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HARBOUR AND DOCK

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UNIT 8 HARBOURS
Harbour classifications, Layout with components,
Natural phenomenon affecting the design of
harbours - wind, wave and tide, currents,
Breakwater-Types Wharf and Quays, Jetties and
Piers, Dry dock and wet docks, Slipways,
Navigational aids, warehouse and transit-shed.

HARBOUR AND DOCKS

08 Hrs

REFERENCE TEXT BOOKS :


1.Docks and Tunnel Engineering R Srinivasan,
Charaotar Publishing House
2. Docks and Harbour Engineering H P Oza and G
H Oza Charaotar Publishing House

Manjunatha H
Asst.Prof
Dept. Of Civil Engg
GEC Haveri

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

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Advantages of water transport

Dis advantages of water transport

Cheapest mode of transport


Greater carrying capacity
National defence
Development of foreign trade
Development of home trade and commerce
Development of international relationship

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1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

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Slow speed
Effect of hurricanes
Tidal wave and its variation
Fluctuation in water level
More chances of attack by other countries

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Limitations of water transport

Harbour

Limited areas of operation


Zigzag and circuitous routes
Slow speed
Blockades of water ways
Storms and hurricanes
Seasonal character
High intensity and frequency of accidents
International rules

Harbour can be defined as


a sheltered area of the sea in which
vessels(ship) could be launched, built or taken
for repair or could seek refuge in time of storm
or provide facilities for loading and unloading of
cargo and passengers.
A harbour is defined as a water area partly
enclosed and protected from storms, to provide
safe and suitable accommodation for ships
seeking refuge, supplies, repair or transfer of
cargo.

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Harbour Classification based on


formation

Harbour classification
Based on the formation
Natural Harbour
Semi- natural harbour
Artificial harbour
Based on the Utility
Refuge harbour
Commercial harbour
Fishery harbour
Military harbour
Based on location
Canal harbour
Lake harbour
River or estuary harbour
Sea or Ocean harbour

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Natural Harbour
Semi- natural harbour
Artificial harbour

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Natural Harbour

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Natural harbour

Natural formation of the sea coasts for safe


discharge facilities for the ships or
The sea shore having creeks and basins or
An inlet is protected from storms and waves
by natural configuration of the land.
Ex:Mumbai and Kandla in INDIA
Sydney,Melbourne,Baltimore are Natural
harbour

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Semi- natural harbour

Natural harbour Kandla

The harbour is protected on sides by


headlands and it requires man-made
protection at the entrance .
Vishakhapatnam is semi-Natural harbour in
India
Similarly Cape Town in South Africa

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Semi- natural harbour

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Semi- natural harbour


Vishakhapatnam

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Artificial harbour

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Artificial harbour

The board had to be created or constructed


by using engineering skills and methods are
termed as Artificial harbours or Man-made
Harbours.
In India Chennai is having artificial Harbour.

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Artificial harbour Chennai

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Harbour Classification based on Utility

Refuge harbour
Commercial harbour
Fishery harbour
Military harbour

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Refuge harbour

Harbour Classification based on Utility


Refuge harbour: these are used solely as haven
for ships in a storm. On dangerous coast lines
disabled or damaged ships under stress of
weather conditions will need quick shelter and
immediate repairs. Hence refuge harbours are
required.
Requirements: i) Ready/easy accessibility
ii) Safe and commodious anchorage
iii) facilities for obtaining supplies and repairs

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Commercial harbour

Harbour Classification based on Utility


Commercial harbour: in which docks are
provided with necessary facilities for loading and
un loading of cargo. Dry docks are provided
sometimes for ship repair.
Requirements:
spacious accommodation for the mercantile marine
Ample Quay space and facilities for transporting, and
sheltered loading and un loading
Storage sheds for Cargo
Good and quick repair facilities to avoid delay
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Fishery harbour

Harbour Classification based on Utility


Fishery harbour: meant for fishery operations.
Requirements:
Harbours should be constantly open for departure and
arrival of fishing ships
Loading and un loading facilities and quick despatch
facilities for the perishable, through other mode of
transport networks like railways and roads
Refrigerated stores with ample storing space for
preserving the catch.
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Military harbour Sea Bird

Harbour Classification based on Utility


Military harbour: meant for strategic operations
specially during the war and natural disasters.
This is a naval base for the purpose of
accommodating the naval vessels. It serves as a
Depot.
Ex: Mumbai ,Cochin and Sea Bird in Karnataka
Requirements:
Harbours should be good enough space for storage
,repair facilities (Both dry and Wet docks are
necessary)
Must have all the navigational Aids.
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Harbour Classification based on Location

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Canal harbour: the harbour located along the canals for sea
navigation and inland. It is found that the maintenance
dredging of canal harbour basin is generally negligible.
Lake harbour: the harbour constructed along the shore of the
lake. If the lake is large , then the conditions are similar to
those in ocean except that tidal action does not occur.
River and estuary harbour: the harbour constructed along
the banks of the river or estuary. The harbours are to be
constructed on tidal river and lower basins of the river.
Sea or Ocean harbour: the harbour located on the coast of
sea or ocean. They are intended for the vessel moments.

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Canal harbour

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Harbour Classification based on Location

Canal harbour
Lake harbour
River or estuary harbour
Sea or Ocean harbour

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Lake harbour

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River or estuary harbour

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Sea or Ocean harbour

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Natural road stead- A deep navigable channel


with a protective bank or shoal to seaward .

Natural road stead


- A deep navigable
- Circumscribed
Artificial road stead
- Circumscribed
-Confined basin

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Road Stead

Road Stead

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Road Stead

Road Stead

Natural road stead- circumscribed land with a creek


of water with a navigable channel with a protective
bank.

Artificial road stead- circumscribed these may be


created suitably by constructing a breakwater or wall
parallel to the coast line or curvilinear from he coast.
This may be formed by enclosing a tract providing
good anchorage by projecting solid walls of jetties
from the shore.

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Road Stead

Road Stead

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Artificial road stead- confined a confined basin of


small area having narrow entrance and exit . These
are usually provided for the fishing vessels as wharfs
of smaller sizes helpful in loading and un loading.

Artificial road stead Circumscribed

Artificial road stead

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Road Stead Artificial road stead- Confined

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Components of Harbour
Harbour entrance: The entrance of the harbour is usually
exposed to waves . The entrance should be wide enough
for navigational requirements so as to avoid dangerous tidal
currents . The width of the entrance depends upon the
density of the traffic .
Approach channel: This is the dredged path of water ,
through which the ships proceed from the open sea to the
harbour. The alignment and the dimensions of the channel
are determined after considering factors involved in
channel design .
Turning Basin: This is the area required for manoeuvring
the ship , when it goes to or leaves the berth , so that a ship
can leave head on . The size of the turning basin primarily
depends upon the Design vessel.

Harbour entrance
Approach channel
Turning basin
Breakwater
Piers and Jetties
Quays and Wharves
Dry dock
Berth and Wharf
Lock and locked basin

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Layout of (Artificial)Harbour and its


Components

Components of Harbour

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Components of Harbour

Components of Harbour
Dry dock: This is essentially provided for
maintenance and repair of ships. This can be kept
dry for easy working. It has a gate in the entrance
which is closed after taking the vessel in and the
water is pumped out to render it to dry.
Lock and locked basin: locked basin is enclosed
basin where in a number of vessels can be
berthed and has an entrance, which is controlled
by lock gate. The water within locked basin can
be independent of outside water level changes.
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Breakwater: The main function of a breakwater or a


system of breakwaters is to protect the enclosed area
of water from storm waves. This breakwater help in
keeping water inside the harbours calm.
Piers and Jetties : These are solid or open type of
structure with a wide platform on top to permit cargo
working of vessels berthed alongside. They are built
out from the shore to reduce silting.
Quays and Wharves: These are usually constructed
parallel to shore or breakwater with in the harbour and
are meant to permit berthing of vessel alongside for
cargo working. These have backfill of earth or other
material and have wide platform at top.

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QUAY AND WHARF

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Site selection for harbour

Accessibility : depends on the location .Usually


for quick and easy operation maximum of
180m have been adopted.
Size of the harbour: depends on
Accommodation required
Convenience for manoeuvring and navigation
Adaptability to natural features.

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DRY DOCK

Accessibility and size of harbour

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1. Availability of cheap land and construction


materials
2. Transport and communication facilities
3. Natural protection from winds and waves
4. Industrial development of the locality
5. Sea bed sub soil and foundation conditions
6. Traffic potentially of harbour
7. Availability of electric energy and fresh water
8. Favourable marine conditions
9. Defence and strategic aspects
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Site selection for harbour(important)

Site selection for harbour(important)

I. Speed of sea water


II. Amount of dredging required in a particular location
III. Tidal range
IV. Range or Seiche
V. Wave characteristics length, height, and velocity
VI. Incidence and magnitude of storm
VII. Wind characteristics-Direction and velocity of wind
VIII.Shore consideration

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IX. Geological consideration


X. Soundings
XI. Shoals
XII.Tidal currents
XIII.Hinterland conditions
XIV.Anchoring grounds
XV.Hard land and coastal line
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Site selection for harbour

Site selection for harbour

Speed of sea water: if the speed of the water that enters and
leaves a harbour is slow silts in an area, if it is high it may
erode the harbour and channel area.
Amount of dredging required in a particular location: the site
must be lesser maintenance from dredging ,specially at the
estuaries of the rivers and coast subjected to coastal changes
and littoral drift.
Tidal range : range of the tide is having profound influence. In
case the value exceeds by 5.50m a locked entrance as to be
provided for the loading and un loading at quay , berths and
wharfs.
Range or Seiche :is a natural ,standing wave in sea. It is caused
by change in atmospheric pressure or seismic differences as
small changes may cause hindrance to loading and un loading
operations at berths or at moorings.

Wave characteristics length, height, and velocity: the design


of breakwater and their sites ,shoaling, shallowness, and
beach building depends on the wave characteristics.
Incidence and magnitude of storm : water transport is
susceptible to storms and cyclones ,hence the magnitude
incidence of the storms from the past data will play a vital role
in deciding the harbour location.
Wind characteristics-Direction and velocity of wind: At least
past 10 year data is essential for identifying the wind velocity,
height of the wave which in turn depends on the direction,
duration and intensity of the wind for deciding the harbour
location .

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Shore consideration :proximity of the towns ,roads, and railways


,water supply and availability of the rock supplies are shore
consideration for the harbour location if not the cost of
construction may be high.

Geological consideration :the safety and adequacy of the maritime


structures depends on the geological pattern of the region, type of
rock ,dip of strata and seepage flow are important .

Sounding: is a technique to measure the depth of sea. Depending


upon the size of the ship minimum draft s may range from 6 to 10
m.

Shoals: is sandy rock. In due course of time the increase or


decrease in the size ,altered position, shape and the tendency to silt
up. This is a hidden danger and destructive from the harbour.

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Site selection for harbour

Site selection for harbour

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Tidal currents: are caused by earthquakes on the


sea bed may cause greater damage to stability
of the coastal structure.
Hinterland conditions: the location and various
types are essential for the passenger and cargo
moment .
Anchoring grounds: Anchor is a heavy object a
shaped iron weight with flukes which provides
safety for the vessel from drifting
Hard land and coastal line: hard rock will provide
safe and non erodible shore, hence less
maintenance.
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Planning of Harbour

Terminal facilities

1. Special considerations :
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Direction and intensity of wind


Frequency of storm
Height and force of wave
Field range and velocity currents
Littoral drift ,erosion, silting

i. Inter modal and feeder transport


ii. Coastal structures Quays, Jetties, and breakwater
iii. Transit sheds and warehouses
iv. Appliances and equipments for handling cargo
v. Repair shops and ancillary services
vi. Dredging equipments
vii. Mooring accessories
viii. Navigation aids
ix. Cold storage facilities
x. Other services

2. Design elements :
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

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Area for free movement and depth


Entrance
Entrance channel
Light house
Sufficient parking ,loading and un loading space
Characteristic or vessel influencing harbour design

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Port
A port is a harbour where marine terminal
facilities
are provided. These facilities
consists of Piers or Wharves at which ships
are berthed for loading and un loading
operations at transit sheds and other storage
areas or to discharge the incoming ship to
ware house for storage.

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Requirements of a good Port

Port Design

The location should be centrally located for the


commercial point of view
Good tonnage capacity for the cargo
Good communication with near countries
The place should envisage for the strategic
operation
It should give maximum facilities to all the vessels
The land surfaces of the coastline should be fully
hard
Low maintenance.

1) The entrance channel ease for the operation


2) Ease for the turning of ships in the turning basin
itself
3) The alignment of the Quays should be such that
the ship can come alongside easily , even when
there is on-shore wind
4) The width behind the Quay should be sufficient
for the cargo operation
5) Enough provision for the other modes of the
transportation.
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Natural phenomenon affecting design


of harbour

Littoral Drift: The process of drifting or


erosion or deposition or accretion or
washing away of sand at certain section
of the sea shore in a zigzag line.
The direction of littoral drift depends on
the wave direction.
The quantity of material moving depend
on the velocity of tidal currents.

Coastal currents and evidences of


silting, including littoral drift
Tides and tidal range
Wind wave and their combined
effect on harbour structures.

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Littoral drift

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Littoral Drift

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Sea water waves


The periodic rise and fall of sea water surface
is termed as sea water wave.
The waves generated by:
Tidal force
Wind force
Earthquake
Explosions

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Tide generation
Tidal theory:
The sea wave is generated by the wind, its
intensity and it depends on the the attractive
force between the water on the earth surface,
the mass of Moon and Sun.
The combined effect of rotation of earth and
attraction of Moon and Sun on Full Moon day
and New Moon day the water level rises up at
the earth polar points and falls along sides.
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Image of Earth Tide theory

Lunar Tides
The Lunar Tides are classified as follows:
Semi diurnal tide : Moon crosses the observers
meridian twice in 24 hours and hence generates 2
tides a day. (Occurs twice in a day)
Diurnal tide : at some exceptional place only a
single tide occurs (Occurs once in a day)
Mixed tide : at some of the harbours first tide is
well defined but second tide is not distinct.

R is rise in water level and is known as TIDE


F is fall in water level and is known as EBB

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Tides due to Moon and Sun

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12 Full Moon days


12 New Moon days
12 First quadratures
12 Second Quadrature

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Neap Tide

Spring tide

Tides which are produced from the Sun are


known as Solar tides.

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Major tides

Solar tides

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Total number of Tides

Tides on Full Moon days and New Moon day


Tides on points of Quadrature

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The tides rises higher and fall


lower than that at other times
is called Spring tide.
This usually at new and full
moon or rather a day or two
It happens twice in each lunar
month
Equinocxial spring tides occurs
when the Sun and the Moon
are vertical over the Equator
Total height of the Spring
tides are 1.5-2.0 times higher
than Neap Tide.

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The tides rises high and fall


lower than that at other
times is called Neap tide.
It happens from Seven days
from new and full Moon.
It occurs Twice in a Lunar
month.

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Clapotis

EFFECT OF TIDES
Static water pressure rises at the tide raised
points
Dynamic water force of tidal wave is not large
It develops the tidal range
Develops tidal Prism: Tidal prism is the
amount of water that changes in a harbour
basin within a single tide.
Variation in the tidal wave produces instability
for the floating of vessels
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The tidal wave is reflected back by solid wall of


marine structure the reflected water may fall
on crest of incoming tidal wave increasing the
height or level of water surface is known as
Clapotis.

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Wind and Wave

Beaufort scale

The sea waves are produced from the joint


action of wind and water.
The air in motion is known as Wind.
For wind it is necessary to specify both
direction and speed.
The direction of the wave is taken from the
wind blowing.
The speed is measured in terms of Knot
(1 Knot=1.852km/hr).
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Beaufort no

Description of Wind

Velocity (km/hr)

Calm

1.60

Light

3.20

Slight Breeze

8.00

Gentle Breeze

16.00

Moderate Breeze

24.00

Fresh Breeze

34.00

Strong Breeze

43.00

Moderate Gale

56.00

Gale

67.00

Strong Gale

80.00

10

Whole Gale

95.00

11

Storm

110.00

12

Hurricane

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Factors affecting the Wind pattern


Action of mass of water : Sea water absorbs more
heat and reflects less as a result cooler air flow
from sea to land in summer and reverse in winter.
Location : In Arctic areas the air heats up and
becomes lighter moves down wards to the polar
regions where as from the polar regions the
reverse process takes places
Rotation of Earth: the earth rotation about its
own
axis
causes
angular
velocity
(tangential velocity) is imported on to the surface
of the earth causing the different wind velocities.
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77

>120.00
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Types of Wind water Waves


Waves of Oscillation (Stationary)
Waves of Translation (Causes forward motion)

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Wave parameters

Wave action
When the sea wave breaking against an
obstacle or a marine structure gives rise to
various forces.
Direct horizontal force causing compression
A Deflected vertical force tending to shear
away any projections on the face of the wall.
A suction is created by the striking water
which tends to disturb the mounds in
foundation.

Height and length of wave depends on the


surface area of the sea exposed and wind
action.
Fetch: is the effective surface area which rises
the sea wave, expressed in terms of km.
height =
Where F=fetch,km
Length=
L length in meter and t is time in seconds

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Wave impact on Sea wall

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Powerful momentary impact combined with a


hydrostatic pressure for a short period
Vibratory effect on the whole structure
Impulse pressure creates internal pressure in
various directions
Causes alternative contraction and expansion

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Wave impact on Sea wall

Application of fundamental forces in designing


of Breakwater or Sea wall gives the following
phenomenon

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Purpose of Shore protection works

Sea walls bulk heads and revetments


Protection for beaches
Protection of sand dunes
Groynes
Off-shore breakwater

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BREAKWATER

Design information and considerations

The protective barrier constructed to enclose


harbours and to keep the harbour waters
undisturbed by the effect of heavy and strong
sea water waves is known as Breakwater.
It breaks the moment of water by means of
wave breakers.
Mole: inner side of a breakwater is
constructed as a quay for cargo handling.

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Information

Coastal current character


Cost and availability of the materials for construction
Directions and force of prevailing wind
Foundation and its nature
Wave intensity, height and the force

Consideration
Extreme conditions for the wind and wave
Height of the wave based on the equation considering the
free board
Material used for the foundation should not subjected to
scour.
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Forces acting on Breakwater

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Force diagram for Breakwater

Hydrostatic force
External forces
Solvent action of sea water
Sea insects

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Heap or mound breakwater


Rubble mound breakwater
Concrete blocks mound breakwater
Rubble mound breakwater supplemented by Concrete
blocks
Rubble mound breakwater supplemented by Stone
blocks

Mound with superstructure or composite


breakwater
Upright wall breakwater
Special breakwater
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Heap or Mound breakwater

Classification of Breakwater

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Heterogeneous assemblage of natural rubble,


undressed stone block, rip-rap, supplemented
in many cases by artificial blocks of huge bulk
and weight, the whole being deposited
without any regard to bond or binding
materials.
This is simplest
type in method of
construction
Protection work is necessary at top as well as
front face exposed to sea.
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Rubble mound Breakwater

Heap or Mound breakwater

There will be two types


Type I construction of top core of mound
breakwater is above the mean sea level.
Type II construction of top core of mound
breakwater is kept below the mean sea level by
specified distance x.

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Type-I Rubble mound Breakwater

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Type-I Rubble mound Breakwater


Large volume of core is used to make mound
construction economical.
Core is protected from from all sides by filter and
armour layers.
Armour weighing 30 tonnes are laid between
high water spring tide level on seaside to crest
level of mound in thickness of about 4-5m along
a slope of 2:1.
Filter stones weighing 0.5-2.0 tonnes are laid
between armour blocks and core in varying
thickness.

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Type-II Rubble mound Breakwater

Type-II Rubble mound Breakwater

In this type of mound the crest level of core is


kept below MSL by specified distance x in
relation with height of wave dividing the
water coming from armour zone into jets and
making them colloid amongst themselves.

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Concrete block Mound Breakwater

VALUE OF xIN RELATION WITH HEIGHT OF WAVE


Height of wave in ,m

Value of x the depth of water from MSL to crest of core in ,m

2.1-2.4

3-3.30

4.5-4.80

12

6-6.30

15

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Odd shape concrete blocks with different sizes


and weights with irregularity is difficult and
costly.
Hence the Concrete blocks Mound breakwater
is rare.

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Rubble Mound Breakwater


Supplemented by Concrete Blocks

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Pell-Mell fashion

Concrete blocks of
different weights and
strength with reinforcement are laid in one or
two layers over bedding blocks of rock stone.
The concrete blocks can be laid in :
Pell-mell fashion
Well compacted fashion

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Pell-Mell fashion

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Well compacted fashion

In this type the concrete blocks are laid


between High Water Spring Tide(HWST) and
crest
Filter material is laid between concrete blocks
and the core or otherwise more number of
layers of concrete blocks may be laid.

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Well compacted fashion


Concrete blocks

Rubble mound breakwater


Supplemented by Patented Stones

A well compacted manner of arrangement of


concrete blocks is laid without binding
material
Water in waves runs up along the sea side of
such breakwater and fall back as backwash.

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Tetrapods
Tribars
Modified cubes
Dollosse
Akman armour
Stabit armour

Tetrapods

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Tetrapods

No

Layer

c/c in m

10

22

6.3

30

2.60

40

2.30

3.2

47

2.05

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Tetrapods

107

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TRIBARS

Developed at Neyrpric laboratory of


Sortromar in france,1948
They are symmetrically prepared 4 legged
truncated cones with reinforcement
Each unit weighs 25 tonnes

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Modified cubes

TRIBARS
Developed by US Army of Engineers
Weighs from 4 to 40 tonnes
They will have three legs connected by a plate
at the mid height

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Modified cubes

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Dollosse

Cubes having long and wide grove specially for


interlocking adjacent units.
Heavier than Tetrapods and tribars
Resist wave impact

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112

Akman armour

Dollosse
An artificial stone used as armour
Used in South africa

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114

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Stabit armour

Akman armour
The armour is developed by Netherland

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Stabit armour

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Armour : is defined as the first layer of stones


has to fight and dissipate major portion of
energy of waves.

117

Availability of the materials for construction


Depth of water at the site of construction
Nature of natural foundation
Availability of the equipments for construction
Funds and time available for construction

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Characteristics of Mound breakwater

Selection of Type of Breakwater

116

Armour

Armour was experimented in New zealand


and England.

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Dissipation of kinetic energy of incoming waves


of water is done in parts
Natural foundation is unprepared
None of the layers of construction are arranged
in special bond
No binding material is required
No overturning
No uplift
Mound construction is porous
Unskilled labours can be used in construction
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Advantages and dis advantages of Mound Breakwater


ADVANTAGES

DIS-ADVANTAGES

Low cost of construction


No need of foundation
preparation
No uplift ment because of
porous nature
In pell- mell fashion no
chance
of
slipping
,overturning as construction
is not rigid

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There
may
be
initial
settlement and rolling down
of some of the stones causes
voids
There may be changes in the
shape of the stones due to
wave action of sea water
Huge quantity of materials is
required for the construction
Occupies the large area of
basin
Requires an iterance regularly

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Comparison between Mound Type and


Wall Type Breakwaters
Mound type Breakwater
Initial cost is low
Periodic maintenance
Doesn't requires sinking
foundation
Unskilled labour
Not very efficient
Maintenance cost is high
More material is required
for the construction

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DOCKS

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Dock

Docks are the enclosed area of the harbour


which is meant for the loading and unloading
of cargo, boarding and a boarding of the men,
also for repair work, maintenance of ship.
Docks will be classified in to two types:
Dry dock
Wet dock

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Wall type Breakwater


Initial cost is high
Repairing is difficult
Requires sinking
foundation
Skilled labour
very efficient
Maintenance cost is low
Less material is required
for the construction

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DRY DOCK

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DRY DOCK

The dock which is at dry condition


The dock in which the ships are stationed for
mechanical repair work of the ship and for
demolition are called as dry dock.

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WET DOCK

DRY DOCK

The part of the dock which is enclosed with


water maintaining the uniform water required
for berthing operation of the ship keep the
ship to afloat at uniform level.

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WET DOCK

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Classification of WET DOCK


Wet docks in initial basins
Wet docks in enclosed or impounded basins

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The harbours are more prone to tides, which


causes changes in the water level in such
cases the ships are berthed at these places.
These are opened to sea shores.
In this type basins ,pier walls are projected at
right angles to the shore alongside where
vessels lie and discharge.

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Wet docks in enclosed or impounded basins

Wet docks in initial basins

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This type of wet dock where in which the


entrance are shutoff by lock gates to maintain
the uniform level of water.
The basins are partially enclosed with water
The permissible tidal range is about 4.50m

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Advantages and dis advantages of


Tidal Wet docks
Advantages

Dis advantages

Vessels can come in and


berth or leave at all times
Speedy and unrestricted
arrival and departure of
ships.
Lock gates are not required

Due to variation of tidal


range operations of loading
and unloading will be
affected seriously.
Fluctuation in the water
level causes rubbing of sides
of the ships against the
berths.

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Advantages and dis advantages of


Enclosed Wet docks
Advantages

Uniform water level can be


maintained
which
is
essential for operation of
commercial port.
Prevents rubbing action on
to the sides of the ship and
also quay walls
There is no storm effect in
he docks.
Constant
attention
to
alteration of mooring.

Costly arrangements
Requires locking gates
More time is required for
entry and exit of ships.

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Helps in de silting due to constant supply of


clear water and keeping out the turbid water.
Difference the level of the tides helps to
navigate the ships to enter the wet dock.

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136

Depth of Dock and basins

Must be sheltered and must have adequate


lengths
The cost of the dredging must be low for
navigation has been concern.

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The exact arrangement and form must depend


upon the available site.
The aim is to have maximum length of quay in
proportion to the water area of the basin or
dock.

Approaches to basin and dock

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Form and arrangement of the Dock

Dis advantages

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Usefulness of WET DOCK

It should be capable of accommodating the


largest vessel that is operating in the port.

137

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Shape of docks and basins

Rectangular type

Rectangular
Diamond shape
Inclined pier type

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The length and breadth could be adjusted to


give maximum quay age

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Diamond shape

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The number of projecting piers into the basin


or dock

141

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142

It is abutting place parallel to shore. Or


The landing places or plat forms in the form of
walls built near sea shores are called as
Wharves.
It is a type of Quay, open or framed structure
consisting of piles or posts with bracings,
jutting.
It may be a sheet pile wall

Location should be such that it is easily


accessible like river, at estuaries or open sea
coast

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Wharf

Location of docks

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140

Inclined pier type

Long sides of the entrances are extended in


the basin perpendicular to the entrance.

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Wharves

Quay

The wharves should be so located in such a


way that the depth and length of water is
sufficient to accommodate the large vessels.
The design of Wharves involves the following
factors:

Wharves along or parallel to the shore are


termed as Quay.

Provision for berthing of ship


Storage and handling of cargo
Terminal and Transport facilities
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Type of foundation
Hydrostatic pressure of the Standing water
Effect of Buoyancy for submerged portion of
the wall
Earth pressure
Dead load of the wall
Impact force of vessels
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Jetties

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Solid Quay wall type


Dwarf wall type
Quay wall supported on the timber crib
Quay wall supported on the rubble mound

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Difference between Wharf and Jetty

A piled projection from shore to berth vessels


along the sides of the Sea shore.

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Types of Quay Walls

Factors affecting the Design of Quay

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Wharf
Berth parallel to sea shore
Berth on onside
Earth fill structure

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Jetty
Berth perpendicular to sea
shore
Berths on two faces
Concrete structure

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Piers

Slipways

The way or basin at right angles or oblique


from sea shore are known as Piers.
The tip of breakwater is termed as Pier head.
It helps in clearly demarcating the approach
channel.

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The space between the two adjacent piers


where ships are berthed.

151

Navigational Aids are used to navigate the


ships in the harbour for the safer operation
during regular and also during the bad
weather conditions.
Which helps for safe, economic, efficient and
comfortable travel of the ship in a water way.
The navigational aids depends on the type of
the water ways to be served.
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152

Navigational Aids

Navigational Aids

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153

Navigation facilities provides the following


facilities:
1.
2.
3.

To avoid the dangerous zones like outcrops and icebergs


For proper approaches towards harbour
To locate the harbour during night and bad weather conditions like
fog or cloudy

The various types of Navigational aids used


are as follows:
1. Fixed signals/lights
2. Floating signals /lights
3. Audible signals
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Fixed type of Signal

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154

Light House

The fixed type are those built on land as a


permanent structure, located near to shore or
in the sea on submerged outcrops or on
hinterlands.
Light House is the Fixed type of Signal

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Light House

Types of signals
Light signals
Fog signals
Audible signals

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Light signals

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158

Beacons

Light ships
Beacons
Buoys

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159

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Buoys

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Buoys

Mooring buoys
Wreck buoys
Buoy age system

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Fog signals

TRANSIT SHED

Ordinary bells struck by hand


Ordinary bells operated by mechanism
Whistles or sirens blown by compressed air

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Audible signals

Sirens
Bells
Electric oscillators
Diaphones

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