ASE Lecture 1

ASE Lecture 1
Advanced Software Engineering

Prof. Dr. Tobias Meisen
Dipl.-Inform. Christian Kohlschein
Institute of Information Management in Mechanical

Engineering (IMA)
RWTH Aachen University
Fall 2015
www.ima-zlw-ifu.rwth-aachen.de
The Road Ahead Lecture 1

Organization and Motivation
Whats Java?
Structure of a Java Program

Variables
Control Flow Statements
Arrays and Strings
21.10.2015
Organization
Your lecturers
Prof. Dr. Tobias Meisen
Dipl.-Inform. Christian Kohlschein
Professor of Mechanical Engineering

Chair for Information Management
Computer Scientist and Researcher

Chair for Information Management
Contact
ase@ima.rwth-aachen.de
0241 80 911 77
Office hours: By appointment
https://www3.elearning.rwth-aachen.de/ws15/15ws-05458/
21.10.2015
Organization
Synopsis
Todays mechanical engineering relies heavily on advanced software tools. Both
industry and research expect you not only to use these tools but to design, develop
and deploy them as well. During this course we teach you how.
Timeline for Lectures and Exercises
Java 101
Object
Oriented SE
Project
Management
in SE
Applications
Exam
Lec./Ex. 1 - 3
Lec./Ex. 4 - 6
Lec./Ex. 7 - 9
Lec./Ex. 10 - 12
09.03.2016
No Lec./Ex. on: 18./19.11.15, 27./28.01.16 and 10./11.02.16
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Motivation
Advanced Software Tools are everywhere in Engineering!
From Computer Aided Design (CAD) to Robotics
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Motivation
or Virtual Production Intelligence (at our Institute)
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Motivation
to self-optimizing Production Systems!
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Whats Java?
Brief History
Java invented June 1991 by James Gosling at Sun (2010 acquired by Oracle)
Five Design Goals:

Simple, Object Oriented, and Familiar
Robust and Secure
Architecture Neutral and Portable
High Performance
Interpreted, Threaded, and Dynamic
Current Version: Java 8
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Whats Java?
Its widely spread
TIOBE 2015 (Popularity Index)
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Industry use (to name a few)
Whats Java?
A great deal of tools, libraries and frameworks
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Whats Java?
Motto: Write Once, Run Anywhere
Design Time
Compile
Time
Java Byte
Code
OS X & Unix
Text files
101010101
Android
.java
.class
OS-Specific
JRE
Java Source
Java
Compiler
Windows
Run Time
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10
Whats Java?
Terminology
JVM: Java Virtual Machine. Executes Java byte code.
JRE: Java Runtime Environment. Contains the JVM + set of libraries
JDK: Java Development Kit. Contains the JRE + Development tools (e.g. javac)
JVM Features
21.10.2015
Automatic Garbage Collector

JIT Compiler
Byte Code Verifier
Supports other languages:
11
Whats Java?
What are the basic requirements for writing a Java program?
A computer with a Java supported OS (e.g. Windows or OS X)
A text editor, e.g. notepad++ (but well use
IDE during this course)
The Java JDK: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk8-downloads-2133151.html
Five steps to run a Java program
Create a Java source file, i.e. write some code.

Save it to a .java file (e.g. HelloWorld.java)
Compile the Code (using javac, e.g. javac HelloWorld.java).
The compilation yields a class file (e.g. HelloWorld.class)
Run the program (e.g. java HelloWorld)
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12
Whats Java?
Writing, Compiling and Executing
1
1: Write
2: Compile
3: Yields a .class file
4: Execute
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13

Structure of a Java Source File
Class Definition
Methods
Statements
public class Foo {
public class Foo {
public class Foo {
void bar() {
void bar() {
statement1;
statement2;
statement3;
}
}
21.10.2015
}
}
}
14

Structure of a Java Source File
Class
Definition
public class HelloWorld {

public static void main (String[] args) {
Method
Statement
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}
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15

Structure of a Java Source file. A closer look at the class.
Keyword
class
Opening
Curly Brace
public class HelloWorld {
public
access
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The name
of the class
Closing
Curly Brace
16

Structure of a Java Source File. A closer look at the method.
keyword
static
arguments of
the method
return type

Closing
Curly Brace
public
access
the name of
the method
Opening
Curly Brace
We will mainly stick to the main method in Lecture 1!
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17

Structure of a Java Source File. A closer look at the statement.
print to standard
output
What to print in
apostophes
Statement
must end in a
semicolon!
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18

What are comments?
Document the code and keep it readable
Single line comment: // myComment
Multiple line comment: /* myMultiLineComment */
Examples
public class HelloWorld { // Its my first class!
/* I want to
print on the command line */
}
}
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Variables
What are variables?
A container, a box or a cup. It contains something.
They come in different kinds
They got a name
Examples
short numberOfEngines = 5;
double temperature = 23.7;
boolean engineStarted = true;
char c = 'e';
int depth = -343535;
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Variables
Two ways of constructing variables
First declare, than initialize: int length;length = 5;
Or by defining them in one single statement: int length = 5;
Examples
short numberOfEngines = 5;
double temperature = 23.7;
boolean engineStarted = true;
char c = 'e';
int depth = -343535;
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Variables
Four Primitive Data Types in Java
boolean, char, integer and floating point
They got a default value
They only hold one value
Data Type
Example
Keyword
Logical value
true, false
boolean
Single character
a, b,
char
Whole number
1, -3, 87,
byte, short, int, long
Real number
-2.6, 9.4,
float, double
For details (e.g. max or min values) see:

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/datatypes.html
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Variables
Rules I
Variables must have a type, e.g. double!
Variables must have a name, e.g. temperature!
double temperature;
type
name
Rules II and Good Practice

No keywords are allowed as names, e.g. class or while are prohibited!
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Java_keywords
Names must start with a letter, underscore (_) or a dollar sign ($)
No special characters, e.g. .
Choose meaningful names, e.g. currentVelocity (as opposed to cV);
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23
Variables
Three Kinds of Variables in Java
public class Cylinder {
instance variables
public double cylinderCap = 0;
class/static
variables
public static char vendor = 'A';

public double computeCylinderCapacity(int r, int h) {
double rSquare = r*r;

return rSquare * Math.PI * h;
}
local variables
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24
Variables
Defining Constants Variables
Are all-round in Mathematics, physics, engineering ...
Are declared with the keyword final
Convention for naming of constants: UPPERCASE, e.g. PI or E
Examples (the bad and the good)

double circumf = 2 * 3.1415 * r;
double area = r * r * 3.1415;
final double PI = 3.1415;

double circumf = 2 * PI * r;
double area = r * r * PI;
Typing errors
Changing code in different places
Bad Readability
Good readability
DRY principle (dont repeat
yourself)
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Variables
Operators and Variables
Allocation (=)
Arithmetic (+, -, *, /, %)
Comparison (==, !=, <, >)
Unary (++, --)
Logical (! (not), &&, ||)
Allocation and Arithmetic Operator Examples

int number; number = 5;
int x = 5;
int y = 7;
int sum = x + y;
int diff = 40 y;
double div = 30 / 4.3;
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Variables
Operators and Variables
Allocation (=)
Arithmetic (+, -, *, /, %)
Comparison (==, !=, <, >)
Unary (++, --)
Logical (! (not), &, |)
Comparison, Unary and Logical Operator Examples

boolean isSmaller;
int one = 1; int two = 2;
isSmaller = one < two;
int i = 3;
int j = i++;
boolean result = !true | false;
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27
Variables
Operators Priorities
How does Java evaluate an complex expression? E.g.:
int a = 5;
int b = 7;
int c = 2
a = a b + c % (a * c++); // (a is 4)
With an internal priority table! Excerpt from:
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/operators.html
Priority
Operator
Unary, e.g. ++
Additive, e.g. +
11
Logical OR e.g. |
13
Allocation, e.g. =
If two operators have same priority, Java parses the expression left to right.
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28
Variables
Type Casts
It can be necessary to convert one type of data into an other one
There are two types of casts
Implicit type casts. Target type is computed automatically via context.
Upgrading.
Explicit type casts. Target type has to be explicitly defined. Downgrading.
Target type has to be defined in ( and ) brackets
Examples
int i = 70;
double radius = i; // radius contains 70.0
double d = 70.3456;
int num = (int)d; // num contains 70
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Variables
Implicit type cast only one way
int variable
double variable
double variable
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int Variable
30
Variables
Type cast overview
byte
short
int
long
float
char
implicit type cast
explicit type cast
double
boolean
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String
31
Variables
Output
How does Java output information on the screen?
Without linefeed: System.out.print (<output>)
With: linefeed: System.out.print (<output>)
Examples
System.out.print("Hello, World");
System.out.print ("!"); // Output: Hello, World!
System.out.println ("Hello, World");
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Control flow
Statements are generally executed from top to bottom
Control flow statements break up the flow
Enable that particular blocks of code are executed conditionally
Control flow statements in Java
There are three types of control flow statements in Java

Decision-making statements (if-then, if-then-else, switch)
Looping statements (for, while, do-while)
Branching statements (break, continue, return)
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if-then(-else) statement (simple)
Certain section of code is only executed if test evaluates to true

If test section evaluates to false, else block is executed
Nesting possible
Else block is optional
Structure of a simple if-then-(-else) statement

if (<condition>){
statement(s)
}
else {
statements(s)
}
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34

A simple if-then(-else) example
public void break() {
if (carIsMoving) {
speed = 0;
}
else {
System.out.println("Car has already stopped!");
}
}
If the car is moving then set its speed to zero. Otherwise print a message to the
command line which says that the car has already stopped.
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35

A complex if-then(-else) statement
Its possible to test more then one condition using multiple clauses!
if (<condition 1>){
statement(s)
}
else if (<condition 2>){
statements(s)
}
else if (<condition N>)

statements(s)
}
else {
statements(s)
}
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A complex example
public class IfElseDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int testscore = 76;
char grade;
if (testscore >= 90) {
grade = 'A';
} else if (testscore >= 80) {
grade = 'B';
} else if (testscore >= 70) {
grade = 'C';
} else {
grade = 'F';
}
System.out.println("Grade = " + grade);
}
}
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Switch statement I
Arbitrary number of execution paths

Only discrete values are allowed
Variable types: byte, short, int, char
Tests expression based on a single integer or character
Structure of a switch statement

switch(<variable>){
case <value1>:
case <value2>:
case <value3>:
default:
}
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//instruction
//instruction
//instruction
//instruction
38

Switch statement II
Case translates to search for match and then execute every following
instruction (aka fall through)
Break terminates enclosing switch statement
Default handles values not handled by case sections
Example of a switch statement with break

int gear = 2;
String gearString;
switch (gear) {
case 1: gearString = "low"; break;
case 2: gearString = "medium"; break;
case 3: gearString = "high"; break
default: gearString = "undefined; break;
}
System.out.println(gearString);
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Output:
medium
Without
break?
39

Switch statement II
Case translates to search for match and then execute every following
instruction (aka fall through)
Break terminates enclosing switch statement
Default handles values not handled by case sections
Example of a switch statement without break

int gear = 2;
String gearString;
switch (gear) {
case 1: gearString = "low";
case 2: gearString = "medium";
case 3: gearString = "high";
default: gearString = "undefined";
}
System.out.println(gearString);
21.10.2015
Output:
undefined
40

for statement
Aka the for loop
Provides a way to iterate over a range of values
Terminates if a certain condition applies
Structure of a for statement

for (initialization; termination; increment) {
statement(s)
}
Initialization expression initializes the loop; executed once.

Loop terminates if termination evaluates to false
The increment is invoked after each iteration. Can also be a decrement.
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41

Example of a for statement I
public class LoopDemo{
Output:
Loop 0
Loop 1
Loop 14
for (int i = 0; i < 15; i++){
System.out.println("Loop "+i);
}
}
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Example of a for statement II
for (int i = 10; i > 0; i--){
System.out.println("Countdown "+i);
Output:
Countdown 10
Countdown 9
Countdown 1
}
}
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Example of an (odd) for statement III
for ( ; ; ){
Infinite
Output:
Loop
Loop
Loop
System.out.println("Loop");
}
}
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The three
expressions
are optional!
44

while statement
Executes statements while particular expression is true
If expression evaluates to false the execution stops
The expression is evaluated before every execution
Structure of a while statement

while(expression) {
statement(s)
}
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45

Example of a while statement
public class WhileDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
int count = 1;
Output:
Count 1
Count 2
Count 10
while (count < 11) {

System.out.println("Count: " + count);
count++;
}
}
}
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do-while statement
Executes statements while particular expression is true
If expression evaluates to false the execution stops
The expression is evaluated after every execution. It always executes at least
once!
Notice the ; after the while statement!
Structure of a do-while statement

do {
statement(s)
}
while(expression);
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Example of a do-while statement
public class WhileDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
Output:
Count 1
int count = 1;
do {
System.out.println("Count: " + count);
}
while (count < 1);
}
}
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Three branching statements
break: Instantly terminates a switch, for, while or do-while execution
continue: Skips the current iteration of a for, while or do-while
return: Exits from the current method. Used to return a value in case of non
void methods.
Example of continue statement

while (readNext(line)) {
if (line.isEmpty() || line.isComment())
continue;
// More code here
}
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Summary of control flow statements
Statement
Features
if-then-else
Executes section of code if test

evaluates to true. If test evaluates to
false else branch is executed.
switch
Arbitrary number of execution paths are

possible.
while
Continually executes a block of code

while condition is true. Evaluates at top.
while-do
Evaluates at bottom. Runs at least once.
for
Loops over a range of values.
break, continue, return
Instantly terminates flow or continues the

next iteration. Exits the current method.
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Arrays
Recap and Motivation
Primitive data types (e.g. int) can only hold a single value
E.g. int val = 17;
Array Features
Arrays can hold multiple values (or elements)!

Can only hold one data type, i.e. no mixture of data types (e.g. int and char)
Length is established upon creation
After that its fixed!
Access to elements via index
Index starts with 0. That is, the first array element has the index 0:
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51
Arrays
Two ways of array creation (Examples)
Initialize with values (e.g. six): int[] array1 = {1,2,3,4,5,6};
Declaration (e.g. length nine): int[] array2 = new int[9];
Access to elements I
int[] ar = new int[3];
ar[0] = 100;
ar[1] = 200;
ar[2] = 300;
System.out.println("Array value on pos 1:" +ar[0]);
}
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52
Arrays
Access to elements II
int[]
ar[0]
ar[1]
ar[2]
ar = new int[3];
= 100;
= 200;
= 300;
Determines the
size of the array
for (int idx = 0; idx < ar.length; idx++){

System.out.println(ar[idx]);
}
}
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Arrays
Multi dimensional arrays are possible
Example: Positions on a chessboard or a Matrix
Are realized with arrays of arrays
int[][] chessboard = new int[8][8];
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54
Arrays
For the curious mind You can declare the following arrays:
byte[] anArrayOfBytes;
short[] anArrayOfShorts;
long[] anArrayOfLongs;
float[] anArrayOfFloats;
double[] anArrayOfDoubles;
boolean[] anArrayOfBooleans;
char[] anArrayOfChars;
String[] anArrayOfStrings;
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Strings
Recap and Motivation
Single characters can be presented as char

E.g. char c = 'd';
How can names, passwords etc. be presented?
Nave approach: As char arrays. Drawbacks (arrays are fixed length)
String features
Keyword String
Strings are denoted by quotation marks, e.g. "A String"
Example: String name = "RWTH";
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56
Upcoming Lecture
Outlook
Well continue with basics Java concepts
take a closer look at Methods
and well introduce the core concept of Java: Objects!
In the meantime
Make yourself familiar with todays topics
check the web for Java tutorials
theres a ton of Java Books out there.
21.10.2015
57
Thank you for your attention!

ASE Lecture 1

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ASE Lecture 1

Advanced Software Engineering

Institute of Information Management in Mechanical

The Road Ahead Lecture 1

Structure of a Java Program

Advanced Software Engineering

Prof. Dr. Tobias Meisen

Dipl.-Inform. Christian Kohlschein

Professor of Mechanical Engineering

Computer Scientist and Researcher

Advanced Software Engineering

Timeline for Lectures and Exercises

No Lec./Ex. on: 18./19.11.15, 27./28.01.16 and 10./11.02.16

Advanced Software Engineering

Advanced Software Engineering

Advanced Software Engineering

Advanced Software Engineering

Five Design Goals:

Advanced Software Engineering

TIOBE 2015 (Popularity Index)

Industry use (to name a few)

Advanced Software Engineering

Advanced Software Engineering

Advanced Software Engineering

Automatic Garbage Collector

Advanced Software Engineering

Five steps to run a Java program

Create a Java source file, i.e. write some code.

Advanced Software Engineering

Advanced Software Engineering

Structure of a Java Program

public class Foo {

public class Foo {

public class Foo {

Structure of a Java Program

public class HelloWorld {

Advanced Software Engineering

Structure of a Java Program

public class HelloWorld {

Advanced Software Engineering

Structure of a Java Program

public static void main (String[] args) {

We will mainly stick to the main method in Lecture 1!

Advanced Software Engineering

Structure of a Java Program

Advanced Software Engineering

Structure of a Java Program

Advanced Software Engineering

Advanced Software Engineering

Advanced Software Engineering

byte, short, int, long

For details (e.g. max or min values) see:

Advanced Software Engineering

Rules II and Good Practice

Advanced Software Engineering

public double cylinderCap = 0;

public static char vendor = 'A';

double rSquare = r*r;

Advanced Software Engineering

Examples (the bad and the good)

final double PI = 3.1415;

Advanced Software Engineering

Allocation and Arithmetic Operator Examples