2-Axial Loading (March2012)

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Engineering Mechanics Centre of Studies
V{tx E
Axial Loading
Materials for this chapter are taken from :
1.
Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston,Jr, John T. Dewolf, David F. Mazurek Mechanics of Materials 5th Edition in SI units
2.
R.C.Hibbeler Mechanics of Materials Seventh Edition
MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Ch 2 - 1

Introduction
Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in the
structure as well as the stresses induced under loading. Statics analyses
alone are not sufficient.
Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member forces
and reactions which are statically indeterminate.
Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires
consideration of deformations in the member.
Chapter 2 is concerned with deformation of a structural member under axial
loading. Later chapters will deal with torsional and pure bending loads.
Ch 2 - 2

Saint-Venants Principle
Saint-Venants Principle states that both
localized deformation and stress tend to

even out at a distance sufficiently
removed from these regions.
Ch 2 - 3

Normal Strain under Axial Loading
P
= = stress
A
= normal strain
2P P
=
=
2A A
P
=
A
2
=
=
2L L
Ch 2 - 4

Stress-Strain Test
rutlandplastics.co.uk
www.tensilkut.com
deeshaimpex.com
Tensile Test Machines & Specimens

Ch 2 - 5

Stress-Strain Test: Ductile Materials
necking
rupture
Test specimen with tensile load elongation occurs until necking

and rupture.
Ch 2 - 6

Stress-Strain Test: Brittle Materials
Pottery, glass, and cast iron

Material that breaks suddenly under
stress at a point just beyond its elastic
limit
Brittle materials may also break
suddenly when given a sharp knock
Ch 2 - 7

Deformations of Members under Axial Loading

From Hookes Law:
= E
P
AE
From the definition of strain:
Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL
=
AE
With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
PL
= i i
i Ai Ei
Ch 2 - 8

Example 2.1
75 k
45 k
30 k
STEPS:
Divide the rod into components at the
120 mm
120 mm
200 mm
load application points.
E = 200 GPa
Apply a free-body analysis on each
D = 100mm d = 50mm
component to determine the internal

force
Determine the deformation of the

steel rod shown under the given
Evaluate the total of the component

deflections.
loads.
Ch 2 - 9

SOLUTION:
Apply free-body analysis to each component to
Divide the rod into three
determine internal forces,
components:
A
75 k
P1 = 30kN
D 30 k
P2 = 15kN
P3 = 60kN
45 k
P1
30 k
Evaluate total deflection,
45 k
30 k
P2
=
i
75 k
45 k
30 k
P3
PL
1 PL P L P L
i i
= 1 1+ 2 2 + 3 3
Ai Ei E A1
A2
A3
( 30 103 ) 0.12 ( 15 103 ) 0.12 ( 60 103 ) 0.2

1
=
+
+
200 109 7.854 103

7.854 103
1.96 103
= 3.1758 105 m
L1 = L2 = 120mm
L3 = 200mm
A1 = A2 = 7.854 10-3 m 2 A3 = 1.96 103 m 2
= 3.1758 105 m
Ch 2 - 10

Example 2.2
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links AB

and CD.
Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70 GPa)
and has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm2.
Link CD is made of steel (E = 200 GPa) and
has a cross-sectional area of (600 mm2).
For the 30-kN force shown, determine the
deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.
Ch 2 - 11

Solution
Displacement of B:
Free body: Bar BDE
B =
PL
AE
(
60 103 N )(0.3 m )
=
(500 10-6 m2 )(70 109 Pa )
= 514 10 6 m
B = 0.514 mm
Displacement of D:
MB = 0
0 = (30 kN 0.6 m ) + FCD 0.2 m
FCD = +90 kN tension
MD = 0
0 = (30 kN 0.4 m ) FAB 0.2 m
FAB = 60 kN compression
D =
PL
AE
(
90 103 N )(0.4 m )
=
(600 10-6 m2 )(200 109 Pa )
= 300 10 6 m
D = 0.300 mm
Ch 2 - 12

Displacement of D:
BB BH
=
DD HD
0.514 mm ( 200 mm) x

=
0.300 mm
x
x = 73.7 mm
EE HE
=
DD HD
400 + 73.7) mm
(
=
0.300 mm
73.7 mm
E =1.928 mm
E = 1.928mm
Ch 2 - 13

Statically Indeterminate Problems
Structures for which internal forces and reactions

cannot be determined from statics alone are said to
be statically indeterminate.
A structure will be statically indeterminate whenever

it is held by more supports than are required to
maintain its equilibrium.
Ch 2 - 14

Statically Indeterminate Problems
Redundant reactions are replaced with

unknown loads which along with the other
loads
must
produce
compatible
deformations.
Deformations due to actual loads and
redundant
reactions
are
determined
separately and then added or superposed.
= L +R = 0
Ch 2 - 15

Example 2.3
Determine the reactions at A and B for the

steel bar and loading shown, assuming a
close fit at both supports before the loads are
applied.
Ch 2 - 16

Example 2.3
STEPS:
Consider the reaction at B as redundant,
release the bar from that support, and solve
for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads.
Solve for the displacement at B due to the
redundant reaction at B.
Require that the displacements due to the
loads and due to the redundant reaction be
compatible, i.e., require that their sum be
zero.
Solve for the reaction at A due to applied
loads and the reaction found at B.
Ch 2 - 17

Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied loads with

the redundant constraint released,
P1 = 0 P2 = P3 = 600103 N P4 = 900103 N
A1 = A2 = 400106 m2
A3 = A4 = 250106 m2
L1 = L2 = L3 = L4 = 0.150 m
Pi Li 1.125109
L =
=
A
E
E
i i i
Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant
constraint,
P1 = P2 = RB
A1 = 400 10 6 m 2
L1 = L2 = 0.300 m
A2 = 250 10 6 m 2
Pi Li
1.95 103 RB
R =
=
A
E
E
i i i
Ch 2 - 18

Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to

the redundant reaction be compatible,
= L +R = 0
1.125109 1.95103 RB
=
=0
E
E
RB = 577 103 N = 577 kN
Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the reaction at B
Fy = 0 = R A 300 kN 600 kN + 577 kN

R A = 323 kN
RA = 323 kN
RB = 577 kN
Ch 2 - 19

Example 2.3 (Alternative solution)

Establish FBD and equation of
Apply sectioning method for each
equilibrium for bar AB.
segment.
RA
RA
RA
RA
RA
RA
( ) Fy = 0;
RA + RB = 300 + 600 1

300 kN
300 kN
300 kN
P1
900 kN
P2
900 kN
900 kN
P3
RB
P4
RB
P1 = RA
P2 = RA 300
P3 = RA 300
Fy = 0
P4 = RA 900
Ch 2 - 20

Example 2.3 (Alternative solution)

Concentrate on total deformation
of bar and solve RA.
T = 1 +2 +3 +4 = 0
PL + PL + PL + PL = 0
AE 1 AE 2 AE 3 AE 4
RA 300
RA 300
RA 900
RA
0.15
+
+
=0
+
E 250106 250106 400106 400106
RA = 323.1kN Ans.
Substitute into equation 1 to solve RB.

RB = 900 321.1= 577kN Ans.
Ch 2 - 21

Example 2.4
The A-36 steel rod shown has a diameter of 5 mm.
It is attached to the fixed wall at A, and before it is
loaded there is a gap between the wall at and the
rod of 1 mm. Determine the reactions at A and B.
Solution
Consider the support at B as redundant
and using principle of superposition,
0.001 = p B
Ch 2 - 22

Example 2.4
By substituting into compatibility equation,
Thus,
( )
20 103 ( 0.4 )
PL
P = AC =
AE
( 0.0025 ) 200 109
= 0.002037 m
( )
B =
FB (1.2 )
FB LAB
=
AE
( 0.0025 ) 200 109
( )
0.001 = 0.002037 0.3056 106 FB
( )
FB = 3.39 103 = 3.39 kN (Ans)

From the free-body diagram,
= 0.3056 106 FB
= 0;
FA + 20 3.39 = 0
FA = 16.6 kN (Ans)
Ch 2 - 23

Problems Involving Temperature Changes

A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.
PL
AE
= thermalexpansion coef.
T = ( T ) L ; P =
The thermal deformation and the deformation from

the redundant support must be compatible.
= T + P = 0
PL
( T ) L +
=0
AE
= T + P = 0
P = AE ( T )
P
= E ( T )
A
Ch 2 - 24

Example 2.5
A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 5000 N
at 20C. If the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at -20C, what is the
minimum diameter of the rod? Assume = 11.7 m/(mC) and E = 200 GPa.
Ch 2 - 25

Example 2.5
Apply the total deformation formula
Get the diameter considering
and obtain the area of the rod.
formula for area.
= T + st
L
PL
= L ( T ) +
1 2
d = 137.36
4
d = 13.22 mm Ans.
AE
= E ( T ) +
P
A
130 = 11.7 106 ( 200000 )( 20 20 ) +
5000
A
A = 137.36 mm 2
Ch 2 - 26

Example 2.6
The rigid bar is fixed to the top of the three

posts made of A-36 steel and 2014-T6
aluminum. The posts each have a length of
250 mm when no load is applied to the bar,
and
the
temperature
is
T1
20C.
Determine the force supported by each post

if the bar is subjected to a uniform distributed
load of 150 kN/m and the temperature is
raised to T2 = 80C.
Ch 2 - 27

Example 2.6
Solution
From free-body diagram we have
= 0;
( )
2 Fst + Fal 90 103 = 0
(1)
The top of each post is displaced by

an equal amount and hence,
( + )
st = al
The final position of the top of each

post is equal to its displacement
caused by the temperature increase
and internal axial compressive force.
( + )
( + )
st = ( st )T + ( st ) F
al = ( al )T + ( al ) F
(2)
Ch 2 - 28

Applying Eq. 2 gives
( st )T + ( st )F = ( st )T + ( al )F
With reference from the material properties, we have
[ ( )]
12 10 6 (80 20)(0.25) +
Fst (0.25)
Fal (0.25)
6
(
)(
)
=
23
10
80
20
0
.
25
+
(0.02)2 200 109
(0.03)2 73.1 109
[ ( )]
[ ( )]
( )
Fst = 1.216 Fal 165.9 103
[ ( )]
(3)
Solving Eqs. 1 and 3 simultaneously yields
Fst = 16.4 kN and Fal = 123 kN (Ans)
Ch 2 - 29
Supplementary Problem 2
1. An aluminium tube is fastened between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown. Axial
loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the value of P that will not exceed a
maximum overall deformation of 2 mm or a stress in the steel of 140 MPa, in the
aluminium of 80 MPa, or in bronze of 120 MPa. Assume that the assembly is suitably
braced to prevent buckling. [P = 18 kN]
0.6 m
1.0 m
0.8 m
2P
3P
P
Bronze
A = 450 mm2
E = 83 GPa
4P
Aluminium
A = 600 mm2
E = 70 GPa
Steel
A = 300 mm2
E = 200 GPa
2.
The assembly consists of three titanium (Ti-6A14V) rods and a rigid bar AC. The cross-sectional
area of each rod is given in the figure. If a force
of 30 kN is applied to the ring F, determine the
horizontal displacement of point F. [0.3403 mm]
ACD = 600 mm2

0.6 m
AEF = 1200 mm2
0.3 m F
E
0.3 m
AAB = 900 mm2

B
1.2 m
1.8 m
Ch 2 - 30
L
3. A homogeneous rod of constant cross

a
section is attached to unyielding supports.

It carries an axial load P applied as shown
R1
R2
P
in Fig. below. Prove that the reactions are

given by R1 = Pb/L and R2 = Pa/L.
4. The composite bar as shown is stress-free

before the axial loads P1 and P2 are
applied. Assuming that the walls are rigid,
calculate the stress in each material if P1 =
150 kN and P2 = 90 kN.
[Al: 86.22 MPa;St: 36.2 MPa; Br: 135.3 MPa]
500 mm
P1
Aluminium
A = 900 mm2
E = 70 GPa
250 mm
350 mm
P2
Steel
A = 2000 mm2
E = 200 GPa
Bronze
A = 1200 mm2
E = 83 GPa
Ch 2 - 31
5.
A rigid block of mass M is supported by

three symmetrically spaced rods as shown.
Each copper rod has an area of 900 mm2;
E = 120 GPa; and the allowable stress is 70
MPa. The steel rod has an area of 1200
mm2; E = 200 GPa; and the allowable
stress is 140 MPa. Determine the largest
mass M which can be supported.[M = 22358.4 kg]
6.
The assembly has the diameters and

material make-up indicated. If it fits securely
between its fixed supports when the
temperature is T1 = 20C, determine the
average normal stress in each material
when the temperature reaches T2 = 40C.
1.2 m
1.8 m
0.9 m
D
B
Aluminium
E = 70 GPa
= 300 mm
= 23 x 10-6 1/oC
Bronze
Stainless Steel
E = 83 GPa
E = 200 GPa
= 200 mm
= 100 mm
-6
o
= 17 x 10 1/ C = 17 x 10-6 1/oC
[Al: 15.05 MPa; Br: 33.85 MPa; SSt: 135.4 MPa]
Ch 2 - 32
7.
The two circular rod segments, one of

aluminum and the other of copper, are fixed
to the rigid walls such that there is a gap of
0.2 mm between them when T1 = 15C.
What larger temperature T2 is required in
order to just close the gap? Each rod has a
diameter of 30 mm . Determine the average
normal stress in each rod if T2 = 95C.
0.2 mm
Copper
Aluminium
100 mm
200 mm
Aluminium
E = 70 GPa
= 24 (10-6)/oC
Copper
E = 126 GPa
=17(10-6)/oC
[45.77oC; 87.65 MPa each]
8. Four steel bars jointly support a mass of 15

A
Mg as shown in diagram. Each bar has a
60o
cross-sectional area of 600 mm2. Find the

load
carried
by
each
bar
after
45o
45o
temperature rise of 50C. Assume = 11.7

m/(mC) and E = 200 GPa.
15
Mg
[PA=PC=21.024 kN; PB=PD=66.64 kN]
Ch 2 - 33
Previous Exam Questions
APR2010/MEC411/KJM454
Figure Q1 shows an assembly consisting of
an aluminium rod (L = 300mm) and steel
0.5 mm
Aluminium
Steel
300 mm
250 mm
rod (L = 250mm) at room temperature

(30oC).
A 0.5 mm gap exists between the
ends of the rods. Determine (i) the normal

stress in the aluminium rod, and (ii) the
Aluminium
A = 1806 mm2
E = 72 GPa
=23.9(10-6)/oC
change in length of the aluminium rod when
Steel
A = 774 mm2
E = 200 GPa
= 17.3 (10-6)/oC
Figure Q1
the temperature has reached 70oC.

[=0; AL=0.287 mm]
Ch 2 - 34

OCT2010/MEC411/KJM454
A rigid beam AB rests on the two short round posts shown in Figure Q1(b). Post AC is made
of steel and has a cross-sectional area of A mm2 and post BD is made of aluminium and has
a cross-sectional area of 2A mm2 (twice the area of post AC). A vertical load of 90 kN is
applied on the middle of the beam. [AF = BF = L mm]. Determine ;
a) the internal forces of the posts, [FBD = FBC = 45 kN]
b) the displacement of the top of each post (point A and point B) as a function of area, A.
(Youngs Modulus, Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa) [A = 0.0675/A; B = 0.096/A]
c) the displacement of point F on beam AB. [F = 0.08175/A]
Figure Q1(b)
Ch 2 - 35

APR2011/MEC411/KJM454
The assembly shown in Figure Q2(b) consists of an A-36 steel rod AB and a 6061-T6
aluminum rod BC, each having a diameter of 20 mm. Determine the applied loads P1 and
P2 if end C is displaced 2.5 mm to the right and B is displaced 1 mm to the left when the
loads are applied. The unstretched length of each segment is as shown in the figure.
Neglect the size of the rigid connection at B. (Take Esteel = 200 GPa, Ealuminum = 70 GPa)
[P1 = 96.2 kN; P2 = 126.6 kN]
Figure Q2(b)
Ch 2 - 36

JUN2011/MEC411/KJM454
A rigid bar EB is loaded with P = 10 kN supported by two cables C and D that are fixed to a
rigid wall and pinned at E to a fixed wall as shown in Figure Q1(b). Determine the stresses
at both cables C and D. [C = 163.6 MPa; D = 436.5 MPa]
If the cable D shown in Figure Q1 (b) failed, will the cable C able to sustain the load
applied? (The geometry and mechanical properties of both cables C and D are listed in the
box.)
Cable C
D
C
E
Length
100 mm
Diameter
10 mm
Elastic Modulus
100 GPa
Yield Strength, Sy
300 MPa
Cable D
P
a
Length
150 mm
Diameter
5 mm
Elastic Modulus
200 GPa
Figure Q1 (b)
Ch 2 - 37

JAN2012/MEC411/KJM454
The composite bar in Figure Q2(b) is stress-free before the axial loads F1 and F2 are
applied. Assuming that the walls are rigid, compute the stress in steel if F1 = 150 kN and F2
= 90 kN. Given the cross-sectional area of aluminium is 900 mm2, 2000 mm2 for steel and
1200 mm2 for bronze. Use Ealuminium = 70 GPa, Esteel = 200 GPa, and Ebronze = 83 GPa.
[36.2 MPa]
Steel
Aluminium
F1
500 mm
Bronze
F2
250 mm
350 mm
Figure Q2(b)
Ch 2 - 38

2-Axial Loading (March2012)

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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Engineering Mechanics Centre of Studies

R.C.Hibbeler Mechanics of Materials Seventh Edition

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

localized deformation and stress tend to

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Tensile Test Machines & Specimens

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Stress-Strain Test: Ductile Materials

Test specimen with tensile load elongation occurs until necking

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Stress-Strain Test: Brittle Materials

Pottery, glass, and cast iron

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Deformations of Members under Axial Loading

From the definition of strain:

Equating and solving for the deformation,

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

load application points.

Apply a free-body analysis on each

component to determine the internal

Determine the deformation of the

Evaluate the total of the component

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

determine internal forces,

Evaluate total deflection,

( 30 103 ) 0.12 ( 15 103 ) 0.12 ( 60 103 ) 0.2

200 109 7.854 103

A1 = A2 = 7.854 10-3 m 2 A3 = 1.96 103 m 2

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links AB

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Free body: Bar BDE

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

0.514 mm ( 200 mm) x

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Statically Indeterminate Problems

Structures for which internal forces and reactions

A structure will be statically indeterminate whenever

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Statically Indeterminate Problems

Redundant reactions are replaced with

separately and then added or superposed.

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Determine the reactions at A and B for the

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

MEC411 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS