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UNIT 8 HARBOURS
Harbour classifications, Layout with components,
Natural phenomenon affecting the design of
harbours - wind, wave and tide, currents,
Breakwater-Types Wharf and Quays, Jetties and
Piers, Dry dock and wet docks, Slipways,
Navigational aids, warehouse and transit-shed.
08 Hrs
Manjunatha H
Asst.Prof
Dept. Of Civil Engg
GEC Haveri
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Slow speed
Effect of hurricanes
Tidal wave and its variation
Fluctuation in water level
More chances of attack by other countries
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Harbour
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Harbour classification
Based on the formation
Natural Harbour
Semi- natural harbour
Artificial harbour
Based on the Utility
Refuge harbour
Commercial harbour
Fishery harbour
Military harbour
Based on location
Canal harbour
Lake harbour
River or estuary harbour
Sea or Ocean harbour
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Natural Harbour
Semi- natural harbour
Artificial harbour
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Natural Harbour
Natural harbour
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Artificial harbour
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Artificial harbour
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Refuge harbour
Commercial harbour
Fishery harbour
Military harbour
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Refuge harbour
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Commercial harbour
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Fishery harbour
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Canal harbour: the harbour located along the canals for sea
navigation and inland. It is found that the maintenance
dredging of canal harbour basin is generally negligible.
Lake harbour: the harbour constructed along the shore of the
lake. If the lake is large , then the conditions are similar to
those in ocean except that tidal action does not occur.
River and estuary harbour: the harbour constructed along
the banks of the river or estuary. The harbours are to be
constructed on tidal river and lower basins of the river.
Sea or Ocean harbour: the harbour located on the coast of
sea or ocean. They are intended for the vessel moments.
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Canal harbour
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Canal harbour
Lake harbour
River or estuary harbour
Sea or Ocean harbour
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Lake harbour
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Road Stead
Road Stead
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Road Stead
Road Stead
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Road Stead
Road Stead
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Components of Harbour
Harbour entrance: The entrance of the harbour is usually
exposed to waves . The entrance should be wide enough
for navigational requirements so as to avoid dangerous tidal
currents . The width of the entrance depends upon the
density of the traffic .
Approach channel: This is the dredged path of water ,
through which the ships proceed from the open sea to the
harbour. The alignment and the dimensions of the channel
are determined after considering factors involved in
channel design .
Turning Basin: This is the area required for manoeuvring
the ship , when it goes to or leaves the berth , so that a ship
can leave head on . The size of the turning basin primarily
depends upon the Design vessel.
Harbour entrance
Approach channel
Turning basin
Breakwater
Piers and Jetties
Quays and Wharves
Dry dock
Berth and Wharf
Lock and locked basin
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Components of Harbour
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Components of Harbour
Components of Harbour
Dry dock: This is essentially provided for
maintenance and repair of ships. This can be kept
dry for easy working. It has a gate in the entrance
which is closed after taking the vessel in and the
water is pumped out to render it to dry.
Lock and locked basin: locked basin is enclosed
basin where in a number of vessels can be
berthed and has an entrance, which is controlled
by lock gate. The water within locked basin can
be independent of outside water level changes.
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DRY DOCK
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Speed of sea water: if the speed of the water that enters and
leaves a harbour is slow silts in an area, if it is high it may
erode the harbour and channel area.
Amount of dredging required in a particular location: the site
must be lesser maintenance from dredging ,specially at the
estuaries of the rivers and coast subjected to coastal changes
and littoral drift.
Tidal range : range of the tide is having profound influence. In
case the value exceeds by 5.50m a locked entrance as to be
provided for the loading and un loading at quay , berths and
wharfs.
Range or Seiche :is a natural ,standing wave in sea. It is caused
by change in atmospheric pressure or seismic differences as
small changes may cause hindrance to loading and un loading
operations at berths or at moorings.
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Planning of Harbour
Terminal facilities
1. Special considerations :
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2. Design elements :
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
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Port
A port is a harbour where marine terminal
facilities
are provided. These facilities
consists of Piers or Wharves at which ships
are berthed for loading and un loading
operations at transit sheds and other storage
areas or to discharge the incoming ship to
ware house for storage.
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Port Design
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Littoral drift
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Littoral Drift
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Tide generation
Tidal theory:
The sea wave is generated by the wind, its
intensity and it depends on the the attractive
force between the water on the earth surface,
the mass of Moon and Sun.
The combined effect of rotation of earth and
attraction of Moon and Sun on Full Moon day
and New Moon day the water level rises up at
the earth polar points and falls along sides.
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Lunar Tides
The Lunar Tides are classified as follows:
Semi diurnal tide : Moon crosses the observers
meridian twice in 24 hours and hence generates 2
tides a day. (Occurs twice in a day)
Diurnal tide : at some exceptional place only a
single tide occurs (Occurs once in a day)
Mixed tide : at some of the harbours first tide is
well defined but second tide is not distinct.
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Neap Tide
Spring tide
Major tides
Solar tides
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Clapotis
EFFECT OF TIDES
Static water pressure rises at the tide raised
points
Dynamic water force of tidal wave is not large
It develops the tidal range
Develops tidal Prism: Tidal prism is the
amount of water that changes in a harbour
basin within a single tide.
Variation in the tidal wave produces instability
for the floating of vessels
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Beaufort scale
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Beaufort no
Description of Wind
Velocity (km/hr)
Calm
1.60
Light
3.20
Slight Breeze
8.00
Gentle Breeze
16.00
Moderate Breeze
24.00
Fresh Breeze
34.00
Strong Breeze
43.00
Moderate Gale
56.00
Gale
67.00
Strong Gale
80.00
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Whole Gale
95.00
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Storm
110.00
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Hurricane
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>120.00
HARBOUR AND DOCK
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Wave parameters
Wave action
When the sea wave breaking against an
obstacle or a marine structure gives rise to
various forces.
Direct horizontal force causing compression
A Deflected vertical force tending to shear
away any projections on the face of the wall.
A suction is created by the striking water
which tends to disturb the mounds in
foundation.
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BREAKWATER
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Information
Consideration
Extreme conditions for the wind and wave
Height of the wave based on the equation considering the
free board
Material used for the foundation should not subjected to
scour.
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Hydrostatic force
External forces
Solvent action of sea water
Sea insects
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Classification of Breakwater
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2.1-2.4
3-3.30
4.5-4.80
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6-6.30
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Pell-Mell fashion
Concrete blocks of
different weights and
strength with reinforcement are laid in one or
two layers over bedding blocks of rock stone.
The concrete blocks can be laid in :
Pell-mell fashion
Well compacted fashion
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Pell-Mell fashion
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Tetrapods
Tribars
Modified cubes
Dollosse
Akman armour
Stabit armour
Tetrapods
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Tetrapods
No
Layer
c/c in m
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6.3
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2.60
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2.30
3.2
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2.05
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Tetrapods
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TRIBARS
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Modified cubes
TRIBARS
Developed by US Army of Engineers
Weighs from 4 to 40 tonnes
They will have three legs connected by a plate
at the mid height
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Modified cubes
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Dollosse
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Akman armour
Dollosse
An artificial stone used as armour
Used in South africa
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Stabit armour
Akman armour
The armour is developed by Netherland
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Stabit armour
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Armour
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DIS-ADVANTAGES
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There
may
be
initial
settlement and rolling down
of some of the stones causes
voids
There may be changes in the
shape of the stones due to
wave action of sea water
Huge quantity of materials is
required for the construction
Occupies the large area of
basin
Requires an iterance regularly
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DOCKS
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Dock
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DRY DOCK
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DRY DOCK
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WET DOCK
DRY DOCK
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WET DOCK
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Dis advantages
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Costly arrangements
Requires locking gates
More time is required for
entry and exit of ships.
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Dis advantages
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Rectangular type
Rectangular
Diamond shape
Inclined pier type
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Diamond shape
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Wharf
Location of docks
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Wharves
Quay
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Type of foundation
Hydrostatic pressure of the Standing water
Effect of Buoyancy for submerged portion of
the wall
Earth pressure
Dead load of the wall
Impact force of vessels
HARBOUR AND DOCK
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Jetties
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Wharf
Berth parallel to sea shore
Berth on onside
Earth fill structure
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Jetty
Berth perpendicular to sea
shore
Berths on two faces
Concrete structure
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Piers
Slipways
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Navigational Aids
Navigational Aids
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Light House
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Light House
Types of signals
Light signals
Fog signals
Audible signals
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Light signals
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Beacons
Light ships
Beacons
Buoys
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Buoys
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Buoys
Mooring buoys
Wreck buoys
Buoy age system
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Fog signals
TRANSIT SHED
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Audible signals
Sirens
Bells
Electric oscillators
Diaphones
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