Professional Documents
Culture Documents
or
to
to
of
in
OF
2
2. COMMON
FUND
obtained
from
contributions
3. JOINT INTERESTS in the PROFITS
WHAT
DO
NOT
ESTABLISH
A
PARTNERSHIP
1. mere co-ownership or co-possession
even with profit sharing
2. mere sharing of GROSS returns
even with joint ownership of the
properties involved
RULES TO DETERMINE THE EXISTENCE
OF A PARTNERSHIP
1. persons who are not partners to each
other are not partners as to third
persons
EXCEPTION:
PARTNERSHIP BY ESTOPPEL
2. CO-OWNERSHIP of a property does not
itself establish a partnership, even
though the co-owners share in the
profits derived from the incident of joint
ownership
3. SHARING OF GROSS RETURNS
ALONE does not indicate a partnership
whether or not the persons sharing
them have a joint or common right or
interest in any property from which the
returns are derived
4. the receipt of the share in the profits is
a strong presumptive evidence of
partnership HOWEVER, no such
inference will be drawn if such profits
were received in payment
A) as a DEBT by installments or
otherwise
B) as WAGES of an employee
C) as RENT to a landlord
D) as an ANNUITY to a widow or
representative of a deceased
partner
E) as INTEREST on a LOAN, though
the amount of payment vary with
the profits of the business
F) as the CONSIDERATION for the
sale of a GOOD WILL of a
business or other property or
otherwise
creditors are not partners, for their
only interest in the sharing of profits
is the receipt or payment of their
credits
in a partnership, the partners are
supposed to trust and have
confidence in all the partners
PARTNERSHIP BY ESTOPPEL
IF 2 persons not partners represent
themselves as partners to strangers, a
partnership by estoppel results
WHEN 2 persons, who are partners,
in connivance with a friend who is not a
partner inform a stranger that said friend is
their partner, a partnership by estoppel also
result to the end that the stranger should not
be prejudiced
RULE: LAWFUL OBJECT or PURPOSE
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NO need for JUDICIAL DECREE to
dissolve an unlawful partnership
VOID AB INITIO
one of the causes for the dissolution
of a partnership is any event which makes it
unlawful for the business of the partnership to
be carried on
RULE:
when an UNLAWFUL PARTNERSHIP is
dissolved by a judicial decree, the PROFITS
shall be CONFISCATED in FAVOR of the
STATE
G. R.
a partnership may be constituted in any
form
EXCEPTION: PUBLIC INSTRUMENT
1. IMMOVABLE PROPERTY is contributed
2. REAL RIGHTS are contributed
*
need for INVENTORY
IMMOVABLES
of
**
for
EFFECTIVITY
of
the
partnership contract insofar as
innocent
third
persons
are
concerned the same must be
REGISTERED if REAL PROPERTIES
are INVOLVED
an AGREEMENT TO
partnership does not itself
partnership
FORM
create
a
a
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whether agricultural or commercial EXCEPT
through HEREDITARY SUCCESSION
LIMITATIONS ON ACQUISITION
1. AGRICULTURAL
LANDS
1024
HECTARES
2. lease of public lands (GRAZING) 2000
HAS.
RULES
IF
A) articles are kept secret
among the members
B) any one of the members may
contract in his own name
with third persons
1. NOT a partnership NOT a LEGAL
PERSON
2. it may be sued by third person under
the common name it uses
3. it cannot sue as such and cannot be
ordinarily be a party to a civil action
4. insofar as innocent third parties are
concerned
the parities can be considered as
members of a partnership
5. as between themselves or insofar as
third persons are prejudiced
only the rules of co-ownership must
apply
EFFECT OF CERTAIN TRANSACTIONS
1. contracts entered into by a partner in
his own name may be sued upon still
by him in his individual capacity, not
withstanding
the
absence
of
a
partnership
2. when two or more individuals, having a
common interests in a business bring
a court action, it should be presumed
that they prosecute the same in their
individual capacity as co-owners and
not in behalf of a partnership which
does not exist in legal contemplation
CLASSIFICATION OF PARTNERSHIPS
A) ACCORDING TO MANNER OF CREATION
1. ORALLY constituted
2. constituted
in
a
PRIVATE
INSTRUMENT
3. constituted
in
a
PUBLIC
INSTRUMENT
4. REGISTERED S.E.C.
B) ACCORDING TO OBJECT
1. UNIVERSAL
2. PARTICULAR
C) ACCORDING TO LIABILITY
1. LIMITED PARTNERSHIP
2. GENERAL PARTNERSHIP
D) ACCORDING TO LEGALITY
1. LAWFUL OR LEGAL
2. UNLAWFUL OR ILLEGAL
E) ACCORDING TO DURATION
1. for a SPECIFIC PEIOD or FIXED
PERIOD
2. PARTNERSHIP AT WILL
F) ACCORDING TO REPRESENTATION TO
OTHERS
1. ORDINARY PARTNERSHIP
2. PARTNERSHIP BY ETOPPEL
G) AS TO LEGALITY OF EXISTENCE
1. DE JURE PARTNERSHIP
2. DE FACTO PARTNERSHIP
H) AS TO PUBLICITY
1. SECRET PARTNERSHIP
2. NOTORIOUS / OPEN PARTNERSHIP
I) AS TO PURPSE
1. COMMERCIAL / TRADING
2. PROFESSIONAL / NON-TRADING
GENERAL PARTNERSHIP
one where all the partners are general
partners
they are LIABLE even with respect to their
individual properties, after the assets of the
partnership has been exhausted
LIMITED PATNERSHIP
one where at least one partner is a general
partner and the others are limited partners
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one whose liability is limited only up to the
extent of his contribution
a partnership where all the partners are
limited partners cannot exist as a limited
partnership
REFUSED REGISTRATION
IF it continuous as such, it will be
considered as a general partnership and all
the
partners will be general partners
KINDS OF UNIVERSAL PARTNERSHIP
1. PARTNERSHIP OF ALL PRESENT
PROPERTY
2. PARTNERSHIP OF ALL PROFITS
*UNIVERSAL
PARTNERSHIP
OF
ALL
PRESENT PROPERTY
CONTRIBUTION of
1. ALL
the
properties
actually
belonging to the partners
2. the PROFITS acquired with said
property
BECOMES COMMON PROPERTY
EXCEPT all FUTURE PROPERTY
FRUITS of FUTURE PROPERTY
INCLUDED IF STIPULATED UPON
PARTICULAR PARTNERSHIP
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PARTNERSHIP AT WILL
delivered,
demand
without
need
of
any
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RULE:
a partner who has undertaken to
contribute a sum of money and fails to do
so becomes a debtor for the interest and
damages from the time he should have
complied with his obligation
CAPITALIST PARTNER
one who FURNISHES CAPITAL
* NOT EXEMPTED from LOSSES
* he can engage in other business
PROVIDED there is no competition
between the partnership and his business
* share in the profits according to
agreements
INDUSTRIAL PARTNER
one who FURNISHES INDUSTRY or
LABOR
* he is EXEMPTED from LOSSES as
between the partner BUT liable to
strangers
without
prejudice
to
reimbursement from the capitalist partner
* he CANNOT engage in any other
BUSINESS
WITHOUT
the
express
CONSENT
of
the
other
partners,
OTHERWISE
1. he can be EXCLUDED from the firm
- plus damages
OR
2. the BENEFITS he obtains from the
other businesses CAN BE AVAILED of
by the other partners
- plus damages
whether
or
not
there
is
COMPETITION
* in computing always look for ----- NET
PROFITS
----- NET
LOSSES
CAPITALIST INDUSTRIALIST PARTNER
one who contributes BOTH CAPITAL and
INDUSTRY
GENERAL PARTNER
the
the
LIQUIDATING PARTNER
one who winds up or liquidates the affairs of
the firm after it has been dissolved
OSTENSIBLE PARTNER
one whose connection with the firm is public
and open
SECRET PARTNER
one whose connection with the firm is
concealed or kept secret
DORMANT PARTNER
one who is both a secret (hidden) and silent
(not managing) partner
NOMINAL PARTNER
one who is not really a partner BUT who
may become liable as such insofar as third
persons are concerned
RULE:
partners shall CONTRIBUTE EQUAL
SHARES to the capital of the partnership
* it is permissible to contribute UNEQUAL
SHARES IF there is a stipulation to this effect
8
* in the absence of proof, the shares are
presumed to be equal
CONDITIONS before a capitalist partner is
obliged to sell his shares / interest to the
other partners [IL, RC, NA]
1. if there is IMMINENT LOSS of the
BUSINESS of the partnership
2. he REFUSES to
CONTRIBUTE an
ADDITIONAL SHARE to the CAPITAL
3. there is no agreement to the contrary
* INDUSTRIAL PARTNER IS EXEMPTED
3. the debtor
INSOLVENT
subsequently
becomes
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FIRM bears the loss because this has
the effect of an implied sale
of
10
*RULE on DESIGNATION by THIRD PERSON
of SHARES in PROFITS and LOSSES
* third person is NOT a PARTNER --
appointed to only distribute shares
MAJORITY RULE
IN CASE OF A TIE
- persons owning controlling interest
prevail provided they are also managers
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2. if wrongfully excluded from partnership
PROPERTY by his co-partners
3. if the right exists under the terms of
agreement
4. if the other partner receives other
benefits, profits or uses partnership
property
5. whenever other circumstances render it
just and reasonable
* the right to demand an accounting exists as
long as the partnership exists
* prescription begins to run only upon the
dissolution of the partnership when the final
accounting is done
PROPERTY RIGHTS OF PARTNERS [P, I, M]
1. rights
in
specific
PARTNERSHIP
PROPERTIES
2. INTERESTS in the PARTNERSHIP
3. right
to
PARTICIPATE
in
the
MANAGEMENT
RULE:
* a partner is CO-OWNER with his partners
of SPECIFIC PARTNERSHIP PROPERTY
* RIGHTS of a PARTNER in SPECIFIC
PARTNERSHIP PROPERTY
1. he has equal rights with his partners to
POSSESS the property BUT only for
PARTNERSHIP PURPOSES
he may possess such property for
other purposes PROVIDED the other
partners expressly or impliedly gives
their CONSENT
2. he CANNOT ASSIGN his right to the
property
EXCEPT if all the other
partners assign their rights in the same
property
3. his right
SUBJECT
EXECUTION, EXCEPT
against partnership
on
claim
12
NOT
RULE:
* a PARTNERS INTEREST in the partnership
is his SHARE of the PROFITS and SURPLUS
IT CAN BE: [A, A, LS]
1. ASSIGNED
2. ATTACHED
3. be subject to LEGAL SUPPORT
*EFFECTS of CONVEYANCE by PARTNER of
his INTEREST in the PARTNERSHIP
1. IF he conveys his WHOLE INTEREST
A) partnership may still remain
B) partnership may be dissolved
* mere conveyance does not
dissolve the partnership
2. the ASSIGNEE does not necessarily
become a partner
the ASSIGNOR is still the partner,
with a right to demand accounting and
settlement
3. the ASSIGNEE CANNOT interfere in the
MANAGEMENT or ADMINISTRATION of
the firm
the ASSIGNEE CANNOT also DEMAND
[I, A, I]
A) INFORMATION
B) ACCOUNTING
C) INSPECTION
of
partnership
books
*** while a partners INTEREST in the firm
may be CHARGED or LEVIED upon, his
INTEREST in a specific firm PROPERTY
CANNOT be attached.
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*RULE on LIABILITY of a PARTNER who has
WITHDRAWN
1. a partner who withdraws is not liable
for liabilities contracted after he has
withdrawn
2. if his interest has not yet been paid him
his right to the same is that of a mere
creditor
** a stipulation exempting liability to third
persons is VOID
* any partner may enter into a separate
obligation to perform a partnership contract
RULE:
* every partner is an agent of the
partnership for the purpose of its business
RULE:
an act of a partner which is not apparently
for the carrying on of business of the
partnership in the usual way does not bind
the partnership UNLESS authorized by the
other partners
* a partnership is a CONTARCT of MUTUAL
AGENCY, each partner acting as a principal
on his own behalf and as an agent for his copartners or the firm
REQUISITES on WHEN can a partner BIND
the partnership
CONVEYANCE
of
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2. if property was conveyed to a
HOLDER for VALUE and who
had NO KNOWLEDGE of the
partners LACK of AUTHORITY
2.
where title is in the name of the
partnership and partner sold in his OWN
NAME
IF DONE IN USUAL BUSINESS
buyer does not become owner BUT
ACQUIRES EQUITABLE INTEREST
IF NOT DONE IN USUAL BUSINESS
buyer does not become owner and
is not even entitled to equitable interest
REAL
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he could communicate it to the partner
acting on that particular matter
* SERVICE of PLEADINGS on the partner in
a law firm is also service on the whole firm
and the other partners
LOSS OR INJURY
RULE on WRONGFUL ACT or OMISSION of a
PARTNER (SOLIDARY LIABILITY)
* the partnership is solidarily liable with the
partner if the wrongful act or omission
1. the partner is acting in the ordinary
course of business of the partnership
OR
2. with authority of his co-partners
* innocent partners have right to recover
from the guilty partner
* When the firm and other partners not
liable:
1. if the wrongful act or omission was NOT
DONE
A) within scope of partnership
business
B) with authority of the other copartners
2. if the act
WRONGFUL
or
omission
is
NOT
(SOLIDARY
LIABILITY)
1. RECEIVING PARTY MISAPPROPRIATES
2. ANY PARTNER MISAPPPROPRIATES
- money or property in custody of
partnership
PARTNER BY ESTOPPEL
a person who represents himself or
consents to another / others representing him
to anyone as a partner either in an existing
partnership or in one that is fictitious or
apparent
PARTNERSHIP BY ESTOPPEL
when all the members of the existing
partnership consent to such representation of
a partner by estoppel
RULES AND SITUATIONS:
1. if a third person is misled and acts
because of such misrepresentation
the deceiver is a partner by estoppel
2. if the partnership consented to such
misrepresentation
partnership liability results
3. if the firm had not consented
no partnership liability results BUT
the deceiver is considered still as a
partner by estoppel with all the
obligations but not the rights of a
partner
4. when a person represents himself as a
partner of a NON-EXISTENT partnership
NO partnership liability results BUT
the deceiver and all persons who may
have
aided
him
in
the
misrepresentation are still liable
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liability would be JOINT or PRORATA
* when although there is misrepresentation,
if the third party is not deceived, the doctrine
of estoppel does not apply
BURDEN of PROOF
the creditor or whoever alleges the existence
of a partner or partnership by estoppel has
the burden of proving the existence of the
MISREPRESENTATION
AND
INNOCENT
RELIANCE on it
ENTRY OF A NEW PARTNER into an
EXISTING PARTNERSHIP
RULE:
* he shall be liable for all the obligations of
the partnership BUT his liability will extend
only to his share in the partnership property
* his own individual property shall be
excluded
* same liability of a limited partner
PREFERENCE
of
PARTNERSHIP
CREDITORS
RULE:
* the creditors of the partnership shall be
preferred to those of such partner as regards
the partnership property
without prejudice to this right
the private creditors of each partner may
ask the attachment and public sale of the
share of the latter in the partnership assets
**IF a partner sells his share to a third
party, BUT the firm itself still remains
SOLVENT, partnership creditors CANNOT
assail the validity of the sale by alleging that it
is made in fraud of them, since they have not
really been prejudiced
17
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
6. other circumstances
dissolution equitable
which
render
18
EXCEPTION: - individual liabilities
1. if dissolution by ACT
the partner acting for the partnership
HAD KNOWLEDGE of the dissolution
OR
2. if
dissolution
by
DEATH
or
INSOLVENCY
the partner acting for the partnership
HAD knowledge or notice of the death or
insolvency
* only the partner acting assumes liability
2. By
COMPLETING
transactions
UNFINISHED at dissolution
EFFECTS OF DISSOLUTION
RULE:
* when the firm is dissolved, a partner can
no longer bind the partnership
* a dissolved partnership still has the
personality for the winding up of its affairs
the firm is still allowed to collect
previously acquired credits
the firm is still bound to pay of its
debts
DISSOLUTION CAUSED by A-I-D
RULE: (STILL BOUND) as to each partners
G.R. where the dissolution is caused by the
ACT, INSOLVENCY or DEATH of a partner,
each partner is liable to his co-partners for his
share of any liability created by any partner
acting for the partnership
RULE:
* the INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY of a
DECEASED PARTNER shall be liable for all
obligations of the partnership incurred while
he was a partner BUT subject to prior
payments of his separate debts
* IF there be a NOVATION of the OLD
PARTNERSHIP DEBTS and such novation is
done after one of the partners has retired
and without the consent of such partner
said partner cannot be held liable by
creditors who made the novation with
knowledge of the firms dissolution
EXTRAJUDUCIAL AND JUDICIAL WINDINGUP
EXTRAJUDICIAL:
1. by the partners who have not
wrongfully dissolved the partnership
2. by the legal representative of the last
surviving partners
JUDICIAL:
under the control and direction of the
court, upon proper cause that is shown to the
court
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* profits that will actually enter the firm
after dissolution as a consequence of
transactions already made before dissolution
are included because they are considered as
profits existing at the time of dissolution
* any other income earned after the time,
like interest or dividends on stock owned by
the partners or partnership at the time of
dissolution should not be distributed as
profits BUT as merely additional income to the
capital
BETTER RIGHTS of INNOCENT PARTNERS
innocent partners have better rights than
guilty partners and that the guilty partners
are required to indemnify for the damages
caused
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RIGHTS OF INNOCENT PARTNERS IN CASE
of RESCISSION based on FRAUD AND
MISREPRESENTATION
1. Right to LIEN or RETENTION SURPLUS
CAPITAL
ADVANCES
2. Right of SUBROGATION as creditor
3. Right of INDEMNIFICATION
*ORDER of PAYMENT in WINDING-UP of
PARTNERSHIP LIABILITIES
GENERAL PARTNERSHIP: [C, R, C, P]
1. those owing to creditors other than
partners
2. those owing to partners other than for
capital or profits REIMBURSEMENTS
3. those owing to partners in respect to
CAPITAL
4. those owing to partners in respect to
PROFITS
* IF the partnership assets are insufficient,
the other partners must contribute more
money or property
PREFERENCE with RESPECT to the
ASSETS
1. regarding partnership property
partnership creditors have preference
2. regarding
individual
properties
partners
individual creditors are preferred
*When
creditors
of
the
dissolved
partnership are also creditors of the
partnership continuing business:
1. new partner is admitted without
liquidation
2. a partner retires and assigns his rights
IF the business is continued without
liquidation of the partnership affairs
3. all but one partner retire without
liquidation
4. when all partner assign their right to a
person who will assume their debt
5. after wrongful dissolution, remaining
partners continue the business without
liquidation
6. when partner expelled and remaining
partners continue the business without
liquidation
* liability of third person becoming a partner
in the partnership continuing the business to
the creditors of the dissolved partnership shall
be satisfied out of the partnership property
ONLY
G.R. when a partner retires, he is entitled
what is due him after liquidation BUT no
liquidation is needed if there is already a
settlement at the date of dissolution
of
JURISPRUDENCE
is
ORDER OF PREFERENCE:
1. INDIVIDUAL or SEPARATE CREDITORS
2. PARTNERSHIP CREDITORS
3. those owing to other partners by way of
contribution
21
the means of which any business, financial
operation, or venture is carried on
* a joint venture need not be undertaken in
any of the standard forms,
or in conformity with the usual requirements
of the law on partnerships, in order that one
could be deemed constituted for purposes of
the TAX on corporations
PASCUAL vs. C.I.R.
* co-ownership or co-possession does not
itself establish a partnership, whether such
co-owners or co-possessors do or do not share
any profits made by the use of the property
* the sharing of gross returns does not itself
establish a partnership, within the persons
sharing them have a joint or common right or
interest in any property from which the
returns are derived
* aside from the circumstances of profit, the
presence of other elements constituting
partnership is necessary, such as:
1. the clear intent to form a partnership
2. the existence of a juridical personality
different from that of the individual
partners
AND
3. the freedom to transfer or assign any
interest in the property by one with the
consent of the others
* an isolated transaction whereby 2 or more
persons contribute funds to buy certain real
estate for profit in the absence of other
circumstances showing a contrary intention
cannot be considered a partnership
* persons who contribute property or funds
for a common enterprise and agree to share
the gross returns of that enterprise in
proportion to their contribution, BUT who
severally retain the title to their respective
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