Water is most needed in almost all actions of our life direct or indirect.

When we
say almost all actions, one might wonder how it is used even for non-liquid stuff. As
per living planet report 2015, water - http://www.gdrc.org/uem/footprints/waterfootprint.html

1 kg of wheat needs 1350 litres of water.

1 kg of rice needs 3000 litres of water.
1 kg maize needs 900 litres of water.
Fresh water sources used to be from lake, stream, pond, river, ocean , underground
in golden days, however those sources are being contaminated with increased
industrialization, by chemical spills, sewage links, agricultural runoff , leaving the
water in a state where it cannot be suitable for consumption.
The impact of water pollution is not only on us (humanbeings), but also on millions
of species, most vulnerable is aquatic life.
Include pics from lpi 2015

Based on how water became polluted, Pollution classified.

Water polluting sources can be classified into two categories
i.
ii.

Point sources where the pollution is from discrete location

Non point sources where the pollution is from several origins you might
not be able to point out single point in large area where the pollution
starts i.e many sources joined together creating pollution

Transboundary pollution pollution happens at one place, but its impact can be
observed at different place
Based on which water in the earth gets polluted, it is of two types
Surface water pollution water above the ground gets polluted
Ground water pollution water stored in the underground gets polluted difficult to
find
Not always, water pollution begins in water itself many a times it can be in other
form. eg, chemical released from industrial chimneys react with atmosphere and
pollute the water back in the form of rain this is as we see in acid rain
Similarly, chemicals used in agriculture, gradually washed away by rain and enters
into ground water and nearby surface water
Sewage

How can we stop water pollution?

There is no easy way to solve water pollution; if there were, it wouldn't be so

much of a problem. Broadly speaking, there are three different things that can
help to tackle the problemeducation, laws, and economicsand they work
together as a team.
Education

Making people aware of the problem is the first step to solving it. In the early
1990s, when surfers in Britain grew tired of catching illnesses from water
polluted with sewage, they formed a group called Surfers Against Sewage to
force governments and water companies to clean up their act. People who've
grown tired of walking the world's polluted beaches often band together to
organize community beach-cleaning sessions. Anglers who no longer catch
so many fish have campaigned for tougher penalties against factories that
pour pollution into our rivers. Greater public awareness can make a positive
difference.
Laws

One of the biggest problems with water pollution is its transboundary nature.
Many rivers cross countries, while seas span whole continents. Pollution
discharged by factories in one country with poor environmental standards can
cause problems in neighboring nations, even when they have tougher laws
and higher standards. Environmental laws can make it tougher for people to
pollute, but to be really effective they have to operate across national and
international borders. This is why we have international laws governing the
oceans, such as the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (signed by
over 120 nations), the 1972 London (Dumping) Convention, the
1978 MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships, and the 1998 OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine
Environment of the North East Atlantic. The European Union has waterprotection laws (known as directives) that apply to all of its member states.
They include the 1976 Bathing Water Directive (updated 2006), which seeks to

ensure the quality of the waters that people use for recreation. Most countries
also have their own water pollution laws. In the United States, for example,
there is the 1972 Clean Water Act and the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act.
Economics

Most environmental experts agree that the best way to tackle pollution is
through something called the polluter pays principle. This means that
whoever causes pollution should have to pay to clean it up, one way or
another. Polluter pays can operate in all kinds of ways. It could mean that
tanker owners should have to take out insurance that covers the cost of oil
spill cleanups, for example. It could also mean that shoppers should have to
pay for their plastic grocery bags, as is now common in Ireland, to
encourage recycling and minimize waste. Or it could mean that factories that
use rivers must have their water inlet pipes downstream of their effluent
outflow pipes, so if they cause pollution they themselves are the first people to
suffer. Ultimately, the polluter pays principle is designed to deter people from
polluting by making it less expensive for them to behave in an environmentally
responsible way.
Our clean future

Life is ultimately about choicesand so is pollution. We can live with sewagestrewn beaches, dead rivers, and fish that are too poisonous to eat. Or we can
work together to keep the environment clean so the plants, animals, and
people who depend on it remain healthy. We can take individual action to help
reduce water pollution, for example, by using environmentally
friendly detergents, not pouring oil down drains, reducing pesticides, and so
on. We can take community action too, by helping out on beach cleans or litter
picks to keep our rivers and seas that little bit cleaner. And we can take action
as countries and continents to pass laws that will make pollution harder and
the world less polluted. Working together, we can make pollution less of a
problemand the world a better place.
Better website compare US with India EPA

Prevention installing sensors and alerting the community, and pcb automatically
via sensors for alarming limit

There are two main ways of measuring the quality of water. One is to take
samples of the water and measure the concentrations of different chemicals
that it contains. If the chemicals are dangerous or the concentrations are too
great, we can regard the water as polluted. Measurements like this are known
as chemical indicators of water quality. Another way to measure water
quality involves examining the fish, insects, and other invertebrates that the
water will support. If many different types of creatures can live in a river, the
quality is likely to be very good; if the river supports no fish life at all, the
quality is obviously much poorer. Measurements like this are calledbiological
indicators of water quality.

http://www.explainthatstuff.com/waterpollution.html
http://www.pollutionissues.com/Ho-Li/Laws-and-Regulations-UnitedStates.html
http://groundwater.ucdavis.edu/files/136277.pdf
Water pollution how much pollutants (undesirable substances) released into how
much of water

Oil Pollution Prevention Act (OPP)

the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), and the
Pollution Prevention Act (PPA)

Clean Water Act (1977) 33 USC

Water

121 et. seq. 40 CFR Parts 100

140; 400470

To restore & maintain the integrity of U.S.

waters/limits discharges to U.S. waters
through National Pollutant Discharge System

EPA

(NPDES)

Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) To protect U.S. drinking water & supplies
Drinking Water 43 USC 300f et. sec. 40 CFR
Parts 140149

from contaminants/ Establishes safe

standards for drinking water

EPA

To prevent and clean up oil spills in U.S.

Ocean

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 33

waters/Establishes fund for response costs

EPA/Coast

USC 6602 et. seq. 40 CFR Part and requires vessels & facilities to make plans Guard
for responding to oil spills

Ground/Toxics

Resource Conservation &

To promote protection of human health and

Recovery Act (1976) 42 USC

the environment/Oversees the handling of

321 et. seq. 40 CFR Parts 240 solid & hazardous wastes from "cradle to
271

EPA

grave"

Comprehensive Environmental To oversee the clean up of the worst U.S.

Response, Compensation, &

hazardous waste sites/Establishes a

Liability Act (1980) 42 USC

"Superfund" to aid in the costs that arise in

EPA

96019675 40 CFR Part 300 remediating CERCLA sites.

Toxic Substances Control

To understand the health risks of certain

Act (1976) 15 USC 2601 et. seq. chemical substances/Promotes the

40 CFR Parts 700799

EPA

development of scientific health risk data

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, To prevent harm to human health and the

and Rodenticide Act(1972) 7

environment from pesticide use/To register

USC 136136y 40 CFR Parts and classify all pesticides in use and analyze
162180

EPA

risks & benefits of use

To protect human health from the risks

Food Quality Protection Act

(1996) Public Law 104170

US Legal
Provision
Clean Water Act 33 Unites States
Code U.S.C.
1251 et seq.
(1972)

associated with exposure to pesticides/Uses a

"risk cup" test for all pesticides & establishes
maximum exposure levels for each

Description

Cases (if any)

The CWA made it unlawful to discharge any

pollutant from a point source into navigable waters,
unless a permit was obtained. EPA's National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permit program controls discharges. Point sources
are discrete conveyances such as pipes or manmade ditches. Individual homes that are connected
to a municipal system, use a septic system, or do

Source:
http://www.epa
.gov/lawsregulations/su
mmary-cleanwater-act
The Federal
Water Pollution

not have a surface discharge do not need an NPDES

permit; however, industrial, municipal, and other
facilities must obtain permits if their discharges go
directly to surface waters.

Safe Drinking
Water Act
(SDWA)
Citizen Suits
(Section 505)
Procedures for
Agency Response
to Clean Water
Act Citizen Suit
Activity (6/15/89) Notes
on Section 505
CWA Citizen Suits
- (2/3/86)
Oil Pollution Act
(Section 311 OPA)
Wetlands
(Section 404)
Revised CWA
Section 404
Settlement

Control Act of
1948 was the
first major U.S.
law to address
water
pollution.
Growing public
awareness and
concern for
controlling
water pollution
led to
sweeping
amendments
in 1972. As
amended in
1972, the law
became
commonly
known as the
Clean Water
Act (CWA).

Penalty Policy,
dated
12/21/2001 (12/21/01)
Injunctive Relief
Requirements
33 U.S. Code
1258 -

Ground Water -

Ground Water
Rule

Impaired
Waters and
Total
Maximum
Daily Load
Regulations Guidance for
1994 Section
303(d) Lists
Oceans and
Coastal Waters

BEACH
Act (Beaches
Environmenta
l Assessment
and Coastal
Health Act of
2000)
The Act to

Pasted from
<https://www.l
aw.cornell.edu/
uscode/text/33
/1258>

The Ground Water Rule (GWR) was signed

by the EPA Administrator Stephen L.
Johnson on October 11, 2006. EPA
published the GWR in the Federal Register
on November 08, 2006. The GWR
provides protection against microbial
pathogens in public water systems using
ground water sources.
Under Section 303 D of the Clean Water
Act (CWA), states, territories and
authorized tribes are required to develop
lists of impaired waters. These are waters
that are too polluted or otherwise
degraded to meet the water quality
standards set by states, territories, or
authorized tribes.

Clean Boating Act: requires

nationally applicable, reasonable
measures to mitigate adverse impacts of
recreational vessel discharges without
using a Clean Water Act permit.

The APPS (33 U.S.C. 1905-1915)

Prevent
implements the provisions of Marpol
Pollution from 73/78, the International Convention for the
Ships (APPS) Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973
(PDF)
as modified by the Protocol of 1978.
Marine Debris The MDRPRA established programs within
Research,
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Prevention,
Administration (NOAA) and the United
and Reduction States Coast Guard (USCG) identify,
Act (MDRPRA) determine sources of, assess, reduce, and
(PDF)
prevent marine debris. MDRPRA also
reactivates the Interagency Marine Debris
Coordinating Committee, chaired by
NOAA.
Shore
The SPA is applicable to transportation of
Protection Act municipal and commercial wastes in
(SPA)
coastal waters. The SPA aims to minimize
debris from being deposited into coastal
waters from inadequate waste handling
procedures by waste transporting vessels.
EPA, in consultation with the Coast Guard,
is responsible for developing regulations
under the SPA.
Marine
The MPRSA, also called the Ocean
Protection,
Dumping Act, generally prohibits:
Research, and
Sanctuaries
transportation of material from the
Act (MPRSA) United States for the purpose of ocean
dumping;
transportation of material from
anywhere for the purpose of ocean
dumping by U.S. agencies or U.S.-flagged
vessels; and
dumping of material transported

from outside the United States into the

U.S. territorial sea

shellfish consumption and informs people about advisories where they live. Fish
and Shellfish Advisories
http://www.epa.gov/choose-fish-and-shellfish-wisely/what-epa-doing-protect-youcontaminated-fish-and-shellfish