishWhiteChapeldistrict,andhetookup
withaUkrainian(Gentile)woman,NatalyaIvanovnaSedova.Beforelongthetwo
becamelovers,andproducedtwochildren.Afterestablishingstrategyatvarious
conferencesinLondon,BrusselsandParis,TrotskyandNatalya(usingfake
passports)returnedtoRussiain1905inordertolaunchtherevolution.
15
Now,let'sgointoatleastsomedetailsabouttheunsuccessfulrevolutionof
1905.It'sveryimportant,becauseyearslater,Leninreferredto1905asthe"dress
rehearsalfortheOctoberRevolution"of1917.Butfirstwealsohavetotakeat
leastaverybrieflookathistoryofBolshevismitselfandfindouthowdeeply
Jewishitwas.Therefore,wemustforthemomentturnourattentiontoagroupof
revolutionaryexileswhoareimportanttothisstorybecausetheyandtheir
discipleseventuallybecametherulersofCommunistRussia.Headofthisgroup,
andthemanwhoisgenerallyrecognizedasLenin'steacher,wasGeorgy
Plekhanov,agentile.PlekhanovhadfledRussiainthe1880sandsettledin
Switzerland.TherewiththeaidofVeraZasulich,LeoDeutch,andPavelAxelrod
allJewshehadformedtheMarxist"GroupfortheEmancipationofLabor,"
anduntil1901wasrecognizedastheleaderofthegroup.AlthoughPlekhanovwas
himselfagentile,thosearoundhimwere,withaveryfewexceptions,allJewish.
OneoftheexceptionswasLenin,whofirstbecameadiscipleofPlekhanov,
andlateracompetitor.Lenin(hisrealnameVladimirIlyichUlyanov)wasbornon
thebanksoftheRiverVolgaintheprovincialcityofSimbirsk,in1870.Lenin
himself,althoughisusuallydescribedasa"realRussian,"infacthewasamixture
ofvariousnationalities.ItislikelythathewasonequarterRussian,onequarter
German,onequarterJewishandatleastonequarterKalmuck(Mongol),which
accountsforhisratherMongolicappearance.
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Hisgrandfatheronhismother'sside,Israel(Alexander)Blank,wasa
UkrainianJew,thoughaconverttoRussianOrthodoxChristianityandmarriedtoa
womanofGermanorigin.Thisextremelyimportantfacthasbeenprovedbeyond
anyreasonabledoubtbyDmitriVolkogonov,aformerSovietgeneral,whohad
accesstotheKGBarchives!["Lenin'sLineage?'Jewish,'ClaimsMoscowNews,"
Forward,Feb.28,1992]VolkogonovpublishedanapocryphalletterofLenin's
sisterrevealingthatLenin'sgreatgrandparentwasaJewbeforehewasbaptized.
HereiswhatDmitriVolkogonovsaysinhisbookLenin,aNewBiography(New
York,1994):
"In[Lenin'ssister's]lettertoStalin[afterLenin'sdeath],Annawrote:'It's
probablynosecretforyouthattheresearchonourgrandfathershowsthathe
camefromapoorJewishfamily,thathewas,ashisbaptismalcertificate
says,thesonof'ZhitomirmeschaninMoisheBlank.'Shewentontosuggest
that'thisfactcouldservetohelpcombatantisemitism.'Paradoxicallyfora
Marxistwhobelievedintheprimacyofenvironmentaloverinherited
factors,shealsoassertedthedubiouspropositionthatLenin'sJewishorigins
'arefurtherconfirmationoftheexceptionalabilitiesoftheSemitictribe,
[confirmation]alwayssharedbyIlyich[Lenin]....Ilyichalwaysvalued
Jewshighly.'Anna'sclaimexplains,forinstance,whyLeninfrequently
16
recommendedgivingforeigners,especiallyJews,intellectuallydemanding
tasks,andleavingtheelementaryworktothe'Russianfools.'"
[Volkogonov,Lenin,pp.89]
Yes,athoroughgoinginternationalist,Leninviewedethnicorcultural
loyaltieswithcontempt.Hehadlittleregardforhisowncountrymen."An
intelligent,cleverRussian,"heonceremarkedtowriterMaximGorky,"isalmost
alwaysaJeworsomeonewhohasJewishbloodinhisveins."[Volkogonov,Lenin,
p.112]LeninalsosaidthatJewsmadethebestrevolutionaries.Leninwasboth
cleverandarevolutionary.Hewassurelyreferringtohimself.
Variousauthoritiesalsoallegethathiswife,NadezhdaKrupskayawasa
100%JewessandthatherfamilyspokeYiddishathome.
So,aswesee,Lenin'sstatusasa"nonJew"and"realRussian"isalsonotas
clearassubsequentSovietpropagandatriedtomakeit.LeninthenonJew,in
otherwords,wasJewishenoughtohavefallenundertheshadowofdoubtinNazi
GermanyortohavebeenacceptedinthestateofIsrael.[Lindemann,Esau's
Tears,p.432]
Leninwasborntoastatusofcomparativeprivilege,beingthesonofa
governmentofficialwhosetitleof"ActualStateCounsellor"carriedwithitthe
privilegeofhereditarynobility.Lenin'sfatherdidnothimselfinheritthetitle,but
acquireditasarewardofserviceasaschoolsupervisor.Byeveryrule,Vladimir
UlyanovshouldhavebecomearespectedmemberofRussiansociety.Hewasof
middleclassbackground,wasuniversityeducated,andwasadmittedtothe
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practiceoflaw.Thathedidnotdosocanbeascribedinparttothefateofhisolder
brother,Alexander,whoin1887wasexecutedforparticipatinginanattempton
thelifeofTsarAlexanderII.ThisissaidtohaveinfluencedLenintotakeupthe
careerofaprofessionalrevolutionary.
Inanyeventtheyearof1895findsyoungLeninthen25yearsofage
meetinginSwitzerlandwiththeleadersofthe"GroupfortheEmancipationof
Labor."ShortlythereafterhereturnedtoRussiainthecompanyofyoungJulius
Martov(whoserealnamewasYuliOsipovichTsederbaum),aJewwhohad
alreadybecomeprominentasanagitatorinthePaleofSettlement,andwhowas
onedaytobecometheleaderoftheMenshevikfaction.Theirpurposewastoraise
fundsforrevolutionaryactivity.InSt.Petersburgtheybecameinvolvedinaseries
ofstrikeswhichsweptthecityin1895,andintheautumnofthesameyearLenin,
Martov,andanumberofotherswereconvictedandsenttoprisonforrevolutionary
activity.InFebruaryof1897Lenincompletedhisprisontermandbeganhisperiod
ofexileinSiberia.HewaspermittedtotraveltoSiberiaathisownexpenseandhe
tookwithhimhiswifeKrupskayaandherYiddishspeakingmother.
17
Itshouldbeexplainedthat,contrarytopopularbelief,politicalexiles
unlessconvictedofacriminalactwerenotimprisonedinSiberia;ratherthey
wereparoledthere.Inexilethegovernmentprovidedapension,sufficientusually
tomaintainanexistence.Tosupplementthis,theexilesometimessoughtlocal
employment(Trotskyworkedasabookkeeper)ortheygotfundsfromfriendsand
family.Leninreceivedagovernmentallowanceof7rubles40kopeksmonthly,
"enoughtopayforroom,boardandlaundry."[DavidShub,Lenin(MentorBooks,
1950),p.26.]
WhileinSiberianexileLenin,Martov,andtheirGentileaccomplice
AlexanderPotresov,formulatedtheideaofan"AllRussianNewspaper"which
wouldservetocombinethethoughtandenergiesoftheentirerevolutionary
movement.TheMarxistsin1900,asatalltimesinthefutureweredividedand
subdividedintoagreatmanyfactions.Lenin'sideawastoweldthesevarious
factionsintoasingleorganization.InFebruaryof1900Leninwasreleasedfrom
exileandappliedfor,andgot,permissiontogotoSwitzerland.InGenevahe
joinedthe"GroupfortheEmancipationofLabor,"andinDecembertheGroup
beganthepublicationofIskra(TheSpark).TheestablishmentofIskramarkedthe
beginningofRussianMarxismasanorganizedmovement,andthebeginningof
Lenin'sroleasapartyleader.
Theeditorialboardconsistedofthe"oldsters,"Plekhanov,Zasulich,
Axelrod,andtheirdisciples,Lenin,Potresov,andMartov.Lenin'sJewishwife,
Krupskaya,wastheboard'ssecretary.Later,in1902,youngTrotskyalsojoined
theeditorialboard,butwithoutvotingprivileges.FouroftheaboveMartov,
Axelrod,Zasulich,andTrotskywere100%Jews,LeninsemiJew,while
PlekhanovandPotresovweregentiles.Theeditorialboardthuscontainedfour
Jewsand,say,threegentiles.Itisworthmentioningthattheonlyother
revolutionarypaperinexistenceatthistimewas"RabocheeDelo"(Workers
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Cause),ofthe"Economist"faction,ofwhomtheJew,FedorIlyichDanwasthe
editor.IskrawasprintedinMunich,Germany.Foratimetheeditorialboardmetin
London,butin1903itwasmovedbacktoGeneva.FromtherecopiesofIskra
weresmuggledintoRussiabyshipandcourier.InthiswayIskrabuiltupan
undergroundorganizationofprofessionalrevolutionaries,firstknownas"Iskrists,"
andlaterasBolsheviksandMensheviks.Thus,itcanbesaidthatCommunismas
anorganisedmovementbegan,yes,withthepublishingofIskrainDecemberof
1900.Threeyearslater,in1903,theIskristsjoinedwiththePolishSocial
Democrats,theJewishBund,andothers,toformtheRussianSocialDemocratic
LaborParty(whichlaterchangeditsnametotheCommunistParty).And,aswe
see,thefoundersandleadersofearlycommunismwerenotproletarians.Almost
withoutexceptiontheywerehighlyeducatedJewishintellectuals,fewofwhom
hadeverperformedausefulday'slabor.
18
In1903aUnificationCongresshadtotakeplaceinBrussels,Belgium.Its
purposewastounitethevariousMarxistsgroupsintotheRussianSocial
DemocraticLaborParty,whichtechnicallyhadbeenformedin1898,butwhich
hadfailedtobringunity.Altogether,60votingdelegatesattended,fourofwhom
were,orhadbeen,workers.TherestweremostlyJewishintellectuals.Here,again,
Communismasweknowit,wasborn.InearlyAugustofthatyeartheBelgian
policedeportedanumberofdelegatesandtheUnificationCongressmoveden
massetoEngland,whereitconvenedfromAugust11thtothe23rd.Onevery
importantoutcomeofthecongresswasthesplitwhichdividedtheIskristsintotwo
camps:TheBolsheviks(majorityfaction),headedbyLeninandtheMensheviks
(minorityfaction),headedbyMartov.BecauseLeninhadbeenabletomartiala
majorityofthedelegatestohissupport,hisfactionhadbeenidentifiedasthe
Bolshevik,ormajorityfaction,andalwaysthereafterLeninandhisfollowerswere
knownasBolsheviks.
The1905revolutioncameunexpectedly.Likethelateroneof1917,it
occurredinanatmosphereofwar.OnJanuary2nd,1905,theJapanesecaptured
PortArthur,andtherebywon(notwithoutahelpfromJacobSchiff!)thedecisive
victoryoftheRussoJapanesewar.LaterinJanuarythereoccurredatragicincident
whichwastheimmediatecauseofthe1905revolution.ThiswastheBloody
Sundayaffair.
TheTsaristgovernment,initsattemptstogainthefavorofthepopulation,
andinitssearchforawaytocombatJewishrevolutionaryactivity,hadadoptedthe
tacticofencouragingtheformationoflegaltradeunions,towhichsubversive
agitatorsweredeniedmembership.Thesetradeunionsreceivedofficialrecognition
andwereprotectedbylaw.
Oneofthemostoutstandingtradeunionleadersandcertainlythemost
unusualandIwouldsayevenabizarrefigurewasFatherGeorgyApollonovich
Gapon,apriestintheRussianOrthodoxChurch.OnthedayPortArthurfella
numberofclashesoccurredinPetersburg'sgiantPutilovfactorybetweenmembers
ofFatherGapon'slabororganizationandcompanyofficials.Afewdayslater,on
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January3,thePutilovfactoryworkerswentonstrike.
FatherGaponresolvedtotakethematterdirectlytotheTsar.Onthe
followingSunday,January9,1905,thousandsofpeoplePetersburg'sworkmen
andtheirfamiliesturnedouttoparticipateinthisappealbythe"littlefather."
Theprocessionwasentirelyorderlyandpeacefulandthepetitionerscarried
patrioticbannersexpressingloyaltytothecrown.AstheyapproachedtheWinter
Palace,theywereorderedtodisperse.Becauseofthesizeofthecrowd,mostcould
notheartheorder.ThetroopsoftheSt.Petersburggarrison,whichhadbeen
reinforcedinanticipationofthedemonstration,wereorderedtoopenfire.Over
130peoplewerekilledandaround300seriouslyinjured.ThiswasBloodySunday,
19
certainlyoneoftheblackestdaysinRussia'shistory.WasTsarNicholasII
responsibleforBloodySunday,asMarxistpropagandistshaveclaimed?He
couldn'thavebeenbecausehewasoutofthecityatthetime.FatherGaponhad
marchedonanemptypalace.Buttheharmhadbeendone...
BloodySundaymarkedthebeginningofthe1905revolution.Forthefirst
timetheJewishMarxistswerejoinedbycomparativelylargenumbersofthe
workingclass.BloodySundaydeliveredRussia'spopulationintothehandsofthe
Jewdominatedrevolutionarymovement.Jewishagitators,seizinguponthe
discontentengenderedbyRussia'sdefeatbytheJapanese,andcapitalizingonthe
BloodySundayincidentfannedtheflamesofinsurrectionintobeinginwhatwas
tobeadressrehearsalofthe1917revolution.Gaponescapedthecountryand
essentiallyceasedtobeapoliticalactorintheunfoldingdrama.(Hewas
assassinatedin1906bySocialistRevolutionaries.)
AstrikebrokeoutinLodzinlateJanuary,andbyJune22ndthisdeveloped
intoanarmedinsurrectioninwhich2000peoplewerekilled.TheTsaractedat
oncetorecoverthesituation.InearlyFebruaryheorderedaninvestigationintothe
causesofunrestamongthePetersburgworkers,andlaterintheyear(August)he
announcedprovisionsforestablishingalegislaturewhichlatercametobethe
Duma(Parliament).Notonlythatbutheofferedamnestytopoliticaloffenders,
underwhich,incidentally,LeninreturnedtoRussia.Buttheseattemptsfailed.
OnOctober20ththeJewishMenshevikledAllRussianRailwayunionwent
onstrike.Onthe21stageneralstrikewascalledinPetersburg,andonthe25th
thereweregeneralstrikesinMoscow,Smolensk,Kursk,andothercities.
Therevolt,comingsoquicklyontheheelsoftheBloodySundayincident,
caughtthepartyleadershipbysurprise.LeninwasinGenevaandhedidnotreturn
toPetersburguntilOctobershortlybeforethePetersburgSovietwasorganized.
MartovtheMenshevikleader,returnedatthesametime.RosaLuxemburgarrived
inDecember,bywhichtimetheinsurrectionhadended.Axelrodgotonlyasfaras
Finland,andPlekhanovneverreturnedatall.The1905revolutionwasprincipally
ledbysecondstringleaders,virtuallyallofwhomwereidentifiedwiththe
Mensheviks,andthemajoritywere,yes,Jewish.ThosefewthatwereBolsheviks
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NikolayBauman,ZinovyDosser,OlgaGenkina,VirgilyShantser,Yakov
Sverdlov,RozaliyaZemlyachkaallwereJewishaswell.
PinhasMoiseyevichRutenbergplayedanespeciallyactiveandimportant
roleintwoRussianrevolutions,in1905andlater1917.DuringWorldWarI,he
wasamongthefoundersoftheJewishLegionandoftheAmericanJewish
Congress.Lateron,intheBritishMandateofPalestine,hehadobtainedan
exclusiveconcessionforproductionanddistributionofelectricpowerandfounded
thePalestineElectricCompany,currentlytheIsraelElectricCorporation.
RutenbergalsoparticipatedinestablishingtheHagana,anucleusofthefuture
20
IsraeliArmy,andservedasaPresidentoftheJewishNationalCouncil.Rutenberg
becameGapon'sbestfriendandthismadehimanoticeablefigureinthePartyof
SocialistRevolutionaries.Rutenberg,infact,likepilotedtherevolutionary
activitiesofFatherGapon.HeadofPetersburgsectionofRussiansecretpolice
GerasimovwroteinhismemoirsthatGaponopenedaplantokilltheTsarduring
talkwithhimandPyotrRachkovsky."SuddenlyIaskedGapon,iftherewasaplan
tokilltheTsarwhenhecomesout.Gaponreplied:'Yes,It'strue.Itwas
Rutenberg'splan,notmine.Iwasinformedaboutitmuchlater.'"Thereisstill
confusionaboutwhetherthisistrueornot.Butit'scommonlyknownthat
RutenbergwastheonewhokilledFatherGapon.HewashangedbyPinhas
Rutenberginaccordancewitha"sentence"passedonhimbytheSocialist
RevolutionaryParty...
Russia'sministerofforeignaffairs,CountVladimirNikolaevichLamsdorf,
informedtheTsarthattheRevolutionof1905hadbeen"activelysupportedand
partlydirectedbytheforcesofuniversalJewry,"ledbytheAllianceIsraelite
Universelle,whichhad"giganticpecuniarymeans"andan"enormous
membership."[Lindemann,Esau'sTears,p.303]
OnOctober26ththerevolutionaryPetersburgSovietwasfounded.This
PetersburgSovietassumedthefunctionsofanationalgovernment.Itissued
decreesandotherwiseexercisedtheprerogativesofagovernment.Fromthevery
beginningtheSovietwasdominatedbytheMensheviks,althoughtheSocial
RevolutionaryParty(Essers)wasalsorepresented.ItsfirstpresidentwasJewish
Menshevik,Zborovski,whowassucceededbyGeorgiiNosar,alsoJewish.Hein
turnwassucceededbyTrotsky,who,itmustbeemphasized,chieflyasaresultof
theprestigegainedin1905,becameoneoftheguidingspiritsoftheOctober
revolutionin1917.
TrotskyaloneofthetopleadershiphadsensedthesignificanceofBloody
Sunday,andatthefirstwordofrevolutionheandaJewishcompatriot,Parvus,had
struckoutforPetersburg.UsingthepseudonymYanovsky,heveryquickly
becamealeadingmemberoftheSoviet,andbytheendofOctoberwasgenerally
recognizedasthemostinfluentialmemberoftheExecutiveCommittee.In
addition,heedited(withParvus)theMenshevikorgan,"Nachalo."Later,underthe
pseudonym,"PyotrPetrovich"heeditedthe"RusskayaGazeta."Trotskybecame
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presidentofthePetersburgSovietonDecember9th,1905,andaweeklatersome
300membersoftheSoviet,includingTrotskyhimself,werearrested.The
revolutionwasalmost,butnotquiteover.
AlthoughLeninhadbeeninSt.Petersburgthroughoutthelifeofthe
PetersburgSoviet,neitherhenoranymemberofhisfactionplayedaprominent
partinitsactivities.Whenthe300membersoftheSovietwerefinallyarrested,not
21
asingleprominentBolshevikwasamongthem.AsIsaid,therevolutionof1905
wasratherstrictlyaJewishMenshevikaffair.
OnDecember20th,followingTrotsky'sarrest,IsraelLazarevichHelphand
(betterknownbyhispseudonymAlexanderParvus),assumedleadershipofthe
revoltandcontrolofanewexecutivecommitteeoftheSovietandorganizeda
generalstrikeinPetersburgwhichinvolved90,000workers.Thenextday150,000
workerswentonstrikeinMoscow,andtherewereinsurrectionsinChita,Kansk,
andRostov.Butwithinaweekthegovernmenthadgainedtheupperhandandby
the30thofDecembertherevolutionwasover.
ParvuswasalsoarrestedandthrownintothePeterPaulFortressPrisonin
St.Petersburg,alongwithtwootherfellowJewishrevolutionaries:LeonTrotsky
andLeonDeutsch.AfterVIPtreatmentinjail,andademocratictrial,theywere
exiledtoSiberiaoncemore.However,afterarrivalinSiberia,Trotskyhardlyeven
stoopedtounpackbutmerelygotonatraingoingintheoppositedirectionand
endeduponcemorewithhiscommonlawwifeNatalyainFinland.
WhentheentireleadershipofthePetersburgSovietwasroundedupand
jailedinDecember1905,Parvusescapedthepoliceclutches.Whenhewaslater
captured,heescapedpolicecustody,courtesyoftheOkhranaagentLeonDeutsch.
Parvusnextturnedup,viaGermany,inConstantinople,asa"journalist"covering
theYoungTurkrebellionagainsttheOttomans,acrucialpreludetotheBritish
manipulatedsecondBalkanWar.
WhileParvusprotegeLeonTrotskyiswidelycreditedwiththeauthorshipof
theconceptof"permanentrevolution,"Trotskyhimselfattributedtheideato
Parvus,hisclosestallyduringtheperiodofthe1905St.PetersburgSovietrevolt.
TrotskycodifiedtheParvusoutlook,inhistwofamousworks,Permanent
RevolutionandResultsandProspects.Inthefirstofthoseworks,Trotskywrote,
"Thepermanentrevolution,inthesensewhichMarxattachedtothisconcept,
meansarevolutionwhichmakesnocompromisewithanysingleformofclass
rule,whichdoesnotstopatthedemocraticstage,whichgoesovertosocialist
measuresandtowaragainstreactionfromwithout;thatis,arevolutionwhose
everysuccessivestageisrootedintheprecedingoneandwhichcanendonlyin
completeliquidation."ButParvushimselfsaiditbest.Inanarticleinhismagazine
Iskra,ontheeveofWorldWarIandtheRevolution,heboasted,"TheRusso
JapaneseWaristhebloodreddawnofcominggreatevents."AndinTheClass
WarfareoftheProletariat(Berlin,1911),Parvuswroteinpraiseofwar:"Thewar
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sharpensallcapitalistcontradictions.Aworldwarmaythereforebeconcluded
onlybyaworldrevolution."
Asanoutcomeofthe1905revolution,TsarNicholasIIsetaboutremedying
theshortcomingsofhisregimeinamostcommendablemanner.Athisdecree,
Russiawasgivenrepresentativegovernmentandaconstitution.Anelective
22
legislativetheDumawasestablished,andfreeelectionswereheld.Bythese
measuresandotherswhichfollowed,Russiaseemedwellonthewaytobecoming
aconstitutionalmonarchypatternedafterthewesternEuropeanmodel,andasa
pointoffactitwasonlytheoutbreakofWorldWarIwhichpreventedthisfrom
becomingareality.
Aswouldbeexpected,theJewishrevolutionarypartiesbitterlyopposed
thesereforms,lookingonthemasmerelyadevicebywhichtheforcesof
revolutionwouldbedissipated.Actuallythesemeasuresdidsucceedinpacifying
theRussianmasses,andtheyearsbetween1905and1914wereonesof
comparativequietandprogress.Nomandeservesmorecreditforthisstateof
affairsthanRussia'sPrimeMinisterPyotrArkadyevichStolypin,whointheyear
followingthe1905revoltemergedasthemostimpressivefigureinImperial
Russia.
From1906to1911itisnoexaggerationtosaythathedominatedRussian
politics.ItwashewhogaveRussiathefamed"StolypinConstitution,"which
amongotherthingsundertooktoguaranteethecivilrightsofthepeasantry,which
constituted85%ofRussia'spopulation.Hislandreforms,forwhichheismost
famous,notonlygavethepeasanttherighttoownland,butactuallyfinancedthe
purchasewithgovernmentloans.Stolypinwasdeterminedtogivethepeasanta
stakeincapitalism,believingthat"thenaturalcounterweightofthecommunal
principalisindividualownership."
WeretheStolypinlandreformseffective?AmericanwriterBertramWolfe,
whoisonallpointsantiTsaristandprorevolutionary,hasthistosay:
Between1907and1914,undertheStolypinlandreformlaws,2,000,000
peasantfamiliessecededfromthevillagemirandbecameindividual
proprietors.Allthroughthewarthemovementcontinued,sothatbyJanuary
1,1916,6,200,000peasantfamilies,outofapproximately16,000,000
eligible,hadmadeapplicationforseparation.Leninsawthematterasarace
withtimebetweenStolypin'sreformsandthenextupheaval.Shouldan
upheavalbepostponedforacoupleofdecades,thenewlandmeasures
wouldsotransformthecountrysidethatitwouldnolongerbea
revolutionaryforce.HownearLenincametolosingtheraceisprovedbythe
factthatin1917,whenhecalledonthepeasantsto"taketheland,"they
alreadyownedmorethanthreefourthsofit.[BertramWolfe,ThreeWho
MadeaRevolution(NewYork:DialPress,1948),p.360]
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RussianJewrywantedrevolution,notreform.Asearlyas1906anattempt
hadbeenmadetoassassinatePremierStolypinwhenhiscountryhousewas
destroyedbyabomb.FinallyinSeptemberof1911thebestPrimeMinisterRussia
23
everhadwasshotdownincoldbloodwhileattendingagalaaffairattheKiev
theatre.TheassassinwasaJewishfellownamedMordekhaiGershkovichBogrov.
ThusitwasthatRussiahadsince1902losttwopremierstoJewishassassins.
AccordingtoinformationthatIfoundrecentlyonWikipedia,from1901to1911
revolutionarieskilled17thousandpeople(9thousandin19051907).["An
EpidemicofTerrorism,"NezavisimayaGazeta,April29,2001(inRussian)]
ManyofStolypin'sreformswerecarriedoutafterhisdeath.In1912an
industrialinsurancelawwasinauguratedwhichgaveallindustrialworkmen
sicknessandaccidentcompensationtotheextentoftwothirdsandthreefourthsof
theirregularpay.Forthefirsttimethenewspapersoftherevolutionaryparties
weregivenlegalstatus.Publicschoolswereexpandedandtheelectionlawswere
revised.In1913ageneralamnestyforallpoliticalprisonerswasgiven.Noteven
theseverestcriticofTsarismcandenythatthesemeasuresrepresentedasincere
attemptonthepartoftheImperialgovernmenttobringaboutreform.Whythen,in
spiteofallthis,wastheTsaroverthrown?Wearegoingtotalkaboutthiswhenwe
continuenexttime.
September8,2006
InthenightofJuly1617,1918,asquadofBolsheviksecretpolice(ChK)
murderedRussia'slastemperor,TsarNicholasII,alongwithhiswife,Tsaritsa
Alexandra,their14yearoldson,TsarevichAlexis,andtheirfourdaughters.They
werecutdowninahailofgunfireinahalfcellarroomofthehousein
Yekaterinburg,acityintheUralmountainregion,wheretheywerebeingheld
prisoner.Thedaughterswerefinishedoffwithbayonets.Topreventacultforthe
deadTsar,thebodieswerecartedawaytothecountrysideandhastilyburiedina
secretgrave.
BolshevikauthoritiesatfirstreportedthattheRomanovemperorhadbeen
shotafterthediscoveryofaplottoliberatehim.Forsometimethedeathsofthe
Empressandthechildrenwerekeptsecret.Soviethistoriansclaimedformany
yearsthatlocalBolshevikshadactedontheirownincarryingoutthekillings,and
thatleadersofthenewSovietstate,hadnothingtodowiththecrime.
In1990,RussianplaywrightandhistorianEdvardRadzinskyannouncedthe
resultofhisdetailedinvestigationintothemurders.Heunearthedthe
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reminiscencesofLenin'sbodyguardAkimov,whorecountedhowhepersonally
deliveredexecutionordertothetelegraphoffice.Thetelegramwassignedby
SovietgovernmentchiefYankelMovshevichSverdlov.Akimovhadsavedthe
originaltelegraphtapeasarecordofthesecretorder.Radzinsky'sresearch
confirmedwhatearlierevidencehadalreadyindicated.LeonTrotskyhadrevealed
yearsearlierthatSverdlovandotherJewsinBolshevikgovernmentmadethe
decisiontoputtheRussianTsarandhisfamilytodeath.Writingfromexilein
1935,TrotskydismissedwithcontempttheofficialSovietclaimthattheUral
Soviet'sExecutiveCommitteeactedindependentlyofMoscow.Herecalleda
casualconversationthathehadhadwithSverdlov:
MynextvisittoMoscowtookplaceafterthe[temporary]fallof
Yekaterinburg[toantiCommunistforces].SpeakingwithSverdlov,Iasked
inpassing:"Ohyes,andwhereistheTsar?"
"Finished,"hereplied."Hehasbeenshot."
"Andwhereisthefamily?"
"Thefamilyalongwithhim."
"Allofthem?"Iasked,apparentlywithatraceofsurprise.
"Allofthem,"repliedSverdlov."Whataboutit?"Hewaswaitingtoseemy
reaction.Imadenoreply.
"Andwhomadethedecision?"Iasked.
"Wedecidedithere."
Iaskednofurtherquestionsandconsideredthematterclosed.
[LeonTrotsky,diaryentryof9April1935,HoughtonLibrary,HarvardUniversity,
TrotskyArchive,bMSRuss13,T3731,p.Ill]
TheneoconhistorianRichardPipes(daddyofnotoriousDanielPipes),like
manyotherwriters,hasjudgedTrotsky'sstatementtobe"incontrovertiblepositive
evidence"thattheordercamedirectlyfromMoscow.[Pipes,RussianRevolution,
p.770.]
YakovSverdlov,whosupervisedtheexpulsionoftheTsar'sfamilyto
YekaterinburgintheUralMountainsandtheirslayingthere,Alexander
Beloborodov(Vaisbart),whowasthepresidentofthelocalSovietandwhomade
firstannouncementaboutexecutionofTsar,Shaya"Filipp"Goloshchekin,who
wasMilitarycommissaroftheUralRegionalSoviet,PetrVoikov(PinkusVainer),
aswellasYankelChaimovichYurovskywhowasthecommanderoftheunitthat
carriedouttheslaughterandwhopersonallyshottheTsarintheforeheadfroma
rangeofzero,allwereJews.Yurovskywasthesonofaglassmakerandsuspected
thief.HisgrandfatherwasaRabbiinPoland.YurovskystudiedataJewishschool
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inTomsk,butdidnotfinish.WhilelivinginBerlinduringthetimeofthe1905
revolutioninRussiaheconvertedtoLutheranismandchangedhisnamefrom
YankelChaimovichtothechristianizedYakovMikhailovich.Accordingtohis
sisterinlaw,hewasanarrogant,greedy,andcrueldespotwholikedtosay,
"Thosewhoarenotwithusareagainstus."[QuotedinMarkD.Steinbergand
VladimirM.Krustalev,TheFalloftheRomanovs:PoliticalDreamsandPersonal
StrugglesinaTimeofRevolution(NewHaven,CT:YaleUniversityPress,1995),
p.285]
EvensuchleadingZionistintellectualasJacobLeibTalmon,whowas
ProfessorofModernHistoryattheHebrewUniversityofJerusalem,makesthe
followingstatementinhisbookIsraelAmongtheNations:"Asiftoheightenthe
symbolismofthatdreadfulendofoneofthemostpowerfulRoyaldynastiesin
historyatthehandsofanobscureJew,soldiersofthecounterrevolutionaryarmy
seizedYekaterinburgashorttimeafter,andfoundinthemurderedTsarina'sroom
acopyoftheProtocolsofZion..."[J.L.Talmon,IsraelAmongtheNations(New
York:Macmillan,1970),pp.6970]
TalmonseemstobefollowinganotherZionistwriter's,NormanCohn's,
bookWarrantforGenocide.Cohnwrote,"Somemonthsbeforehermurderat
YekaterinburgthedeposedEmpresshadreceivedfromafriend,Zinaida
SergeyevnaTolstaya,acopyofNilus'bookcontainingtheProtocols....the
EmpresstookNilus'sbookwithhertoherlasthome....Aweekafterthemurder
oftheimperialfamily...theremainsoftheTsar,theTsarina,andtheirchildren,
dismemberedandincinerated,werediscoveredatthebottomofadisusedmine
shafttheexaminingmagistratefoundthreebooksbelongingtotheEmpress:
thefirstvolumeofWarandPeace,theBibleinRussian,andTheGreatinthe
SmallbyNilus."[NormanCohn,WarrantForGenocide(NewYork,1970),p.
1267.]
RecentresearchandinvestigationbyEdvardRadzinskyandotherhistorians
corroboratestheaccountprovidedyearsearlierbyRobertWilton,correspondentof
theLondonTimesinRussiafor17years.Hisaccount,TheLastDaysofthe
Romanovs,originallypublishedin1920isbasedinlargepartonthefindingsofa
detailedinvestigationcarriedoutin1919undertheauthorityof"White"(anti
Communist)leaderAlexanderKolchak.Wilton'sbookremainsoneofthemost
accurateandcompleteaccountsofthemurderofRussia'simperialfamily.InThe
LastDaysoftheRomanovs,RobertWilton,summedupthesocalled"Russian"
Revolutioninthesewords:"ThewholerecordoftheBolshevisminRussiais
indeliblyimpressedwiththestampofalieninvasion.ThemurderoftheTsar,
deliberatelyplannedbytheJewSverdlovandcarriedoutbytheJewsGoloshekin,
Syromolotov,Safarov,Voikov,andYurovsky,istheact,notoftheRussian
people,butofthishostileinvader."[RobertWilton,TheLastDaysofthe
Romanovs(NewportBeach,CA:NoontidePress,1993)]
In1907(May13June1)afifthCongressoftheRussianSocial
DemocraticLaborPartywasheld,thistimeinLondon.Thiswasbyallaccounts
themostimpressiveoneofall,anditwasthelastoneheldbeforethe1917
revolution.RepresentedattheCongresswere:
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TheBolsheviks,ledbyLenin91delegates.
TheMensheviks,ledbyMartovandDan89delegates.
ThePolishSocialDemocrats,ledbyveryJewishRosaLuxemburg44
delegates.
TheJewishBund,ledbyRafaelAbramovitchandMikhailLieber55
delegates.
TheLettishSocialDemocrats,ledby"ComradeHerman"(Danishevsky).
DominatingtheCongresswerethesamegreatnamesoftheparty:therewere
thefoundersofthemovement,Plekhanov,Axelrod,Deutch,andZasulichwho
after1907playedrolesofdiminishingimportanceinpartyaffairsandtheir
disciples,Lenin,Martov,Dan,andTrotsky.TherewereAbramovichandLieber
(Goldman)oftheJewishBund,andRosaLuxemburgwholatteronedaybeing
destinedtoleadarevolutionofherowninGermany.PresentalsowereStalin,
Zinoviev,Kamenevnoneofwhomwereimportantin1907,butwhoare
historicallyimportantenoughtomentionnowherebecauseonedaytheywouldbe
thethreemostpowerfulmeninRussia.Significantlyallofthosenamedwere
Jewish,exceptingPlekhanov,andStalin.
Intheautumnof1908theBolsheviksbeganpublishingtheProletarij(The
Proletarian),withLenin,Dubrovinsky,Zinoviev,andKamenevaseditors.Inthe
sameyeartheMenshevikpaper,GolosSotsialDemokrata(VoiceofSocial
Democrat)beganpublication,editedbyPlekhanov,Axelrod,Martov,Dan,and
Martynov(Pikel),allofwhomwereJewishwiththeexceptionofPlekhanov.In
Octoberof1908theViennaPravdawaslaunched,withTrotskyaseditor.Somuch
forwhocontrolledthemedia...
TheTroika:In1909theLeninZinovievKamenev"troika"wasformed.It
wastoendureuntilLenin'sdeathin1924.ZinovievandKamenevwereLenin's
inseparablecompanions.Later,whentheBolshevikswereinpower,Trotskywould
becomecoequalwithLenin,andevensomethingofacompetitor,butKamenev
andZinovievwereneverLenin'sequalsnorhiscompetitorstheywerehisright
andlefthand.Theywouldarguewithhim,andfightwithhim,andopposehimin
partycouncils,butthe"troika"wasbrokenonlywhenLenindied.
PerhapsoneofthemostimportantmatterstakenupbytheLondonCongress
wasthecontroversialquestionof"expropriations."Itshouldbeexplainedthat
revolutionariestoanincreasingdegreeresortedtooutlawrytoreplenishParty's
finances.Robbery,kidnapping,andtheftbecameregularpartyactivities.These
activitieswerereferredtoinpartycirclesas"expropriations."Themostfamous
expropriationwastheTiflisbankrobbery,engineeredbyyoungJosefStalin
shortlyaftertheLondonCongress.TheTiflisbankrobberyhasnowbecomeapart
ofthelegendwhichsurroundsStalin,anditisperhapsworthwhiletogiveitsome
attention.AlthoughtherobberywasengineeredbyStalin,thenaminorparty
worker,theactualholdupwascarriedoutbyanArmenianbythenameofTer
Petrosyan,whoisknowninRussianhistoryas"Kamo."Kamo'smethodwascrude
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buteffective:hetossedadynamitebombatabankstagewhichwastransporting
250,000rublesincurrency.Intheresultingexplosionsome30peoplewerekilled
andKamoescapedwiththeloot,whichconsistedmainlyof500rublenotes.The
Bolsheviksencounteredconsiderabledifficultyinconvertingthese500rublenotes
intousableform.Itwasdecidedthatagentsinvariouscountrieswould
simultaneouslycashasmanyaspossibleinasingleday.Theoperationwasnota
completesuccess.TheJewess,OlgaRavich,whowasonedaytomarryZinoviev
wasapprehendedbypoliceauthorities,aswasoneMeyerWallachFinklestein,
whoisbetterknownasMaximLitvinov.LitvinovlaterbecameBolshevikRussia's
CommissarofForeignAffairs.
InJanuaryof1910the19topleadersofthePartymetagaininwhat
historiansrefertoastheJanuaryPlenumoftheCentralCommittee.Itspurpose
was,asalways,topromotepartyunity.OneoutcomeoftheJanuaryPlenumwas
therecognitionofthenewspaper,GolosSotsialDemokrata,asthegeneralparty
newspaper.ItseditorsweretheBolsheviks,LeninandZinoviev,andthe
Mensheviks,MartovandDan.Leninwastheonlygentile(orrathersemigentile).
Trotsky'ssemiindependentViennaPravdawasdeclaredtobeanofficialparty
organ,andKamenevwasappointedtohelpeditit.Whocouldhaveforetoldinthe
year1910thatwithinsevenshortyearsthisYiddishcrewwouldbethelordsand
mastersofallRussia?
Now,oneofthechieffactorscontributingtothedestructionoftheRussian
governmentwastheonsetofWorldWarI.
BeforethewartheImperialmilitaryestablishmenthadcontainedperhaps
1,500,000professionaltroops,welltrainedandloyaltothecrown,"butby1917
theregulararmywasgone.Itslossesforthefirsttenmonthsofthewarwere
reckonedas3,800,000,or,totakethereckoningoftheQuartermasterGeneral,
Danilov,300,000amonthandtheofficers,whowentintoactionstanding,while
commandingtheirmentocrawl,werefallingattwicetherateofthemen."
[BernardPares,Russia(NewYork:NewAmericanLibrary,1949),p.41]
Altogether18millionmenwerecalledtothewar,mostofwhomwereconscripted
fromthepeasantry.Althoughcourageousinbattletheyprovedpolitically
unreliableandwereeasilyincitedbyagitators.
Largenumbersoftheindustrialpopulationwerealsodraftedintothearmies,
andtheirplacesweretakenbypeasants,freshoutofthecountry.Asaresult,
Russia'sprincipalcitiescametobepopulatedbyaworkingclasswhichwas
peasantinoriginandhabitofthinking,butwhichlackedtheconservatismand
stabilitywhichseemstogowithtenureoftheland.Thisnewproletariatwasin
realityanuprootedandlandlesspeasantry,poorlyadjustedtocitylife,andeasily
stirredupbyJewishpropagandists.
ItshouldberememberedthattheRussianrevolutionwascarriedoutbya
handfulofrevolutionariesoperatingmainlyinthelargercities.Whilesomething
like85%ofRussia'sgentilepopulationwasrural,thesecountrypeopletook
virtuallynopartintherevolt.Converselyonly2.4%oftheJewishpopulationwas
actuallysituatedonthefarms;thegreatmajorityoftheJewswerecongregatedin
thecities.SaystheUniversalJewishEncyclopedia:"itmustbenotedthattheJews
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livedalmostexclusivelyinthecitiesandtowns;inRussia'surbanpopulationthe
Jewsconstituted11%."[UniversalJewishEncyclopedia(NewYork,1939),vol.9,
p.285]
AlsosignificantwasthefactthatthetheaterofWorldWarOnewassituated
inthoseareasmostheavilypopulatedbyJews.By1914,itshouldberemembered,
Russia'sJewishpopulationwasnearingthesevenmillionmark.(Theexactfigure
givenintheUniversalJewishEncyclopediais6,946,000).Asubstantialnumberof
theseresidedinRussianPoland,whichwasawarzone.Themajorityofthese
Jews,outofhatredforRussia,wereinclinedtofavoraGermanvictory.Asa
result,theImperialhighcommandwascompelledtoremoveallJewsfromthewar
areaintheearlypartof1915.InMayof1915,forexample,thesupremecommand
expelledallJewishresidentsfromtheprovincesofCourlandandGrodno.
Altogether,nearlyahalfmillionJewswereforcedtoleavetheirhomesinthe
militaryzone.TheseexpelleeswereatfirstrequiredtoremainwithinthePaleof
Settlement,butinAugustof1915theywerepermittedtosettleinallcitiesinthe
empire.ThusitwasthatasthewarprogressedafloodofRussiahatingJewsbegan
infiltratingthecitiesbeyondthePale.
ManypeopletodaystillactuallybelievetheCommunistsweresuccessfulin
Russiabecausetheywereabletorallybehindthemthesympathyandfrustrationof
theRussianpeoplewhoweresupposedly"sickoftheruleoftheTsars."Thisisto
ignorethehistoryofwhatactuallyhappened.Whilealmosteverybodyisreminded
thattheBolshevikRevolutiontookplaceinNovemberof1917,fewknowthatthe
Tsarhadabdicatedsevenmonthsearlier.
Thefirstrevolutionof1917occurredinMarch,inSt.Petersburg,capitalcity
oftheRussianEmpire.Frombeginningtoendtherevoltinvolvedanamazingly
smallnumberofpeoplewhenweconsiderthatthefateof150millionRussians
wasatstake.Therevoltcame,asIhavetriedtoexplainittoyouinpreviousfew
segmentsofthislecture,becauseofJewishunrest,becauseofJewry's
dissatisfaction,andaboveall,becauseofJewry'sdeterminationtodestroyTsarism.
Bythespringof1917Russia'sunstableurbanpopulationhadbeenthoroughly
poisonedbythesubversivepropaganda.AfoodshortageinPetersburgandother
citiescausedbywarfannedpeople'sdissatisfactionintotheflameofrevolution.
St.Petersburg(Petrograd)inthethirdyearofWorldWarIwasRussia's
chiefarmamentsproductioncenter,andbyreasonofthispossessedthelargest
industrialpopulationofanycityinRussia.ItalsohadthelargestJewishpopulation
ofanycityoutsidethePaleofSettlement.ByMarch,1917,abreakdowninthe
Russiantransportationsystemresultedinaseverefoodshortageinthecity.Atthe
sametime,manyofthecity'sfactoriesbeganshuttingdownduetomaterial
shortages.Bothofthesefactorswereextremelyimportantinthedaysimmediately
ahead.Thedesperatefoodshortageaffectedvirtuallyeveryfamilyinthecity.
Furthermore,theenforcedidlenessoftheworkingpopulationduetofactory
shutdownsthrewvastnumbersofworkmenontothestreets.
SecondstringJewishrevolutionaries,theirleadersbeingoutofthecountry,
fannedtheflamesofdissent.
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OnMarch10,1917,anAmericanphotographer,DonaldThompson,has
describedhowsomeonewhotriedtopassthroughthegrowingmob"wasdragged
outofhissleighandbeaten.Hetookrefugeinastalledstreetcarwherehewas
followedbytheworkingmen.Oneofthemtookasmallironbarandbeathishead
toapulp.Thisseemedtogivethemobatasteforblood....Manyofthemen
carriedredflagsonsticks..."[DonaldC.Thompson,DonaldThompsoninRussia
(NewYork:CenturyCo.,1918),p.54]
Thedisorderbecamegeneral.Themobsturnedtheirfuryonthepolice,who
barricadedthemselvesforadesperatelaststandinthepolicestations.Therethey
wereslaughteredalmosttothelastman,andtheprisonswereemptiedoftheir
entirepopulations,includingdesperatecriminalsofeverycategory.
TsarNicholasIIwasnotinSt.Petersburgatthetime,butafterhearingthe
detailsandmisunderstandingthesituation,hesentamessagerequestingthatthe
Duma(legislature)bedissolved.Fourdayslater,onthe16th,theTsar,whosetrain
neverreachedPetersburg,abdicated.Theclosingwordsofhiswrittenabdication
announcementwere:"MayGodhavemercyonRussia."Andbeforeayearhad
passed,thesewordshadbeenechoedmany,manytimes...
TheMarchof1917markedtheformationoftwogoverningbodieswhich
weretojointlyruleRussiaforthenexteightmonths.Thefirstofthesewasthe
ProvisionalCommitteeoftheDuma,consistingoftwelvemembersheadedby
GeorgyLvov.ThisgroupservedastheProvisionalGovernmentuntiloverthrown
inOctoberbytheBolsheviks.Atalltimes,however,itgovernedbythesufferance
ofthePetersburgSoviet,whichwasthesecondbodyorganizedonthe12thof
March.ThisPetersburgSovietwasinrealitydominatedbytheMenshevikand
BolshevikfactionsofthesocalledRussianSocialDemocraticLaborParty,of
whomtheMenshevikswerebyfarthemostpowerful.Asecondparty,theSocial
RevolutionaryParty,wasaminorityparty.
TheProvisionalGovernmentmadeonefatal"mistake"whichwereto
profoundlyaffecttherevolution.Itpermittedallexiledpoliticalprisonerstoreturn
toRussia.BydoingsoitsealedthefateofRussia.Thousandsofthemstreamed
intoRussiainlateApril,May,June,andJulyof1917.
AtthattimeLeninandhisJewishwifeNadezhdaKrupskayawerelivingin
Switzerland.TheyweresupportedbyMaxWarburg,aJewishbankerfromthe
GermancityHamburg.
WithMaxWarburgrunningtheshowinEurope,hisbrotherPaulWarburg
rantheshowintheUnitedStates.ItwasPaulWarburgwhogavepolitical
protectiontoTrotsky,whoarrivedinNewYorkonJanuary13,1917.
WhenafteryearsofagitatingaroundWesternEurope,Trotskywasexpelled
fromFrance,inJanuaryof1917,hecametotheUnitedStatesattheinvitationof
WarburgandSchiff.HistravelexpensesaboardtheshipMonserratwerepaidby
hishosts.Aluxuryapartmentwasrentedforhim,withtherentpaidthreemonths
inadvance.HeremainedinAmericaforseveralmonthswhilewritingfora
Russiansocialistpaper,theNovyMir(NewWorld),outoftheirofficesat177St.
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Mark'sPlaceontheLowerEastSiderightintheheartoftheJewishsectionof
Manhattan.NovyMirwasownedbytwoCommunistJewsnamedWeinsteinand
Brailovsky.AccordingtotheNewYorkpolice,whomonitoredTrotsky's
activities,hismainassociatesduringthisperiodwerewellknownJewish
anarchistsEmmaGoldmanandAlexanderBerkman.Hewasalsogiving
revolutionaryspeechesatmassmeetingsinNewYorkCity.AccordingtoTrotsky
himself,onmanyoccasionsachauffeuredlimousinewasplacedattheserviceof
hisfamilybywealthyJewishfriends.Itmusthavebeenacurioussighttoseethe
familyofthegreatsocialistradical,defenderoftheworkingclass,enemyof
capitalism,enjoyingthepleasuresoftearoomsandchauffeurs,theverysymbolsof
capitalistluxury.Inanyevent,itisnowknownthatalmostallofhisexpensesin
NewYork,includingthemassrallies,werepaidforbyJacobSchiff.Thingswere
startingtoheatupinMotherRussiain1917,andTrotskysensedthatthetimewas
ripeforanothertakeoverbid.Butfinancefortherevolutionwasessential.Oddly,
thesesocalledenemiesofcapitalismhadnodifficultywhatsoeverinraisingvast
amountsofcapitalfromJewishfinanciersaroundtheworld.
NotonlywereJewsrepresentedinamazingnumbersamongtheMarxist
revolutionaries,butthewealthiestJewishbankersgavefinancingtothem.Itisa
wellknownfactthattheBolshevikswerefinancedbyJewishZionistinterestsin
theWest.OneoftheprimeZionistconspiratorsplottingtotakeoverRussiawas
(again!)JacobSchiff,whoasheadoftheenormouslypowerfulNewYorkJewish
bankinghouseofKuhn,Loeb&Co.wasprobablythewealthiestJewishbankerin
theworld.
TurntothelaudatorysketchofJacobSchiff,intheJewishCommunal
(Kehillah)RegisterofNewYorkCity,191718,ofwhichKehillahhewasan
ExecutiveCommitteeman.ItisstatedtherehowGermanbornSchiffcameto
Americaandmadeconnectionswithabankinghouse.Thelastparagraphboasts
"Mr.Schiffhasalwaysusedhiswealthandhisinfluenceinthebestinterestsofhis
people.HefinancedtheenemiesofautocraticRussia.[Thiswaswrittenin1918,
aftertheBolshevikrevolutionhadbeenmadesecure]..."Itisstatedthat"all
factionsofJewry"hailedhimforthis.
AtaBolshevikcelebrationrallyinNewYork'sCarnegieHallonthenight
of23March1917,atelegramofsupportfromJacobSchiffwasreadout.The
telegramwasreprintedinthenextmorning'sNewYorkTimes.Schifflatertriedto
denyhisinvolvement,butthirtyyearslaterhisgrandsonJohnadmittedthattheold
manhadgivenasmuchastwentymilliondollarsfortheBolshevikcause.Inthe
NewYorkJournalAmericanofFeburary3,1949,societycolumnistCholly
KnickerbockerwrotethatJacobSchiffsgrandson,aprominentmemberofNew
Yorksocietyatthattime,revealedthathisgrandfather'sfirmKuhn&Loeb"sank"
$20milliondollarsintothe"finaltriumphofBolshevisminRussia."
Trotskywasgiven$20millioninJacobSchiffgoldtohelpfinancethe
revolution,whichwasdepositedinaWarburgbank,thentransferredtotheNya
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BankeninStockholm,Sweden.On26March1917TrotskyboardedtheNorwegian
steamer"Kristianiafjord"forajourneytoSweden,andthenviarailroadthrough
SwedenandFinlandtoSt.PetersburginRussia.Hewasaccompaniedby275well
trainedJewishcommunistsoldiersoffortunefromtheNewYork'sLowerEast
Side,plusalargeamountofgold,courtesyofJacobSchiff.
TheBritishGovernmentdidnotknowwhatitsownintelligenceservicewas
doing,andwhentheBritishWarDepartmentfoundoutthatTrotskyandhisgroup
hadleftNewYork,atelegramwassentonMarch29,1917,totheCanadian
authorities,toarrestTrotskyandhisfamilyandhiscomradeswhentheship
stoppedtorefuelintheCanadianportofHalifax.OnApril3rd,theCanadians,
underordersfromtheBritishAdmiralty,arrestedTrotsky,andhismen,taking
themtotheprisonatAmherst;andimpoundedhisgold.WhenTrotskywas
searchedtheCanadianpolicefound$10,000incashonhim.Theamountisknown
withcertaintyandthemoneyinhispossessionisnowamatterofofficialrecord.
TrotskywasarrestedbytheCanadianauthoritiesonthesoundrationalethat
hewasheadingforRussiatotakeRussiaoutoftheGreatWarandtherebyincrease
theGermans'capabilitiesontheWesternfront.Officialrecords,laterdeclassified
bytheCanadiangovernment,indicatethattheyknewTrotskyandhissmallarmy
were"socialistsleavingforthepurposesofstartingrevolutionagainstpresent
Russiangovernment..."TheCanadianswantedtokeepTrotskyandhiscomrades
inprison,tohinderthemfromgoingtoRussia.Butinadayorso,anewtelegram
arrivedfromLondonwhichsaid,"PutTrotskybackontheshipandletthemgo.
Givethembacktheirmoneyandweapons".TheBritishgovernment(through
intelligenceofficerSirWilliamWiseman,wholaterbecameapartnerwithKuhn,
LoebandCo.)andAmericangovernment(throughColonelHouse)urgedthemto
letTrotskygo.
Inastunningreversalof"howthingsaresupposedtobe,"theAmerican
PresidentWoodrowWilsonintervenedwiththeBritishandTrotskywasallowedto
continueonhisway,sincehehadtheadvantageofanAmericanpassport.Years
laterwhenthesecrecyregardingthisperiodhadbeenlifted,itwasconfirmedthat
itwasindeedtheAmericanGovernmentwhichdemandedthatTrotskybesetfree
andsentonhiswaytoRussia.PresidentWilsonsaidthatiftheydidn'tcomply,the
U.S.wouldn'tentertheWar.Trotskywasreleased,givenanAmericanpassport,a
Britishtransportvisa,andaRussianentrypermit.ItisobviousthatPresident
Wilsonknewwhatwasgoingon,becauseaccompanyingTrotsky,wasCharles
CraneoftheWestinghouseCompany,whowastheChairmanoftheDemocratic
FinanceCommittee.Amanwithanunsavorybackground,frequentarrests,jailings
andexileforrevolutionaryactivitiesagainstagovernmentalliedwiththeU.S.ina
worldwar,TrotskywasfreedbyPresidentialinterventionagainsttheexpress
wishesandsoundreasoningsofAmerica'smostimportantallyinthissame
Europeanwar!WhatforcescameintoplayinWashington?Whorantheshow
thereevenintheearlypartofthelastcentury?Wouldanybodycaretoguess?
10
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Bytheway,initsdefense,theAmericanGovernmentstatedthatAleksandr
Kerensky,amemberofRussia'sProvisionalGovernment,hadrequestedthe
freedomofTrotsky.Thisisveryodd,sinceTrotskylaterputKerenskyoutof
officeduringtheOctoberrevolutionof1917.IsitnotstrangethatthenKerensky
wasabletoleaveRussiaandmovetoNewYork,wherehejoinedTrotsky's
wealthyJewishbankersandindustrialistsandlivedalonglifeanddiedasa
multimillionaire,in1970,attheageof89?
TheUnitedStatesofAmericaenteredthewaronApril6th.Trotskyarrived
inPetrogradonMay17,1917.BythetimeTrotskyreachedRussia,therevolution
hadalreadytakenplace.TheTsarhadbeendeposedandanewgovernment
installed.Butbeingacommunist,Trotskywantedtohavethingshisownway.
Leninatthattime,asIjustsaidacoupleofmomentsago,wasin
SwitzerlandandhadbeeninWesternEuropesince1905whenhewasexiledfor
tryingtotoppletheTsarintheabortiveCommunistrevolutionofthatyear.
Inspringof1917,LeninwentbacktoRussia,acrossEuropeatwar,onthe
famous"sealedtrain."WithhimLenintooksome$5to$6millioningold.The
wholethingwasarrangedbyMaxWarburg,throughanotherverywealthyfellow
JewIsraelHelphandalias"Parvus."
InadditiontothegroupsthatarrivedwithLeninandTrotskyfrom
SwitzerlandandNewYork,some8,000Jewishrevolutionariesfromdifferent
countriesarrivedinSt.PetersburgandformedthecoreoftheemergingCommunist
party.ItwasthesementhatwouldtakeupleadershipintheRedArmyandinthe
terribleCheka...
Thesereturningexilesweretheheartofthecoming"Russian"Revolution.
Theywerealmosttothelastmanprofessionalrevolutionaries,andwithfew
exceptionstheywereJewish.Stalin,Sverdlov,andZinovievwereamongtheexiles
whoreturnedfromSiberia.Lenin,Martov,Radek,andKamenevreturnedfrom
Switzerland.Trotskyreturned,withhundredsofhisYiddishbrethren,fromNew
York'sEastSide.Theseweretheinheritorsoftherevolution.Untiltheirreturnthe
revolutionhadbeenwithoutleadershiplargelyithadbeenconductedbysecond
stringleaderswhohappenedtobeonthespot.Nowtheelitewerereturning.Soon
thesereturningJewswouldexercisethepoweroflifeanddeathover150million
Russians.Sooneveryfactory,everygovernmentbureaueveryschooldistrict,and
everyarmyunitwouldfunctionunderthegimleteyeofaJewishCommissar.Soon
thebloodofhumanbeingswouldbeoozingfromunderthedoorsofcommunist
executionchambersastensofthousandsofRussianmenandwomenwere
butcheredlikecattleinaslaughterhouse.SoonmillionsofRussianandUkrainian
peasantswouldbedeliberatelystarvedtodeathaspartofapremeditatedplan.
Suchwasthe"romance"oftheBolshevikrevolution.
11
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WhenLeninarrivedinSt.PetersburginApril1917,hefoundthePetersburg
SovietdominatedbytheMensheviks,withtheEssers(SocialRevolutionaries)
secondinmembership,andtheBolsheviksstillintheminority.Althoughthe
MenshevikscontrolledthePetersburgSoviet,theywerebadlydividedamong
themselves.ThemainbodyoftheMenshevikfactionthedefensistswas
headedbyFyodorDan(Gurvich)andMikhailLieber(formerlyoftheJewish
Bund).TheothergroupofMensheviks,theinternationalistswasheadedby
Martov.RecallthattheBolsheviksandMensheviksweremajorityandminority
factionsofthesameparty.BothfactionswerecompletelyJewishcontrolled.
ThePetersburgSoviet,althoughitcontrolledthemob,wasreluctantto
assumetheresponsibilityofgoverningatleastinthebeginning.TheSoviet,asI
said,wasoriginallyorganizedbysecondstringleaderswhowerequitecapableof
stirringuptrouble,butwhohadlittlecapacityforleadingarevolutionary
government.Furthermore,itwasnotclearintheearlydaysoftherevolutionasto
whatthefinaloutcomewouldbe.Petersburgwas,afterall,onlyonecityinthe
empire,andtheattitudeofthecountryasawhole,andofthesoldiersatthefront,
wasunknown.ForthisreasontheSovietpreferredthattheProvisional
Governmentwhichhadsomesemblanceoflegitimacyshouldtemporarily
rule.
Leninbitterlycriticizedthisstateofaffairs.HeregardedtheProvisional
Governmentasaninstrumentofthe"bourgeois"andheimmediatelyandviolently
advocateditsoverthrow.ThroughoutApril,May,andJunetheBolsheviks
preachedthedestructionoftheProvisionalGovernment,andamongthefactory
workersandthemilitarygarrisonsaroundPetersburgthispropagandabeganto
takeeffect.Undertheslogan"allpowertotheSoviets",theBolshevikshad
succeededbyJulyinrecruitingtotheirbannerslargenumbersofthecity'smore
radicalelements.
ThereturninginfluxofJewishexilesalsogreatlyenhancedthepositionof
theBolsheviks.TheseexileswerenotalloriginallyBolsheviks,buttheywere
almostwithoutexceptionextremists,andtheyhadwaitedalongtimefor
revolutiontocome:theywerehungryforpower.Andtheywereinclinedtofavor
theBolsheviksbecausetheywerethemostradicaladvocatesofdirectaction.
Trotsky,whohadin1905beganaMenshevik,andwhohadlaterbeena"neutral,"
immediatelyjoinedtheBolsheviksonhisreturnfromNewYork.Soitwaswith
manyothers.
KarlRadek(realnameSobelsohn)wasoneofthemanyJewish
revolutionarieswhostirredupagitationamongRussianpeople.Leninbegan
publishingalargenumberofperiodicals,atotalof41,including17daily
newspapers.ThecirculationofPravdaincreasedfrom3,000to300,000inMay
1917.ItwasgiventosoldiersattheGermanfront.Leninhadreceivedmoneyand
12
instructionsfromthePolishJewJakubFuerstenberg(realnameYakovHanetsky)
andfromAlexanderParvus,andalsofromHanetsky'srelative,theJewess
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Yevgenia(Dora)Sumenson.
TheProvisionalGovernmentwasnotoriginallyarevolutionarybodyand
wasmadeupofformer"liberal"membersoftheTsar'sImperialgovernmentand
ledbyCountGeorgyLvov.Ofitstwelvemembers,onlyone,AlexanderKerensky,
wasa"Socialist."Theothersweretypicaluppermiddleclassmembersofthe
Duma,withpossiblymildleaningstotheleft.This12mangovernmenthadsprung
intobeingsimplybecausenoothersemblanceofagovernmentexistedin
PetersburgonMarch12thitdidnotinanywayparticipateintherevolution.In
themonthsfollowingtheoverthrowoftheTsar,however,itspowergrew
considerably,sothatbyJulywhenanabortiveBolshevikuprisingoccurred,the
ProvisionalGovernmentwasabletoquelltheaffairandarrestorforceintohiding
theBolshevikleaders.
AlexanderKerenskywasvicepresidentandtheonlymemberofthe
ProvisionalGovernmentwhoalsobelongedtothePetersburgSoviet.Inthepast
KerenskyhadcooperatedcloselywithMordekhaiBogrov,theassassinofPrime
MinisterStolypin.Socloselyinfactthatimmediatelyafterthemurder,Kerensky
fledthecountryinfear.
OnJuly17thantigovernmentagitationresultedinanunscheduleduprising
bythousandsofthecity'sinflamedworkerpopulation.InRussianhistorytheseare
knownasthe"JulyDays."Kerensky,whobynowhadbecomethedominantfigure
intheProvisionalGovernmentdealtwiththeinsurrectionwithconsiderable
firmness.WhetherKerenskywasresponsiblefororderingthemobfiredonis
unclear,butseveralhundredpeoplewerekilledfromJuly17thtoJuly20th.
Butoneresultofthe"JulyDays"wasthecollapseoftheProvisional
GovernmentunderthepremiershipofPrinceLvov.AndonJuly21st,Kerensky
becamePrimeMinisterofa"salvationoftherevolution"government.Kerensky,a
socalleddemocraticsocialist,mayhavebeenrunningacaretakergovernmentfor
theBolsheviks.
OnJuly22nd,LeninandZinovievleftSt.Petersburg.Publicopinionhad
beenrisingagainsttheBolsheviksasaresultoftheirGerman(actuallyJewish)
financialdeals.Trotsky,Lunacharsky,Kollontay,Kozlowski,Kamenev,and
Sumensonwereallarrested.Butthiswasonlydonetocalmthepublic.Kerensky
beganreleasingarrestedBolshevikslessthanamonthlater,asearlyasthe17thof
August.
SupremeCommanderoftheRussianArmy,GeneralLavrKornilov,broke
awayandbeganplanstooverthrowKerensky.Leftwingleaders,mostlyJews,
havealwaysregardedRussia'snationalpatriotsasthebiggestthreatstotheir
13
internationalsocialistworldview.Gen.KornilovwasarrestedonSeptember14th,
butlaterescaped.
KerenskycontinuedtoreleaseBolshevikswhowereclearedofallcharges
andpresentedasdefendersofdemocracy.InAugust(8th16th)theRussianSocial
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DemocraticLaborPartyhelditsSixthCongress.Thiswasthefirstoneheldsince
theLondonCongressof1907,anditwasthelastoneheldbeforetheBolshevik
Revolution,nowonlytwomonthsaway.ThisSixthCongresswascompletelya
Bolshevikaffair.TheotherfactionsmergedwiththeBolsheviksandceasedto
exist;fromthistimeontheRussianSocialDemocraticLaborPartywasthe
BolshevikParty.(Withinayearthepartyofficiallychangeditsnametothe
CommunistParty).ThemostimportantactoftheSixthCongresswastoelectthe
"OctoberCentralCommittee,"consistingof26members.ThisCentralCommittee
wastoruletheBolshevikPartythroughthedaysoftheOctoberRevolution.Who
weretheprincipalmembersofthe"OctoberCentralCommittee"?Letustakethe
wordsofLeonTrotskyastheyappearinhisbook,Stalin:"InviewoftheParty's
semilegalitythenamesofpersonselectedbysecretballotwerenotannouncedat
theCongress,withtheexceptionofthefourwhohadreceivedthelargestnumber
ofvotes.Lenin133outofapossible134,Zinoviev132,Kamenev131,
Trotsky131."[Trotsky,Stalin,pp.220221.]TwomonthsbeforetheOctober
Revolution,thesefourwerethetopleadersoftheBolshevikParty.Threewere
Jewsandthefourth,Lenin,wasquarterJew.
Trotsky'swritingsareextremelyenlighteningfromahistoricalviewpoint.
HehatedStalinandhewrotehisbook,Stalin,toprovethatStalinwasaJohnny
comelately,anupstart,andanusurper.Hebringsforthmassesofevidenceto
showhowunimportantStalinwasinPartycouncilsduringbeforeandimmediately
aftertheOctoberRevolution.Indoingso,Trotskyagainandagainemphasizes
whothereallyimportantleaderswere.Trotskycitesnumerousevidencetoprove
thatStalinwasnotanimportantfigureintheBolshevikPartyin1917.Butindoing
sohenamestherealleaders,whoasbeforearetheJews,Kamenev,Zinoviev,
Trotsky,andtheupandcomingSverdlov.Leninwastheonlygentile,orrather
semigentile.ThesefactsshowwhytheJewishnessofcommunismisso
immediatelyandindisputablyapparenttoanyonewhohastheslightestknowledge
ofBolshevikhistory.
OnAugust17thKamenevwasreleasedfromprison,andexactlyamonth
laterTrotskywasalsofreedbyKerensky.OnSept.24thTrotskywaselected
presidentofthePetersburgSoviet.FromthismomentontheBolshevikswerein
controlofthePetersburgSoviet.OnOctober29ththePetersburgSovietvotedto
transferallmilitarypowertoa"MilitaryRevolutionaryCommittee,"headedby
Trotsky.Revolutionwasnowonlydaysaway.
14
OnNovember4th,theMilitaryRevolutionaryCommitteearrangedmass
meetingstopreparefortheforthcomingrevolt.Onthefollowingdaythegarrison
ofthePeterandPaulfortress,havingsuccumbedtoJewishpropaganda,declared
analliancewiththeBolsheviks.Women'sbattalionMilitarycadetsintheWinter
Palaceandawomen'sbattalionweretheonlyforcestostandagainsttheBolshevik
coup.
Then,LeninTrotsky'sBolsheviksledaRevolutionandwithjustahandful
ofmenseizedcontrolofthegovernment.OnNovember7th,theBolsheviksseized
powerbytakingovertheWinterPalace.AccordingtotheCommunistsmyth,
5,000sailorshadgatheredoutsidethePalaceearlierinthemorningto"storm"it.
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InactualfactthePalacewastakenoverbyafewhundredmostlyJewish
revolutionaries.Therewasnoreal"storming"ofthePalace.Nobloodwasspilt.
Trotsky,somewhatofaStevenSpielberg,wantedtheeventtoappearmore
dramaticthanitactuallywas,sofewshellswerefiredfromthebattleshipAurora
butnoshellseverstrucktheWinterPalace.
TheJewKamenevbecamethefirstPresidentofthe"SovietRepublic."
LeninbecamePremier.TrotskywasmadeCommissarofForeignAffairs.Withina
fewdays(onNovember21st)anotherJew,YakovSverdlov,succeededJew
Kamenev,andthusbecamethesecondJewishpresidentofthe"SovietRepublic."
ArelativelyminorfigureinBolshevikcirclessixmonthsbeforetherevolution,he
veryquicklybecameoneofthefivetopmenintheparty.Beforehisearlydeath
twoyearslaterhehadbecometheparty'schieftroubleshooterandhadassumed
absolutecontroloverRussia'seconomiclife.
OnNovember25th,eightdaysaftertheBolshevikcoup,supposedlyfree
electionswereheldthroughoutRussiaundermachinerysetupbytheProvisional
Government.TheBolsheviks,notyetcompletelyorganized,madenoattemptto
interferewiththeelections,butwhenitbecameclearthattheBolshevikswould
commandonlyaminorityintheConstituentAssembly,theyimmediatelylaid
planstoundermineitsauthority.TheProvisionalGovernmenthadspecifiedthat
theconvocationoftheAssemblyshouldbeinthehandsofaspecialcommission.
TheBolsheviksarrestedthiscommission,andsubstitutedforita"Commissaryfor
theConstituentAssembly,"headedbytheJew,MoiseiSolomonovichUritsky.By
thistactictheBolshevikswereabletoexerttheirauthorityovertheAssembly.
WhentheAssemblydidfinallyconvene,theJew,Sverdlov,althoughnotevena
delegate,tookchargeoftheproceedings.ShortlythereafterBolsheviktroops
brutallybroughttheConstituentAssemblytoanendbyejectingthedelegatesand
simplylockingthedoorstothebuilding.ThiswastheendoftheConstituent
Assembly.Afterhavingconvenedforonly13hours,itdisbanded,nevertomeet
again.SoendedRussia'shopeforaconstitutionandarepresentativegovernment.
15
InMarchof1918,theSovietGovernmentmoveditscapitalfromSt.
PetersburgtoMoscow.InthesamemonththeRussianSocialDemocraticLabor
PartyofficiallystyleditselftheCommunistParty...
Suchwerethemajoreventsofandthoseleadinguptowhatcan
rightfullybecalledtheJewishBolshevikRevolutionof1917,arevolutionthatis
deceitfullycalleda"Russian"Revolution.TheJewishnamesreadlikemovie
credits.
TheBolshevikswerenotavisiblepoliticalforceatthetimetheTsar
abdicated.AndtheycametopowernotbecausethedowntroddenmassesofRussia
calledthemback,butbecauseverypowerfulJewishZionistforcesinEuropeand
theUnitedStatessentthemin.
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Itwasinitiallypuzzlingtomethattheviolentlyanticapitalistcommunists
wouldbesupportedbysomeofthemostprominentcapitalistsintheworld.ButI
finallyrealizedthatRevolutioninRussiawasnotultimatelyaboutthetriumphof
aneconomicideology,itwasaboutthesettlingofanageoldstrugglebetweenthe
JewsandtheRussians.
ThefactthatsupercapitalistssuchasSchiffandWarburgcouldsupport
TrotskyandLeninmademequestionwhethertherewassomethingmoreto
Communismthanmettheeye.WhatwasitaboutCommunismthatmadeitso
attractivetoJews,whowerelargelywelleducatednonproletarians,when
Communismwassupposedtobe,inLenin'swords,"adictatorshipofthe
proletariat"?Obviously,byandlarge,JewswerenothinglikeMarx's"workersof
theworld,"fornogroupwasmoreinvolvedincapitalismorthemanipulationand
useofcapitalthantheJews.
NotlongagoIreadabookcalledTrotskyandtheJews,writtenbyJoseph
NedavaandpublishedbytheJewishPublicationSociety(Philadelphia,1971).The
bookpointsoutthatbeforethe"Russian"Revolution,Trotskyusedtoplaychess...
withBaronRothschildofthefamousRothschildbankingfamily.AJewish
journalistWaldmanwhoknewTrotskyfromtheperiodofhisstayinViennasaid:
"whenheusedtoplaychesswithBaronRothschildinCafeCentralandfrequent
CafeDailytoreadthepressthere"...WhatcouldtheRothschilds,thebiggest
bankinghouseinEurope,possiblyhaveincommonwitharadicalrevolutionary
whowantedtodestroycapitalismandprivateproperty???Conversely,whywould
adedicatedCommunistbeaclosefriendofthemostpowerful"capitalist
oppressor"intheworld?CoulditbethattheysawCommunismandZionismas
twoverydifferentavenuestoasimilargoalofpowerandrevengeagainstthe
Russians?
Anumberofquestionsarose:1)CouldCommunismsimplyhavebeenatool
theyadaptedtodefeatandruletheirRussianantagonists?2)Werethereother
peopleswithwhomtheJewsbelievedtheywereinconflict?3)WasCommunism
16
originallypartofastrategicimperativethatreachedfarbeyondtheconfinesof
SovietRussia?Thesewereimportantquestions.
Well,wedon'thaveenoughtime,ofcourse,toanswerallsuchhuge
questions,sobettersticktoourtopicoftodaywhichisJewishZionistrolein
BolshevikRevolutionof1917.But,myopinionis,yes,thatZionismand
Communismwereundoubtedlytwosidesofthesamecoin.
AlthoughofficiallyJewshavenevermadeupmorethanfivepercentof
Russia'stotalpopulation,theyplayedahighlydisproportionateand,nodoubt,
decisiveroleinRevolutionandintheinfantBolshevikregime,effectively
dominatingtheSovietgovernmentduringitsearlyyears.Soviethistorians,along
withmostoftheircolleaguesintheWest,fordecadespreferredtoignorethis
subject.Thefacts,though,cannotbedenied.
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IntheCommunistseizureofpowerinRussia,theJewishZionistrolewas
absolutelycritical.
Nodoubt,theZionistsplayedanessentialpartintherevolutionsof1917.
TheParty,theState,thepublicorganizations,thePeople'sCommissariatsand
otherdepartmentsallhadanoverwhelminglylargenumberofZionistsamongtheir
topleaders.Insummerof1918,therewere,inPetrogradalone,271Zionistsinthe
highestechelonofpowerandonly17nonZionists.265ofthese271hadcome
withTrotskyfromNewYork.Inpracticalterms,itwasTrotsky,andnotLenin,
whoruledthecountry.
Lenin'sname,ofcourse,outweighstheothers,althoughinthefirstyearor
sooftherevolution,Trotsky'sfamerivaledhis.Trotskywasconsiderednolessthe
"fatheroftherevolution"...AftertheRevolution,LeonTrotskyheadedtheRed
Armyand,foratime(19171924),waschiefcommissarofSovietforeignaffairs.
TheneoconservativeAmericanhistorianPaulJohnsonhasprovocativelydescribed
Trotskyasthe"executiveagent"oftherevolution,whileLeninwasmerely"the
architectofthePutsch"ofNovember1917.[Johnson,HistoryoftheJews,p.450.]
Andso,asprofessorAlbertLindemannwrote,"Trotsky'sboundlessself
confidence,hisnotoriousarrogance,andsenseofsuperioritywerethetraitsoften
associatedwithJews.FantasiestherewereaboutTrotskyandotherBolsheviks,but
therewerealsorealitiesaroundwhichthefantasiesgrew."[AlbertS.Lindemann,
Esau'sTears:ModernAntiSemitismandtheRiseoftheJews(NewYork:
CambridgeUniversityPress,1997),p.448]
ChaimBermantinhisbookTheJews(1978)devotesachaptertoanaspect
ofCommunismthatishardlygenerallyknowntoday,oratleastnotusually
mentionedinthehistorybooksandencyclopedias.Theauthor,himselfobviously
Jewish,writeswithacertainauthorityandfamiliarityconcerninghissubjectand
canhardlybeaccusedofthechargeof"antiSemitism"whichisalwaysleveledat
17
anyonewhooffersanycriticism,nomatterhowjustified,ofJewsandtheirways.
WhatdoesBermantsay?Hewrites,forexample,that
Tomanyoutsideobservers,theRussianrevolutionlookedlikeaJewish
conspiracy,especiallywhenitwasfollowedbyJewishledrevolutionary
outbreaksinmuchofcentralEurope.TheleadershipoftheBolshevikParty
hadapreponderanceofJewsandincludedLitvinov(realnameWallach),
Liadov(Mandelshtam),Shklovsky,Saltz,Gusev(Drabkin),Zemliachka
(Salkind),HelenaRozmirovich,SerafimaGopner,Yaroslavsky(Gubelman),
Yaklovlev(Epstein),Riaznov(Goldendach),UritskyandLarin.Oftheseven
membersofthePolitburo,theinnercabinetofthecountry,four,Trotsky
(Bronstein),Zinoviev(Radomyslsky),Kamenev(Rosenfeld)andSverdlov,
wereJews.
Yes,virtuallyalloftheimportantBolshevikleaderswereJews.Lenin's
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righthandmanwastheJewGrigoryRadomyslsky(alsoknownasHirsch
Apfelbaum),whousedthename"Zinoviev."HeheadedtheCommunist
International(Comintern),thecentralagencyforspreadingcommunistrevolution
inothercountries.Zinovievsaid:"TheeternalintheRussianrevolutionisthefact
thatitisthebeginningoftheworldrevolution."[QuotedinFrederickLewis
Schuman,AmericanPolicyTowardRussiaSince1917:AStudyofDiplomatic
History,InternationalLawandPublicOpinion(NewYork:International
Publishers,1928),p.231]Zinoviev"andhiswifeZ.I.Lilinawereclosefamily
friendsofLenin,andZinovievprobablyreceivedmorepersonallettersfromLenin
thananyotherleader,"writesSovietGeneralDmitriVolkogonovinhissensational
bookaboutLenin.[DmitriVolkogonov,Lenin.ANewBiography(NewYork:The
FreePress,1994),p.xxxv]
Similarly,LevBorisovichRosenfeld(betterknownas"Kamenev")
"receivedthemostcorrespondence[fromLenin]...HewasmuchtrustedbyLenin,
evenonpersonalmatters,forexampleonLenin'srelationshipwithhismistress
InessaArmandatthetimeheandLeninweresharinganapartmentinPoland.
Kamenev'sknowledgeofLeninisimportantbecausehewasthefirsteditor,with
Lenin'sdirectparticipation,ofLenin'scollectedworks."Kamenevheadedthe
partynewspaper,Pravda.[DmitriVolkogonov,Lenin.ANewBiography(New
York:TheFreePress,1994),p.xxxv]
CityandprovinceofYekaterinburghasbeenrenamed"Sverdlovsk,"in
honoroftheJew,YakovSverdlov,presidentofthe"SovietRepublic"atthetime
oftheexecutionofTsarandfamily.
OtherprominentJewsincludedpresscommissarKarlRadek(Sobelsohn),
AdolfYoffewhowasheadoftheRevolutionaryMilitaryCommitteeofthe
18
PetrogradBolshevikPartyin191718,MaximLitvinov(Wallach)whobecamethe
bestknownSovietdiplomat,foreignaffairscommissar,andtheambassadorto
Britain,GrigorySokolnikov,Yeroslavsky
Jewswereverythickineverybranchofcommunistgovernment.The
recordsshowthattheCentralCommitteeoftheBolshevikparty,whichwieldedthe
supremepower,contained3Russians(includingLenin)and9Jews.Thenextbody
inimportance,theCentralCommitteeoftheExecutiveCommission(orsecret
police)comprised42Jewsand19Russians,Latvians,Georgiansandothers.The
CouncilofPeople'sCommissarsconsistedof17Jewsandfiveothers.Amongthe
namesof556highofficialsoftheBolshevikstateofficiallypublishedin1918
1919were458Jewsand108others.Amongthecentralcommitteesofsmall,
supposedly"Socialist"orothernonCommunistparties(duringthatearlyperiod
thesemblanceof"opposition"waspermitted,tobeguilethemasses,accustomed
undertheTsartooppositionparties)were55Jewsand6others.[DouglasReed,
TheControversyofZion(Durban,SouthAfrica:DolphinPress,1978),p.274]
Anyefforttocomposeacomprehensivelistofthemostimportant
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Bolsheviksmustbeunavoidablysubjective,but,asnoteshistorianAlbert
Lindemann,"itseemsbeyondseriousdebatethatinthefirsttwentyyearsofthe
BolshevikPartythetoptentotwentyleadersincludedclosetoamajorityofJews.
Oftheseven'majorfigures'listedinTheMakersoftheRussianRevolution,four
areofJewishorigin."[AlbertS.Lindemann,Esau'sTears:ModernAntiSemitism
andtheRiseoftheJews(NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,1997),pp.429
430].
In1990amajorNewYorkpublisher,theFreePress,adivisionofSimon&
Schuster,publishedabookbyIsraelihistorianLouisRapoportcalledStalin'sWar
AgainsttheJews.InittheauthorcasuallyadmitswhatweGentilesarenot
supposedtoknow:"ManyJewswereeuphoricovertheirhighrepresentationinthe
newgovernment.Lenin'sfirstPolitburowasdominatedbymenofJewish
origins..."[LouisRapoport,Stalin'sWaragainsttheJews:TheDoctors'Plotand
theSovietSolution(NewYork:TheFreePress,1990)]
RobertWilton,correspondentoftheLondonTimes,whoexperiencedthe
BolshevikrevolutioninRussia,indicated:"Takenaccordingtonumbersof
population,theJewsrepresentedoneinten;amongthecommissarsthatrule
BolshevistRussiatheyarenineinten;ifanythingtheproportionofJewsisstill
greater."[QuotedinDouglasReed,TheControversyofZion(Durban,South
Africa:DolphinPress,1978),p.276]
TheZionistsstartedontheirtaskofestablishingaPromisedLandfor
themselvesinRussiaandbyusingtheslaveswhoinhabitedRussia,ofcourse.
Inthisprocess,Trotskywasinfavourofseizingpowerovertheworld,ofcarrying
outa"worldwiderevolution."ThisisTrotsky'stheoryof"permanentrevolution."
19
ThevariousethnicgroupsinhabitingRussiaweretobeslain,thusenablingthe
Zioniststoconquerthewholeworld.
IgorShafarevich,afamousRussianmathematicianandmemberofeventhe
prestigiousU.S.NationalAcademyofSciences,arguesthatthereasonwhyJews
occupiedsomanytopleadershippositionsduringtheBolshevikRevolutionand
thattheiractivitiesduringthisperiodandlaterweremotivatedbyhostilityto
RussiansandRussianculture.[IgorShafarevich,"Russophobia,"Nash
Sovremennik(Moscow),JuneandNovember,1989.TranslationJPRSUPA90
115,March22,1990,pp.237.]
ShafarevichclaimsthatJewswerecriticallyinvolvedinactionsthat
destroyedtraditionalRussianinstitutions.HestressestheJewishroleinliquidating
RussiannationalistsandunderminingRussianpatriotism,murderingtheTsarand
hisfamily,anddestroyingtheOrthodoxChurch.HeviewsJewish"Russophobia"
notasauniquephenomenon,butasresultingfromtraditionalJewishhostility
towardthegentileworldconsideredastref(unclean)andtowardgentiles
themselvesconsideredassubhumanandasworthyofdestruction.Shafarevich
reviewsJewishliteraryworksduringtheSovietandpostSovietperiodindicating
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hatredtowardRussiaanditsculturemixedwithapowerfuldesireforrevenge.
ReflectingtheculturaldominationthemeofantiSemitism,Shafarevichclaimsthat
JewshavehadmoreinfluenceonRussiathanperhapsanyothercountry,butthat
discussionoftheroleofJewseitherincontemporaryRussiaoreveninthe
theoreticallymoreopenUnitedStatesisprohibitedinprinciple.Indeed,
ShafarevichstatesthatanypossibilitythatJewishinterestsconflictwiththe
interestsofotherscannotevenbeproposedasanhypothesis.Afterhesaidthisin
hisbook,theU.S.NationalAcademyofSciencesaskedShafarevichtoresignhis
positionintheacademybutherefused.Shafarevichwasaleadingdissidentduring
thefinaldecadesofSovietrule.Aprominenthumanrightsactivist,hewasa
foundingmemberoftheCommitteeontheDefenseofHumanRightsintheUSSR.
[SeeScience257,1992,p.743;TheScientist,6,19,1992,p.1.CitedinKevin
MacDonald,SeparationanditsDiscontents:TowardanEvolutionaryTheoryof
AntiSemitism(Westport,CT:Praeger,1998),p.60]
Occasionally,eventoday(despitecensorshipandsocalled
"politcorrectness")evensomeJewishhistoriansstillopenlyacknowledge
disproportionateJewishinvolvementinRussiancommunism.
NormanCantor,professorofhistoryatNewYorkUniversity,forexample,
providesconfirmationofJewishprominenceinallimportantareasofthe
communistgovernment:"ThefoundersoftheSovietsecretpolice(laterKGB),
headquarteredinLubyankaprisoninMoscow,weremostlyJews."Skeptics
shouldpayparticularattentiontothisbraggingparagraph:
20
"DuringtheheydayoftheColdWar,AmericanJewishpublicistsspentalot
oftimedenyingthatas1930santiSemitesclaimedJewsplayeda
disproportionatelyimportantroleinSovietandworldCommunism.The
truthisuntiltheearly1950sJewsdidplaysucharole,andthereisnothing
tobeashamedof.Intime,Jewswilllearntotakeprideintherecordofthe
JewishCommunistsintheSovietUnionandelsewhere.Itwasaspeciesof
strikingback."[NormanF.Cantor,"Stalin'sJews",inTheJewish
Experience:AnIllustratedHistoryofJewishCulture&Society(Castle
Books,1996),pp.364.]
Ithinkthisismorethanenoughtoconvinceevenskeptics.
AfewRussianJewishintellectualsdidpleadguilty.Ina1923collection
publishedinBerlin,RussiaandtheJews,theycalledon"theJewsofallcountries"
toresistBolshevismandtoadmitthe"bittersin"ofJewishcomplicityinits
crimes.InthewordsofI.M.Bikerman,"itgoeswithoutsayingthatnotallJews
areBolsheviksandnotallBolsheviksareJews,butwhatisequallyobviousisthe
disproportionateandimmeasurablyferventJewishparticipationinthetormentof
halfdeadRussiabytheBolsheviks."[Rossiiaievrei,pp.58,22,26,59,117.
QuotedinYuriSlezkine,TheJewishCentury(Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversity
Press,2004),p.183]
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"Youhavenotbeguntoappreciatetherealdepthofourguilt.Weare
intruders.Wearedisturbers.Wearesubverters.Wehavebeenatthebottom
notmerelyofthelatestgreatwarbutofallyourwars,notonlyofthe
Russianbutofeveryothermajorrevolutioninyourhistory."(MarcusEli
Ravage,CenturyMagazine,JanuaryFebruary1928).
"TheabundanceofJewishnamesinthehigherandmiddlelevelsofpower
(inthe[Bolshevik]Partyandstateapparatus,inthemilitary,ministry,etc.)is
indisputable,anditrequiresnotsomuchanalysisasevaluation,"saysapologist
JewishauthorArkadyVaksberg,"ForantiSemitesnow,thisisanodiousand
outrageousfact;fromthepointofviewofnormalpeoplenotblindedbychauvinist
hatred,itismeaningless.Forpeoplewithoutprejudice,thequestioniswhata
statesmandoes,notthekindofbloodinhisveins."[ArkadyVaksberg,Stalin
againsttheJews(NewYork:AlfredA.Knopf,1994),p.22]
WasthisJewishinvolvementinCommunismsimplyawellintentioned,
philanthropicactivityaimedatimprovingthelotofthepoor?
Well,AlexanderSolzhenitsynthefamousRussianwriterspenteightyearsin
SovietlaborcampsGULAGandafterwardswrotemanybooksandevenreceived
theNobelPrizeforliterature.Accordingtohim,intheeightyyearsthatpreceded
21
theRevolutioninRussiayearsofrevolutionaryactivity,uprisingsandthe
assassinationofaTsaranaverageoftenpersonsayearwereexecuted.After
theRevolution,in1918and1919,accordingtothefiguresoftheCheka(theSoviet
secretpolice)itselfmorethanathousandpersonswereexecutedpermonth
withouttrial.Attheheightofterror,morethan40,000personswereexecutedper
month.[AlexanderSolzhenitsynSpeakstotheWest(1978),p.17]
WhatIsaidtodayisnotsome"let'sblametheJewsfortheplague"or
religiouslymotivated"confess,witch"sortofhystericalaccusation.It'ssimplya
chronologicalaccountofhistoricalfactswithverylittlecommentary.Further,this
doesn'tmeanthatallJewswereCommunistsorallCommunistswereJews.Itdoes
demonstrate1)thatthe"Russian"RevolutionwasnotRussianbutJewish,2)that
JewscanbehavemuchworsethanwhattheyaccuseGermansand"Nazis"of
doing,and3)theJewsarenottheblameless,innocent,altruisticandwrongfully
persecutedreligiousminoritygrouptheyclaimtobe.IfJewsdon'twanttobe
collectivelyblamed,thenmaybetheJewsshouldstopcollectivelyblamingthe
GermansfortheirsocalledHolocaust.
October6,2006
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Wellinformedobservers,bothinsideandoutsideofRussia,immediately
tooknoteatthetimeofthecrucialJewishroleinBolshevism.Nolessafigurethan
WinstonChurchillspokeoutclearlyabouttheJewishcommunism.Inafullpage
featurearticleintheFebruary8,1920,issueofLondon'sIllustratedSunday
Herald,Churchillwrote:
ThismovementamongtheJewsisnotnew.Fromthedaysof
SpartacusWeisshaupttothoseofKarlMarx,anddowntoTrotskyinRussia,
BelaKuninHungary,RosaLuxembourginGermany,andEmmaGoldman
intheUnitedStates,thisworldwideconspiracyfortheoverthrowof
civilizationandthereconstitutionofsocietyonthebasisofarrested
development,ofenviousmalevolence,andimpossibleequalityhasbeen
steadilygrowing....Ithasbeenthemainspringofeverysubversive
movementduringthenineteenthcentury;andnowatlastthisbandof
extraordinarypersonalitiesfromtheunderworldofthegreatcitiesofEurope
andAmericahavegrippedtheRussianpeoplebythehairoftheirheadsand
havebecomepracticallytheundisputedmastersofthatenormousempire.
Thereisnoneedtoexaggeratethepartplayedinthecreationof
BolshevismandintheactualbringingaboutoftheRussianRevolutionby
theseinternationalandforthemostpartatheisticalJews.Itiscertainlya
verygreatone;itprobablyoutweighsallothers.Withthenotableexception
ofLenin,themajorityoftheleadingfiguresareJews.Moreover,the
principalinspirationanddrivingpowercomesfromtheJewishleaders.Thus
Tchitcherin,apureRussian,iseclipsedbyhisnominalsubordinate
Litvinoff,andtheinfluenceofRussianslikeBukharinorLunacharskicannot
becomparedwiththepowerofTrotskyorofZinovieff...orofKrassinor
RadekallJews.IntheSovietinstitutionsthepredominanceofJewsis
evenmoreastonishing.Andtheprominent,ifnotindeedtheprincipal,part
inthesystemofterrorismappliedbytheExtraordinaryCommissionfor
CombatingCounterRevolution[theCheka]hasbeentakenbyJews,andin
somenotablecasesbyJewesses.Thesameevilprominencewasobtainedby
JewsinthebriefperiodofterrorduringwhichBelaKunruledinHungary.
ThesamephenomenonhasbeenpresentedinGermany(especiallyin
Bavaria),sofarasthismadnesshasbeenallowedtopreyuponthe
temporaryprostrationoftheGermanpeople.Althoughinallthesecountries
therearemanynonJewseverywhitasbadastheworstoftheJewish
revolutionaries,thepartplayedbythelatterinproportiontotheirnumbersin
thepopulationisastonishing.
Whilesomepeople,whotrytodenysuchJewishinvolvementin
Communism,willconcedethatTrotsky(aswellasKamenev,Zinovyev,Sverdlov,
andotherBolsheviktopleaders)wereindeedJewish,whileatthesametime
denyinganyotherwisesignificantJewishinvolvementinCommunism,noonecan
reallydenythecommunistJewishconnectionasclearlyexposed,forexample,in
diplomaticcorrespondencethatpassedbetweenAmericangovernment
representativesinRussiaandWashingtonD.C.duringthetimeoftheBolshevik
takeoverofRussia,whichclearlyidentifyJewsastheleadersofBolshevism.The
followingfewquotes,forexample,aretakendirectlyfromdocumentsavailableat
theU.S.Archives.
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IntheWarRecordsDivisionoftheUnitedStatesNationalArchives,for
example,thereisfiledareportfromanAmericanIntelligenceoperativeinRussia.
FromtheHeadquartersoftheAmericanExpeditionaryForces,onMarch1,1919,
comesthistelegramfromOmskbyChiefofStaff,Capt.MontgomeyShuylerwho
wrote:"ItisprobablyunwisetosaythisloudlyintheUnitedStatesbutthe
Bolshevikmovementisandhasbeensinceitsbeginningguidedandcontrolledby
RussianJewsofthegreasiesttype."
AsecondSchuylertelegram,datedJune9,1919fromVladivostok,reports
onthemakeupofthepresidingSovietgovernment:"Therewere384
'commissars'including2negroes,13Russians,15Chinamen,22Armenians,
ANDMORETHAN300JEWS.Ofthelatternumber,264hadcometoRussia
fromtheUnitedStatessincethedownfalloftheImperialGovernment."
AlsointheU.S.NationalArchivesaretwotelegramssentbyAmerican
diplomatsfromRussia.StateDepartmentdocument861.00/1757sentonMay2,
1918,byU.S.ConsulinMoscowMr.Summersrelates,"Jewspredominantinlocal
Sovietgovernment,antiJewishfeelinggrowingamongpopulation."State
DepartmentDocument861.00/2205fromConsulCaldwellinVladivostokonJuly
5,1918,describes,"FiftypercentofSovietgovernmentineachtownconsistsof
Jewsofworsttype."
DavidR.Francis,UnitedStatesambassadorinRussia,warnedinaJanuary
1918dispatchtoWashington:"TheBolshevikleadershere,mostofwhomare
Jewsand90percentofwhomarereturnedexiles,carelittleforRussiaoranyother
countrybutareinternationalistsandtheyaretryingtostartaworldwidesocial
revolution."
Likevise,theNetherlands'ambassadorinRussia,M.Oudendyke,made
muchthesamepointafewmonthslater.Areport,sentbyMr.Oudendykesaidthat
"BolshevismisorganisedandworkedbyJews."Thereportwasincludedina
pamphletpublishedasaU.S.governmentWhitePaperinApril1919entitled
RussiaNo.1(1919)ACollectionofReportsonBolshevisminRussia.So,aswe
cansee,formanyobserverstheBolsheviksbecametheembodimentoftheJewish
revolutionaries.
Someopponentsperhapswillclaimthattheprecedingsourcesare"anti
Semitic"andthereforeunconvincing,butthey'dbewrong.
Therefore,now,let'sseewhattheJewsthemselvesweresaying?
THEJEWSCONFIRMITTHEMSELVES,SOMEJEWSEVEN
BRAG
Here'saseveralJewishownsourcesthatessentiallysubstantiatethe
previous,nonJewishones:
"Whatevertheracialantecedentsoftheirtopman,thefirstSoviet
commissariatswerelargelystaffedwithJews.TheJewishpositioninthe
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CommunistmovementwaswellunderstoodinRussia.TheWhiteArmies
whichopposedtheBolshevikgovernmentlinkedJewsandBolsheviksas
commonenemies"(UniversalJewishEncyclopedia,Vol.I,p.336).
TheJewishChronicle,ofLondon,saidon4thApril,1919:"Thereismuch
inthefactofBolshevismitself,inthefactthatsomanyJewsareBolsheviks,
inthefactthattheidealsofBolshevismatmanypointsareconsonantwith
thefinestidealsofJudaism."
"TheBolshevikRevolution,"declaredoneleadingAmericanJewish
communitypaperin1920,"waslargelytheproductofJewishthinking,
Jewishdiscontent,Jewishefforttoreconstruct."
Anarticleof1921printedbyJewishnewspaperAmericanHebrew,inNewYork,
accordingtowhich:"TheJewishBolsheviksdemonstratebeforetheentireworld
thattheJewishpeoplehasnotyetdegeneratedandthatthisancientpeopleisstill
aliveandfullofvigor.Ifapeoplecanproducemenwhocanunderminethe
foundationsoftheworldandstriketerrorintotheheartsofcountriesand
governments,thenitisagoodomenforitself,aclearsignofitsyouthfulness,its
vitalityandstamina."[QuotedinMikhailAgursky,TheThirdRome:National
BolshevismintheUSSR(Boulder,CO:WestviewPress,1987),p.237]
"TheBolshevikrevolutioninRussiawastheworkofJewishbrains,of
Jewishdissatisfaction,ofJewishplanning,whosegoalistocreateanew
orderintheworld.WhatwasperformedinsoexcellentawayinRussia,
thankstoJewishbrains,andbecauseofJewishdissatisfactionandbyJewish
planning,shallalso,throughthesameJewishmentalandphysicalforces,
becomearealityallovertheworld."[TheAmericanHebrew,September10,
1920]
RabbiStephenWise,theproudleaderofAmericanJewrysaiditveryclearly:
"SomecallitMarxismIcallitJudaism."[TheAmericanBulletin,May5,1935]
"Theworldrevolutionwhichwewillexperiencewillbeexclusivelyouraffairand
willrestinourhands.ThisrevolutionwilltightentheJewishdominationoverall
otherpeople."[hePeupleJuif,February8,1919]
"WhatJewishidealismandJewishdiscontenthavesopowerfullycontributedto
produceinRussia,thesamehistoricqualitiesoftheJewishmindaretendingto
promoteinothercountries."[TheAmericanHebrew,September20,1920.]
"WeintendtoremaketheGentilesbydoingwhatthecommunistsaredoingin
Russia."[RabbiLewisBrowneinhisbookHowOddofGod:AnIntroductionto
theJews(NewYork:TheMacmillanCompany,1934)]
JewishwriterShmuelEttingerhassaidthatuptotheendofthe1920sJews
turnedouttobetheonlyethnicgroupthatbenefitedfromtherevolution.[Shmuel
Ettinger,"RussianSocietyandtheJews,"BulletinonSovietandEastEuropean
JewishAffairs,no.5(1970),pp.3642.]
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OneofthefirstactsbytheBolshevikswastomakesocalled"anti
Semitism"acapitalcrime.ThisisconfirmedevenbyStalinhimself:"Nationaland
racialchauvinismisavestigeofthemisanthropiccustomscharacteristicofthe
periodofcannibalism.AntiSemitism,asanextremeformofracialchauvinism,is
themostdangerousvestigeofcannibalism...underUSSRlawactiveantiSemites
areliabletothedeathpenalty."[JosephStalin,CollectedWorks,vol.13,p.30]
BritishjournalistDouglasReedrecognizedandrecordedtheactswhich
identifiedtheespecialnatureoftheBolshevikregimeinRussia:theantiChristian
measures,thelawagainst"antiSemitism",andtheTalmudicfingerprint
mockinglyleftinthedeathchamberoftheTsarfamily.Linesadaptedfromthe
GermanJewishpoetHeinrichHeinewerefoundwrittenonthewall,bythe
window,inthebasementoftheIpatievHouse,wheretheRomanovswereshotand
bayoneted.Thedistichreads:"BelsatzarwardinselbigerNacht/Vonseinen
Knechtenumgebracht,""Belsatzarwas,onthesamenight,killedbyhisslaves."
BelshazzartheGentilekingofBabylonwho,inthewellknownOldTestament
story,saw"thewritingonthewall"foretellinghisdestruction(Daniel5)was
killedaspunishmentforhisoffensesagainstIsrael'sGod.Inacleverplayonthe
Heinequotation,oneoftheTsar'skillershassubstituted"Belsatzar"forHeine's
spelling"Belsazar,"inordertosignalevenmoreclearlyhisintendedsymbolism.
TheHeineinscriptiondescribedtheracial/ethniccharacterofthemurders:A
GentilekinghadjustbeenkilledasanactofJewishretribution...
AsDouglasReedwrites,"Thenewlawagainst'antiSemitism'wasinitself
afingerprint.Anillegalgovernment,predominantlyJewish,bythismeasure
warnedtheRussianmasses,underpainofdeath,nottointerestthemselvesinthe
originsoftherevolution.ItmeantineffectthattheTalmudbecamethelawof
Russia."[DouglasReed,TheControversyofZion(Durban,SouthAfrica:Dolphin
Press,1978),p.276]
In1914inRussiatherewere55,173RussianOrthodoxchurchesand29,593
chapels,112,629priestsanddeacons,550monasteriesand475conventswitha
totalof95,259monksandnuns.AftertheRevolution,theSovietgovernmentstood
onaplatformofmilitantatheism,viewingthechurchasa"counterrevolutionary"
organizationandanindependentvoicewithagreatinfluenceinsociety.Aperson
inchargeoverthiswaragainstreligionwasEmelianYaroslavsky(Minei
IsraelevichGubelman),whohadespeciallyblasphemousattitudetothereligious
feelingsofRussianpeople.HisaimwasclearlytheextirpationofRussia'sreligion.
OneRussianwriterevenspottedhimwiththenameof"devil'scommissar."The
LeagueoftheMilitantGodlesswasdesignedasanorganizationofantireligious
hooligans.Theyhadtodestroychurches,fireiconsatstakes.Thecommunistyouth
organization,theKomsomol,alsoencourageditsmemberstovandalizechurches
andharassworshippers.Churchesandmonasteriesweretakenoverbythe
governmentandeitherdestroyedorusedaswarehouses,recreationcenters,oreven
"museumsofatheism."TheBolsheviksbeganaggressivelyarrestingandexecuting
bishops,priests,anddevoutworshipers,suchasMetropolitanVeniaminin
Petrogradin1922forrefusingwiththedemandtoreleasechurchvaluables
(includingsacredrelics).Manyvictimsofpersecutionbecamelaterrecognizedin
aspecialcanonofsaintsknownasthe"newmartyrsandconfessorsofRussia".
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TheZionistsbasicallyorganizedthecivilwarinRussia.Itwasbeneficialto
thembecauseoftheiraimofslaughteringthecreamoftheRussianpeople.And
indeed,itdidseemasiftheTalmudicinjunctionto"killthebestoftheGentiles"
werebeingfollowed.Thiswastobedonebytakingawayfromthenationits
possibleleaders,thetransmittersofitsculture,anditsstronggeneticstock,while
atthesametimealsodoingawaywiththebourgeoisieandthemorepowerful
peasantsand,ontheotherhand,alsoeliminatingtherepresentativesofanotherlife
style,namelythebestoftheworkersandpeasants.Theyneededtounderminethe
strengthoftheRussianpeople,inorder,subsequently,bettertobeabletoworkon
thosepeopleandturnthemintoobedienttoolsandslavesofZion.
ThecivilwarwasespeciallybeneficialtoTrotsky.Hehopedtobeatthe
headoftherevolutionaryarmiesandthen,afterconqueringtheinternalenemy,to
throwthosearmiesintobattleagainsttheothercountrieswhichweretheexternal
enemy.Hewanted,withinthosecountries,toorganizedisintegration,sabotage,
diversions,coupsandrevolutions,andtodothiswiththeaidoftheZionistsand
proZionistsinthosecountries.Hisaimwasworldwide(or"permanent,"ashe
called)revolution,noless.HewantedZiontotakeovertheworld.Thebestsons
anddaughtersofRussia,thatemaciatedcountry,weretolaydowntheirlivesinthe
nameoftheZionists'fantasticplans!
DuringthecivilwarinRussia,theZionistsalsoperformedanothertask.
UsingsomeunitsoftheRedArmyTrotskywasthechairmanofthecountry's
RevolutionaryMilitaryCounciltheyorganized,forexample,theJewish
pogromintownofSeversk.Theresultofthiswasthe"LawonThoseInvolvedin
Pogroms"ofJuly27,1918.Inaccordancewiththislaw,amonstrousZionistterror
ragedinRussiaformorethantenyears:apersonaccusedofantiSemitismwas,
withoutanyargumentbeingallowed,declaredtobeinvolvedinpogromsand
placedagainstthewalltobeshot.NotonlyantiZionists,butthebest
representativesoftheintelligentsiaofRussia,couldbeaccusedofbeinganti
Semitic...
PeoplesawwhowasexercisingpowerinRussia.WhereevertheRussian
went,hemetaJewinasuperiorpositiontohim.Toanimpartialpersonlikethe
historianBorisParamanov,livinginNewYork,theJewishpresenceofpowerwas
soimpressive,thatheaskedhimself,whetherthepromotionoftheJewsinto
leadingpositionshadbeena"giganticprovocation"totheRussianpeople.Every
ordinaryRussianfacedaJewashisjudgeandashisexecutioner.
Now,awarning:Ifyou'resqueamish,someofthedetailsdescribingJewish
brutalityareextremelygraphic.Also,noticetheconstantuseofaliasesbysomany
Jews.Thesortofpeoplewhochangetheirnamesaremostlythosewhocommit
crimesorwhoperformonstageorfilm.IwouldsuggestthattheJewsarebothand
continuetodoboth.
CHEKA:ApartfromthelawagainstantiSemitism,theZionistBolsheviks
practisedgenocideagainsttheRussians,andtheydidsobyaccusingpeopleof
counterrevolutionaryactivities,sabotage,andsoon,irrespectiveofwhetherornot
thepeopleinquestionreallyhadconductedsuchactivities.Itwasstandardpractice
merelytoputthemagainstthewalltobeshot.
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TheBolsheviksecretpolice,Cheka,wasestablishedonDecember20,1917,
anditquicklybecameapoliticalpoliceforcethatwascommittedtothe
exterminationofallopponentsoftheSovietstate.Lateron,itunderwentmany
namechanges,includingOGPU,GPU,NKVD,NKGB,MGB,andKGB,andwas
themostfearedpoliceagencyinthehistoryoftheworld.Theyimprisoned,
tortured,ormurderedmillionsofRussiansandpeopleofmanyothernations.Even
themoreconservativeSoviethistoriansofthe1960swereplacingthenumberof
murderedatabout20to40millionfiguresthatdonotincludethemillionsmore
whoweredispossessed,imprisoned,exiled,tortured,anddisplaced.
JewishhistorianBenjaminGinsbergdiscussesthegeneralpreponderanceof
JewsamongtheSovietpoliceagenciesinhis1994bookTheFatalEmbrace:Jews
andtheState:"Duringthe1920sand1930s,Jewswereamajorelementinthe
secretpoliceandotherSovietsecurityforces."Fromthebeginning,"writes
Ginsberg,"theSovietstaterelieduponmilitary,police,andsecurityservicesto
sustainitself,andJewswereactiveintheseagencies....Jews...staffedand
directedthecoerciveinstrumentsuponwhichthestatereliedtocontrolits
citizens."[BenjaminGinsberg,TheFatalEmbrace:JewsandtheState(Chicago:
TheUniversityofChicagoPress,1994),p.30]
JewswereespeciallyprominentinthedreadedCheka,orsecretpolice,
where,inwordsofprofessorLindemann,"theJewishrevolutionarybecamevisible
inaterrifyingform."[AlbertS.Lindemann,Esau'sTears:ModernAntiSemitism
andtheRiseoftheJews(NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,1997),p.429]
JewishhistorianSaloBaronalsohasnotedthatanimmensely"disproportionate
numberofJewsjoinedthenewSovietsecretservice."[SaloW.Baron,The
RussianJewsunderTsarsandSoviets(NewYork:Macmillan,1964),p.203]
JewishhistorianLeonSchapiroremarksthat"itisdifficulttosuggesta
satisfactoryreasonfortheprevalenceofJewsintheCheka...Anyonewhohad
themisfortunetofallintothehandsofChekastoodaverygoodchanceoffinding
himselfconfrontedwith,andverypossiblyshotby,aJewishinvestigator."
[LeonardSchapiro,"TheRoleofJewsintheRussianRevolutionaryMovement,"
TheSlavonicandEastEuropeanReview,UniversityofLondon,196162,vol.40,
p.165]
AsJewishscholarZviGitelmannotesabouttheCheka,theearlySoviet
terroristpoliceorganization:
"ThehighvisibilityofJewsintheBolshevikregimewasdramatizedbythe
largenumbersofJewsintheCheka...FromtheJewishpointofviewitwas
nodoubtthelureofimmediatephysicalpowerwhichattractedmanyJewish
youths...Whateverthereasons,Jewswereheavilyrepresentedinthesecret
police...SincetheChekawasthemosthatedandfearedorganofthe
Bolshevikgovernment,antiJewishfeelingsincreasedindirectproportionto
Chekaterror."[ZviGitelman,JewishNationalismandSovietPolitics:The
JewishSectionsoftheCPU,19171930(Princeton,NJ,PrincetonUniversity
Press,1972),p.117]
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DuringthecivilwarthatfollowedtheBolsheviktakeoverandragedfor
severalyearsafterward,JewsbecamesocloselylinkedwiththeworstBolshevik
outragesthatBolshevismbecamethoroughlyconnectedwithJews.Somuchso
thatevenTrotskyhimselfonceorderedthatthenumberofJewsbeatleastalittle
bitreducedinthehighlyvisibleChekaapparentlyinanattempttoreducethe
resistanceoftheRussianandUkrainianpopulationstotheBolshevikgovernment.
[RichardPipes,RussiaundertheBolshevikRegime,(NewYork:Knopf,1993),p.
104.]
InUkraine,"Jewsmadeupnearly80percentoftherankandfileCheka
agents,"reportsW.BruceLincoln,anAmericanprofessorofRussianhistory.And
theChekaleadershipwasoverwhelminglyJewish.Byearly1919Cheka
organizationsinKievwere75percentJewish,inacitywherelessthanadecade
earlierJewshadbeenofficiallyforbiddentoreside,exceptunderspecial
dispensation,andconstitutedabout1percentofthetotalpopulation.Jewishauthor,
RichardPipes,addsthat
Theworstbestialitieswerecommittedbysomeoftheprovincial
Chekaswhichoperatedatadistancefromtheeyesofthecentralorgans
andhadnofearofbeingreportedonbyforeigndiplomatsorjournalists.
ThereexistsadetaileddescriptionoftheoperationsoftheKievChekain
1919byoneofitsstaff,I.Belerosov,aformerlawstudentandtsarist
officer,whichhegavetogeneralDenikin'sinvestigators.
AccordingtoBelerosov,atfirst(fallandwinterof19181919)the
KievChekawentona'continuousspree'oflooting,extortion,andrape.
ThreequartersofthestaffwereJews,manyofthemriffraffincapableofany
otherwork,cutofffromtheJewishcommunityalthoughcarefultospare
fellowJews.[RichardPipes,RussianRevolution(NewYork:Knopf,1990),
p.824.]
I'lltalkaboutUkrainealittlebitlater.
TheMoscowCheka(secretpolice)wasformedof23Jewsand13others.Ican't
mentionandshowallofthem,becausewesimplydon'thaveenoughtime,butI
mustmentionatleastsome.
AsIalreadyhadmentionedinprevioussegmentoftheselectures,theman
whoheadedthefiringsquadthatexecutedtheRussianroyalfamily,Yakov
Yurovsky,wasalsoJewish,aswastheBolsheviktopofficialwhogaveorders,
YakovSverdlov.Or,asArkadyVaksbergputsit:"Thereisnogettingaroundthe
factthatthefirstviolinsintheorchestraofdeathofthetsarandhisfamilywere
fourJewsYankelYurovsky,ShaiaGoloshchekin,LevSosnovsky,andPinkus
Vainer(PetrVoikov).TheconcertmasterandconductorwasYakovSverdlov."
[ArkadyVaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews(NewYork:AlfredA.Knopf,1994),p.
37]
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Now,thefirstheadoftheChekawasFelixDzerzhinskyandhewasnota
Jew,butaPole.HelaidthefoundationsoftheterrorstatewithLenin'sand
Trotsky'sandSverdlov'sguidance."TheChekaisnotacourt,"Dzerzhinskysaid.
"Westandfororganizedterror.TheChekaisobligatedtodefendtherevolution
andconquertheenemyevenifitssworddoesbychancesometimesfalluponthe
headsoftheinnocent."[QuotedinLouisRapoport,Stalin'sWaragainsttheJews:
TheDoctors'PlotandtheSovietSolution(NewYork:TheFreePress,1990),p.
31]Anditdid,becomingthemajor"control"forceinRussia.Itwasexactlywhat
BolshevikZionistswanted.DzerzhinskywaslikeascalpelinthehandsofJewish
Supremacists,suchasTrotskyandSverdlov,orsemiJewLenin,whomwriter
MaximGorkyoncecharacterizedasaremorselessexperimentalscientistworking
uponthelivingfleshoftheRussianpeople.Ina1917conversationwithRaphael
Abramovich,theJewwhowasaleaderoftheMensheviks,Dzerzhinskysaidthat
onewaytoforcepoliticalandsocialchangewasthroughtheexterminationof
someclassesofsociety.Zinoviev(whowasaJew)added:"Wemustcarryalong
withusninetymillionoutoftheonehundredmillionSovietRussianpopulation.
Asfortherest,wehavenothingtosaytothem.Theymustbeannihilated."
[QuotedinRapoport,Stalin'sWaragainsttheJews,p.31]
FelixDzerzhinskyhimselfwas,Iwouldsay,trulyremarkablecase,a"non
JewishJew,"ashewasoftencalled.(Thedestructionofhisstatueinfrontofthe
KGBbuildinginMoscowinAugust1991,aftertheillfatedputschbyCommunist
partyconservatives,waswidelyseenassymbolicofthedestructionofahatedpast
ofsecretpolicedomination.)InoriginamemberofthePolishgentry,hehad
learnedYiddishasayoungmaninVilnaandhadestablishedclosefriendships
withmanyJewsintherevolutionarycirclesofthetown.Hehadseveralromances
withJewessesandfinallymarriedone.[Lindemann,Esau'sTears,p.433]
Dzerzhinsky'scloseaffiliationswithJewscontinuedintheCheka,notably
andnotoriouslywithMoiseiSolomonovichUritsky,thechiefoftheChekain
Petrograd,wheretheRedTerrorragedwithspecialbrutality.AsJosefNedavasaid
inhisbookTrotskyandtheJews,forantiSemitesUritskybecamethe
personification,theepitomeof"JewishterroragainsttheRussianpeople."
[Nedava,TrotskyandtheJews(Philadelphia:TheJewishPublicationSocietyof
America,1972),p.157.]UnlikemostotherJewishBolsheviks,Uritskywasborn
intoveryreligiousfamily,insidethePale.Hismotherhadevenhopedhewould
becomearabbi.Instead,hebecameinvolvedinrevolutionaryviolenceatanearly
age.By1917hewascloselyassociatedwithTrotskyand,likehim,onlyjoinedthe
Bolsheviksin1917.[Lindemann,Esau'sTears,p.431]Then,this,inwordsof
JewishwriterArkadyVaksberg,"exceptionallynobleandintelligentlooking
man,"wasthescourgeofPetrogradin1918,terrorizingthecitizenryaschairman
10
ofthelocalCheka.HewaskilledbyanotherJew,LeonidKanegisser.[Vaksberg,
StalinagainsttheJews,p.24]
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Amongthefirstleadersoftherepressiveapparatuscreatedalmost
immediatelyaftertherevolutiontoterrorizethewholecountry,firstintheformof
theVChK,orCheka(theAllRussianExtremeCommission),thenturningintothe
GPU(theMainPoliticalDirectorate),theNKVD(People'sCommissariatof
InternalAffairs),andfinallytheKGB(CommitteeonStateSecurity),oneofthe
mostimportant(anddefinitelymostcolorful),nodoubt,wasGenrikhYagoda,the
Jewishformerpharmacistwhokeptaspecialchestinhisofficefilledwithvialsof
poison,whichhedispensedtohisagentswhenevertheoccasionrequired.
Twootherleaders,bothPolesFelixDzerzhinskyandVyacheslav
Menzhinskywereactuallymoredistantfromtheinstitutiontheyheaded.While
formallyheadofthatSovietpolicemonsteruntilhisdeath,Dzerzhinskyfocused
mostofhisattentiononagriculture,simultaneouslyasheadoftheHigherCouncil
onAgriculture,andseemedtobemoreamemberoftheChekaGPUthanits
director.Hisfirstdeputy,Menzhinsky,inwordsofArkadyVaksberg,"wasa
sicklyandtotallyindifferentman,acynicandaesthete,whospenthistimelying
onacouchandreadingbooksinthemanylanguagesheknew."[Vaksberg,Stalin
againsttheJews,p.35]
SoYagoda,anotherofDzerzhinsky'sdeputies,wastherealchiefofthe
Lubyankaevenwhenheofficiallywasonlyseconddeputydirector.[Vaksberg,
StalinagainsttheJews,p.35]WhileMenzhinskydealtwithwordsandfictions:
counterintelligence,showtrials,maneuversagainsttheleftandtherightinthe
party,Yagodadealtwithnumbersandphysicalviolence:organization,repressions,
gatheringincriminatingevidence,exploitingconvicts,mayhemandmurders.
[DonaldRayfield,StalinandHisHangmen:AnAuthoritativePortraitofaTyrant
andThoseWhoServedHim(NewYork:Viking,2004),p.197]
BorninNizhniNovgorod,Yagodawastrainedasapharmacist(whichcame
inhandylaterwhentheNKVDunderhisdirectionbeganasecretlaboratoryfor
thepreparationofpoisons).Yagoda'sfatherGershonwasacousinofMoisey
(Movsha)Sverdlov,thefatherofYakov(Yankel)Sverdlovwhowouldbecome
"president"ofSovietRussia.GershonYagodawasaprinter,andran,withMovsha
Sverdlov,ashopmakingsealsandstampstoauthenticatefakedocumentsfor
revolutionaries.[Rayfield,StalinandHisHangmen,p.200]Asayouth,Genrikh
YagodaworkedasanapprenticeinthejewelrystudioofMoiseySverdlov.Yagoda
securedevenbetterconnectionsbymarryingin1914IdaAverbakh,Yakov
Sverdlov'sniece...[Rayfield,StalinandHisHangmen,p.202]Thesecourt
marriagesweremuchmorepopularamongtheSovietelitethanevenamong
Europeanroyalty.Almostallofthemmarriedpeopleoftheirowncircle,andthis
traditionwascontinuedwithevengreaterintensitybytheirchildrenand
11
grandchildren.YakovSverdlov'snephewandYagoda'sbrotherinlawwas
LeopoldAverbakh,thechiefsupervisorofPartypurityinSovietliterature.Itwas
noteasyforoutsiderstobreakintothefamilynetwork.[Vaksberg,Stalinagainst
theJews,pp.3536]
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Justbeforehisdeathin1919,YakovSverdlovwrotetoDzerzynski
recommendingYagodafortheChekarankandfile.Yagodatravelledallover
Russia,inspectingthemilitaryfromthesafetyoftherear.Yagodaalsohadapost
intheCommissariatforForeignTrade,wherehebefriendedafellowJewishcon
man,AleksandrLurie.LurieandYagodabothhadstickyfingersandLurie
interestedYagodaineverythingforeign,fromfinewinestoliteratureandspies.
YagodarescuedLuriefromprisonsinRussiaandGermany,andLuriehelped
Yagodaprofitfromlucrativeconcessions,notablythediamondtrade.TheCheka
andForeignTradeCommissariatwerelinkedsinceoneconfiscatedthevaluables
whichtheothersoldabroadforhardcurrency.WhatmarkedoutYagodafrom
DzerzhinskyandMenzhinskywasthathewascorruptandacquisitive.[Rayfield,
StalinandHisHangmen,pp.202203]
By1929,YagodahadallsectorsofOGPUstaffedwithhisownproteges:
MikhailFrinovskyinthespecialdepartment,whichhunteddowndeviantpartyand
governmentmembers;YakovAgranovinthesecretdepartment,createdin1923to
controlintellectuals;andKarlPaukerintheoperativedepartment.Yagoda,
Frinovsky,AgranovandPaukerdidtheirutmosttoblockoutsidersfromchairing
OGPU.[Rayfield,StalinandHisHangmen,p.204]
MikhailFrinovsky,headofOGPU'sborderguards,arrivedtoquellnational
uprisings[inthesouth],allegedlyprovokedbykulaks.Hereported,afterputting
therisingsdown,thecorpseschokedtheriversflowingintotheCaspianSea.
[Rayfield,StalinandHisHangmen,p.180]
YagodasucceededMenzhinskyaschiefofsecretpolicein1934.Thepoison
expertwaswidelybelievedtohaveachievedhismeteoricrisebycarryingoutthe
medicalmurderofhispredecessor.[Rapoport,Stalin'sWaragainsttheJews,p.
37]
"WorkingsidebysidewithYagoda,"notesArkadyVaksbergaboutanother
kindredJewishgovernmentdeputy,"wasanotherprofessionalchekist(a
euphemismfor"professionalexecutioner"),MeerTrilisser."HejoinedthePartyin
1901(attheageofeighteen)andremainedalittleknownfigureamongBolsheviks
untilhestartedworkinginthe"organs"...ThisunknownJewbecameatopranking
Chekistby1921,headingtheforeignsectionoftheCheka(andlatertheGPUand
OGPUUnitedMainPoliticalDirectorate)."Themanyactionsundertakenby
Trilisser'sagentsincludedblowingupthecathedralinSofiawiththeBulgarian
tsarandhisgovernmentinside."[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.38]
12
In1927,onthetenthanniversaryof"therevolution'spunishingsword"(the
traditionalhighflownBolshevikepithetfortheSovietsecretpolice,whichbecame
partofthepoliticaljargon),TrilisserwasgiventheOrderoftheRedBanner"...for
especiallypromotingthestrengtheningofthedictatorshipoftheproletariatwith
hiscourage,loyaltytotherevolution,andtirelesspersecutionofitsenemiesand
forespeciallyvaluableachievementsinthestruggleagainstcounterrevolution,
espionage,banditry,andotherorganizationshostiletoSovietpower."Alongwith
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Trilisser,andwithsimilarformulations,thisgloriousbattleorderwasawardedto
manyotherJewishChekistswhohadalreadydistinguishedthemselveswitha
talentforexecutionYakovAgranov,MatveiBerman,KarlPauker,and"other
representativesoftheJewishproletariat."[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.
39]
MeerTrilisserran[OGPU's]foreignoperationsuntil1930.Hedespised
Yagodaasan"officerat."Theirquarrelling,andStalin'sdislikeofthe
bespectacled,gigglingJewishchekist,ledtoTrilisserleavingOGPU.[Rayfield,
StalinandHisHangmen,p.172]Soonafterwardthisprofessionalpunisherbecame
thechieffigureoftheComintern,theCommunistInternational,asamemberofits
executivecommittee,presidium,andpoliticalsecretariat.Heusedthebanal
pseudonymMoskvin.Amazingly,thatname,wasusedbyseveralotherComintern
members,includingforeignCommunists,andIhavenoideahowtheykeptthe
"Moskvins"separated.[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.39]
NolessimportantweretwootherhighrankingfiguresatLubyanka
YakovAgranov,Yagoda'sfirstdeputy,andKarlPauker,headoftheoperative
department.JustliketheirfellowJewTrilisserMoskvin,thesetwo,Agranovand
Pauker,"andotherrepresentativesoftheJewishproletariat...distinguished
themselveswithatalentforexecution."[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.39]
YakovAgranov,deputychiefoftheOGPUandDeputyCommissarof
InternalAffairs,beganhis"Sovietwork"inLenin'sapparatusassecretaryofthe
SmallCouncilofCommissars,andthenmovedtotheLubyanka,wherehe
remaineduntilhisdyinghour.AlistofthecasesthatAgranovwasinchargeof
wouldbeenoughforanyonetolearneverythingheneedstoknowaboutJewish
RedTerroragainstRussia'sintelligentsia.[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,pp.
4243]
Themostcontroversialcasesof"counterrevolutionaryconspiracies"
fabricatedbytheBolsheviksintheearlytwentieswereinvestigatedbyAgranov,
anditislikelythathehimselfwrotethescenariosthathelaterproduced.Wecan
findhisnameinSolzhenitsyn'sGulagArchipelago,whereonepassageis
particularlyilluminatingabouthim.Thecaseinvolvedoneofthefirstlargescale
fabricationscreatedbyJewishChekists,thecaseofthePetrogradmilitary
organizationaninventedantiBolshevikconspiracy(1921),headedallegedlyby
13
ProfessorVladimirTagantsev,ofPetrogradUniversityandtheMiningInstitute.
HereiswhatSolzhenitsynwrites:
ProfessorTagantsevkeptheroicallysilentthroughfortyfivedaysof
investigation.ButthenAgranovpersuadedhimtosignanagreementwith
him:
"I,Tagantsev,consciouslybegingivingevidenceaboutour
organization,hidingnothing....Iamdoingallthistoeasethelotofthe
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defendantsinourcase.
"I,YakovSaulovichAgranov,withtheaidofCitizenTagantsev,
undertaketoendtheinvestigationquicklyandafterwardturnthecaseover
toanopentrial....Ipromisethatnoneoftheaccusedwillbegiventhe
highestmeasureofpunishment."[QuotedinVaksberg,Stalinagainstthe
Jews,p.43]
Tagantsevandsixtyotherpeople(includingfifteenwomen)wereshotonthe
nightofAugust14,1921.OneofthepeopleexecutedwastheRussianpoet,Anna
Akhmatova'shusband,NikolaiGumilev.Amanofimmensetalentandgreat
personalcourage,hehadlookeddeathintheeyesseveraltimesandmetitwith
amazingandprouddignity.Sixyearsbeforehisexecution,inoneofhismost
famouspoems,heforetoldhisdeathatthehandsofanexecutioner.[Vaksberg,
KarlPaukerwasoneoftheHungarianJewswhotookanactivepartinthe
Russianrevolution.Another,BelaKun,spreadbloodyterrorintheCrimeawith
RozaliaZemlyachkaZalkind;yetanother,MatyasRakoszy,becamedictatorafter
theRedArmyoccupiedHungary.PaukerbecamechiefofStalin'sbodyguards.He
hadperformedasacomicactorinBudapestintheyearsbeforetheRevolutionand
wasamasterfultellerofanecdotes.Butheneededcleverwriterstokeephis
repertoirefullystocked.Paukerhimselfwasincapableofcreatinganything.
Accordingtoreliablethoughuncheckedsources,hismaincreativepartnerwas
noneotherthanKarlRadek,thenotableBolshevikjournalistandpoliticalfigure,
whoserealinfluencewasmuchgreaterthanhisofficialpostswouldindicate.
PaukerhadawonderfulwayofrollinghisR's,anddidasmalltownJewishaccent
thatmadetheusuallyaffectlessStalinroarwithlaughter.Hedidnotevengettoo
upsetifPaukerranshortofnewmaterial,butenjoyedhearingtheoldstoriesover
again.[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.41]
ItisinstructivethatthehighpercentageofJewsinthesecretpolice
continuedwellintothe1930s,whentheproportionofJewsgraduallydiminished
inmostotherareasoftheSovietandpartycadres.[Lindemann,Esau'sTears,p.
443]WorkwiththeChekaofferedmanyattractions.Itsagentswerenormally
14
exemptfrommilitaryservice,yettheyenjoyedthesameprivilegesinregardto
foodrationsasdidthoseinthemilitary,nosmallconsiderationintimesof
desperatescarcities.TopChekaofficialswereamongthenarrowBolshevikelite
thatwasentitledtocarsandotherperquisites.Andtherewassimplythematterof
prestigeandpower:"Chekapersonnelregardedthemselvesasaclassapart,the
veryincarnationoftheParty'swill,withapoweroflifeordeathoverlesser
mortals."[GeorgeLeggett,TheCheka,Lenin'sPoliticalPolice(Oxford,1981),p.
265.QuotedinLindemann,Esau'sTears,p.443]
AmongthemanyJewishexecutivesintheMainDirectorateofState
SecurityoftheNKVDwereMosieyBoguslavsky,YakovVeinshtok,Zakhlar
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Volovich,MarkGai,MatveiGerzon,MoiseyGorb,IlyaGrach,YakovDeich,
GrigoryRapoport,AbramRatner,AbramSlutsky,DavidSokolinsky,Solomon
Stoibelman,SemyonFirin,VladimirTsesarsky,LeonidChertok,IsakShapiro,
GrigoryYakubovsky,"andmanyotherNKVDworkersofthesamelevelandsame
origins."[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.99]Evenlater,thenonJewish
headoftheNKVD,LavrentiBeria,had"manyJewsinhiscloseentourage...[who
werein]majorpositionsintheNKVD."TheseincludedGeneralsArkady
Gertsovsky,VeniaminGulst,IlyaIlyushinEdleman,MatveiPotashnik,Solomon
Milshtein,LevNovobratsky,LeonidRaikhman,andNaumEitingonthe"genius
ofwetcrimes".HeadsofNKVD"investigativegroups"includedColonelsBoris
Rodos,LevShvartsman,IsaiaBabich,IosifBabich,IosifLorkish,andMark
Spekter.[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.102]
Amongthese,ColonelLevShvartsman,deputychiefoftheinvestigation
departmentformostimportantaffairs,standsoutforArkadyVaksbergas"oneof
themostviciousKGBexecutioners.""Thismonsterwasinvolvedinthe
falsificationofmanycases.Hepersonallytortureddiplomats,majorscientists,and
culturalfigures,"saysVaksberg.[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.212]
Likewise,anotherJew,anotherLubyankamonster,ColonelBorisRodos
wasa"sadist,whodidnotgetthroughfourgradesofschool,becameacoloneland
evena'professor'attheAcademyofInternalAffairs,wherehetaughtabizarre
subjectthemethodsofworkingoverprisonersinsidetheircells.Thebloodof
innocentacademicians,generals,actors,anddoctorsisonhishands."[Vaksberg,
OneofthemostfearedandrepulsivemonstersoftheLubyankawasAndrei
Sverdlov,sonofYakovSverdlov,firstSovietpresidentandTsar'smurderer.Even
asaboyhehadworkedasasecretinformerfortheGPU,writingdenunciationsof
hisschoolmates,thechildrenofotherKremlinbigshots.Assoonashewasold
enoughhejoinedtheCheka,evincingaspecialtastefortheprofessionof
investigator,whichgavefullscopetohispathologicalcruelty....Thereare
numerousstatementsbyvictimswhohadtheirteethknockedout,orarms,legs,
15
andribsbrokenbythesonoftheSovietPresident.Heevenspenttimeinacellof
theInternalPrison,wherehepretendedtobeaprisoner,andthenseveralweeks
laterheinterrogatedhis"cellmates"andbeatthemmercilessly.[Vaksberg,Stalin
againsttheJews,pp.101102]Incidentally,itwasAndreiSverdlovwhowasin
chargeofthecaseofthepoetPavelVasilyev,accusedof"counterrevolutionary
antiSemitism."
JewishauthorArkadayVaksbergevencallsyetanotherJewishleaderof
Cheka,RozaliaZemlyachka(Zalkind),"asadistandmonsterwhowouldplaya
majorroleintheslaughterintheCrimeaafterthedestructionofthelast
strongholdsoftheWhiteMovement[anticommunists]there."[Vaksberg,Stalin
againsttheJews,p.23]AnotherJew,BelaKun,"spreadbloodyterror"with
Zemlyachka.[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.41]Thesebutchersofthe
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CrimeadrownedRussianofficersinbargesintheCrimeain1920.
TheJewishChekistslikedtorturingtheirvictims.ThepriestsinKherson
werecrucified.ArchbishopAndronnikovinPermhadhiseyespokedoutandhis
earsandnosecutoff.TherewereChekistswhocutopentheirvictim'sstomach,
pulledoutalengthofsmallintestine,nailedittoatelegraphpole,andwithawhip
forcedthevictimtoruncirclesaroundthepoleuntilthewholeintestinebecame
unraveled.Eyesofchurchdignitarieswerepokedout,theirtonguescutoff,and
theywereburiedalive.ThebishopofVoronezhwasboiledaliveinabigpot,after
whichmonks,revolversattheirheads,wereforcedtodrink.InKharkovpeople
werescalped.InTsaritsynandKamyshinhandswereamputatedwithasaw.In
PoltavaandKremchugthevictimswereimpaled.InOdessatheywereroasted
aliveinovensorrippedtopieces.InKiev,victimswereplacedincoffinswith
decomposingbodiesandburiedalive.InVoronezhtorturevictimswereputinto
barrelsinwhichnailswerehammeredtostickoutontheinside,thenthebarrels
weresetrolling.TheChekaoftenarrestedwholefamiliesandtorturedthechildren
beforetheeyesoftheirparents,andthewivesbeforetheirhusbands.
"AsaJew,"notesYevgeniaAlbatsinherbookaboutthehistoryofthe
KGB,"I'minterestedinanotherquestionentirely:WhyweretheresomanyJews
amongtheNKVDMGBinvestigatorsincludingmanyofthemostterrible?It's
apainfulquestionforme,butIcannotevadeit."[YevgeniaAlbats,TheState
WithinaState:TheKGBandItsHoldonRussiaPast,Present,andFuture
(NewYork:FarrarStraussGiroux,1994),p.147]
TheAmericanjournalistEugeneLyonswassenttoRussiain1928aschief
correspondentfortheUnitedPressagency.Arrivingasanavowedcommunist,he
wasabletoexperiencetheSovietexperimentatfirsthand.Hebecameextremely
disillusioned.HedescribedeverythinginhisbookAssignmentinUtopia,published
in1937,inthefollowingterms:
16
"HellbrokelooseinseventythousandRussianvillages.Apopulationas
largeasallofSwitzerland'sorDenmark'swasstrippedcleanofalltheir
belongings.Theywereherdedwithbayonetsatrailroadstations,packed
indiscriminatelyintocattlecarsandfreightcarsanddumpedweekslaterin
thelumberregionsofthefrozenNorth,thedesertsofcentralAsia,wherever
laborwasneeded,theretoliveordie..."
GULAG:Jewswereimportantmembersofboththesecretpoliceandthose
whoranthenetworkofprisoncamps.Theterm"GULAG"isanacronymforthe
RussiantermGlavnoeUpravlenieLAGerei(ChiefAdministrationofLabor
Camps),thebureaucraticnameoftheSovietconcentrationcampmaingoverning
board,andbyextension,thecampsystemitself.Morebroadly,"Gulag"hascome
tomeantheSovietrepressivesystemitself,thesetofproceduresthatprisoners
oncecalledthe"meatgrinder":thearrests,theinterrogations,thetransportin
unheatedcattlecars,theforcedlabor,thedestructionoffamilies,theyearsspentin
exile,theearlyandunnecessarydeaths...
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TheproportionofJewsinvolvedinthecreation,planning,andmanagement
ofGulagwasmuchhigherthaneventheirproportioninthePartyelite,wherein
anycasetheyheldahugepartofthekeypositions.EvenLouisRapoportwrites,
"ThousandsofJewishrevolutionarieshelpedtospearheadtheTerrormachinewith
amessianicfervor."[Rapoport,Stalin'sWaragainsttheJews,p.44]
MostpeoplefoundoutaboutitwhentheyreadSolzhenitsyn'sTheGulag
Archipelago.Hedidn'tmakeapointofitatthetime,buthetalksaboutthepeople
whowererunningtheWhiteSea(Belomor)Canallaborcamps,andtheywere
virtuallyallethnicJews.MostofthechiefoverseersoftheCanalwereJews.
Solzhenitsyndescribedthemas"sixhiredmurdererseachofwhomaccountedfor
thirtythousandlives:FirinBermanFrenkelKoganRappoportZhuk."[Aleksandr
I.Solzhenitsyn,TheGulagArchipelago,19181956:AnExperimentinLiterary
Investigation,IIIIV(NewYork:Harper&Row,1975),p.99.]
Ifyoudon'tbelieveme,justreadthisbookandseeforyourself.Youcan
startreadingfromaroundpage71,chapter3ofpart3("TheArchipelago
Metastasizes")andgoontillaroundpage100.ThereareevenphotosofallGulag
foundingfathersonpage79(someeditionsmayhavephotosondifferentpages,
butthisoneisthemostcompleteunabridgedpublishedbyHarper&Row,in1975)
andyoucanseetheirnamesAronSolts,YakovRappoport,LazarKogan,
MatveiBerman,GenrikhYagoda,andNaftalyFrenkel.Theseweresixtop
administratorsoftheGulaggreatestkillingmachineinthehistoryofthe
world.AllsixwereJews.
WhyarethesenamesgenerallyunknowntoordinarycitizensinAmerica?
ThereasonisunquestionablyrelatedtotheveryhighinvolvementofJewsin
17
gatekeeperrolesinopinionforminginstitutionssuchastheuniversitiesand
particularlythroughownershipandcontrolofthemedia.
AttheveryheadoftheentirearchipelagohierarchywasMatveiBerman,a
DeputyCommissarofInternalAffairsoftheUSSR.Hewasalsoinchargeofthe
constructionofWhiteSeaBalticCanalperformedbytheslavelaborofcamp
inmates.[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.98]MatveiBerman,hadhelpedto
institutionalizeslavelaborasearlyas1922.[Rapoport,Stalin'sWaragainstthe
Jews,p.44]
StanislavMessing,aveteranofthesuppressionoftheKronstadtrising,set
upavasteconomicempire.ItsnominalheadwasLazarKogan,whohadrun
OGPU'sborderguards;Kogan'sdeputieswereMatveiBerman,whowouldatthe
ageofthirtyfourtakeovertheGULAG,andYakovRapoport.[Rayfield,Stalin
andHisHangmen,p.176]
OtherJewishChekistswhowereamongfoundingfathersofGulagincluded
AronSoltz,longknownas"theconscienceoftheParty,"SemyonFirin,and
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NaftalyAronovichFrenkel,aTurkishJewwhomSolzhenitsynwouldcharacterize
as"thenerveoftheArchipelago,whichstretchedacrosstheninetimezonesofthe
vastcountry."[Solzhenitsyn,TheGulagArchipelago,p.76.]Solzhenitsyntellsus
that"astubbornlegendpersistsintheArchipelagototheeffectthat'Thecamps
werethoughtupbyFrenkel.'"[Solzhenitsyn,TheGulagArchipelago,p.75.]It
wasFrenkelwhorefinedBerman'suseofprisonersasslavelaborers.In1932
StalinputhiminchargeoftheconstructionoftheWhiteSeaBalticCanal,which
tookthelivesofsome200,000prisoners,andlaterheworkedunderYagoda.
[Rapoport,Stalin'sWaragainsttheJews,p.44]
SolzhenitsynclaimsinTheGulagArchipelagothatFrenkelpersonally
inventedtheplantofeedprisonersaccordingtothequantityoftheirwork.This
deadlylaborsystem,whichdestroyedweakerprisonerswithinamatterofweeks,
wouldlatercauseuncountednumbersofdeaths.EvenifFrenkeldidnotinvent
everyaspectofthesystem,hedidfindawaytoturnaprisoncampintoan
apparentlyprofitableeconomicinstitution.[AnneApplebaum,GULAG:AHistory
(NewYork:Doubleday,2003),p.31]
Frenkel'snameappearsinmanyofthememoirswrittenabouttheearlydays
ofthecampsystem,andfromthemitisclearthateveninhisownlifetimethe
man'sidentitywaswreathedinmyth.Officialphotographsshowacalculatingly
sinisterlookingmaninaleathercapandacarefullytrimmedmustache;one
memoiristremembershim"dressedasadandy."Asearlyas1927,storiesabout
himhadreachedasfarasParis.InoneofthefirstbooksaboutSolovetskyprison
camp,aFrenchauthorwroteofFrenkelthat"thankstohishorriblyinsensitive
initiatives,millionsofunhappypeopleareoverwhelmedbyterriblelabor,by
atrocioussuffering."[Applebaum,GULAG,p.32]
18
Hiscontemporarieswereevenunclearabouthisorigins.Solzhenitsyncalled
hima"TurkishJewborninConstantinople."Anotherdescribedhimasa
"Hungarianmanufacturer."SomeoneclaimedhecamefromOdessa,whileothers
saidhewasfromAustria,orfromPalestine,orthathehadworkedintheFord
factoryinAmerica.Thestoryissomewhatclarifiedbyhisprisonerregistration
card,whichstatesclearlythathewasbornin1883inHaifa,atatimewhen
PalestinewasapartoftheOttomanEmpire.Fromthere,hemadehisway(perhaps
viaOdessa,perhapsviaAustroHungary)totheSovietUnion,wherehedescribed
himselfasa"merchant."AbusinessmanwithmanyshadydealsinRussiaand
abroad,NaftalyFrenkelwasarrestedmanytimes.In1923hewasarrestedfor
"illegallycrossingborders,"whichcouldmeanthathewasamerchantwho
indulgedinabitofsmuggling.Frenkelwassentencedtotenyearsofhardlaboron
SolovetskyIslands.[Applebaum,GULAG,p.32]Thereisalsoanotherversionthat
hewasafunctionaryoftheNKVDinOdessainchargeofconfiscatinggoldfrom
thewealthierclasses.Thenhewasarrestedforswindlingtheconfiscatedgoldand
senttotheSolovetskyIslands.
Andwhenhewasstillaprisonerhebeganoverseeingotherprisonersand
then,uponhisrelease,wasappointedtoahighNKVDpost,gotanOrderofLenin,
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andattainedtherankofgeneral.SemyonChertok,anIsraelijournalistwhomet
withhiminthefifties,maintainsthatFrenkel"survivedthankstoadevilishgift
theabilitytomakeprisonersonarationofrottenbreadandabowlofstalegruel
workdayandnightfortheirjailers."[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.98]
How,precisely,NaftalyFrenkelmanagedthemetamorphosisfromprisoner
tocampcommanderalsoremainsmysterious.Legendhasitthatuponarrivingin
thecamp,hewassoshockedbythepoororganization,bythesheerwasteof
moneyandlabor,thathesatdownandwroteaverypreciseletter,describing
exactlywhatwaswrongwitheverysingleoneofthecamp'sindustries,forestry,
farming,andbrickmakingamongthem.Heputtheletterintotheprisoners'
"complaintsbox,"whereitattractedtheattentionofanadministratorwhosentit,
asacuriosity,toGenrikhYagoda,whowasthenmovingrapidlyuptheranksof
thesecretpolicebureaucracy,andwouldeventuallybecomeitsleader.Yagoda
immediatelydemandedtomeettheletter'sauthor.Accordingtoonecontemporary
(andSolzhenitsynaswell,whonamesnosource),Frenkelhimselfclaimedthathe
wasatonepointwhiskedofftoMoscow,wherehediscussedhisideaswithStalin
andKaganovich.[Applebaum,GULAG,p.33]
AsIhavealreadymentioned,Frenkelinventedthenotoriousyoueatasyou
worksystem,bywhichprisonersweregivenfoodrationsaccordingtotheamount
ofworktheycompleted.Hepresidedoverthedevelopmentandfloweringofthat
system,whichgrewfromaslapdasharrangementinwhichworkwassometimes
"paid"withfood,intoaveryprecise,regulatedmethodoffooddistributionand
19
prisonerorganization.Frenkel'ssystemwasquitestraightforward.Hedividedthe
prisonersintothreegroupsaccordingtotheirphysicalabilities:thosedeemed
capableofheavywork,thosecapableoflightwork,andinvalids.Eachgroup
receivedadifferentsetoftasks,andasetofnormstofulfill.Theywerethenfed
accordinglyandthedifferencesbetweentheirrationswerequitedrastic.The
lowestcategoryofworkerreceivedhalfasmuchfoodasthehighest.Inpractice,
thesystemsortedprisonersveryrapidlyintothosewhowouldsurvive,andthose
whowouldnot.Deprivedoffood,theweakprisonersgrewweaker,andeventually
becameillordied.Theprocesswasmademorerapidandmoreextremebecause
worknormswereoftensetveryhighimpossiblyhighforsomeprisoners,
particularlyforcitypeoplewhohadneverworkeddiggingpeatorcuttingtrees.
[Applebaum,GULAG,p.36]
Inthe1930sLevInzhir,aJew,becamechiefaccountantoftheGulag's
thousandsofindustrialenterprisesandbuildingsites,stretchingfromDickson
IslandandSpitzbergentoKamchatkaandCentralAsia.AsLouisRapoportwrites,
"theallpowerfulclerk,waskeptbusywithfiguresontransitpoints,raildepotsand
harbors,humanandotherfreighttransfers,lengthofterms,mortalityrates."
WhenyoureadthewholeSolzhenitsyn'sbook(ifyouhaven'treadityet),
youmayrealizethatthegreatestMassMurderersinHistoryofManwereJews.
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Comparedtothesemonsters,AdolfEichmannwasnothingbutlikea"shy
schoolboy".And,bytheway,thesurnameofthechiefofthemosthorrible
Solovetskyprisoncamp(whereFrenkelbeganhiscareer)whichwaslocatedonthe
remoteislandofNorthSeawasalsoEichmans,buthewasn'tGerman,hewasa
Jew.Moreover,Ithinkanyreasonablepersonafterreadingsuchabook,would
cometounderstandthatGermans,inthe1930s,perhaps,hadprettygoodreasons
tobe"paranoid"aboutsamethinghappeninginGermany,because,asyouperhaps
know,mostcommunistleadersinGermanyandallEuropeatthattimewere
Jewish,likeRosaLuxemburg,forexample.Hereisonlyonelittleexcerptfrom
Solzhenytsin'sbook:
"Ilovestrongopponents!It'ssuchfuntobreaktheirbacks!saidthe
LeningradinterrogatorShitov.Andifyouropponent(e.g.yourprisoner)is
sostrongthatherefusestogivein,allyourmethodshavefailedandyouare
inarage?Then,don'tcontrolyourfury!It'stremendouslysatisfying,that
outburst!Letyourangerhaveitsway;don'tsetanyboundstoit.Don'thold
yourselfback!That'swheninterrogatorsspitintheopenmouthofthe
accused!Andshovehisfaceintoafulltoilet!That'sthestateofmindin
whichtheydragChristianbelieversaroundbytheirhair.Orurinateina
20
kneelingprisoner'sface!Aftersuchastormoffuryyoufeelyourselfareal
honesttoGodman!"[Solzhenitsyn,TheGulagArchipelago,p.70]
Solzhenitsyninthismagnumopus,usingtheresearchofaSovietstatistician
whohadaccesstosecretgovernmentfiles,IvanA.Kurganov,estimatedthat
between1918and1959,atleast66milliondiedatthehandsoftheCommunist
rulersofRussia.66millionmurderedbyGulag'smostlyJewishoverlords!
That'sovertentimesthenumberofJewsclaimedtohavebeenslaininNazi
concentrationcamps!
True,thisSolzhenitsyn'sgutwrenchingbook,TheGulagArchipelago,went
throughcountlessprintingsinover50languagesjustbecauseitwas
consideredasusefultoolofpropagandausedattheheightofColdWar.Hewas
oftencalledthe"Conscienceofthe20thCentury"andrecognizeduniversallyas
oneoftheglobe'sprimeexamplesofboldcourageandmoralconviction.Eventhe
JewishpressinitiallyhadnicethingstosayaboutSolzhenitsyn.Theywere
reluctanttogoupagainstamansohonoredforhighmoralstature,andrecognized
bysomanyasatruthtellerofthehighestcharacter.ButSolzhenitsyn'snewest
book,anotherpowerfulandtruthfulmagnusopus,TogetherForTwoHundred
Years,hasbeensuppressed.NoEnglishspeakingpublisher,eitherinBritainorin
theU.S.A.hasdaredtopublishit.Sofar,Solzhenitsyn'sbookhasonlybeenissued
intheRussianlanguage(andalso,asIrecentlydiscovered,Germantranslation).
Clearly,today,afterColdWarisoverandNewWorldOrderisonitsway,
Solzhenitsyn'swritingsabouttheJewishleadershipoftheSovietHolocaustis
viewedasagravethreattotheZionistsPlanforglobalsupremacy.
Now,again,forthosewhomaybedon'ttrustSolzhenitsyn,hereiswhatvery
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JewishprofessorYuriSlezkinehastosay:
By1934,whentheOGPUwastransformedintotheNKVD,Jews"by
nationality"constitutedthelargestsinglegroupamongthe"leadingcadres"
oftheSovietsecretpolice(37Jews,30Russians,7Latvians,5Ukrainians,4
Poles,3Georgians,3Belorussians,2Germans,and5assortedothers).
TwelvekeyNKVDdepartmentsanddirectorates,includingthoseincharge
ofthepolice(workerpeasantmilitia),laborcamps(Gulag),
counterintelligence,surveillance,andeconomicwreckingwereheadedby
Jews,allbuttwoofthemimmigrantsfromtheformerPaleofSettlement.
Thepeople'scommissarofinternalaffairswasGenrikhGrigorevich(Enokh
Gershenovich)Yagoda.[YuriSlezkine,TheJewishCentury(Princeton,NJ:
PrincetonUniversityPress,2004),p.221]
21
Indeed,theSovietsecretpolicetheregime'ssacredcenter,knownafter
1934astheNKVDwasoneofthemostJewishofallSovietinstitutions.In
January1937,ontheeveoftheGreatTerror,the111topNKVDofficials
included42Jews,35Russians,8Latvians,and26others.Outoftwenty
NKVDdirectorates,twelve(60percent,includingStateSecurity,Police,
LaborCamps,andResettlement[deportations])wereheadedbyofficerswho
identifiedthemselvesasethnicJews.Themostexclusiveandsensitiveofall
NKVDagencies,theMainDirectorateforStateSecurity,consistedoften
departments:sevenofthem(ProtectionofGovernmentOfficials,
Counterintelligence,SecretPolitical,Special[surveillanceinthearmy],
ForeignIntelligence,Records,andPrisons)wererunbyimmigrantsfromthe
formerPaleofSettlement.ForeignservicewasanalmostexclusivelyJewish
specialty(aswasspyingfortheSovietUnioninWesternEuropeand
especiallyintheUnitedStates).TheGulag,orMainLaborCamp
Administration,washeadedbyethnicJewsfrom1930,whenitwasformed,
untillateNovember1938,whentheGreatTerrorwasmostlyover.AsIsaak
Babel(himselfaonetimesecretpoliceemployee,afriendofsome
prominentexecutioners,andultimatelyaconfessed"terrorist"and"spy")
describedoneofhischaracters,onenicknamedAJewandaHalf,
"Tartakovskyhasthesoulofamurderer,butheisoneofus,heisourflesh
andblood."[Slezkine,TheJewishCentury,pp.254255]
UKRAINE:Now,it'stimetoatleastbrieflymentionalsoHolodomor
genocideinUkraine.WhenCommunismwasimposedonRussia,thekulaksas
privatepropertyownersnowstoodinthewayoftheideaofCommunism.In1929
Bolshevikscalledfor"theliquidationofthekulaks",andtheirsmallfamilyfarms,
animals,implementsandcropsweredeclaredtobelongtothestate."Trotsky,
ZinovievandKamenevhadalwaysarguedthatthepeasantwouldneversurrender
enoughfoodvoluntarily,andmustbecoercedand,ifneedbe,crushed."[Paul
Johnson,AHistoryoftheModernWorld(OrionPublishingCo,1984),p.268]
"ThewaronthepeasantrythatTrotsky,KamenevandZinovievhad
proposedandwhichStalinimplementedwasideological,likeHitler'swasonthe
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Jews,butitlackedeventhepopulistbasisthatunderpinnedHitler'sextermination
oftheJews.HalfofEuropecouldenthusiasticallyunitebehindantiSemitism,but
fewRussiansblamedthekulakfortheirmisery."[Rayfield,StalinandHis
Hangmen,p.148]
In193233,therewasatruegenocideinUkraine.Sovietgovernment
determinedtoforceUkraine'smillionsofindependentfarmerscalledkulaks
intocollectivizedSovietagriculture,andtocrushUkraine'sgrowingspiritof
nationalism.Facedbyresistancetocollectivization,governmentunleashedterror
22
anddispatched25,000fanaticalyoungpartymilitantsfromMoscowearlier
versionsofMao'sRedGuardstoforce10millionUkrainianpeasantsinto
collectivefarms.SecretpoliceunitsofOGPUbeganselectiveexecutionsof
recalcitrantfarmers.Whenthoseredguardsfailedtomakeadentinthisimmense
number,OGPUwasorderedtobeginmassexecutions.Butthereweresimplynot
enoughChekists(secretpolice)tokillsomanypeople,sotheydecidedtoreplace
bulletswithamuchcheapermediumofdeathmassstarvation.Allseedstocks,
grain,silageandfarmanimalswereconfiscatedfromUkraine'sfarms.OGPU
agentsandRedArmytroopssealedallroadsandraillines.Nothingcameinorout
ofUkraine.Farmsweresearchedandlootedoffoodandfuel.Ukrainiansquickly
begantodieofhunger,coldandsickness.
Ordersweregivenforgraintobeconfiscatedfromthepeasants,whether
theyhadsufficientforthemselvesandtheirfamiliesornot.Thosecaughttryingto
reservefoodfortheirfamilieswere"severelydealtwith."Bythewinterof19323,
virtuallynofoodwasleftinthecountryside.ByearlyMarch1933,"deathona
massscalereallybegan."[RobertConquest,TheHarvestofSorrow(NewYork:
OxfordUniversityPress,1987)p.243]ThemainfarmingareasofRussia,inthe
regionsoftheUkraineandalsoNorthCaucasus,wereutterlydevastated.Millions
ofpeoplewereforcedtoeatanythingthatwasavailable,mice,rats,birds,grass,
nettles,barkandevencatsanddogs,buteventhendidnotsurvive.Itwasatimeof
greatandterriblehunger,acatastrophicmanmadefamine.
Duringthebitterwinterof193233,massstarvationhitfullforce.
Ukrainiansatetheirpets,bootsandbelts,plusbarkandroots.Someparentseven
ateinfantchildren.YagodahadfromthenorthCaucasusfiguresfordeathsfrom
starvationanddiseaseandforcannibalsorcorpseeaters.InMarch1933hewas
informed:
CitizenGerasimenkoatethecorpseofherdeadsister.Underinterrogation
Gerasimenkodeclaredthatforamonthshehadlivedonvariousrubbish,not
evenhavingvegetables...CitizenDoroshenko,afterthedeathofhisfather
andmotherwasleftwithinfantsistersandbrothers,atethefleshofhis
brothersandsisterswhentheydiedofhunger...Inthecemeteryupto30
corpseshavebeenfound,thrownoutatnight,somegnawedatbydogs...
severalcoffinshavebeenfoundfromwhichthecorpseshavedisappeared..
.InSergienko'sapartmentwasfoundthecorpseofalittlegirlwiththelegs
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cutoff,andboiledmeat...[Tragediiasovetskoiderevni:dokumentyi
materialy(Moscow:Rosspen,19992002),vol.Ill,p.649.Quotedin
Rayfield,StalinandHisHangmen,p.188]
23
"IfyougonowtotheUkraineortheNorthCaucuses,"wroteBritish
journalistMalcolmMuggeridgein1933,"exceedinglybeautifulcountriesand
formerlyamongstthemostfertileintheworld,youwillfindthemlikeadesert;...
nolivestockorhorses;villagesdeserted;peasantsfamished,oftentheirbodies
swollen,unutterablywretched."[QuotedinTheBostonGlobe,December7,1995]
Farmerswhotookgrainorvegetablesfromtheirownlandwereshot.Deadbodies
litteredthestreetsofKharkov,thecapital."Itwas,"aneyewitnesslaterrecalled,
"asiftheBlackDeathhadpassedthrough."[QuotedinTheBostonGlobe,
December7,1995]
WhenOGPUfailedtomeetweeklyexecutionquotas,thePartysent
henchmanLazarKaganovichtodestroyUkrainianresistance.Kaganovichmade
quota,shooting10,000Ukrainiansweekly.EightypercentofallUkrainian
intellectualswereexecuted.
LazarMoiseyevichKaganovich,knownasthe"ButcherofUkraine,"
watchedandgloatedfromtheKremlin.EugeneLyons,himselfJewish,creditsthe
JewishcommissarLazarKaganovichwiththemajorportionofresponsibilityfor
thismajorcrimeagainsthumanity:"LazarKaganovich...itwashismindthat
inventedthePoliticalDepartmentstoleadcollectivizedagriculture,hisironhand
thatappliedBolshevikmercilessness."[Lyons,AssignmentinUtopia,p578]
ThefigureofLazarKaganovichstandsout,anddeservesseparate
discussion.Forsometime(inthefirsthalfofthethirties)hewasthesecondmost
importantmaninthecountry.Manylettersfromtheprovincesoncurrentquestions
ofpartyoreconomiclifewereaddressedto"ComradesJ.V.StalinandL.M.
Kaganovich."[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.51]
HewasborninUkraine.Uneducated,writingwithanenormousnumberof
grammaticalandspellingmistakes,LazarKaganovichwasbroughtintothe
Bolshevikundergroundbeforetherevolutionbyhisolderbrother,Mikhail.
[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.52]HeattendedhisfirstCommunistParty
meetingwhenhewasabout18,tohearTrotskygiveaspeechinasynagoguein
Kiev;that'sright:inasynagogue.Heroserapidlyintheinnercircleofthe
CommunistParty,whichcontainedmanymoreJewsthanGentiles.In1918,
KaganovichwastheCommissarofthepropagandadepartmentoftheRedArmy.
Hissuccesswasdueprimarilytohisaggressivenessandhisruthlessness.Inhis
communistactivityheheldbackfromnothing,nomatterhowbrutalorbloody.He
evenkilledhisfellowJewswhentheygotinhisway.Hewasagangsteramong
gangsters.
In1932heshamelesslyproposedhimselftoStalinforthepostofchairman
oftheOGPU.Theresultiseasytoimagine.Kaganovichinthatpost...would
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havebroughtsomuchpersonalinitiativetothejob(ashedidtoeveryother)that
hemightbecomeuncontrollable.KaganovichdidnotmovetotheLubyanka,but
24
hisconcurrences,oftenfilledwithunprintablewordsandexpressions,ornament
dozensoflistsofpeopletobeexecuted.[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,pp.
5556]NeeditbesaidthatthousandsofinnocentRussianvictimswereonthis
man'sconscience,aswerethousandsofothersfromeveryethnicgroupinhabiting
theSovietUnion.[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.54]
KaganovichhimselfwasfondofemployingtheBolshevikaxiom"Whenthe
forestiscutdown,thechipsfly,"asayingthatwasusedtorationalizethemurder
ofmillions.Kaganovichwasalsoknownforhisvowagainstallegedclassenemies:
"We'llbreaktheirskullsin."[VictorA.Kravchenko,/ChooseFreedom(New
York:GardenCityPublishers,1947),pp.27576.]In1932,whenhewasincharge
ofsuppressingastrikebyKubanCossacksduringcollectivizationintheUkraine,
hetransferredwholeCossacksettlementstoSiberiaamererehearsalforthe
transferofeightentirenationalitiesintheforties.Khrushchev,whoparticipatedin
manyoftheseeventsandwhoseownhandswerenotunsullied,termed
Kaganovich"unsurpassedinhisviciousness."[StrobeTalbott,ed.,Khrushchev
Remembers(Boston:Little,Brown,1970),p.33.QuotedinRapoport,Stalin'sWar
againsttheJews,p.43]
Astheterrorfeverdeveloped,Kaganovich,who,amonghismanykeyposts,
wasalsoCommissaroftransport,shippedhundredsofthousandstotheirdeaths.
Heoversawthetrainschedulesandgovernedthemovementofmassivehuman
cargos.Kaganovichmadesurethateventherailengineersandmanagerslivedin
terror,orderingthearrestandexecutionofmanytoprailofficialsandexperts.
AsevenJewishwriterVaksbergadmits,"Thelistofhisvillainousdeedsis
enormous."[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.53]
InKhrushchev'sestimation,Kaganovichhadalwaysbeen"adetestable
sycophant,exposingenemiesandhavingpeoplearrestedrightandleft."
{KhrushchevRemembers,p.33.]Allthewhile,hewouldfingerastringofamber
"worrybeads,"whichbecameasortofBolshevikrosaryduringthetimeofthe
"cleansing,"fashionableamonghighofficials.[Kravchenko,/ChooseFreedom,
pp.27576.QuotedinRapoport,Stalin'sWaragainsttheJews,pp.4344]
In1987,StuartKahan,anAmericanrelativeofKaganovichwroteabook
abouthim.TheauthorinterviewedtheelderlyKaganovichinYiddishand
concludedthathisrelative"was,toputitmildly,adevil.Thatrelativeexudedevil,
anevilthatputmillionsofpeopletodeath..."[StuartKahan,TheWolfofthe
Kremlin,(NewYork:WilliamMorrowandCompany,1987),p.5]
ThebookiscalledTheWolfoftheKremlin,andit'safascinatingbook,this
biographyofLazarKaganovich,andifyoureallywanttogainsomeinsightinto
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theJewishmentality,intothewaytheyjustifythemselves,intothewaytheyview
thenonJewishworld,youshouldreaditforyourself.Kaganovichwantstoboast
25
aboutthepowerheonceheld,andatthesametimehewantstoevade
responsibilityforhiscrimes,andonecanseethisambivalentattitudethroughout
thebook...
Ofcourse,Kaganovichcertainlywasn'ttheonlyJewinvolved."InUkraine
Jewsmadeupnearly80percentoftherankandfileChekaagents,"reportsW.
BruceLincoln,anAmericanprofessorofRussianhistory.LevKopelev,another
dedicatedJewishcommunist(laterturnedintoafashionable"dissident"writer)
whowitnessedandrationalizedtheUkrainianfamineinwhichmillionsdied
horribledeathsofstarvationanddiseaseasan"historicalnecessity"isquoted
saying:"Youmustn'tgiveintodebilitatingpity.Wearetheagentsofhistorical
necessity.Wearefulfillingourrevolutionaryduty."[QuotedinKevinMacDonald,
"Stalin'sWillingExecutioners?",OccidentalQuarterly,Fall2005]
TheprecisenumberofUkrainiansmurderedbyKaganovich'scustommade
famineandChekafiringsquadsremainsunknowntothisday.TheKGB's
archives,andrecentworkbyRussianhistorians,showatleastsevenmilliondied,
almosthalfofthemchildren.[Conquest,HarvestofSorrow,pp.3034]Other
millionsdiedfromthekillingsandsicknessasaresultofthedeportations.
[Conquest,HarvestofSorrow,pp.3047]Ukrainianhistoriansputthefigureat
ninemillion,orhigher.TwentyfivepercentofUkraine'spopulationwas
exterminated.Millionsofvictims!OGPUcountedthedeathsbystarvationand
diseaseonlyforafewmonths;theykeptrecordsonlyofpeasantsshot,arrestedor
deportedaskulaks,theirmortalityrates,theirescapes,theirrecapture.[Rayfield,
StalinandHisHangmen,p.185]Allowingforfamine,violence,hypothermia,and
epidemicscausedbythedisruption,thenumberofexcessdeathsbetween1930and
1933attributabletocolectivizationliesbetweenaconservative7.2andaplausible
10.8million.[Rayfield,StalinandHisHangmen,p.185]
AlexanderSolzhenitsyn,inaspeechinWashingtonin1975hadthistosay
oftheSovietsystem:
"Thiswasasystemwhich,intimeofpeace,artificiallycreatedafamine
causingSIXMILLIONPERSONStodieintheUkrainebetween1932and
1933.TheydiedontheverythresholdofEurope.AndEuropedidn'teven
noticeit.Theworlddidn'tevennoticeit.SIXMILLIONPERSONS!"
[AlexanderSolzhenitsynSpeakstotheWest(London:BodleyHead,1978),
p.16]
Well,thissixmillionisthe"politicallyincorrect"sixmillion,becausetheir
storyisnotusefultotoday'spropaganda.Thetribalaffiliationsofthechief
perpetrator(Jew)andthevictims(nonJews)arethewrongones,notfittinginto
the"correct"pattern.
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26
Bytheway,LazarMoiseyevichKaganovichchiefmassmurdererforZion,
butcheroftheUkraine,implementingtheholocaustonRussia'sandtheUkraine's
populationheplanned,orderedandsupervisednotonlythedeathsofmillionsof
theUkrainiansbutalsothewholesaledestructionofChristianmonumentsand
churches,includingthegreatCathedralofChristtheSaviour.Standingamidthe
rubbleofthecathedral,Kaganovichproclaimed,"MotherRussiaiscastdown.
Wehaverippedawayherskirts."[NewYorkTimes,September26,1995]
November17,2006
Someone,quotedinthatRegisterGuardarticle(JeffWright,"Pacifica
LecturesDecriedasAntiSemitic,"TheRegisterGuard,October11,2006,pp.Al,
A9),describedmypreviouslecture(aboutRedTerror)as"chilling"andIhopethat
itreallywasso.Iwanted,Iintendedittobenotonlychillingbuthorrifyingall
thosephotosofcorpses,victimsofRedTerror,prisoners,executions,torture,
dyingchildren,andsoon...
Isn'tthatoddthatwhenwecontinuallyhearsomuchabout"holocaust,"
aboutAuschwitz,whenJewishcommunity'sorganizationsareusingtheirpolitical
influencetohavelawspassedinanumberofstatesrequiringschoolkidstotake
mandatorycoursesaboutthe"holocaust,"whathappenedinKolymaorVorkutaor
SolovkiisneverevenmentionedinAmericanschool?Theexcusegivenfor
requiringstudentstostudythe"holocaust"isthatitwas"thegreatestcrimein
history,"andweshouldknowaboutitsothatwewon'trepeatit.Butthenwhy
shouldn'twelearnalsoabouttheGreatTerrorinRussia,atrocitieswheremillions
ofpeoplewerethevictims,andsothelessonshouldbeevenmorepertinentfor
everyonetoday?
Youknow,I'mnottryingtobefunnyorsarcasticaboutthis.Weallknow
theanswerstothesequestions,butIjustwantyoutothinkabouttheirsignificance.
Tothem,AuschwitzisimportantbecauseJewsdiedthere,andKolymaisnot
important,becausetheirownFrenkelsandBermansandRapoportswerebosses
there.TheywerenolessthanfoundingfathersofGulag!TheZionistskeep
rubbingournosesinAuschwitz,becausetheywantustofeelguilty,theywantus
tofeelthatweowetheJewssomethingforlettingithappen.Themediararely
mentionGulagbecauseJewsweretheguiltyonesthere.Besides,todaytheymake
alotofmoneybypromotingthe"holocaust."Assayinggoes,"Thereisno
businessasgoodasShoabusiness"...It'scertainlynotgoingtohelpZioniststo
dividetheattentionandthesympathyoftheAmericanpublicbetweenAuschwitz
andGulag.Andit'scertainlynotgoingtohelptheirefforttoextortbillionsof
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dollarsin"holocaust"reparationsfromGermany,fromtheSwiss,andfrom
everyoneelseiftheyadmittedtheirownguiltforGreatTerrorinRussia.Even
moreimportantly,the"holocaust"storyisusedasswordandshieldforIsraHell,
thatcancertumoronMiddleEast.
TheZionistJewsarehidingbehindthatperpetualvictimstatusandthus
receivingmuchundeservedsympathy.TheworldknowsofAnneFrankbutdoyou
knowofalltheRussianyounggirlskilledundertheleadershipofJewish
Bolsheviks,startingwiththeCzar'sdaughters?TheJewsaretheonlygroupthat
hasneverhadtoanswerforcrimesagainsthumanitynormakereparations.The
worldhasyettoreceiveanapologymuchlessanacknowledgementthey(the
JewishCommunists)ledthelargestcampaignofgenocidein20thcentury!
OntheoccasionofhisreceivingtheleftwingGermanLudwigBornePrize
foroutstandingperformancesinliterature,theAmericanJewishscholarGeorge
Steinersaidinhisthankyouspeech:"Inmyopiniontherecanbenohigherhonor,
nohighernobility,thantobelongtoapeoplewhohasneverengagedin
persecution.SincemychildhoodIhavebeenproudnottohavethatarrogance.I
belongtothehighestracebecauseitdoesnotpersecuteothers.Wearetheonly
ones;weneverhadthepowertodoso.Alleluia!"[FrankfurterAllgemeine
Zeitung,31May2003,GermanoriginalisavailableontheInternetasGeorge
Steiner,WirallesindGastedesLebensundderWahrheit",
<http://www.niemandsland.koblenzerjugendtheater.de/brisant/george_steiner.htm>
EnglishtranslationfromWolfgangStrauss,"TheEndoftheLegends,"The
Revisionist2(3)(2004),pp.342351,<http://www.vho.org/tr/2004/3/Strauss342
351.html>]
Neverpersecutedothers?Neverheldpower?Really???Thisisexactlywhat
theycallchutzpa!Thereisajokethat"chutzpa"meanswhensomeonekillshis
fatherandmother,thenasksthecourtformercybecauseheisanorphan...
"TheJewishcommissarwiththeleatherjacketandMauserpistol,often
speakingbrokenRussian,isthetypicalimageofrevolutionarypower."This
statementcomesfromSonyaMargolina,whoisproudtobe"thedaughterofa
JewishBolshevik."MargolinatodaylivesinBerlin.HerbookDasEndeder
Lugen:RufilandunddieJudenim20.Jahrhundert,fromwhichIjustcited,follows
itwiththesewords:"ThetragedyofJewryisthattherewasnopoliticaloptionto
escapethevengeanceforthehistoricalsinoftheJews,namely,theirenthusiastic
cooperationwiththeCommunistregime.ThevictoryoftheSovietregimesaved
themforawhile,butvengeancestilllurkedahead."[SonjaMargolina,DasEnde
derLugen:RufilandunddieJudenim20.Jahrhundert(Berlin:SiedlerVerlag,
1992).EnglishtranslationfromWolfgangStrauss,"TheEndoftheLegends,"The
Revisionist2(3)(2004),pp.342351,
<http://www.vho.Org/tr/2004/3/Strauss342351.htmlx]
EvensuchcelebratedZionisthistorianasRichardPipes(daddyofDaniel
Pipes)linksthe"holocaust"ultimatelytotheperceptionthattheBolshevik
revolutionwasdominatedbyJews:"TheJewishHolocaustthusturnedouttobe
oneofthemanyunanticipatedandunintendedconsequencesoftheRussian
Revolution."[RichardPipes,RussiaundertheBolshevikRegime(NewYork:
Knopf,1993),p.258.]
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Solet'sgobacknowtoSovietRussiaofthe1920sand1930s.
Asanothercelebratedhistorian,PaulJohnson,said:"Morethananyoneelse,
TrotskysymbolizedtheviolenceanddaemonicpowerofBolshevismandits
determinationtoinflametheworld.Morethananyone,hewasresponsibleforthe
popularidentificationofrevolutionwiththeJews."[PaulJohnson,AHistoryofthe
Jews(NewYork:Harper&Row,1987),p.451]
WhenTrotskywasaddressingthedelegatesoftheCentralExecutive
CommitteeoftheSovietsonDecember1,1917,hewarnedthat"inlessthana
month,thisterrorisgoingtotakeextremelyviolentforms,justasitdidduringthe
greatFrenchRevolution.Notonlyprisonawaitsourenemies,buttheguillotine,
thatremarkableinventionoftheFrenchRevolutionwhichhasthecapacitytomake
amanawholeheadshorter."[Delonaroda,3December1917,quotedinStephane
Courtois,etal.,TheBlackBookofCommunism:Crimes,Terror,Repression
(Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityPress,1999),p.59]
Trotskywasvery(extremely!)enthusiasticaboutthereignofterrorthat
sweptRussia.HewroteinJanuaryof1919:"Terrorasthedemonstrationofthe
willandstrengthoftheworkingclassishistoricallyjustified..."[Izvestia,January
10,1919.]DuringaspeechattheInternationalCommunistCongressinMoscow
thefollowingMarchhesaid:"Bloodandmercilessnessmustbeourslogans."
[QuotedinDavidMcCalden,"TheHiddenHand:LeonTrotsky,"
<http://www.redwatch.net/trotsky.html>]Later,toexplainawaythebloody
slaughteroftherebelliousKronstadtsailorshewrote:"Idealistsandpacifists
alwaysaccusedtheRevolutionofexcesses.Butthemainpointisthat'excesses'
flowfromtheverynatureofrevolutionwhichinitselfisbutan'excess'of
history."[QuotedinAbbieBakan,"KronstadtandtheRussianRevolution,"
Marxism,No.1,2003,<http://www.web.net/sworker/Journal/m2003/17
Kronstadt.html>]TrotskyactuallyevenwroteabooktitledTheDefenceof
Terrorisminwhichhesaid:"Themanwhorecognizestherevolutionaryhistoric
importanceoftheveryfactoftheexistenceoftheSovietsystemmustalsosanction
theRedTerror."[LeonTrotsky,TheDefenceofTerrorism(London:Labor
PublishingCompanyandGeorgeAllen&Unwin,1920),p.64]
Thiscold,calculating,andcynicalcruelty,thelogicalresultofanimplacable
classwarpushedtoitsextreme,wassharedbyotherJewishPriestsofTerroras
well.OtherluminariesintheJewishBolshevikheavenstookuptheTrotsky's
refrain.HirschApfelbaum(whoenteredthehistorybooksasGrigoryZinovev),
oneofthemainJewishBolshevikleaders,declaredinSeptember1918:"To
disposeofourenemies,wewillhavetocreateourownsocialistterror."
[SevernayaKommuna,no.109(19September1918),p.2,quotedTheBlackBook
ofCommunism,p.75]
HepennedacharmingarticleintheKrasnayaGazeta(1September1918)
undertherubric"BloodforBlood":
"Wewillmakeourheartscruel,hardandimmovable,sothatnomercywill
enterthem,andsothattheywillnotquiveratthesightofaseaofenemy
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blood.Wewillletloosethefloodgatesofthatsea.Withoutmercy,without
sparing,wewillkillourenemiesinscoresofhundreds.Letthembe
thousands;letthemdrownthemselvesintheirownblood!Lettherebe
floodsofbloodofthebourgeoismoreblood!Asmuchaspossible!"
[Quotedin"RedTerror"
<http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSterror.htm>]
Hethenproclaimedthemassdeathsentence:"Thebourgeoisiecankillsome
individuals,butwecanmurderwholeclassesofpeople."[QuotedinWolfgang
Strauss,"TheEndoftheLegends,"TheRevisionist2(3)(2004),pp.342351,
<http://www.vho.Org/tr/2004/3/Strauss342351.html>]Apfelbaumwantedtosend
tenmillionRussians(tenoutofeachonehundred)tothesmolderingovensofthe
classwar.Hispronouncementof17September1918soundsalmostunbelievable
initsmonstrosity;ApfelbaumZinovievformulatedthisholocaustsentence:"From
thepopulationofahundredmillioninSovietRussia,wemustwinoverninety
milliontoourside.Wehavenothingtosaytotheothers.Theyhavetobe
exterminated."[QuotedinTheBlackBookofCommunism,p.76]
EventuallyalmostalltheresistancetoBolshevikregimeinRussiawas
crushed.AnyfurtheroppositionwasbrutallysuppressedbytheSovietsecret
police.ThesocietywhichBolsheviksbegantobuildhadtoresorttounrestrained
violence,inordertosurvive.Asthehighestprincipleofrevolutionary
development,thedictatorshiptrampledandsubordinatedeverythingtoitsown
will.Trotskydidnotmerelyinspirerevolutionaryterror,hewasalsothefirstto
makeitintoastateinstitution.
Trotsky&Co.thenturnedattentiontowardfomentingsimilarCommunist
takeoversinothercountries.
Jewishpreponderanceincommunismwasbythattimeevidentalso
everywhereoutsideofRussiaandfirstbecameabsolutelyobviousduringtheshort
livedcommunisttakeoverofHungaryinthespringof1919ledbytheJew,Bela
Kun(avariantofCohen).
WhiletheCommunistPartyCongresswasinsessioninMarch1919,the
formationoftheHungarianSovietRepublicwasannounced.TheCongresserupted
inecstasyandaskedLenintosenditsgreetingstoBudapest,whichhegladlydid:
"OurCongressisconvincedthatthetimeisnotfaroffwhenCommunismwillbe
victoriousthroughouttheworld....LonglivetheinternationalCommunist
Republic!"[DmitriVolkogonov,Lenin:ANewBiography(NewYork:TheFree
Press,1994),p.395]
AsnotesJewishscholarHowardSachar,"for135days[in1919],Hungary
wasruledbyaCommunistdictatorship.Itspartyboss,BelaKun,wasaJew.So
were31ofthe49commissarsinKun'sregime."[HowardM.Sachar,Diaspora:
AnInquiryintotheContemporaryJewishWorld(NewYork:HarperandRow,
1985),p.339]HistorianRichardPipesclaimsthat95%ofKuhn'sregimewas
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composedofJews."ThegovernmentofBelaKimwascomposedalmostentirelyof
Jewswhoheldadministrativeoffices,"saysalsoEncyclopediaBritannica.[page
517,vol.13,1946.]
Duringthethreemonthregime,thecountrywasturnedupsidedownina
reignofmurderandterror.SoonaTerrorGroupoftheRevolutionaryCouncilof
theGovernmentwasformedandquicklybecameknownas"Lenin'sBoys."Its
leaderwasTiborSzamuely,themostradicalofallHungary'sJewishcommunists.
Historiansattributesome80ofthe129recordeddeathsto"Lenin'sBoys,"butitis
likelythattherealnumberwasatleastseveralhundred.[TheBlackBookof
Communism,p.274]
Inanamazinglyfrankreport,theNewInternationalYearBookof1919
(page587)hassummarizedthesituation:
OneofthechiefweaknessesinthenewregimewasantipathytotheJews.In
thecountrydistrictsthefeelingwaswidespreadthattherevolutionhadbeen
amovementonthepartoftheJewstoseizethepowerforthemselves,and
theremarkwasfrequentlyheardthatiftheJewsofBudapestdiedof
starvation,somuchthebetterfortherestofthecountry.
Anditwasthisfactorwhichquicklybroughtabouttheregime'sdownfall,as
theordinaryHungariansdetestedJewishdictatorship.BelaKunwasdeposedand
internedinalunaticasylum.EventuallyhewasreleasedandfledtoRussiawhere
hebecamechiefofthesecretpolice,theCheka,insouthernRussia,inCrimea.
BelaKun,notesJewishscholarLouisRapoport,"aJew,[was]thecrueltyrantof
the1919CommunistrevolutioninHungaryandlaterStalin'schiefofterrorinthe
Crimea."[LouisRapoport,Stalin'sWaragainsttheJews:TheDoctors'Plotand
theSovietSolution(NewYork:TheFreePress,1990),p.56]Therehe
distinguishedhimselfbyexecutingofficersfromWrangel'sarmywhohadagreed
tosurrenderiftheirliveswouldbespared.SzamuelyattemptedtofleetoAustria
butwasarrestedandcommittedsuicidesoonafterward.[TheBlackBookof
Communism,p.275]
WhileKunandSzamuelyterrorizedHungary,aBudapestlawyer,Ernst
Bettelheim,hadtheapprovalandfundingoftheCominterntosetupanAustrian
CommunistParty.Bettelheimandhisfollowersplannedtoseizecontrolofthe
nervecentersofthegovernment,whileKunsenttheRedHungarianarmytothe
Austrianborder(onlytwohours'marchfromVienna),readytoinvadetosupport
theircomrades.Thenightbeforetheplannedrising,onJune14,1919,however,
theAustrianpolicearrestedallofAustrianCommunistleadership;amarchof4000
Communiststofreethembrokeunderpolicefire.TheAustrianrevolutionhad
beendecapitated.ThisuprisingbytheCommunist"RedGuard"wasledbyEgon
Kisch,aPraguebornJewishjournalist.Withthefailureoftheuprisinghewas
imprisonedandthenexpelledfromAustria.Inlateryearshefoughtwiththe
SpanishRepublicansagainstFranco,andhavingemigratedfirsttoNewYorkand
thentoMexico,returnedaftertheSecondWorldWartobecamepresidentofthe
PragueJewishcommunity.
InGermany,theJewishcommunistsalsotriedtotakeoverthereinthechaos
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thatfollowedtheFirstWorldWar.TheJewishCommunistleadersinRussiawere
involvedfromthestart.Trotskydispatchedateamofhismostablerevolutionaries
leadbyKarlRadek,oneofthemostpowerfulJewishmenintheCommunist
movement,toinfiltrateGermany.AidedbyfundsfromtheSovietAmbassador
AdolfIoffe,theSpartacists,ledbyRosaLuxemburg,KarlLiebknecht,Leo
Jogiches,andClaraZetkin(allJewish)attemptedtooverthrowtheGerman
governmentin1919.HistorianPaulJohnsonwritesaboutRosaLuxemburg:
ThemostrepresentativeofthemwasRosaLuxemburg.Shecamefrom
ZamoscinRussianPolandandherhistoricalbackgroundwasimpeccably
Jewish.Shewasdescendedfromrabbisgoingbacktoatleastthetwelfth
century,andhermother,thedaughterandsisterofrabbis,quotedtheBible
toherendlessly.[Johnson,AHistoryoftheJews,p.448]
Soontherevolthadbeencrushedanditsleaders,Luxemburgand
Liebknecht,hadbeencapturedandexecuted.
AsiftherehadnotbeenenoughtroubleinGermanyalready,aturbulentand
bloodyepisodeseizedMunich,whereanumberofJewswereattheforefrontofthe
attempttoimposeCommunistrule.ThisCommunistinspiredcoupinBavariahad
fargreatersuccess.ItbeganwiththeseizureofpowerbyaJewishradical,Kurt
Eisner,whoproclaimedasocialistrepublicinBavaria.TheJewishnessofKurt
EisnerisdescribedbyhistorianJohnTolandinhisfamousbook,AdolfHitler:
InMunichanotherinsurrectionbrokeoutonNovember7.ItwasledbyKurt
Eisner,asmallelderlyJewwearingablackfloppyhatwhich,largeasitwas,
couldn'tcontainashockofwildhair.Epicallyuntidy,hewasaliving
cartoonofthebombthrowingRed.[JohnToland,AdolfHitler(Garden
City,NY:Doubleday&Company,Inc.),p.76.]
Then,uponhisassassination,Eisner'sgovernmentwasreplacedbyanother,
againradicalsocialistone.EisnerwassucceededasPrimeMinisterofBavariaby
another,evenmoreextremeJewishrevolutionary,GustavLandauer.Buthealso
waskilledsoon.WithEisnerandLandauerdead,athirdGermanJew,ErnstToiler,
aneuroticyoungpoet,emergedasaleaderoftheBavarianrevolution.Afew
ragtagrevolutionariestookuparmsanddeclaredBavariaasSovietRepublic.Erich
MiihsamwasyetanotherJewinhighpositioninthegovernment.ErichMiihsam
wastheonewhosaidabouthimself:
IamaJewandwillremainaJewsolongasIlive.Ineverdeniedmy
Judaismandneverevenwalkedoutofthereligiouscommunity(becauseI
wouldstillremainaJewandIamcompletelyindifferentunderwhichrubric
Iamenteredinthestate'sregister).Iconsideritneitheranadvantagenora
disadvantagetobeaJew;itsimplybelongstomybeinglikemyredbeard,
myweight,ormyinclinations.[ErichMiihsam,Briefe190019342Bde.
(Darmstadt:Topos,1984),vol.2,pp.4223.Englishtranslationfrom
StephenEricBronner,"PersistentMemoriesoftheGermanRevolution:The
JewishActivistsof1919,"NewPolitics,vol.5,no.2(newseries),no.18,
Winter1995,<http://www.wpunj.edu/~newpol/issuel8/bronnel8.htm>]
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Lateron,astroopsloyaltothegovernmentinBerlinmovedagainstToiler's
forces,yetanotherrevolutionaryregimetheSecondBavarianSovietRepublic
wasdeclaredinMunich.ItsleaderwasEugenLevine,aRussianbornJewwho
announcedintriumphthat"thesunofworldrevolutionhasrisen."AsBritish
journalistandhistorianJohnCornwelldescribesit,"Afteraweekortwoof
outlandishmisrule,...areignofterrorensuedundertheredrevolutionarytrioof
MaxLevien,EugenLevine,andTobiasAxelrodtohastenthedictatorshipofthe
proletariat.Thenewregimekidnapped'middleclass'hostages,throwingtheminto
StadeheimPrison.Theyshutdownschools,imposedcensorship,andrequisitioned
peoples'homesandpossessions."[JohnCornwell,Hitler'sPope:TheSecret
HistoryofPiusXII(NewYork:Viking,1999),p.74]
WhenBelaKunestablisheda"dictatorshipoftheproletariat"inBudapest,
Hungary,itexcitedthoseJewishcommunistsinGermanywhobelievedina
dominotheoryofrevolutionandwhostillbelievedthatrevolutionmustbe
imminentinGermany.
InMoscow,newsfromMunichwasencouraging.TheBolshevikheadofthe
CommunistInternational,GrigoryZinoviev,believedthatwithinafewmonthsthe
communistswouldwininGermany.ButCommunistrisingsinGermanydidnotgo
nearlyasfarasKun'sinHungary.Inamatterofdays,theGermanpatrioticFree
CorpsdefeatedtherevolutionariesandtookpowerinMunich.TheMunichSoviet
wascrushed,andamonthlateritsleaderLevinewasexecuted.ErnstTollerwas
capturedalso,butheescapedandlivedtowriteplays.Hebecameascreenwriterin
Hollywood,andin1939hehangedhimselfinNewYork.OfhisJewishnesshehad
written,inwordswhichmanyJewishrevolutionariescommittedtoanewworld
ordercouldhaveechoed:"AJewishmotherboreme,Germanynursedme,Europe
educatedme,theearthismyhomeland,theworldmyfatherland."[Quotedin
MartinGilbert,TheJewsintheTwentiethCentury(NewYork:SchockenBooks,
2001),p.108]
Therevolutionaries,inadesperateattempttoavertdefeat,tookhostages,
mostofthemcivilians.AdolfHitler,stillservingasacorporalintheSecond
BavarianInfantryRegiment,wasreportedlyamongthosewhomanagedtoavoid
beingtaken.Tenofthesixteenhostageswerethenkilled.OneofthoseinMunich
atthetimewasthePapalNuncio,CardinalPacelli,laterPopePiusXII,forwhom
the"bestialhostagemurder"blackenedthenameofbothJewsandCommunists.
And,ascelebratedJewishBritishhistorianSirMartinGilbertsays,"Hitler,who
mightsoeasilyhavebeenavictimoftheRedTerror,sawintheJewishleadership
oftherevolutionproofofthedestructive,antipatrioticnatureofJewry."[Martin
Gilbert,TheJewsintheTwentiethCentury(NewYork:SchockenBooks,2001),p.
107]
"Therehasbeenatendencytocircumventorsimplyignorethesignificant
roleofJewishintellectualsintheGermanCommunistParty,andtherebyseriously
neglectoneofthegenuineandobjectivereasonsforincreasedantiSemitism
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duringandafterWorldWarI,"saysSarahGordoninherbookHitler,Germans
andthe"JewishQuestion".Andthenshecontinues:"TheprominenceofJewsin
therevolutionandearlyWeimarRepublicisindisputable,andthiswasavery
seriouscontributingcauseforincreasedantiSemitisminpostwaryears.Itisclear
thenthatthestereotypeofJewsassocialistsandcommunistsledmanyGermansto
distrusttheJewishminorityasawholeandtobrandJewsasenemiesofthe
Germannation."[SarahGordon,Hitler,Germansandthe"JewishQuestion"
(Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress,1984),p.23.]
SocommunistrevolutionfailedinHungary,Austria,andGermany.Italso
failedinpartsoftheformerRussianEmpireitself:inFinlandandtheBaltic
countries,includingLithuania,patriotsdefeatedCommunistsandsetup
independentnonCommunistgovernments.But,inindependentLithuania,between
twoworldwars,Jewswereheavily(enormously!)overrepresentedinunderground
subversivemovement,inSovietspyrings.It'sknownthatatleasttwothirdsof
membersofundergroundCommunistPartyinLithuaniaatthattime(before
WWII)wereJewish.WhenSovietsinvadedLithuaniain1940andRedArmy
occupiedit,andLithuaniawasannexed,andbecamepartofSovietUnion,of
courseallthoseJewishcommunistsweretriumphant.Then,IrememberIlivedfor
manyyearsonastreetthathadnameofoneofthoseJewishcommunistsandIwas
alwaysembarrassedwhensomeoneaskedmewhereIliveandIhadtosaythatI
livedonGreifenbergerStreet...
Nowlet'sbacktoRussia.ThefullestexpressionofTrotsky'srolealways
was,yes,inrelationtothequestionofworldrevolution,amattertowhichhe
devotedunprecedentedeffort.
Aworldrevolution,however,neededaworldinstrument.Apartfromthe
RussianCommunistParty,radicalsubversiveorganizationsinothercountrieswere
inarelativelyembryonicstage.AttheverymomentwhenBelaKunandhis
companionswereattemptingtosetupasecondSovietstate,TrotskyandLenin
decidedtoestablishaninternationalorganizationwhoseaimwastospreadthe
revolutionthroughouttheworld.Communistsfromothercountrieswereinvitedto
assembleforaconferenceinMoscowinMarch1919.Theydecidedthat"the
internationalCommunistconferencewouldcreatetheThirdCommunist
International,"knownhenceforthasComintern.Seventeendelegatessignedthe
manifesto,andsettheirtask:tostrugglefortheworlddictatorshipofthe
proletariat.[Volkogonov,Lenin,p.390]Fromitsinception,thisbodybecamea
coverandatooloftheCommunistParty'sactivitiesintheinternationalarena.The
CommunistInternationalwouldcontrolalloftheworld'scommunistmovements.
Hopesofworldrevolutionranhigh.Leninsaidthatthe"victoryoftheworld
communistrevolutionisassured."Theiraimsweretocreateasingleworldwide
CommunistPartyandtooverthrowthe"internationalbourgeoisie"byforceto
create"aninternationalSovietRepublic."
Zinovievwasappointedapresidentofthiscentralagencyforspreading
communistrevolutioninothercountries.Heclaimedtimeandagainthatthe
victoryofCommunistrevolutioninEuropewasguaranteed,andthattheRedFlag
wouldsoonbeflyingoverallcontinents.Hesawhisprimarytaskashelpingto
fermentarmeduprisingswherever"therevolutionarysituationwasripening."
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[Volkogonov,Lenin,p.391]Zinovievsaid:"TheeternalintheRussianrevolution
isthefactthatitisthebeginningoftheworldrevolution."[QuotedinFrederick
LewisSchuman,AmericanPolicyTowardRussiaSince1917:AStudyof
DiplomaticHistory,InternationalLawandPublicOpinion(NewYork:
InternationalPublishers,1928),p.231]Well,soundsjustasAmericanRabbi
LewisBrownewhosaidthat"WeintendtoremaketheGentilesbydoingwhatthe
communistsaredoinginRussia."[LewisBrowne,HowOddofGod:An
IntroductiontotheJews(NewYork:TheMacmillanCompany,1934)]
WhiletheGermanpoliceandtroopswereroundingupscattered
conspirators,ZinovievwasinMoscow,shoutingfromtheplatform:"Arm
yourselves,Germanproletarians!Whereveryoucangetholdofagun,takeit!
FormSoviets!BuildaRedArmy!LonglivetheproletarianrevolutioninGermany
andthewholeworld!"AndhewastryingtoconvincethePolitburothat"the
leavenofworldrevolution"wasalreadyatworkinthemaincapitalistcountries.
[Volkogonov,Lenin,p.391]
10
TheCentralCommittee,meanwhile,waspreparingtheprogramfornew
parties,formulatingthe"TwentyoneConditions"foradmissiontoComintern,and
sendingtrunkloadsofgoldandothervaluablestoGermany,Italy,Hungaryand
elsewhereinordertofomentrevolution.TheBolshevikleadershipbelieved
fanaticallythat,thetorchofrevolutionhavingbeenlitinRussia,theancientedifice
ofcivilizationwouldsoonbeengulfedinflamesandburntothegroundlikeanold
woodenbarn.[Volkogonov,Lenin,p.391]
On6March1920,ataceremonymarkingthefirstanniversaryofthe
foundingofComintern,Leningavea"guaranteethatthevictoryoftheCommunist
revolutionisinevitable...andthatitisnottoofaroff."TheBolsheviksplannednot
merelytocontrolbutalsotocreaterevolutionarysituationsthroughComintern.
Forthispurpose,fromtheverybeginning,LeninandTrotskyandZinovievhadto
shifttheentirefinancialburdenofthe"internationalCommunistParty"ontothe
shouldersofplundered,starving,halfstifledSovietRussia.Asearlyas8October
1918,theCentralCommitteehadcreatedaRussianCommunistPartyBureaufor
"foreignwork"...AllfinancialoperationswereconductedthroughtheBureau,
underZinoviev...KarlRadekwasinchargeofBolshevikrelationswithforeign
Communistdelegations...[Volkogonov,Lenin,pp.391392]
Moscowwashandingoutmoneytoforeigncommunists,millionsofgold
roubles,dollars,pounds,marks,lire,crownsandsoon,allraisedbysellingoffthe
tsaristgoldreserves,thevaluableslootedfromthechurchesandconfiscatedfrom
thebourgeoisie.JewishBolshevikOsipPyatnitskywasinchargeofComintern's
hardcurrencychest.[Volkogonov,Lenin,p.393]
InMay1919thePolitburogaveroutineauthorizationforacollectionof
valuablejewelrytobemadeavailabletoComintern.Thelistofthisjewelryrunsto
manypagesandisvaluedinmanymillionsofroubles,withitemsmarked"for
England,""forHolland,""forFrance,"andsoon."[Volkogonov,Lenin,p.69]The
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totalquantityofvaluablescollectedisunknown,butthecontentsofonelistof
itemscollectedupto1November1922providesanideaofthescaleofoperations:
1220poundsofgold,828,275poundsofsilver,35,670diamonds,71,762itemsof
unspecifiedvaluables,536poundsofgemstones,3115goldroubles,19,155silver
roubles,1902"variouspreciousobjects."Italsosays:"Inadditiontothechurch
valuableslistedabove,964antiqueobjectswerecollectedandwillbevalued."
OnceinMoscow,theboxesweresortedbeforedispatchtotheStateRepository:
partofthelootwasputattheimmediatedisposalofthePolitburoforthe
Cominternfund.[Volkogonov,Lenin,p.381]
TheBolshevikswererobbingthechurchesandusingtsaristgoldreserves,
ostensiblytopurchasegrainfromabroad,butinrealitytofinancerevolution
throughouttheworldandtoforcethecreationofmoreandmorenewCommunist
Parties.Thenumberofagentsabroadtowhomverylargesumsofmoneyinlocal
11
denominationsweresentvirtuallyfromthemomenttheBolshevikstookpower
iscountless.Forinstance,on20April1922thePolitburoacceptedaforecast
budgetof3,150,600goldroublesforCominternactivitiesfortheyear.Aweek
later,Zinoviev,achairmanofComintern,tabledapaperonthebudget,andthe
previousweek'sforecastwasrevisedupwardsbyafurtherreserveof400,000gold
roublesasafirstinstallment.Zinovievexplainedthatheneeded100,000gold
roublesatonce"foragitationamongtheJapanesetroops."[Volkogonov,Lenin,p.
50]Ontheotherhand,inNovemberof1921thePolitburounanimouslyrejectedan
appealfromaspecialcommissionfortheimprovementofchildren'srations.
Whilemillionsweredyingofhungeranddisease,thePolitburowaslavishly
disbursingtsaristgoldtoigniterevolutioninothercountries.Theruined
countrysidewasincapableoffeedingthepopulation.Faminewasbeginningto
breakoutinmanyprovinces,andtheworkersinthetownswerereceivinga
miserablerationofbread.Thirtysixmillionpeoplewerestarving,thousandsdying
everyday,andyeton7December1922thePolitburotookthedecisiontoexport
almostamilliontonesofgrain.AsfamousRussianphilosopherNikolayBerdyaev
putit:"ThereissomethingotherworldlyintheBolsheviks,somethingalien.That
iswhatmakesthemterrifying."[NikolayBerdyaev,NovoeSrednevekovye(Berlin,
1924),p.89,quotedinVolkogonov,Lenin,p.345]Thecountrywasstarving,and
yetthegovernmentwassellingvastquantitiesofgrainabroad!
TheBolshevikshungontopoweronlybytheuseofrelentlessterror,driven
bytheurgetocarrythecivilwarasfastaspossibletoothercountries.Itwastheir
firmconvictionthattheirsupportersabroadwouldonlycometopowerbytheuse
offorceandterror.IntheManifestooftheSecondCominternCongress,thiswas
clearlystated:"TheCommunistInternationalcannotadmitthoseorganizations
which,whileincludingthedictatorshipoftheproletariatintheirprogrammes,
continueapolicyplainlyaimedatthepeacefulresolutionofthehistoriccrisis."
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WhiletheSecondCominternCongresswasinsessioninthesummerof
1920,theBolshevikslaunchedamilitarycampaigntotakePoland.Zinovievhad
arrangedforavastpoliticalmapoftheworldtobehungonthestageofthe
BolshoiTheatre,where"theworldpartyofthesocialistrevolution"wasinsession.
Everymorningthedelegateswatchedaslittleredflagsweremovedtoshowthe
progressoftheReds,whileZinovievgaveanexcitedcommentary,promisingthat
theirnextCongresswouldtakeplaceinBerlin,theninParis,thenLondon...His
wordsweredrownedinastormofapplause.[Volkogonov,Lenin,p.281]
On30ofAugust,1918,LeninwasspeakingataMoscowfactory.AsLenin
leftthebuildingandbeforeheenteredhiscar,somewomancalledouttohim.
12
WhenLeninturnedtowardsher,shefiredthreeshots.OnepassedthroughLenin's
coat,theothertwohithimintheleftshoulderandleftlung.
ThewomanwasJewishandhernamewasFainaYefimovnaKaplan(also
knownasFannyKaplanandasDoraKaplanorFeigaChaimovnaRoytblat
Kaplan).ShewasamemberofthePartyofSocialistRevolutionaries.
LeninwastakenbacktohislivingquartersattheKremlin.Hefearedthere
mightbeotherplottersplanningtokillhimandrefusedtoleavethesecurityofthe
Kremlintoseekmedicalattention.Doctorswerebroughtintotreathimbutwere
unabletoremovethebulletsoutsideofahospital.Butdespitetheseverityofhis
injuries,Leninsurvived.However,Lenin'shealthneverfullyrecoveredfromthe
attackanditisbelievedtheshootingcontributedtothestrokesthatincapacitated
andlaterkilledhim.
KaplanwastakenintocustodyandinterrogatedbytheCheka.Shemadethe
followingstatement:"MynameisFanyaKaplan.TodayIshotatLenin.Ididiton
myown.IwillnotsaywhomIobtainedmyrevolver.Iwillgivenodetails.Ihad
resolvedtokillLeninlongago.IconsiderhimatraitortotheRevolution."["Fanny
Kaplan''<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanya_Kaplan>]
ButinrecentyearstheactualroleofKaplaninassassinationhasbeen
questioned.Inparticular,itissuggestedthatshewasonsecondarypayrolesand
afterthearrestshetooktheguiltuponherself.
Butthe"Kaplanattempt"gavetheBolshevikstheexcusetheywantedto
launchmassive,overwhelmingstateterror.Fivehundredhostageswereshotin
reprisalinPetrogradalonebyorderofZinoviev,theheadofthelocalsoviet.On
September5,thecommissarsofficiallylegalizedtheRedTerror.
Then,atthePartyConferenceinAprilof1922,Leninsuggestedthatanew
postofGeneralSecretaryshouldbecreated.Lenin'schoiceforthepostwas
JosephStalin,whointhepasthadalwaysloyallysupportedhispolicies.Stalin's
mainopponentsforthefutureleadershipofthepartyfailedtoseetheimportance
ofthispositionandactuallysupportedhisnomination.Theyinitiallysawthepost
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ofGeneralSecretaryasbeingnomorethat"Lenin'smouthpiece."
SoonafterStalin'sappointmentasGeneralSecretary,Leninwentinto
hospitaltohaveabulletremovedfromhisbodythathadbeentheresinceKaplan's
assassinationattempt.Itwashopedthatthisoperationwouldrestorehishealth.
Thiswasnottobe;soonafterwards,abloodvesselbrokeinLenin'sbrain.Thisleft
himparalyzedalldownhisrightsideandforatimehewasunabletospeak.As
"Lenin'smouthpiece,"JosephStalinhadsuddenlybecomeextremelyimportant.
OnJanuary21,1924,Lenindiedfromcausesvariouslydescribedasaheart
attack,brainhemorrhage,andevensyphilis.
ThecultofLeninbecameafusionofpoliticalandreligiousritual.The
Politburodecidedtoembalmhisbodyandplaceitinasarcophagusinsidea
13
mausoleumforpublicviewing.Themausoleum,acubelikestructureofgleaming
redgranite,wasbuiltonRedSquareabuttingontotheKremlinwall.Here,the
mostprominentparty,militaryandgovernmentleaderswouldstandtoview
paradespassingbyontheanniversaryoftheOctoberRevolution,MayDayand
otherspecialoccasions.
ImagesofLenin'ssternvisagesoonappearedeverywherethroughoutthe
SovietUnioninstoneandmetal,oncanvas,andinprint.LeninCorners,analogous
totheiconcornersofRussianOrthodoxChurch,becameafixtureofnearlyevery
Sovietinstitution,andLenin'snamegracedthousandsofcollectiveandstate
farms,libraries,newspapers,streetsandcities.Amongthecitieswasthebirthplace
oftheOctoberRevolutionwhichassumedthenameofLeningradonJanuary26,
1924.
On1January1990intheSovietUnionthereweremorethan653million
copiesofLenin'swritingsin125languagesperhapstheonlyareaofabundance
achievedbyCommunisteffort.[Volkogonov,Lenin,p.xxx]
Hiscomradesimmediatelybeganfightingamongstthemselvestoseewho
wastobecomehissuccessor.ThestruggletosucceedLeninwhichcommenced
evenbeforehisdeathinJanuary1924rockedtheCommunistPartytoits
foundationsandhadimmenseconsequencestoitsandtheSovietUnion's
future.
ThequestionofLenin'swill,or,putmoreprecisely,ofwhowouldbethe
secondpersoninthePartyandthestate,arosewhileLeninwasstillalive.The
namethatalwayscameafterLenin'swasthatofLevTrotsky.On24December
1922LenindescribedTrotskyas"themostcapablemaninthepresentCentral
Committee"and"theoutstandingleaderofthepresentCentralCommittee."
AftertheRevolution,LeninandTrotskyhadtherelationshipofequals,but
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whenLeninbecameillin1922,hisrelationswithotherleadersstrengthenedat
Trotsky'sexpense.TrotskyvisitedhimlessthanStalin.Ontheotherhand,
Trotsky,whotalkedtoLenin'sphysicians,seemstohaverealizedsoonerthan
manythatLeninwasnotgoingtobeabletoreturntohisfullfunctionsas
ChairmanoftheGovernment.AndhewasconvincedinhisheartthatLenincould
passtheleader'sbatontonoonebuthim.[Volkogonov,Lenin,p.256]
BesideTrotsky,Lenin'sclosestallieswereLevKamenevandGrigori
Zinoviev.They,andtheyalone,formedthe"leadershipnucleus"andhadalso
everyreasontoexpecttoinheritthemantleofleadershipfromLenin.
Themanclosesttothe"troika"ofTrotskyZinovievKamenevwasGrigori
Sokolnikov(Brilliant),whoinwordsofArkadyVaksbergwas"themost
outstandingBolshevikleaderafterTrotsky,"amemberoftheCentralCommittee,
andatonetimeacandidatememberofthePolitburo.Stalinhatedhim
14
passionately,andwithcause.ItwasSokolnikovwhoin1926woulddemandfrom
thetribuneofaPartycongressStalin'sremovalasGeneralSecretary.Allfourmen
whomStalinperceivedashisrivalsinthestruggleforpowerwereJewish.[Arkady
Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews(NewYork:AlfredA.Knopf,1994),pp.1819]
KamenevoncetoldTrotsky(hisbrotherinlaw)that"Itwillbeenoughfor
youandZinovievtoappeartogetherontheplatforminordertoreconquerthe
wholeparty."[IsaacDeutscher,Stalin:APoliticalBiography(NewYork:Oxford
UniversityPress,1966),p.308]
Well,itdidn'tworkoutthatway.Stalinprovedtobeamoreruthlessand/or
shrewdleaderinthestruggleforpower.HemanagedtoplayalltheseJewsoff
againsteachother.HeoutmaneuveredZinoviev,Kamenev,Trotsky,Sokolnikov,
Radek,andalltherest,andeventuallycameoutontop.
Itundoubtedlywastohisadvantageduringthispowerstrugglethatthe
RussianpeopledetestedtheJews,fromcenturiesofbitterexperiencewiththem.
(AtleastsomeofthepopularoppositiontotheCommunistsinRussiawasfueled
byhatredofJews.TherewereexplicitlyantiSemiticpostersshowinganugly
JewishTrotsky.)
Well,it'simportanttoknowthatTrotskywasfearedevenbyotherJewish
Bolsheviks,whobandedagainsthim.
AfterLenin'sstrokeincapacitatedhimin1922,asthemostfamous
TrotskyisthistorianIsaacDeutschersays,"atriumvirate,composedofStalin,
Zinoviev,andKamenev,formeditselfwithinthePolitburo...Betweenthem,the
threemenvirtuallycontrolledthewhole[Communist]partyand,throughit,the
Government...Zinovievwas,inaddition,thePresidentoftheCommunist
International."[Deutscher,Stalin,p.255]This"Troika"asitwasknownwas
formedtokeepTrotskyfromthesuccession.
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ThoughZinovievandKamenevfearedTrotskyastoomilitantandextreme,
theysharedhisbeliefinpermanentrevolution,whichStalindidnot.Russiahad
beeninalmostcontinuousturmoilfortwentyyearsandhadsufferedrevolutions
andcounterrevolutions,war,invasionsandapitilessanddrawnoutcivilwar.
Therewerelimitstowhichtheenduranceofapeoplecouldbestretched.The
Russianswantedtoburytheirdeadandresumewhattheycouldofnormallife.
Stalinunderstoodthis.Therefore,Stalinunleashedanewweapon,whichTrotsky
probablyhadnotconsideredhimcapableofproducing.Stalinsetforthatheoretical
positionofhisownfromwhichhecouldchallengeTrotskyandhistheoryof
"permanentworldwiderevolution."InProblemsofLeninism,publishedin1924,
Stalinproclaimedhistheoryof"socialisminonecountry"puttingthesafetyof
theSovietUnion'sowneconomicdevelopmentfirst,aboveanyinternational
policyofrevolution.Stalin'sadvocacyof"socialisminonecountry"proveda
15
politicallyeffectiveweaponagainstTrotskywhoseemedbycontrasttolackfaith
intheselfsufficiencyoftheSovietUnion.
Inthemiddleofthe1920sthedivisionintheBolshevikPartyalreadylooked
ominouslylikethoseintheJacobinparty.TherewastheLeftoppositionledby
Trotsky,withultraradicalgroupssuchastheWorkers'Oppositioninthe
background;theRightOpposition,ledbyBukharinandRykov;andtheCentre,
withStalinatitshead.
"Theweakerthetrio{thetriumviratewhichsucceededLenin:Kamenev,
ZinovievandStalin}feltinmattersofprinciple,themoretheyfearedme
becausetheywantedtogetridofmeandthetightertheyhadtoboltallthe
screwsandnutsinthestateandpartysystem.Muchlater,in1925,Bukharinsaid
tome,inanswertomycriticismofthepartyoppression:'Wehavenodemocracy
becauseweareafraidofyou'."[LeonTrotsky,MyLife(Penguin,Harmondsworth,
1975),p.508]
Duringalullintheintrapartyfightinginthespringof1926,Zinoviev,
KamenevandtheirsupportersintheNewOppositiongravitatedclosertoTrotsky's
supportersandthetwogroupssoonformedanalliance,whichalsoincorporated
somesmalleroppositiongroupswithintheCommunistParty.Thealliancebecame
knownastheUnitedOpposition.
Amidstintrigueandpowerstruggles,by1927KamenevandZinovievalso
"atlastthrewintheirlotwithTrotsky."[Deutscher,Stalin,p.307]Then,in
October1927,TrotskyandZinovievwereexpelledfromtheCentralCommittee.
WheninNovemberof1927theUnitedOppositiontriedtoorganizeindependent
demonstrationscommemoratingthe10thanniversaryoftheBolshevikseizureof
power,thedemonstratorsweredispersedbyforceandTrotskyandZinovievwere
expelledfromtheCommunistPartyonNovember12.Theirleadingsupporters,
fromKamenevdown,wereexpelledinDecember1927bythe15thParty
Congress,whichpavedthewayformassexpulsionsofrankandfileoppositionists
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aswellasinternalexileofoppositionleadersinearly1928.
Whenthe15thPartyCongressmadeOppositionviewsincompatiblewith
membershipintheCommunistParty,Zinoviev,Kamenevandtheirsupporters
capitulatedandrenouncedtheiralliancewiththeLeftOpposition.Trotskyand
mostofhisfollowers,ontheotherhand,refusedtosurrenderandstayedthe
course.
InthestruggleforpowerthatfollowedLenin'sdeath,Stalineventually
emergedvictoriousoverhisrivals,eventuallysucceedinginputtingtodeathnearly
everyoneofthemostprominentearlyBolsheviksleadersincludingTrotsky,
Zinoviev,Radek,andKamenev.Withthepassageoftime,andparticularlyafter
1928,theJewishroleinthetopleadershipoftheSovietstateanditsCommunist
partydiminishedmarkedly.Viathepurgesofthe1930s,StalinoverthrewJewish
16
BolshevismandinstalledaRussianversion.ItisfrequentlyarguedthatStalin's
risetopowermarkedtheendoftheJewishphaseofcommunism.Insupportof
this,itispointedoutthatwhilesuchJewsasTrotsky,Zinoviev,Kamenev,
Martynov,Zasulich,Deutsch,Parvus,Axelrod,Radek,Uritsky,Sverdlov,Dan,
Lieber,Martov,andotherswereprominentintheearlyhistoryoftherevolution,
thesehavealmostwithoutexceptionbeenexecutedorexiled.
Now,it'sabouttimetosayatleastsomethingaboutStalinhimself.Thereis
noneedtodescribetheimpactthatJosephStalinexercisedonRussia.Hewas,no
doubt,amongthemostenigmaticfiguresofthetwentiethcentury.However,his
influencewasbynomeansinnovative.WhatwaslatercalledStalinismwas
artificiallyandintentionallyseparatedfromCommunism,andevensetoffagainst
it.Firstofall,byTrotskyandhisfollowers.
SomeauthorshavesuggestedthatStalinwashimselfaJew.Knownfactsdo
notbearthisout.TherearepeopleactuallyclaimingJosefStalinwasJewishjust
becausehisrealname,Dzhugashvili,soundslike"Jew,"inEnglish.Butthatis
nonsense!IntheGeorgianlanguage"shvili"meanssonof,asinJohnson.Butthen
somealsosaythat"Dzhuga"meansJew.ThereforeDzhugashvilimeans"sonofa
Jew"(somethinglikeJewison).No,theactualwordfor"Jew"inGeorgianis
"ebraeli"andthemorecolloquiallyused"uriya"...Word"dzhuga"means"flock"
or"steel"dependentontheoriginatingculturalmeaning.
Stalin(orJosephVissarionovichDzhugashvili)wasborninthemountain
villageofGori,situatedintheprovinceofGeorgia,in1879.Hisfather,Vissarion
Dzhugashvili,wasapeasantfromtheneighboringtownofDidoLilohismother
wasKatevan(orEkaterina)Geladze,whoseforebearswereserfsinthevillageof
Gambareuli.NottoomuchisknownaboutStalin'sfather.Hewasforatimea
cobbler,andheseemstohaveworkedasadaylaborerinashoefactoryin
Adelkhanov.Heissaidtohavebeenaheavydrinker.Stalin'smotherwasa
devoutlyreligiouswomanwhotookinwashingtofeedherfamily,andherlife's
ambitionwastoseehersonbecomeapriest.YoungJosephattendedthe
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elementaryschoolinGoriafouryearcourseandin1894heobtainedafree
scholarshiptotheTiflisTheologicalSeminarywhichprovidedfreeclothing,
books,andfoodinadditiontohistuition.Fouryearslaterhewasexpelled,after
whichheappliedhimselftorevolutionaryactivity.
Actually,Stalin'sfamilywerenotGeorgian,asispopularlythought,but
theywereinfactGeorgianspeakingOssetians.IntheCaucasus,thatmeansagreat
deal.TheOssetianshavebeeninGeorgiaandtheCaucasusforalongtime.
NumberingapproximatelyaquarterofamillioninStalin'syouth,theOssetians
wereapeopleofIranianJapheticorigin,wholatermixedwiththeconquering
Scythians,anancientPersianrelatedpeopleknownfortheirworshipoffire(to
manyminds,StalinwouldcometoepitomizetheScythianspirit).Mostofthe
17
Ossetiansmadetheirhomeinthe15,000foothighicefieldsinthemiddleofthe
GreatCaucasus,where,accordingthelegend,theTitanPrometheusstolefirefrom
heavenandwaschainedtoarockbytheOlympiangodswhilevulturestoreathis
liver.KarlMarxwouldrefertothecentralandnorthernCaucasus,wherethe
Ossetianslived,asthe"knees"oftheRussianempire.Thefireworshippingtribe,
livingamongtheknifeedgedmassifswhereyelloweyedtigersroamed,called
theircapitalDzaudzhikau,ageslatertoberenamedOrdzhonikidzeafteroneof
Stalin'sassociates.MostOssetiansspokeadialectcalledIronandlivedinadistrict
ofthesamenamepoeticallyfittingforanareawheretheIronAgebegan,andfor
theregion'smostfamousson,whochosethenameStalin,meaningManofSteel.
ThenameIronisderivedfrom"Iran,"accordingtoOssetians.TheChristianized
OssetiansweretheonlyCaucasianpeoplewhoconsistentlywelcomedGreat
Russianhegemony,possiblyprovidingacluetoJosephDzhugashvili's(Stalin's)
passionatedesiretoassimilate?ThematureStalinsometimesthoughtofhimselfas
anAsiaticandwasneverabletoshakeoffhisthickGeorgianaccent,buthe
completelyidentifiedwiththeRussianmajority.Inthisrespecthecanbelikened
totheCorsicanNapoleon,whocametopersonifyFrance,ortoHitler,theAustrian
FiihrerofGermany.
TheGulagiscommonlyassociatedwiththenameofStalin,butthetrue
fatheroftheBolshevikmassterrorwas,nodoubt,Trotsky.Hedidnotmerely
inspirerevolutionaryterror,hewastheonetomakeitintoastateinstitution.The
vastmajorityofthosepeoplewhoarenowsaidtohavebeenmadethevictims
duringtheperiodofthe"Stalinistrepressions"wereinfactvictimizedactuallyin
theearlierperiod,thatistosayinthefirstdecadeaftertherevolutionandcivilwar.
Upuntil19371938,theSovietUnionwasruledbyanapparatusinwhich
Zionistshadatremendouspreponderance.Itwasonlyafter1938thatthereal
leadershipofthecountrypassedtoStalinandhisgovernmentapparatus.
Everythingthathadbeendoneintheprovincesbeforethenwasdonealsoin
Stalin'sname,ofcourse.Thisappliesparticularlytotheintroductionofcollective
farming.TheexcessivestepstakenindispossessingthebetteroffRussianfarmers,
andthemassiverepressionsagainstthepeasants,weretheworkoftheproZionist
statemachinery,whichwasinfactgladoftheopportunitytoworkonceagainon
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thegeneticstockoftheRussianpeopleandcauseittodeteriorate.And,again,let's
notforgetindividualsasKaganovich.
TheseweretheoperationsoftheSovietsystemwhich,byreasonofits
nature,oftenproducedvery,verynegativeresults.Apartfrompeoplewhowere
reallyproZionist,atremendousnumberofpeoplewerealsorepressedwhowere
innocent.Certainfactorscontributedtothis.Firstly,theinstructionswerenotclear:
whowastheenemy?Secondly,boththecentralandthelocalauthoritieswishedto
18
achievedistinction.Overfulfillingthegovernment'splanswassofashionablein
theSovietUnion,andsotoowasfulfillingthematanyprice.
AndZionismwasconductingitsdirectoperationshere.TheZionists
understoodStalin'sobjectiveanddecided,whenbeingremovedfromtheir
positionsofinfluence,toharmRussiaasmuchaspossible.EverytrueZionistwho
hadbeenarrestedgavethenamesofmanypeople,mostlyinnocent.TheZionists
allegedthatthesepeoplehadbeeninvolvedinorganizingandcarryingoutthe
counterrevolutionaryactivities,espionage,andotheroperations,whichwerebeing
conductedbytheZioniststhemselves.Thesepeople,sufferingthephysicaleffects
ofinterrogationamethodofoperationintroducedbytheZioniststookthe
guiltuponthemselves,inthiswaysigningtheirowndeathwarrants.
Now,whydidtheZionistsallowStalinin,andwhydidtheynoteliminate
himattheveryoutsetoratalaterdate?Well,becausehedeceivedthem!They
thoughthewasoneoftheirs.AtthebeginningofhiscareerasSecretaryGeneralof
theParty,StalinsurroundedhimselfwithZionists.AsIjustsaid,therewas
triumvirateofStalin,Zinoviev,andKamenev.Untilabout1937itwasnotobvious
atallthatStalin'schiefgoalwastoliquidateZionistpowerintheSovietUnion.
Evenafter1937,StalingavetheimpressionofhavingnoclaimsupontheZionists:
LazarKaganovich,whoseverynamemadehimaconvenientcoverforStalin
againstanyaccusationsofantiSemitism,wasoneofStalin'sclosestaidesand
outlivedhimbymanyyears.
In1994,JewishauthorArkadyVaksberg(whohimself,asfarasIknow,still
livesinRussia)wroteabookentitledStalinagainsttheJews.Itsfundamental
thesisisthatStalinwasafanaticalantiSemite.(LouisRapoport'sbookStalin's
WarAgainsttheJewsreflectsthesametheme.)
Yes,asearlyas1902,Stalin,forexample,stressedtheJewishnessofthe
Mensheviksinveryabusivewords,claimingthatallJewswerecowards.[Mikhail
Agursky,TheThirdRome:NationalBolshevismintheUSSR(Boulder,CO:
WestviewPress,1987),p.110]Whilebeforetherevolutionitwasemotional
factorsthatpressedonStalin,aftertherevolutionmoreprosaicandconcrete
factorscameintoplay.Theviciouspowerstrugglewasorganicallycoloredin
ethnichues.AsVaksbergsays,"Every(notalmostevery,butliterallyevery)one
ofStalin'sseriousrivalsinthatstrugglewasJewish."[Vaksberg,Stalinagainstthe
Jews,p.18]
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OnthethirdanniversaryoftheOctoberRevolutiontherewaspublisheda
colorfulalbum,whichopenedwithaphotomontageofagalleryofthefoundersof
therevolutionLeninsurroundedbyhisclosestcomrades.TotherightofLenin
isZinoviev,totheleft,Trotsky.Therearesixtyonemeninthephotographs,but
Stalinisnotamongthem.Wecanimaginehisfrustrationandanger.Andofthe
picturedBolsheviks,morethanathird,twentytwo,areJews.Andthepicture,
19
moreover,doesnotincludeKaganovich,Pyatnitsky,Goloshchekin,andmany
otherswhowerepartoftherulingcircle,andwhosepresenceonthatalbumpage
wouldhaveraisedthepercentageofJewsevenhigher.[Vaksberg,Stalinagainst
theJews,p.20]
"Ilearnedquitesuddenly,"recalledhisformersecretary,BorisBazhanov,
"thatStalinwasanantiSemite."[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.27]"He
neverlikedJews,"Stalin'sdaughterSvetlanawouldwriteinhermemoirs,"though
hewasn'tasblatantaboutexpressinghishatredfortheminthosedays[themid
19308]ashewasafterthewar."[SvetlanaAlliluyeva,TwentyLetterstoaFriend
(NewYork:Harper&Row,1967),p.159.]AsKhrushchevputit:"Suddenlyafter
thewar,StalinwasseizedbyafitofantiSemitism."[LouisRapoport,Stalin's
WaragainsttheJews,p.77]AtYaltain1945StalintoldU.S.PresidentRoosevelt
thatJewswere"profiteersandparasites."[Rapoport,Stalin'sWaragainstthe
Jews,p.77]
Stalin,nodoubt,dislikedJews,butheneveractedsimplytogratifyhislikes
anddislikes.CouldsomeoneascunningasStalinfailtounderstandthathisofficial
antiSemitismwouldcreateawaveofhostilityagainsttheUSSRintheWest,and
aboveallintheUnitedStates?
ThefactthatStalinwassurrounded(atleasttill19371938)byJews
everywhereinpositionsofhighpowerisdescribedbyVaksbergas"camouflage"
fortheSovietleader'shatredofJews.[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.27]
ThisisexactlywhatIsaidjustacoupleofminutesago.VaksbergdescribesStalin
asasingularlyrabid,irrationalJewhaterevenwhilestatingthat"thepeoplewho
surroundedStalinandwhohadrenderedhimserviceinthetwentiesandthirties
weremostlyJews"[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.35]andconcedingthat
JewsespeciallyclosetoStalinlikeEmelyanYaroslavsky(MinesGubelman),
MoiseyGubelman,LevMekhlis("Stalin'srighthandman"),[Vaksberg,Stalin
againsttheJews,p.23]LazarKaganovichandIsaacMintzallsurvivedStalin's
declared"antiZionist"purges.
ArkadyVaksbergwanders:"WhydidStalin,asanantiSemitehavetwo
JewishsecretariesLevMekhlisandGrigoriKanner?"[Vaksberg,Stalinagainst
theJews,p.27]AshistorianDonaldRayfieldsays,"Stalin'sleastknownbutmost
viciousscorpionwasLevMekhliswhohelpedRozaliaZemliachkaZalkind
murdercapturedWhiteofficersintheCrimea."[DonaldRayfield,StalinandHis
Hangmen:AnAuthoritativePortraitofaTyrantandThoseWhoServedHim(New
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York:Viking,2004),p.384]"TheCommissarofStateControlthenwasthevile
andviciousLevMekhlis,"describeshimArkadyVaksberg.[Vaksberg,Stalin
againsttheJews,p.129]"LevMekhlis,"notesLouisRapoport,"wouldbecome
Stalin'ssecretaryandoneofthemostdespisedmeninSoviethistory.[Rapoport,
Stalin'sWaragainsttheJews,p.30]
20
Well,LevZakharovichMekhliswasthesonofaJewishofficeworkerin
Odessa.HewasanimpassionedBolshevikwhohadimprisonedhisownfatherand
testifiedagainsthimbeforeasecretpolicetribunal.Hebecamethemain
perpetratorofthepurgeswhichwipedouttheSovietofficercorps.[AdamB.
Ulam,Stalin:TheManandHisEra(BeaconPress,1987),p.447.]Hewas
instrumentalintheexecutionof15,000RedArmyofficers.[Rapoport,Stalin's
WaragainsttheJews,p.200]
Whytoo,wemightaddinturningVaksberg'sfactstodifferenttheses,
wheneverStalinwentonavacation,didLazarKaganovich,aJew,takeover
runningthegovernment?[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.51]Andwhy,we
mightadd,ifStalinwassoallencompassinglyhatefulofJews,didheentrusthis
lifetoaJewishbodyguard,MatyasRakoszy?[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,
p.40](AnotherJewishbodyguard,sonofarabbi,and"protegeofNikita
Khruschev,"wasAlexanderContract,whostartedoutintheNKVDlaterthe
KGB.ContractevensavedthelifeoffutureIsraeliprimeministerMenachem
Begin).[ThomasO'Dwyer,"TheRabbi'sSonatStalin'sSide,"TheJerusalem
Post,July6,1998.]
Moreover,allprominentnonJewishCommunistPartyofficials(andclose
associatesofStalin'ssocialcircle),Kalinin,Bukharin,Molotov,Voroshilov,
Andreyev,Poskrebyshev,andRykov,allhadJewishwives.Stalin'sowndaughter
SvetlanahadanaffairwithJewishscreenwriterAlexeiKapler;shelatermarried
GrigoryMorozov(Moroz),alsoJewish.[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.138;
Rapoport,Stalin'sWaragainsttheJews,p.208]Stalin'sfirstsonYakovhad
Jewishwife.ThefactthatStalinreportedlydidnotapproveisroutinelyexplained
byJewishscholarsasantiSemitism.
ThepurgingofZionistsinthePartyandStateapparatusbeganasearlyas
1929.Atfirstsecretmethods,ratherthanopenmeasuressuchasarrestandtrial,
wereemployed.Fromthattimeonwards,Stalinfoundhimselfinasituationwhere
hemight,albeitatalaterstage,bedeclaredapoliticalcriminal.Themethodsby
whichheworkedwere,asIhavesaid,borrowedfromhisZionistopponents:when
inRome,doastheRomansdo.Thosemethodswentfarbeyondthelimitsofwhat
isdoneincivilizedcountries.Buthedeliberatelypractisedsuchmethods.Hesaw
nopossibilityofliquidatingZionisminRussiabyanyothermeans,andthiswas
latertocosthimthelossofhisreputation.Secretmethodsofeliminatingone's
opponentsweretoocostly,butfrom1931onwardstheybecameconsiderablyless
expensive:Zionists,proZionists,andthosewhowerecaughtinthetrapof
Zionism,begantobeproclaimedasmembersoftheoppositionandascounter
revolutionaries.Workbeganonarrestingthem,givingthematrialforthesakeof
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appearances,andliquidatingthem.
21
ThefactthatmanyJewsdiedduringthesepurgesisbeyondquestion.
Amongthem,togivejustfewexamples,weresuchreallyinnocentpeopleas
famouspoetOsipMandelshtamandtheatricaldirectorVsevolodMeyerkhold.
Now,asalwaysintheselectureslet'sconsultourveryJewishprofessorYuri
SlezkinefromBerkeleyandseewhathehastosay,inhisrecentbookTheJewish
Century:
MembersofthepoliticalelitesuffereddisproportionatelyduringtheGreat
Terror.BecauseJewsweredisproportionatelyrepresentedwithinthe
politicalelite,theywereprominentamongthevictims.[YuriSlezkine,The
JewishCentury(Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversityPress,2004),p.272]
Asonecanjudgefromthenationalcompositionoftheoppositionistsarrestedafter
the15thPartyCongress,themajorityofthemwereindeedJews,althoughweare
speakingonlyaboutthestrongestactivists.IntheUralpoliticalprisonatthe
beginningofthe1930s,43percentoftheTrotskyiteswereJews.[Agursky,The
ThirdRome,p.335]AgainfromSlezkine:
MostSovietJewswerenotdirectlyaffectedbytheGreatTerror,andof
thosewhowere,mostsufferedasmembersofthepoliticalelite.[Slezkine,
TheJewishCentury,p.275]
TheJews,whowerenotnumerousamongnonelitevictims,were
underrepresentedintheGreatTerrorasawhole.In193738,about1percent
ofallSovietJewswerearrestedforpoliticalcrimes,ascomparedto16
percentofallPolesand30percentofallLatvians.Byearly1939,the
proportionofJewsintheGulagwasabout15.7percentlowerthantheir
shareofthetotalSovietpopulation.Thereasonforthiswasthefactthatthe
Jewswerenottargetedasanethnicgroup.Noneofthosearrestedduringthe
GreatTerrorof193738wasarrestedasaJew.Thesecretpolicedidput
togetherseveralJewishspecificcases,buttheywereallpolitically(not
ethnically)defined.[Slezkine,TheJewishCentury,p.273]
Indeed,JewsweretheonlylargeSovietnationality...thatwasnottargeted
forapurgeduringtheGreatTerror.[Slezkine,TheJewishCentury,p.274]
InAugust1936,thefirstMoscowshowtrialofthesocalled"Trotskyite
ZinovieviteTerroristCenter"wasstagedinfrontofaninternationalaudience.
Duringthetrial,Zinoviev,Kamenevand14otheraccused,mostofthemprominent
OldBolsheviks,confessedtohavingplottedwithTrotskytokillStalinandother
22
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membersoftheSovietleadership.Thecourtfoundeverybodyguiltyandsentenced
thedefendantstodeath,Trotskyinabsentia.ThesecondshowtrialofKarlRadek,
GrigorySokolnikov,YuriPyatakovand14otherstookplaceinJanuary1937,with
evenmoreallegedconspiraciesandcrimeslinkedtoTrotsky.
ThereisafairlywellsubstantiatedstoryaboutthefinalminutesofLenin's
andTrotsky'sclosestcomrades,whoformedtheleadingcircleoftherevolution.
AftertheassassinationofLeningradPartychief,SergeiKirov,on1
December1934,bothZinovievandKamenevwerearrested.Kamenevtriedto
dissociatehimselffromZinoviev,hopinginthiswaytomitigatehislot.Zinoviev
meanwhiletearfullybeggedformercyinletterstoStalin.
AttheirtrialinAugust1936,the"Bolsheviktwins"hadagreedtoconfessto
allthefantasticcharges,inexchangeforStalin'spromisetosparetheirlives.
InhisletterstoStalinfromprison,Zinovievsanktothelowestdepthsof
humiliation:"IamatthepointwhereIsitforlongperiodsandstareatyourportrait
inthenewspapersandthoseofothermembersofthePolitburothinking:mydear
ones,lookintomyheartandsurelyyouwillseethatI'mnolongeryourenemy,
thatIamyours,bodyandsoul..."Hesignedhisletters,"Withallmysoul,Iam
nowyours,G.Zinoviev."
Scorpionwaseatingscorpion,thesystemwasremorselesslyconsumingits
creators...
AccordingtoaccountsofZinoviev'sexecution,hehadcollapsedinfearand
hysteria,screechingatthetopofhishighpitchedvoiceashewasdraggedintoa
killingcellintheLubyankaprison,whereanNKVDlieutenantshothiminthe
head.[Rapoport,Stalin'sWaragainsttheJews,p.50]Zinovievliterallylickedthe
bootsofhisexecutionersminutesbeforehisdeath.Thenheraisedhishandstothe
heavens,andshouted,"ShemaYisraelAdonaiEloheinuAdonaiEhad!"("HearO
Israel,theLordisourGod,theLordisOne!")Thisisthefirstlineof"Shema"
(fromDevarimDeuteronomy6:4),acentralaffirmationoffaithinJudaism;
amongOrthodoxJews,itistraditionallythefinalutteranceofapersonbefore
death.[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,p.42]
Well,thiswasthesameApfelbaumZinovievwho,asIalreadyquoted,said:
"Wewillmakeourheartscruel,hardandimmovable,sothatnomercywill
enterthem,andsothattheywillnotquiveratthesightofaseaofenemy
blood.Wewillletloosethefloodgatesofthatsea.Withoutmercy,without
sparing,wewillkillourenemiesinscoresofhundreds.Letthembe
thousands;letthemdrownthemselvesintheirownblood!Lettherebe
floodsofbloodofthebourgeoismoreblood!Asmuchaspossible!"
23
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Hewastheonewhosaid:"Thebourgeoisiecankillsomeindividuals,but
wecanmurderwholeclassesofpeople."Hewastheonewhosepronouncementof
17September1918soundsalmostunbelievableinitsmonstrosity:"Fromthe
populationofahundredmillioninSovietRussia,wemustwinoverninetymillion
toourside.Wehavenothingtosaytotheothers.Theyhavetobeexterminated."
NowStalintookcareofhimandhisilk.
ButhowaboutTrotskyhimself?Well,asDonaldRayfieldputit,"Trotsky's
arroganceundidhim."[Rayfield,StalinandHisHangmen,p.134]
TrotskyfirstwasexiledtoAlmaAtaonJanuary31,1928.Soon,inFebruary
1929,hewasexpelledfromtheSovietUnion.Hisfirststationinexilewasthe
TurkishislandofPrinkipoofftheIstanbulcoast,wherehestayedfouryears.There
weremanyformerWhiteArmyofficersinIstanbul,whichputTrotsky'slifein
danger,butanumberofTrotsky'sEuropeansupportersvolunteeredtoserveas
bodyguardsandassuredhissafety.In1933TrotskywasofferedasyluminFrance.
ButhewasnotevenallowedtovisitParis.In1935itwasimpliedtohimthathe
wasnolongerwelcomeinFrance.Afterweighingalternatives,hemovedto
Norway,wherehegotpermissiontoenterthecountry.Aftertwoyears,allegedly
underinfluencefromtheSovietUnion,hewasputunderhousearrest.After
consultationswithNorwegianofficials,histransfertoMexicoonafreighterwas
arranged.
TrotskyandahandfulofclosecollaboratorsarrivedinMexicoinJanuary
1937.TheadministrationofGeneralLazaroCardenaswastheonlygovernmentin
theworldthatwouldgrantTrotskyasylum.Trotskywenttoliveinasuburbof
MexicoCity,inahouselentbyhisfriendandpoliticalsupporter,DiegoRivera,a
wellknownMexicanpainter.TrotskywasallowedtocometoMexico,afterDiego
Riverahadusedhisinfluencetomakethispossible.Butaftersexualindiscretions
withhishost'swifeFrida(alsofamousartist)Trotskyeventuallyquarreledwith
Riveraandin1939movedintohisownresidenceinCoyoacan,aneighborhoodin
MexicoCity.
StalinwouldbitterlyregrethavingallowedTrotskytoleavetheSoviet
Unionin1929,andhesettheNKVDsuccessoroftheChekaandOGPUthe
taskofeliminatinghisswornenemyalmostassoonasTrotskywasoutsideSoviet
jurisdiction.Stalin'sassassinationteampursuedTrotsky,butformanyyearsfailed
tohitthefatalmark.
Inthemiddleofthenighton24May,1940,camethefirstdirectassaulton
Trotsky'slife.AgroupofarmedraidersforcedtheirwayintoTrotsky'shouse,
rakedthebedroomswithmachinegunfire,andsetoffincendiariesevidently
intendedtodestroyTrotsky'sarchivesandcausethemaximumpossibledamage.
Trotskynarrowlyescapeddeathbylyingonthefloorbeneaththebed.This
24
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assassinationattemptwascarriedoutundertheleadershipMexicanpainterDavid
AlfaroSiqueiros.
Then,thatsameyear,onAugust20th,anotherassassinationsucceeded.
RamonMercaderhadbecomeoneofTrotsky'strustedhelpers,andonenighthe
droveaniceaxeintoTrotsky'shead.MexicanauthoritiessentencedMercaderto
20yearsinprison.TheSovietUnionawardedhimwiththetitleofHeroofthe
SovietUnionandawardedMercader'smothertheOrderofLenin.
ThestoryofTrotsky'smurderistoowellknowntobearrepeatingitnowin
greaterdetail.Whatisimportantforusisthefactthattheleadersinthissuccessful
operationwerebothJews,bothmajorfiguresintheNKVD(whentheNKVD
introducedtherankofgeneral,theybothgotit)NaumEitingonandGrigory
Rabinovich,whoreceivedthehighestdecorationsoftheUSSRforachievingthe
mostimportantofStalin'saims.[Vaksberg,StalinagainsttheJews,pp.9697]
AtStalin'sbehest,Trotsky'simagewasphotographicallyremovedfrom
certainsignificantgrouppicturesthatdocumentedtheearlyhistoryofcommunist
Russia.Otherrivalsandtraitors,perceivedorreal,likewisewereliterallyblotted
outofRussianhistorybooksafterbeingblottedbodilyfromthefaceoftheearth.
Ineffect,they"diedtwice."
ThesituationintheSovietUnionchangedconsiderablyafterthepurgesof
1937and1938.ButeventhenStalinwasunabletostateopenlythatthosewhom
heopposedwereofcoursenot"counterrevolutionaries","spies","saboteurs",
"conspirators",orthelike,butwereratherZionistspursuingtheirmethodsand
objectives,andwerequitesimplyenemiesoftheRussianpeople.Hewasstill
compelledtoresorttofalseaccusationsinordertoridthepeoplesofRussiaofa
verygreatdangerandsavethemfromtheirmostviciousenemies.
HecouldnotannouncehisstruggleagainsttheZionists,becausehewould
havebeenproclaimed(internationally)antiSemite,andsoon.Ontheotherhand,
Stalin'sdomesticauthoritywouldhavebeenmightilyunderminedifhehad
announcedpubliclythathehadbeencompelledtoresorttodeceit.Healsohoped
thattheremainingJewishcommunistshadunderstoodeverythingandwould
continuetoservethecountryandnotworktowardsthegoalsofZion.Butitseems
tomethatthiswasamistake.(EvensuchafuriousbattleragainstZionismas
Stalindidnot,eventotheveryend,understandtheZionists'nature:Zionismis
indestructibleaslongasthereareZionists.)
ItisalsonotimpossiblethatStalinwishedtoannouncethewholetruthtothe
peopleimmediatelyaftercompletelyliquidatingZionismintheSovietUnion.I
don'tknow.Hemanagedtodoneithertheonenortheother,butnevertheless
undoubtedlydealtZionisminRussiaamostpowerfulblow.
AsevenJewishwriterMikhailAgurskysays,theRussianpopulationpraised
Stalinfor"movingthepartyfromtheJewishtracks."[Agursky,TheThirdRome,
25
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p.324]AJewishjokecomparedStalinandMoses:MosestooktheJewsoutof
Egypt,andStalintookthemoutoftheCentralPartyCommittee.Andsoon.A
leadingJewishpolitician,BorisBrutskus,expelledfromRussiain1922,wrotein
1926:"Russianlifehasplungedstormilyintoariverbedthathasnothingtodo
withthewaysoutlinedinMarx'steachings.Fromthismoment,thestarofJewish
Bolshevikshasbeensetting."Brutskus,likeGorkyandothers,putthe
responsibilityfortheantiSemitismontheJewishBolsheviksthemselves."Jewish
Bolsheviks,"hesaid,"haveabundantlysownthemostmaliciousseedsofanti
Semitism."[QuotedinAgursky,TheThirdRome,p.324]Themostextreme
Zionistofthetime,VladimirJabotinsky,calledthenewpoliticaldevelopmentin
theSovietleadershipamobilizationofRussiannationalism."Manypeople,"he
said,"haveforecastforalongtimethatthemomentwouldcomewhenBolshevism
...willstartitsliberationfromitsinthebroadsenseofthiswordJewish
section."[QuotedinAgursky,TheThirdRome,p.324]
Stalintookupthecauseof"socialisminonecountry"notsimplyasacudgel
toopposetheJewishrevolutionarieswhofollowedTrotsky'sinternationalist
preachings,butbecausehewasinessence,yes,aRussiannationalist.[Rapoport,
Stalin'sWaragainsttheJews,pp.3839]"WhenStalindestroyedthesocalled
LeftOppositioninthe1920s,heletitbeknownthattheoppositionwasledby
Jews,andthatthestrugglewasbetweenRussiansocialismandaliens,"saysLouis
Rapoport.[Rapoport,Stalin'sWaragainsttheJews,p.38]Thepoliticaldefeatof
thatJewishZionist"section"waswidelyregardedasaRussianvictorypar
excellence.ARussianprofessorwholeftRussiain1927explained:"Doyouknow
whatStalin'svictoryovertheoppositionmeans?Thisisthevictoryofthemajority
oftheRussianpopulationoverinternationalcommunisminthefaceofthe
Comintern.WithoutthesupportofthismajorityStalinwouldneverhavewon."
[QuotedinAgursky,TheThirdRome,pp.335336]
TheeliminationofJewsfromtheSovietcommunistleadershipwasactually
widelywelcomedabroad.AsJewishscholarMikhailAgurskywrote,"TheSoviet
systemwaswidelyregardedasessentiallyJewishdominated,andthemajorityof
WesternpoliticiansregardedStalin'svictoryasaverypositiveSovietisolationist
development."[Agursky,TheThirdRome,p.339]Butwhat'smostinterestingis
thatStalin'svictorywasespeciallywelcomedbythesocalled"leftwing"Nazisin
Germany.Itwassaid,forexample,thatStalin,that"silentandactiveRussian,
movedthecenterofgravityfromtheideaofinternationalismtotheRussian
nationalidea....ThisdoesnotmeanthatStalinisnotarevolutionary,butheisa
Russianrevolutionaryandnotaninternationalone."ErnstReventlow,Gregor
Strasser,OttoStrasser,JosephGoebbels,andothersinGermanywerejubilantat
thisview.OttoStrasserevencametotheconclusionthatStalin'srealobjective
26
wastofinishtherevolutionandliquidatecommunism.[Agursky,TheThirdRome,
pp.339340]
However,Hitlerdidnotthinkso.HewaspersuadedthattheJewsstill
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constitutedthebackboneofSovietstatepowerandthattheRussianscouldnotrun
theircountrywithoutthem.Forhim,theendofJewishdominationwouldmeanthe
endoftheRussianstate.[AdolfHitler,MeinKampf(Boston,1943),p.655.]Hitler
paiddearlyforthisview.ThedifferencesinprinciplebetweenHitler'snational
socialismandStalin'ssocialismcanbereducedtoHitler'sdeclaration:"My
socialismisnottheclassstruggle,butorder."However,Stalin'ssocialism
convergedwithHitler'sinthatittoobecamenational.[Rayfield,StalinandHis
Hangmen,p.253]
StalincautiouslysupportedLeninwhilerepeatedlyexpressinghisstrictly
nationalisticviewoftheRussianrevolutionandsohewascondemnedbythe
Trotskyists.Stalinhadmadecommunismtoonationalistica"national
communism,"infact.Stalinist"nationalcommunism"ofthiskindisoftencalled
NationalBolshevismaswell.Bytheway,later,wartimeRussianpropagandanever
referredtotheNazisas"nationalsocialists".Thecommuniststestifyingatthe
InternationalMilitaryTribunalalwaysreferredtotheNazisandtheWehrmachtas
Hitleriansorfascists.
Butaboutthewarwearegoingtotalknexttime.
Let'snowmovetotheconcludingpartofourlecture
Trotskyandhisfollowersoriginallyhopedforthetriumphofthe
communismonaglobalscale.Theirviewsweredefinedbyanotionofpermanent
revolutionthatwouldtranscendnationsandconstantlyexpandtoenvelopthe
globe.AlthoughTrotskyhimselfhadaratherfatefulencounterwithanicepickin
1940,Trotskyiststodaycontinuehisfight.ThesedayshowevermanyTrotskyists
prefertocallthemselves"neoconservatives."
Theideasnowknownas"neoconservative"beganboilinginthemindsofa
groupofJewishAmericanTrotskyistsinthe1930sand1940s.Thisgroup
"morphedintoanticommunistliberalismbetweenthe1950sand1970s,"writes
authorandjournalistMichaelLindintheLondonbasedNewStatesmanmagazine,
"andfinallyintoakindofmilitaristicandimperialright"thatweseetoday.
[MichaelLind,"HowNeoconservativesConqueredWashingtonandLauncheda
War,"April10,2003,<http://www.antiwar.com/orig/lindl.html>]Theyarenow
thestrategistswhopushedforwarinIraq.
Inoneofthefirstindepthstudieswrittenaboutneoconservatisminthe
1970s,TheNeoconservatives:TheMenWhoAreChangingAmerica'sPolitics
(1978),PeterSteinfelsobservedthatitisimpossibletounderstandthe
neoconservativeswithoutunderstandingtheirhistory.LeonHadar,aformerUN
27
bureauchieffortheJerusalemPost,laidoutthenowwidelyacceptedviewinan
articleintheWashingtonReportonMiddleEastAffairs:
Amongthemajorfiguresinthe[neoconservative]movementwereformer
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Trotskyiteswhostudiedinthe'30sand'40satthethen"poorman's
Harvard,"theCityCollegeofNewYork,acenterforsocialistactivism.
TheyincludedIrvingKristol,whointhe1950slaunchedanantiSovietCIA
front,theInternationalCongressforCulturalFreedom;NormanPodhoretz,
theeditoroftheAmericanJewishCommittee'smonthlymagazine
Commentary,whichheturnedintoamajorneoconservativeoutlet;
Podhoretz'swife,MidgeDecter,thechairpersonofthenowdefunct
CommitteeontheFreeWorld;sociologistsNathanGlazerandDanielBell;
andDemocraticPartypamphleteerBenWattenberg.[LeonHadar,"The
'Neocons':FromtheColdWartothe'GlobalIntifada',"WRMEA,April
1991,<http://www.washingtonreport.org/backissues/0491/9104027.htm>.]
And,ashistorianAlanWalddetailedinhisprobablythemostauthoritative
workontheimpactofTrotskyismonthesocalled"NewYorkIntellectuals,"The
NewYorkIntellectuals:TheRiseandDeclineoftheAntiStalinistLeftfromthe
1930'stothe1980's(1987),manyoftheotherswhoalsotodaybelongto
neoconservativesalsodidindeedpassthroughthedifferentshadesofTrotskyism
availableinthe1930sand1940s.Fromitsdifferentgenerations,onecanlist:Elliot
Cohen,SidneyHook,HerbertSolow,MeyerSchapiro,IrvingHowe,SaulBellow,
HaroldRosenberg,andClementGreenberg.AllareJewish.
Thisiswhyamongneoconstodaythereis,asMichaelLindputit,"adistinct
Trotskyistpoliticalculture,whichshowsitsresidualinfluenceevenonindividuals
whorenouncedTrotskyismorwhowereneverTrotskyistsbutinheritedthis
politicalculturefromtheirparentsoroldermentors."[MichaelLind,"IWas
Smeared,"June30,2003,<http://hnn.us/articles/printfriendly/1530.html>]
TheTrotskyistpedigreeofneoconservatismisnosecret;theoriginalneocon,
founderofthispoliticalmovement,IrvingKristol(whoisdaddytoBillKristolof
WeeklyStandardandalsoFoundationofNewAmericanCentury),acknowledged
itwithrelish.In1995,thisoberneoconcandidlystated:"Iregardmyselftohave
beenayoungTrostkyiteandIhavenotasinglebittermemory."[QuotedinDaniel
McCarthy,"SpringtimeforTrotsky,"November6,2001,
<http://www.lewrockwell.com/dmccarthy/dmccarthy23.html>]
YoucanseeinthatstatementhiswillingnesstoidentifywithTrotsky.Irving
Kristol,aformerTrotskyistandlateroneofthefeworiginalfoundersof
neoconservativemovement,describesproudlyhisearlyviewsinhisMemoirsofa
Trotskyist.Asastudentinthe1930sandearly1940s,Kristolwasaproudmember
28
oftheYoungPeople'sSocialistLeague,aradicalTrotskyistgroupthathopedfora
permanentrevolutionthatwouldenveloptheglobe."Joiningaradicalmovement
whenoneisyoungisverymuchlikefallinginlovewhenoneisyoung,"Irving
Kristolwrote."Thegirlmayturnouttoberotten,buttheexperienceofloveisso
valuable,itcanneverbeentirelyundonebytheultimatedisenchantment."[Irving
Kristol,Neoconservatism:TheAutobiographyofanIdea(NewYork:TheFree
Press,1995),p.470.AlsoavailableontheInternetat
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<http://www.pbs.org/arguing/nyintellectuals_krystol_2.html>]
InhisautobiographicalReflectionsofaNeoconservative,hedescribeshis
earlyviewsasa"romanticpassion"inwhichsocietywasguidedbyan
"intellectualandmoralelite.""Itwouldneverhaveoccurredtoustodenounce
anythingas'elitist',"IrvingKristolwrote,describinghisTrotskyistupbringing.
"Theelitewasusthe'happyfew'whohadbeenchosenbyHistorytoguideour
fellowcreaturestowardasecularredemption."[Kristol,Neoconservatism,p.471.]
Thatthisistheorganizationalandintellectualprehistoryofthe
neoconservativesisprettymuchbeyonddispute."Theoriginsoftheirideologyon
theleftareapparent,"saysMichaelLind."Thefactthatmostoftheyounger
neoconswereneverontheleftisirrelevant;theyaretheintellectual(and,inthe
caseofWilliamKristolandJohnPodhoretz,theliteral)heirsofolderexleftists....
Theconceptofthe'globaldemocraticrevolution'hasitsoriginsintheTrotskyist
FourthInternational'svisionofpermanentrevolution."[MichaelLind,"ATragedy
ofErrors,"TheNation,February23,2004,
<http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20040223&s=lind>]
AlltwentiethcenturyJewishintellectualandpoliticalmovementsstemfrom
thedeepinvolvementofJewswiththeleft.However,beginninginthelate1920s,
whenthefollowersofLeonTrotskybrokeofffromthemainstreamcommunist
movement,theJewishlefthasnotbeenunified.
ByallaccountsthemajorfigurelinkingTrotskyandtheneoconservative
movementisMaxShachtman,aJewborninPolandin1904butbroughttothe
U.S.asaninfant.IfwewanttodiscovertheMarxistandespeciallyTrotskyist
antecedentsofneoconservatism,thenwecertainlymustinvestigatethecareerof
MaxShachtman,oneofthefoundersofAmericanTrotskyismwhosepersonaland
politicalodysseyillustrateshowtheideologyandleadershipoftoday'sWarParty
evolved,notfromtheRight,butfromthefarLeft.
Likeotherleftistsduringthe1920s,Shachtmanwasenthusiasticaboutthe
SovietUnion,writingin1923thatitwas"abrilliantredlightinthedarknessof
capitalistgloom."[QuotedinPeterDrucker,MaxShachtmanandHisLeft:A
Socialist'sOdysseythroughthe"AmericanCentury"(AtlanticHighlands,NJ:
HumanitiesPressInternational,1994),p.25.]
29
ToamuchgreaterextentthantheU.S.CommunistParty,whichwasmuch
largerandwascommittedtofollowingtheSovietline,theTrotskyistssurvivedas
asmallgroupcenteredaroundcharismaticleaderslikeShachtman,whopaid
homagetothefamousTrotsky,wholurkedinthebackgroundasanexilefromthe
USSRlivinginMexico.IntheJewishmilieuofthemovement,Shachtmanwas
muchadmiredasaspeakerbecauseofhisabilityindebateandinpolemics.Max
Shachtmanwasatremendouslycharismaticfigure,apyrotechnicspeaker.He
becamethequintessentialrabbinicalgurutheleaderofaclose,psychologically
intensegroup:"Hewouldhugthemandkiss[hisfollowers].Hewouldpinchboth
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theircheeks,hard,inahabitthatsomefeltblendedsadismandaffection."The
TrotskyistmovementhadaJewishmilieuasShachtmanattractedyoungJewish
disciplesthefamiliarrabbi/disciplemodelofJewishintellectualmovements:
"YoungstersaroundShachtmanmadelittleefforttohidetheirNewYork
backgroundorintellectualskillsandtastes.Yearslatertheycouldstillhear
Shachtman'svoiceinoneanother'sspeeches."[Drucker,MaxShachtmanandHis
Left,p.43]
ThenMaxShachtmanbecameaColdWarriorandsocialdemocratinthe
late1940s,whilehiserstwhileTrotskyistalliesintheFourthInternationalwere
bentoncontinuingtheirisolationinseparatefactionsontheleft.Bythe1950she
stoppedcallinghimselfaTrotskyist.[Drucker,MaxShachtmanandHisLeft,p.
219]Inthe1960s"hesuggestedmoreopenlythaneverbeforethatU.S.power
couldbeusedtopromotedemocracyinthethirdworld"aviewthatalignshim
withlaterneoconservatives.[Drucker,MaxShachtmanandHisLeft,p.179]
InhisbookTheNeoconservativeMind(1993)GarryDorrienarguesalsofor
thecentralityofJamesBurnham(whowasn'tJewish),whointhe1930swas,
indeed,aleadingintellectualandleaderoftheAmericanTrotskyists,asan
ideologicalprecursoroftheneoconservatives.OneofDorrien'smaincontentions
isthatthroughBurnhamandlaterIrvingKristol,neoconservatismretainedthe
"rhetoricalmethods"and"chiefconcepts"ofTrotskyism.[GaryDorrien,The
NeoconservativeMind(Philadelphia:TempleUniversityPress,1993),pp.381,
36.]IdidmyselfquiteabitofresearchonBurnham,butbecauseofshortageof
timenowIcan'tgointotoomanydetailshere.Solet'sfocusbetteronIrving
Kristolandothers,whoarestillaliveanddangeroustoday.
IrvingKristolwasaTrotskyist,eventuallywindingupasamemberofthe
Shachtmangroup,aswereseveralotherprominentthesocalled"NewYork
intellectuals"whofollowedShachtmanonhisrightwardcoursesometimes
laggingbehind,sometimesskippingaheadandfinallycrossingovertotheright,
inthecoldwarera,tomakeuptheintellectualcoreoftheWarPartytoday.Kristol
joinedShachtman'sTrotskyistWorkers'Partyin1940.Hebelongedtoasmall
intrapartyfactionknownasthe"Shermanites"whichwasledbyfuturesociologist
30
PhilipSelznick.[AlanM.Wald,TheNewYorkIntellectuals:TheRiseandDecline
oftheAntiStalinistLeftfromthe1930'stothe1980's(ChapelHill:Universityof
NorthCarolinaPress),p.350.]
ForquitesometimeIcouldn'tunderstandwhattherewasadifference
between"Shermanites"and"Shachtmanites"...Well,"Sherman"wasactuallythe
PartynameofPhilipSelznick(bornPhilipShachter).(Jewish,ofcourse.)He
becameayoungTrotskyistaround1937andjoinedShachtman'sWorkersParty
whenitsplitfromtheSocialistWorkerspartyin1940.Selznickimmediately
organizedafactionknownasthe"Shermanites."SupportersoftheShermanites
includedGertrudeHimmelfarb,SeymourMartinLipset,MarvinMeyers,Martin
Diamond,HerbertGarfinkel,JeremiahKaplan,andIrvingKristolallofwhom
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laterbecamewellknownasneoconservatives.
Moreover,asSrdjaTrifkovic,writingintheonlineversionofChronicles
magazine,saysthatsecondgenerationoftoday'sneoconservatives,"including
JoshuaMuravchik,andCarlGershman,alsocametoneoconservatismthroughthe
SocialistPartyatatimewhenitwasTrotskyiteinoutlookandpolitics."[Srdja
Trifkovic,"Neoconservatism,WhereTrotskyMeetsStalinAndHitler",Chronicles
Extra,July23,2003,
<http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/News/Trifkovie/NewsST072303.html>.]
JoshuaMuravchikandCarlGershmanplayedkeyrolesintheSocialistParty
andlateroninSocialDemocratsUSA,duringthe1960'sand1970's.Justin
RaimondowritesinAntiWar.com,that"itwasShachtman'sparticularschismatic
brandofTrotskyism,asadvocatedbythe'Yipsels',asComradeMuravchikand
hisfellowyoungcommiescalledthemselves,thatovertimewastransmutedintoa
militantpushforglobal'democracy'."[JustinRaimondo,"SmokingGun",Anti
war.com,May9,2003,<http://www.antiwar.com/justin/j050903.html>]
Well,intellectualnomadsbytheirverynature,theyareascomfortablewith
oneismaswithanother."Thetransitionfromwhateveritwastheneoconservatives
formerlypurportedtobelievetowhateveritistheynowpurporttobelievewasno
morewrenchingaspiritualodysseyforthemthanatripfromPinsktoPrague
wouldbeforanEasternEuropeanpeddler,"wrotethelateSamFrancisishis
articleabouttheneocons,"TheRealCabal."{Chronicles,September2003,
http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/September2003/0903Francis.html]
Butevenastheirworldviewchangedinresponsetothefailureofcommunist
ideals,theirTrotskyistmindsetstayedconsistent.TheseexTrotssimplyreinvented
themselves.AsJustinRaimondosays,"Forinspiteoftheirmanycostumechanges
fromtheredandpinkhuesofTrotskyismandSocialDemocracy,tothegray
flannelbuttondownconservatismtherehasalwaysbeenoneconstant:apassion
forwar."[JustinRaimondo,"IraqFirstStopontheRoadtoEmpire,"October11,
2002,<http://www.antiwar.com/justin/jl01102.html>]LeonTrotskyadvocated
31
warandmassmurderasdotoday'sneocons.Inthe1920sand1930s,itwasaclass
war.WhenIrvingKristolandhisbandofapostateTrotskyistsinveighedagainst
theStalinistsinthe1930s,socialisminonecountry,theydeclared,was
impossibility:theRevolutionhadtobeexportedtoEurope,andthroughoutthe
world,atgunpoint.IntheSovietUnion,theybelieved,abureaucraticcastehad
arisenthatwascontenttorestonLenin's(andevenmoresoTrotsky's)laurelsand
reapthebenefitsoftheirprivilegedposition,insteadofdoingtheirdutyandgoing
outandspreadingtheRevolutionfarandwide.
Growinggraduallymoredisillusionedovertheyears,andmorefixatedon
hatredoftheiroldenemies,theStalinists,theseembitteredJewishexradicals
movedintotherightwingoftheoldSocialistParty,andwoundupsupportingthe
ColdWarandVietnamWar,andallotherwarsofAmericanImperialism.
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InthecontextoftheColdWar,theserefugeesfromtheleftcontinuedwith
theirhopesforaglobalrevolution,butinsteadofthesocialistrevolution,they
joinedforcesthatadvocatethetriumphofAmericancapitalism,whichtheyall
unequivocallyequatewithdemocracy.Theywereunitedbytheiraversiontothe
moralrelativism,andtheirnewideologycametobemarkedbyaColdWarfury,a
newpermanentglobalrevolutioninwhichAmericaisunquestioninglymoraland
right.TheuseofmilitarymighttoconquertheworldinthenameofAmericawas
themodernmanifestationoftheTrotskyistideal.Thisbeliefingeopolitical
manifestdestinyhasonlygrownstrongerwithtime.
"NeoconservatismintherealmofforeignpolicyismerelyTrotskyism
turnedinsideoutamilitantinternationalismfueledbyU.S.taxpayerdollarsand
backedupbythemightiestmilitarytheworldhaseverseen,"saysJustin
Raimondo.[JustinRaimondo,"NeoconsinDenial,"April30,2003,
<http://www.antiwar.com/justin/j043003.html>]
Asearlyas1963RichardHofstadtercommentedontheprogressionofmany
exCommunistsfromtheparanoidlefttotheparanoidright,clingingallthewhile
tothefundamentallyManicheanpsychologythatunderliesboth.Fourdecadeslater
thedominantstrainofneoconservatismisdeclared,asSrdjaTrifkovicsays,tobea
mixtureofgeopoliticalmilitarismand"invertedsocialistinternationalism."[Srdja
Trifkovic,"Neoconservatism,WhereTrotskyMeetsStalinandHitler,"Chronicles,
July23,2003,
<http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/News/Trifkovic/NewsST072303.html>]
InhisbookreviewofJohnEhrman'sTheRiseofNeoconservatism,entitled
"TrotskyismtoAnachronism:TheNeoconservativeRevolution"thatappearedin
ForeignAffairsin1995,JohnB.Judis,writingspecificallyontheneoconservative
viewofforeignpolicy,maintainsthat"Neoconservatismwasakindofinverted
Trotskyism,whichsoughtto'exportdemocracy',inMuravchik'swords,inthe
samewaythatTrotskyoriginallyenvisagedexportingsocialism",andthat,"[the]
32
neoconservativeswhowentthroughtheTrotskyistandsocialistmovementscame
toseeforeignpolicyasacrusade,thegoalofwhichwasfirstglobalsocialism,then
socialdemocracy,andfinallydemocraticcapitalism.Theyneversawforeign
policyintermsofnationalinterestorbalanceofpower."Behindthislaythefact
that,"Whatboththeolderandyoungerneoconservativesabsorbedfromtheir
[Trotskyist]pastwasanidealisticconceptofinternationalism."[JohnB.Judis,
"TrotskyismtoAnachronism:TheNeoconservativeRevolution",ForeignAffairs,
July/August,1995,
<http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19950701fareviewessay5058/johnb
judis/trotskyismtoanachronismtheneoconservativerevolution.html>.]
Buttheneoconservativemindsetisapocalyptic,ratherthanUtopian(which
characterizestheTrotskyiteLeft).ThereplacementoftheSovietthreatwiththe
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moreamorphous"terrorism"nowreflectsthedoomsdayrevolutionarymentality
thatcanneverrest.Newmissionsandnewwarswillhavetobeengineered,and
pretextsmanufactured...[SrdjaTrifkovic,"Neoconservatism,WhereTrotsky
MeetsStalinandHitler,"Chronicles,July23,2003,
Oneofthoseneocons,MichaelLedeen,wrotethat"creativedestruction"is
America'seternalmission,bothathomeandabroad,andthereasonAmerica's
"enemies"hateit:"Theycannotfeelsecuresolongaswearethere,forourvery
existenceourexistence,notourpoliticsthreatenstheirlegitimacy.They
mustattackusinordertosurvive,justaswemustdestroythemtoadvanceour
historicmission."[QuotedinSrdjaTrifkovic,"Neoconservatism,WhereTrotsky
MeetsStalinandHitler,"Chronicles,July23,2003,
Frompermanentrevolutiontopermanentconquest!TheirTrotskyist
mindset,shornofitsSovietroots,morphedeasilyintoa"permanentrevolution"on
behalfofanAmericanratherthanasocialistworldorder.[JustinRaimondo,
"NeoconsinDenial,"April30,2003,
<http://www.antiwar.com/justin/j043003.html>]
It'sjustacoincidencethat,inyear2003,GeorgeW.Bushgaveaspeech
announcingthattheU.S.wasleadinga"globaldemocraticrevolution"ontheeve
ofLeonTrotsky'sbirthday,butitisonethatneatlyillustratesthemilitant
revolutionismatthecoreofAmericanforeignpolicy.
"Whiletherecanbenodoubtthat[anotherLeo]LeoStrauss,isthe
GodfatheroftheNeocons,itcanalsobesaidthatLeonTrotskyistheir
Grandfather."[B.A.Livingstone,"NeoconImperialism;orApocalypseNow?"
December3,2003,
<http://www.chemtrailpatrol.com/cpr_neocon_imperialism_or_apocalypse_now.ht
m>]
33
It'salsoworthnotingagainthattheneoconservativepreoccupationwith
exporting"democracy"abroadthroughwarandmercantilismreflectstheoriginal
splitbetweenTrotskyandStalin.Trotskyarguedthattherecouldnotbe"socialism
inonecountry"butratherthattherevolutionhadtobetrulyinternational.
Trotsky'stheoryis,asIsaidtodaymanytimes,called"PermanentRevolution".
ThiswasthecentralideainthedifferencebetweenStalinandTrotskyintheearly
stagesoftheSovietUnion.WhereasStalinwantedtofocustheattentionofthe
peopleintherebuildingofRussia,Trotskylookedtokeeptherevolutionalive
takingthefighttothecapitalistsinthewest.Trotsky'sproposed"permanent
revolution"wasarevolutionthatmustnevercease.Trotskyrationalizedthatthe
revolutiondrivenbyitsowninertiawouldspreadandprevailoverallitsenemies,
fromthecapitalismofthewestorwhathecalled,"enemiesofthepeople"toall
globalenemies.Iftherevolutionfailedtobekeptalive,itwouldsimplyperish.
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Thisisexactlyneocons'philosophyatitscore,acoremissionto"transform"
U.S.foreignpolicytoexerta"permanent"globalhegemonyevenifitbrings
"revolutionarychange"justlikedearoldgranddad,LeonTrotsky.InWallStreet
Journalarticle,neoconservativescholarMichaelLedeenspokeonthejustification
ofaU.S.attackonIraq."WearetheonetrulyrevolutionarycountryonEarth,"he
declared,andthatwouldbe"thereasonwewillsuccessfullytransformthelives...
ofmillionsintheMiddleEast."[MichaelA.Ledeen,"TheWaronTerrorWon't
EndinBaghdad,"WallStreetJournal,September1,2002]Inanotherarticleby
MichaelLedeen,entitled"CreativeDestruction:HowtoWageaRevolutionary
War,"themainargumentwasthatitwas"timeonceagaintoexportthedemocratic
revolution"asthebestwaytodefeattheterrorists.[MichaelLedeen,"Creative
Destruction",NationalReviewOnline,Sept.20,2001,
<http://www.nationalreview.com/contributors/ledeen092001.shtml>]
Wordscannotbemoreclear,neocons,likeTrotsky,seekapermanent
revolution.
Havinggivenuptheideaofrevolutionarysocialismforthemorepractical
projectofglobal"democracy,"thistroublesomesectofneoconservatives,notso
affectionatelyknownas"neocons"(orrather"ziocons"),isatlasthavingits
momentinthesun.
MichaelLindinamuchquotedarticleintheNewStatesmanfromAprilof
2003wrotethat,"neoconservativedefenceintellectuals...calltheirrevolutionary
ideology'Wilsonianism'(afterPresidentWoodrowWilson),butitisreally
Trotsky'stheoryofthepermanentrevolutionmingledwiththefarrightLikud
strainofZionism".[MichaelLind,"TheWeirdMenBehindGeorgeW.Bush's
War",NewStatesman,April7,2003,
<http://www.newamerica.net/index.cfm?pg=article&pubID=l189>]
34
EvenbeforeLind,thechargehadalreadybeenmadebyfamousParisbased
columnistWilliamPfaff,whohadwrittenintheInternationalHeraldTribunein
Decemberof2002that,"TheBushadministration'sdeterminationtodealwithits
problemsthroughmilitarymeans...seemsarightistversionofTrotsky's
'permanentrevolution',destroyingexistinginstitutionsandstructuresinthe
millenarianexpectationthatallthisviolencewillcometoanendinabetterand
happierworld."[WilliamPfaff,"AlQaedavs.theWhiteHouse",International
HeraldTribune,December28,2002]
Inanotherarticle,Pfaffsaysthatneoconservatives,"areinfluencedbythe
TrotskyistversionofMarxistmillenarianismthatwastheintellectualseedbedof
theneoconservativemovement."[WilliamPfaff,"ThePhilosophersofChaosReap
aWhirlwind",InternationalHeraldTribune,August23,2003]
NeoconservativesintheU.S.DefenseDepartmentaresurreptitiously
implementingTrotsky'stheoryofpermanentrevolutionfromtheWhiteHouse.
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9/27/2016
TheapplicationofTrotsky'sconceptofPermanentRevolutionmeansthatthe
UnitedStatesisengaginginan"endlesswar."
SeymourHersh,speakingattheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionconference
onJuly7,2004,gaveaprettygooddefinitionoftoday'sneocons:"InasenseI
wouldsayPaulWolfowitzisthegreatestTrotskyiteofourtimes.Hebelievesin
permanentrevolution.AndintheMiddleEast,tobeginwith,needlesstosay."
[QuotedinJustinRaimondo,"TheCultofPower:FromLeonTrotskytoPaul
Wolfowitz,July14,2004,<http://www.antiwar.com/justin/?articleid=3027>]The
realstory,asHershclearlyrealizes,isthatPaulWolfowitzisperhapsthegreatest
Trotskyistnotonlyofourtimebutofalltime.CertainlygreaterthanTrotsky
himself,thefounderoftheRedArmyandprophetofworldrevolutionwhowound
upinsomerundownMexicanbackwaterwithanicepickstickingoutofhishead.
Trotsky's"FourthInternational,"stillborn,livedinStalin'sshadowforallofits
briefhalflife,butinthattimemanagedtogenerateatendencythatwould
eventuallyculminateinanothersortofworldrevolutionandyet,onsecond
thought,notallthatdifferent.[JustinRaimondo,"TheCultofPower:FromLeon
TrotskytoPaulWolfowitz,July14,2004,
<http://www.antiwar.com/justin/?articleid=3027>]
WorthyofnoteisthatwhileexStaliniststendedtodenouncetheir
Communistrootsvehemently,neoconservativeslikeKristolandothersremainat
leastwistfullyfondofTrotsky.[GerhardRempel,"Stalinvs.Trotsky,"
<http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/stalin/lectures/StalinTrot.html>]AsJeet
HeerhasreportedintheNationalPost,citingneoconwriterand"ex"Trotskyist
StephenSchwartz:
35
Tothisday,SchwartzspeaksofTrotskyaffectionatelyas"theold
man"and"L.D."(initialsfromTrotsky'sbirthname,LevDavidovich
Bronstein)."Toagreatextent,Istillconsidermyselftobe[oneofthe]
disciplesofL.D,"headmits,andheobservesthatincertainWashington
circles,theghostofTrotskystillhoversaround.AtapartyinFebruary
celebratinganewbookaboutIraq,Schwartzexchangedbanterwith
WolfowitzaboutTrotsky,theMoscowTrialsandMaxShachtman.
"I'vetalkedtoWolfowitzaboutallofthis,"Schwartznotes."Wehad
thisdiscussionaboutShachtman.Heknowsallthatstuff,butwasneverpart
ofit.He'sdefinitelyaware."TheyokingtogetherofPaulWolfowitzand
LeonTrotskysoundsodd,butalongandtortuoushistoryexplainsthelink
betweentheBolshevikleftandtheRepublicanright.[QuotedinJustin
Raimondo,"TheCultofPower:FromLeonTrotskytoPaulWolfowitz,July
14,2004,<http://www.antiwar.com/justin/?articleid=3027>]
StephenSchwartzspenthisformativeyearsinaSpanishTrotskyistgroup.
Trotskywas,nodoubt,asuccessfulmilitaryleader,andStephenSchwartz
findssupportfortheideaofpreemptivewarintheoldBolshevik'swritings.
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9/27/2016
"NobodywhoisaTrotskyistcanreallybeapacifist,"Schwartznotes."Trotskyism
isamilitaristicdisposition.WhenyouareTrotskyist,wedon'trefertohimasa
greatliterarycritic,werefertohimasthefounderoftheRedArmy."["Trotsky's
GhostWanderingtheWhiteHouse,"NationalPost,June07,2003,
<http://www.prisonplanet.com/trotskys_ghost_wandering_the_white_house.htm>]
StephenSchwartzhasclaimedthereisanantiSemiticmotivebehind
associationofJewishneoconsandJewishTrotskyists:"TheU.S.neofascistswho
havethrownthisaccusationaroundusetheterm'Trotskyist'thesamewaythey
usetheterm'neoconservative':asaeuphemismfor'Jew',"hesaid.[Stephen
Schwartz,"Trotskycons?:PastsandPresent,NationalReview,June11,2003,
<http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/commentschwartz061103.asp>]
SomewhereinthebowelsofhellLeonTrotskymustbesmiling.
These8lectureswereretrievedfromthefollowingwebsite:
http://www.efn.org/~valdas/pacifica.html
178/178

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