14/06/2016

FiniteElements

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Introduction
Thefiniteelement(FE)methodissuchanimportantpartof
mostanymechanicalanalysisthatitjustifiesareviewofhow
tocomputedeformationgradientsfromFEresults.
TheusualFEnotationwillbeused.Inparticular,
u = (u, v, w) whereu, v ,andw aretheX, Y ,andZ
componentsofthedisplacementofanygivennode.
Asusual,we'llstartwith2Dexamplestoexplaintheconcepts
beforegoingto3D.

Simplest2DCase
Thesimplestcaseiswhentheelementisalignedwiththeglobalcoordinatesystem.Thisisinfactsuchaspecial/simple
casethatitisnotreallyhowFEprogramsaredesignedbecausetheymustbesetuptohandlethemostcomplexcases
instead.Nevertheless,thisisagoodplacetostartforexplanationpurposes.

ShapeFunctions
Notethattheelementinthisexampleis2x2,not1x1.ThisisnormalFEconvention.Thedisplacementsatanypointwithin
theelementarebasedonthedisplacementsofthefournodesandarearrivedatbylinearinterpolation.

Loading[MathJax]/extensions/MathZoom.js

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1

u(X, Y ) =
4

1
(1 X)(1 Y )u1 +

1
v(X, Y ) =
4

1
(1 + X)(1 Y )u2 +

1
(1 X)(1 Y )v1 +

1
(1 + X)(1 + Y )u3 +

1
(1 + X)(1 Y )v2 +

(1 X)(1 + Y )u4

1
(1 + X)(1 + Y )v3 +

(1 X)(1 + Y )v4

whereu(X, Y ) isthedisplacementinthexdirectionasafunctionofX andY ,v(X, Y ) isthedisplacementinthey

direction,andu1 , v1 , u2 , v2 etc.,arethex andy displacementsatnodes1,2,etc.
Theequationsareoftenwritteninshorthandas

u(X, Y ) = 1 (X, Y )u1 + 2 (X, Y )u2 + 3 (X, Y )u3 + 4 (X, Y )u4

v(X, Y ) = 1 (X, Y )v1 + 2 (X, Y )v2 + 3 (X, Y )v3 + 4 (X, Y )v4

where1 (X, Y ) = (1 X)(1 Y )/4 and2 (X, Y ) = (1 + X)(1 Y )/4 ,etc.Thesearecalledshapefunctions.

Notethateachshapefunctionequals1atthelocationofitsnode,andzeroatallothernodelocations.
ThisfigureshowsShapeFunction#4,forexample.Thisshapefunctionis4 (X, Y )
(1,1)andzeroatallothernodes.

= (1 X)(1 + Y )/4

.Itequals1at

Evaluatingtheseequationsforseveralspecialcasescanhelptobetterunderstandthem.Forstarters,evaluatethematthe
centeroftheelement:X = 0, Y = 0 .

u(0, 0) =

u1 + u2 + u3 + u4
4

v(0, 0) =

v1 + v2 + v3 + v4
4

Sincethecenterisequidistantfromallfournodes,eachonegetsequalweighting.
Also,thedisplacementsmidwaybetweennodes1and2canbeobtainedbysettingX

http://www.continuummechanics.org/finiteelementmapping.html

= 0

andY

= 1

.Thisgives

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FiniteElements
u(0, 1) =

u1 + u2
2

v(0, 1) =

v1 + v2
2

AndsettingX

= 0.8

andY

= 0.8

calculatesthedisplacementclosetonode#3.

u(0.8, 0.8) = 0.01u1 + 0.09u2 + 0.81u3 + 0.09u4

v(0.8, 0.8) = 0.01v1 + 0.09v2 + 0.81v3 + 0.09v4

Theclosestnodegetsthegreatestweightingandthefarthestnodegetstheleastweighting.

SumofShapeFunctions
Itisnotacoincidencethatineverycase,thesumoftheshapefunctions(weightingfactors)is1.From
immediatelyabove...
0.01 + 0.09 + 0.81 + 0.09 = 1

NodeDisplacementExample
Thedisplacementsofthenodesinthefigureare

u1 = 3
v1 = 2

u2 = 2

u3 = 3

u4 = 2

v2 = 2

v3 = 2

v4 = 2

SothedisplacementofapointatX

= (0.75, 0.50)

is

1
u(0.75, 0.50) =
4

[(1-0.75)(1-0.50)u1 +(1+0.75)(1-0.50)u2 +(1+0.75)(1+0.50)u3 +(1-0.75)(1+0.50)u4 ]

1
v(0.75, 0.50) =
4

[(1-0.75)(1-0.50)v1 +(1+0.75)(1-0.50)v2 +(1+0.75)(1+0.50)v3 +(1-0.75)(1+0.50)v4 ]

whichsimplifiesto

u(0.75, 0.50) = 0.0313u1 + 0.2188u2 + 0.6563u3 + 0.0938u4

v(0.75, 0.50) = 0.0313v1 + 0.2188v2 + 0.6563v3 + 0.0938v4

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It'sclearthatthedisplacementofnode#3getsthehighestweightingbecausethecoordinates(0.75, 0.50) are

closesttoit.
Substitutingintheu'sandv'sgives

u(0.75, 0.50) = 0.0313 3 + 0.2188 2 + 0.6563 3 + 0.0938 2

= 2.688

v(0.75, 0.50) = 0.0313 2 + 0.2188 2 + 0.6563 2 + 0.0938 2

= 2

Sou

.Thexcomponentiscloserto3than2becausethepointitselfisclosetoNode#3,whichhad
.Theycomponentis2becauseallthenodesmoveverticallythatsameamount.

= (2.688, 2)

u3 = 3

FEDeformationGradients
Recallthatthedeformationgradientintermsofu is
u
F = I +
X

TheindividualcomponentsofFare

NOVA
3DTe
cnolo
gias

Proje

1
F11 =

[(1 Y )u1 + (1 Y )u2 + (1 + Y )u3 (1 + Y )u4 ] + 1

oMap

eada3

Saiba
m

ais

1
F12 =

[(1 X)u1 (1 + X)u2 + (1 + X)u3 + (1 X)u4 ]

1
F21 =

[(1 Y )v1 + (1 Y )v2 + (1 + Y )v3 (1 + Y )v4 ]

1
F22 =

[(1 X)v1 (1 + X)v2 + (1 + X)v3 + (1 X)v4 ] + 1

Notethatthedeformationgradientvariesthroughouttheelement.Itisnotconstant.Thisisactuallyabigadvantageof
quadrilaterals(andbricksin3D)overlineartriangles(andtetrahedralsin3D).Thedeformationgradientinalineartriangle
ortetrahedraldoesnotvaryfromlocationtolocation.Thistendstomakethemrespondwithartificially(andincorrectly)
elevatedstiffnesses.

SimpleFEDeformationGradient
Thedisplacementsofthenodesinthefigureare

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u1 = 3
v1 = 2

u2 = 2

u3 = 3

u4 = 2

v2 = 2

v3 = 2

v4 = 2

ThedeformationgradientatpointX

= (0.75, 0.50)

is

1
F11 =

[(1 Y )u1 + (1 Y )u2 + (1 + Y )u3 (1 + Y )u4 ] + 1

= 0.25[(0.50)(3) + (0.50)(2) + (1.50)(3) (1.50)(2)] + 1

= 1.250

1
F12 =

[(1 X)u1 (1 + X)u2 + (1 + X)u3 + (1 X)u4 ]

= 0.25[(0.25)(3) (1.75)(2) + (1.75)(3) + (0.25)(2)]

= 0.375

1
F21 =

[(1 Y )v1 + (1 Y )v2 + (1 + Y )v3 (1 + Y )v4 ]

= 0.25[(0.50)(2) + (0.50)(2) + (1.50)(2) (1.50)(2)]

= 0.000

1
F22 =

[(1 X)v1 (1 + X)v2 + (1 + X)v3 + (1 X)v4 ] + 1

= 0.25[(0.25)(2) (1.75)(2) + (1.75)(2) + (0.25)(2)] + 1

= 1.000

SoFequals

F = [

1.250

0.375

0.000

1.000

Thismakessensebecausetheupperrightcorneroftheelementis
beingstretchhorizontally(F11 = 1.25 )andisalsoshearing(
F12 = 0.375 ).

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General2DCase
The'simple'sectionaboveintroducesallthebasicconcepts
ofcalculatingdisplacementsanddeformationgradientsin
finiteelements.Butitonlyworksforelementsthatare
perfectlyalignedwiththeglobalcoordinates.Thissection
showsthegeneralcasethatoccurswhentheelementdoes
notlineupwiththeglobalcoordinatesystem.Forexample,
theelementmaybeasshownhere.Theundeformed
coordinatesare

X1 = 1

X2 = 1

X3 = 0

Y1 = 1

Y2 = 0

Y3 = 2

X4 = 1
Y4 =

Sincetheelementisnotalignedwiththeglobalcoordinatesystem,thesimpleapproachfromabovewillnotwork.Instead,it
isnecessarytointroducetwonewlocalcoordinates,r ands ,thatspanfrom1to+1.

Thepositionwithintheelementcanbedescribedintermsofthenodecoordinatesandr ands as

1
X(r, s) =
4

1
(1 r)(1 s)X1 +

1
Y (r, s) =
4

1
(1 + r)(1 s)X2 +

1
(1 r)(1 s)Y1 +

1
(1 + r)(1 + s)X3 +

1
(1 + r)(1 s)Y2 +

(1 r)(1 + s)X4

1
(1 + r)(1 + s)Y3 +

(1 r)(1 + s)Y4

Thesearethesameshapefunctionsasbefore,onlyinr ands thistime.Sotheseequationscanalsobewrittenasfollows

X(r, s) = 1 (r, s)X1 + 2 (r, s)X2 + 3 (r, s)X3 + 4 (r, s)X4

Y (r, s) = 1 (r, s)Y1 + 2 (r, s)Y2 + 3 (r, s)Y3 + 4 (r, s)Y4

where1 (r, s) = (1 r)(1 s)/4 and2 (r, s) = (1 + r)(1 s)/4 ,etc.Onceagain,eachshapefunctionequals1at

thelocationofitsnode,andzeroatallothernodelocations.
Andthedisplacementsinthisexampleare
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u1 = 3

u2 = 2

u3 = 4

u4 = 3

v1 = 2

v2 = 1

v3 = 1

v4 = 2

Justasbefore,thedisplacementswithintheelementareinterpolatedusingthesameshapefunctions,butwithr ands .

1
u(r, s) =
4

1
(1 r)(1 s)u1 +

1
v(r, s) =
4

1
(1 + r)(1 s)u2 +

1
(1 r)(1 s)v1 +

1
(1 + r)(1 + s)u3 +

1
(1 + r)(1 s)v2 +

(1 r)(1 + s)u4

1
(1 + r)(1 + s)v3 +

(1 r)(1 + s)v4

IsoparametricElements
So,givenr ands ,the(X, Y ) coordinatesintheelementcanbecalculatedusing

X(r, s) = 1 (r, s)X1 + 2 (r, s)X2 + 3 (r, s)X3 + 4 (r, s)X4

Y (r, s) = 1 (r, s)Y1 + 2 (r, s)Y2 + 3 (r, s)Y3 + 4 (r, s)Y4

andthedisplacements(u, v) canbecalculatedusingtheexactsameshapefunctions

u(r, s) = 1 (r, s)u1 + 2 (r, s)u2 + 3 (r, s)u3 + 4 (r, s)u4

v(r, s) = 1 (r, s)v1 + 2 (r, s)v2 + 3 (r, s)v3 + 4 (r, s)v4

Thefactthatthesameshapefunctionsareusedforbothcoordinatesanddisplacementsiswhatmakesthisan
isoparametricelement.Thismakeslifemucheasierthaniftheyaredifferent.

u
Westillneed X
andalltheotherderivatives,exceptthechallengeisthatu andv arenowfunctionsofr ands ,notX and
Y .Sousethechainrule

=
X

r X

s X

u r
=

u
+

u s
+

r Y

s Y

v
v
andsimilarequationsexistfor X
and Y
.

Thecompletesetofequationscanbewritteninmatrixformas

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FiniteElements

The u and u terms,andtheothersinthefirstmatrixareeasy.Theyare

r

1
=

[(1 s)u1 + (1 s)u2 + (1 + s)u3 (1 + s)u4 ]

1
=

[(1 r)u1 (1 + r)u2 + (1 + r)u3 + (1 r)u4 ]

r
s
However,the X
and X
termsinthesecondmatrixaretrickierbecauser ands arenotexplicitlyfunctionsofX andY .
It'stheotherwayaround.Fortunately,theneededtermsarejusttheinverseofacertainmatrix.Itis

Andthismatrixiseasytocomputeandthentakethenumericalinverseof.Sotheentireprocesscanbewrittenas

u
Y

u
s

X
s

ComplexExample
Sonowwecancompletetheexampleofthearbitrarily
shapedelementbeingdeformed.Recallthatthe
coordinatesare

X1 = 1

X2 = 1

X3 = 0

Y1 = 1

Y2 = 0

Y3 = 2

X4 = 1
Y4 =

andthedisplacementsare

u1 = 3

u2 = 2

u3 = 4

u4 = 3

v1 = 2

v2 = 1

v3 = 1

v4 = 2

Let'scomputethedeformationgradientatthecentroidoftheelement,wherer
isat

1
Xcg

Ycg

.First,thecentroiditself

1
(X 1 + X 2 + X 3 + X 4 )

(Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 )

(1 + 1 + 0 1)

(1 + 0 + 2 + 1)

0.25

1
4

= s = 0

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0.50

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Andwecancalculateu andv inordertodeterminewherethecentroidendsup.Thisstepisnotreallynecessary,

butwe'lldoitanyway.

1
ucg

vcg

1
( u1 + u2 + u3 + u4 )

(v1 + v2 + v3 + v4 )

Soxcg

= 0.25 + 3 = 2.75

(3 + 2 + 4 + 3)

3.0

(2 + 1 + 1 + 2)

1.5

andycg

= 0.5 + 1.5 = 2.0

ThenextstepincalculatingFistocompute u
, u
,andalltheothertermsatthecentroid.
r
s

1
=
4

0,0

1
(u1 + u2 + u3 u4 )

(u1 u2 + u3 + u4 )

(v1 + v2 + v3 v4 )

(v1 v2 + v3 + v4 )

1
=
4

0,0

0,0

0,0

0.0

(3 2 + 4 + 3)

0.5

(2 + 1 + 1 2)

= 0.5

(2 1 + 1 + 2)

1
4

1
=

1
=

(3 + 2 + 4 3)
4

1
0.0

Sothematrixofpartialderivativesofthedisplacementfieldis

0.5

0.5

Thepartialderivativesofthenodecoordinatesare

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X

0,0

(X1 X2 + X3 + X4 )

(Y1 + Y2 + Y3 Y4 )

(Y1 Y2 + Y3 + Y4 )

0,0

0.75

(1 1 + 0 1)

= 0.25

(1 + 0 + 2 1)

0.50

(1 0 + 2 + 1)

1.0

1
4

1
=

1
0,0

(1 + 1 + 0 + 1)
4

0,0

1
(X1 + X2 + X3 X4 )

1
4

Thematrixofpartialderivativesofthecoordinatesis

0.75

0.25

0.50

1.00

Andtheinverseis

1.1429

0.2857

0.5714

0.8571

So

0.5

0.5

0.0

1.1429

0.2857

0.5714

0.8571

0.2857

0.4286

0.5715

0.1429

AndaddingI togetFfinallygives

0.7143

0.4286

F =

0.5715

0.8572

Andapolardecompositioncanbeappliedtofind

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0.844

0.537

R =

U =

0.537

0.844

0.909

0.099

0.099

0.953

Sothiscentralportionoftheelementrotates

Sin

(0.537)

32.5

Andthehorizontalpartoftheelementiscompressed
~9%,theverticalpartiscompressed~5%,anditis
sheared20%.Theseresultsmaybeintuitivewhenever
theelementisoriginallyalignedwiththeglobal
coordinatesystem,howeverthatdoesnotseemtobe
thecasewhentheelementisrandomlyoriented.

3DCase
The3Dcasefollowsallthesameprinciplesofthe2Dexamplesabove,excepttheshapefunctionschangeasfollows.

1
u(r, s, t)

=
8

1
(1 r)(1 s)(1 t)u1

(1 + r)(1 + s)(1 t)u3

(1 r)(1 s)(1 + t)u5

(1 + r)(1 + s)(1 + t)u7

1
8

1
8

1
8

(1 r)(1 + s)(1 t)u8 +

1
8

1
8

(1 + r)(1 s)(1 t)u2 +

(1 + r)(1 s)(1 + t)u6 +

1
8

(1 r)(1 + s)(1 + t)u8

Theequationsforthev andwdisplacementsarethesame,aswellasthecoordinateinterpolationequationsforX ,Y ,and

Z .

Triangles
LinearTrianglesandtetrahedronsdeservespecialattention,
notbecauseofanygoodqualities,butbecauseoftheir
significantlybadqualitiesthatmakethemaverypoorchoice
foruse.Butitshouldbestressedthattheselimitationsonly
applytolinearelements.Quadratictrianglesand
tetrahedronsareexcellentelements.
Theshapefunctionsfortrianglesare

X(r, s)

rX 1

Y (r, s)

rY1

+ sX 2

+ sY2

+ (1 r s)X3

+ (1 r s)Y3

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forthecoordinatesand

u(r, s)

r u1

+ s u2

+ (1 r s)u3

v(r, s)

rv1

+ sv2

+ (1 r s)v3

forthedisplacements.
Thederivativesareeasyinthiscase.Recallthat

Applyingthederivativestothetriangleshapefunctionsresultsin

u1 u3

v1 v3

u2 u3

X1 X3

X2 X3

v2 v3

Y1 Y3

Y2 Y3

Thekeyrevelationhereisthattheresultisindependentofr ands ,whichmeansthatitisconstantthroughouttheelement.

Thisconstancyistheproblem,forittendstomaketrianglesreactmuchtoostiffinFEanalyses.Becauseofthis,theyshould
beavoided(justthelinearones,notthequadratics,whicharefine)wheneverpossible.Althoughitisrecognizedthatafew
arealmostalwaysnecessaryanyway.

Tetrahedrals
3Dlineartetrahedronshavetheexactsameproblemas2Dlinear
triangles.

Veja como pode ser seu

e-mail profissional:

Theshapefunctionsforlineartetrahedronsare

X(r, s, t)

Y (r, s, t)

Z (r, s, t)

rX 1

+ sX 2

rY1

+ sY2

rZ1

+ sZ2

+ tX 3

+ tY3

+ tZ3

+ (1 r s t)X4

+ (1 r s t)Y4

Digite seu nome

Digite o nome da sua empresa

Ir

+ (1 r s t)Z4

forthecoordinatesand

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u(r, s, t)

r u1

+ s u2

+ t u3

v(r, s, t)

rv1

+ sv2

+ tv3

w(r, s, t)

rw 1

+ sw 2

+ (1 r s t)u4

+ (1 r s t)v4

+ tw 3

+ (1 r s t)w4

forthedisplacements.
Thederivativesarealsoeasyinthiscase.Theresultis

u1 u4

=
v1 v4

w1 w4

u2 u4

u3 u4

v2 v4

u3 u4

w2 w4

u3 u4

X1 X4

Y1 Y4

Z1 Z4

X2 X4

X3 X4

Y2 Y4

Y3 Y4

Z2 Z4

Z3 Z4

Onceagain,theresultisindependentofr ands ,andnowt ,whichmeansthatitisconstantthroughouttheelement.Not

good!

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TableofContents
RotationMatrices

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SmallScaleStrains

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