g]kfn lgofqf

df6f]

kf]if rfkfufO{+
2

k|sfzs

zAbofqf k|sfzg
cIf/wfd, ag]kf !), sfe|]

f6f] df
d
kf]if rfkfufO{+sf] lgofqfz}nL

-k|sfzgk'ik M $$_

;+:s/0f
M
k|sfzgsfn
M
k|sfzgk|lt
M
;jf{lwsf/
M
cIf/fg
M
eflifs z'4Ls/0f
d'b|0f
M
d"No

k|yd
h]7 @)&@
%)) dfq
n]vsdf
an/fd clwsf/L
M xl/ d~h'>L
;j{>L Sjfln6L lk|G6;{
ag]kf, sfe|]
?= @%).
3

df6f] kf]if rfkfufO{+sf] ;ftf}F lgofqf;\u|x xf] . o;cl3 pgsf

klZrd c:6]lnofsf] ofqf;+:d/0f ;]/f]km]/f] ky{sf] -@)%*_,
uf];fOFs'08b]lv r]Gg};Dd -@)^)_, df}g r'N7f] -@)^$_, k'ik k|sDk
-@)^*_, afkmsf] kbf{ -@)^*_ / ;d'b|df ;Lt -@)&@_ gfds
lgofqf s[ltx k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g\ . o; s[ltsf] ;]/f]km]/f] k"j{df
tfKn]h' / Onfdb]lv klZrddf Ko'7fg;Dd k5{ . ;\u|xleq k/]sf
7fpFx x'g\ Onfd, tfKn]h', Ko'7fg, ef]hk'/, ;'g;/L, wflb,
g'jfsf]6, sf7df8f}F, ;\v'jf;ef, kfNkf, uf]/vf, eQmk'/, dsjfgk'/,
vf]6f, a'6jn .
lgofqf zAb afns[i0f kf]v/]nn] tf/fgfy zdf{sf] a]nfOtlt/
a/flnFbf eGg] lgofqf;\u|xsf] e"ldsfdf klxnf]kN6 agfPsf x'g\ .
ToxfF pgn] lgofqf aGg lgaGwsfl/tf / ofqf;+:d/0f b'j} ldl;g'k5{
eGg] ljrf/ /fv]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf lgaGwsf] lzNk hlt ltVv/ eof],
plt g} lgofqf pRrsf]6Lsf] x'G5 eGg] pgsf] ljrf/ 5 . ljZj;flxTo
/ g]kfnL ;flxTodf k/b]z 3'Dg] / k/b]zsf] aofg n]Vg] k/Dk/f k'/fg}
eP klg ha;Dd s'g} /rgfdf lgaGwsf] a'gf]6 ltVv/ x'Fb}g, ta;Dd
Tof] ofqfj[QfGt jf ofqf;+:d/0f lgofqf aGg ;St}g eGg] kf]v/]nsf]
lg0f{o 5 .
kf]v/]nn] agfPsf] To;} lgofqf ljwfdf lgdf]{xL Jof;n]
ljBfjfl/lwsf] pkflw lnO;s]sf 5g\ / g]kfnL ;flxTodf lgofqf eGg]
a]Un} ljwf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . o;/L lgofqf eGg] ;flxlTos ljwf
ljZj;flxTonfO{ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] b]g xf] eg] g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{
afns[i0f kf]v/]nsf] b]g xf] .
4

To;} lgofqf ljwfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ g]kfnL ;flxTodf lgofqf

n]Vg]xsf] nsf]{ nfd} 5 . ltgLxdWo] afns[i0f kf]v/]nnfO{ u'?
yfk]/ x]bf{ lgofqf elgPsf slt /rgfx lgofqf g} 7x5{g\ ls
7xb}{gg\, eljiosf] cg';Gwfgn] b]vfpnf . Pp6} n]vssf lgaGwxdf
klg lgaGwsfl/tfsf] lzNk / a'gf]6df a/fa/L ;Gt'ng x'Fb}g . o;
cfwf/df kf]if rfkfufO{+sf 5;ftj6f lgofqf;\u|xsf s[ltxdf
cg';Gwfg ug]{n] 7]ufg nufpnf . clxn]sf] xfd|f] rf;f] df6f] eGg]
lgofqf;\u|xdf dfq} ;Lldt 5 .
kf]if rfkfufO{+sf kl9Psf lgofqf;\u|xxdf ePsf
lgofqfxnfO{ x]bf{ k|:t'tLs/0fsf] gf}nf]kg qmdzM ltVv/ x'Fb} uPsf]
b]lvG5 . ToxfF klg s'g} 6fs'/fdf k5{g\, s'g} vf]N;flt/ k5{g\ .
egfOsf] cy{ s] xf] eg] h:tf];'s} lgaGwsf] lzNkLn] klg ;a}
lgaGwdf a;fOsf] efjgfTds tLj|tfsf] ofqfe]bn] ubf{ Ps}gf;sf] /
Pp6} :t/sf] lgaGw n]Vg ;Qm}g . rfkfufO{+sf lgofqfdf klg o;
lgodsf] ckjfb gx'g' :jfefljs xf] .
;a} l;4x:t lgofqfsf/x ha lgofqf n]V5g\, Tolt a]nf
pgLx 3'd]sf 7fpFsf] cfsif{s 36gf, b[Zo / 3tnfUbf clg la;{g
g;Sg] s'/fxsf] a]lnla:tf/ nufpFbf cfkm"nfO{ lal;{b}gg\ . To;}n]
Pp6f 7fpFsf] j0f{g ubf{ cs}{ 7fpFsf] ;DemgfnfO{ hf]8\5g\ . Pp6f
JolQmsf] j0f{g ubf{ ;+:d/0fdf ePsf] csf]{ JolQm;Fu t'ngf u5{g\ /
cfkm" k'u]sf] gf}nf] 7fpFsf] b[ZofjnLsf] j0f{g ubf{ cfkm" hGd]x's]{sf]
7fpFsf] k6sk6s ;Demgf u5{g\ . kf]if rfkfufO{+sf ;a}h;f]
lgofqfdf klg pgsf] lb\nfsf] ;]/f]km]/f] 3'ldlkm/L cfpF5 .
nIdL lgaGw;\u|xdf b]jsf]6fn] lgaGwsfl/tfsf] s;L
j:t'k/stfdf eGbf cfTdk/stfdf, uBfTdstfdf eGbf efiffsf]
kBfTds t/ntf / cfnfl/stfdf x'G5 eGg] s'/f n]v]sf 5g\ .
To;nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ afns[i0f kf]v/]]nsf] lgofqfsf] s;L klg
a'g'kg]{ x'G5 .
g]kfnLx g]kfns} /dfOnf, pb]lsnf / ljZjd} cltLo
k|fs[lts, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts dxjsf 7fpF / j:t' x]g{ EofpFb}gg\ .

t/ cd]l/sf, a]nfot / c:6]lnofh:tf ljb]z hfg'k/] v'f prfNg

kl5 kb}{gg\ . o;/L g]kfnsf ljZjnfO{ lrgfpg'kg]{ dxjk"0f{ s'/fx
lgofqfn]vgaf6 5'6]sf 5g\ . a;]{gL lab]l;g] n]vsxn] n]v]sf kmf];|f
ljb]zL s'/fx klg lgofqfsf ljifo aGg kfO/x]sf 5g\ . cfgf]
b]zsf ax'd"No j:t'x sf}8Ldf klg ldNsG5 leNnsf b]zsf dl0f
eO/x]sf 5g\ . lgofqfsf dfWodaf6 ljZj;dIf cfgf] b]z kl:sg'
/fli6o uf}/jsf] s'/f xf] . o; kl/k|]Ifdf rfkfufO{+sf] df6f]leqsf
lgofqfxn] /fli6o af6f] /f]h]sf 5g\ .
cGTodf, rfkfufO{+sf lgofqfxdf 3'd]sf gofF 7fpFsf
n]vsnfO{ s'ts'Tofpg] s'/fxsf] j0f{g klg kfOG5 . 7fpF7fpFdf
t'ngf kfOG5 . hGdynf] 3'dL3'dL ;Demgf cfpF5 . a|fXd0f;+:sf/
klg 7fpF7fpFdf k|s6 x'G5 . lgofqfsf/ ;x/eGbf ufpFdf /dfpF5g\ .
d}bfgeGbf kxf8df /dfpF5g\ . k|fs[lts b[ZofjnLdf pgsf] ljz]if
df]x 5 . 7fpF7fpFdf dfS;{jfbL r]t klg k|s6 x'G5 . /fi6jfb /
g]kfnLkg
pgL
la;{g
;St}gg\ . gf}nfgf}nf 7fpFx 3'Dg' csf]{ ;f]v xf] . ltgLxdWo]
dgn] 5f]Psf s'/fx 6kSs l6k]/ pgL lgofqfsf] /rgf u5{g\ .
df6f] dgf]]u, k"j{:d[lt, b[Zolrqk|:t'lt, pkzLif{s, 5f]6f jfSo,
em/f{ zAbsf] k|of]un] k7gLo / ;\u|x0fLo lgofqfs[lt ag]sf] b]lvG5
.

k|f= 8f= dfwj kf]v/]n

dxfe"sDk

k|sfzsLo

>4f~hnL / ;dj]bgf M
b'O{ xhf/ axQ/ j}zfv afx . lbpF;f] P3f/ 5kGgdf e"sDk
eof] . To;df k/L b]xTofu ug]{ ;Dk"0f{df >4f~hnL . k|nosf/L ;f]
dxfe"sDkdf ytls{b} cfkmGt u'dfP/ afFr]sf kl/lrtckl/lrt
;a}df ;dj]bgf . zf]snfO{ zlQmdf abNg ;sf}F . cjZo /fd|f lbg
cfpg]5g\ .
k':ts k|sfzg M
;f] a]nf d]/f b'O{ lgofqf;\u|x k|sfzg ug{ lbPsf] lyPF . k|];d}
lyP . e"sDkn] cnfO{ h:t} dnfO{ klg nu]sf] eP tL ToxLF
lanfpg] lyP eGg] s'/f ;lDemFb} dg cQflng yfNof] . k/sDkgx
uPsf
5g\
5g\ . /f]lsFb} /f]lsFb}gg\ . clglZrt d[To'nfO{ d}n] emg\emg\ glhs
b]Vg yfn]F .
h]7sf] klxnf] xKtf d]/f] 5}6f}F lgofqf;\u|x ;d'b|df ;Lt
lgl:sof] . ;ftf}F of] df6f] h]7s} clGtd xKtf;Dd lgsfNg] ;'/;f/df
5' . e"sDkk|nodf kl/gF eg] lgl:sg]lalQs} 9'Ss eP/ eGg]5'
ca t uP klg s]xL km/s kb}{g .
wGojfb M
d]/f l;h{gfnfO{ kf7s;dIf Nofpg k|ToIfck|ToIf ;xof]u
k'ofpg] z'e]R5's ldqxdf oyf]lrt xflb{s s[t1tf .
d, xh'/, ;a} . slxn] stf . slxn] stf . lg/Gt/ e|d0f .
clglZrt ofqf / hGdhLjgd[To' . -k[= !&! af6_

kf]if rfkfufO{+ . g]kfnL ;flxTosf s'zn lgofqfsf/ . ofqf

u/]sf :yfgsf] lrgf/L, :yfgLo e"uf]n / ;+:s[ltsf] j0f{g, 5f]6f /
;/n jfSo, j0f{gdf cg'e"ltsf] ld>0f, hGd:ynk|ltsf] cTolws df]x,
k"j{36gfsf] :d/0f, jt{dfg / k"j{:d[ltsf] ;lDdng pxfFsf lgofqfsf
d"n ljz]iftf .
kf]if rfkfufO{+ . k|of]uzLn n]vs . n]vgdf cg'ej /
cg'e"ltsf] tLj| j]u . lrQdf lrGtg a9L . bfz{lgs kIf k|an . b[Zo
p:t} t/ b[li6 km/s . cnfO{ x]bf{ cfkm"nfO{ klg x]g]{ . cfkm"leq
cem a9L k:g vf]Hg] . cfgf] ljrf/af6 sd / csf] b[li6af6 a9L
x]g]{ k|j[lQ . slxn]sfxLF cfkm" ef]Qmf eP/ klg b|i6f dfq} x'g vf]Hg] .
g]kfnaf6 g]kfn x]g]{ . ljb]zaf6 g]kfn x]g]{ .
kf]if rfkfufO{+ . ef]hk'/] g]kfnL ;flxTosf/ . lb\nfsf pkh,
t/ lb\nfeGbf k/sf klg . sf7df8f}Fsf afl;Gbf, t/ sf7df8f}FeGbf
k/sf klg . g]kfnel/sf . g]kfnLefifL ePsf ;a} 7fpFsf .
;flxTosf/ ;a}sf . ;flxTofg'/fuL ;a}sf . lgofqfn]vgdf g]kfnuf}/j
.
kf]if rfkfufO{+ . df6f]k|]dL . df6f] ;ftf}F lgofqf;\u|x . g]kfnL
eP/ b]v]sf] g]kfnL df6f] of] . g]kfnL dgn] n]v]sf] g]kfndf6f] of] .
zAbofqf k|sfzgsf] rf}jfnL;f}F k|sfzgk'ik .
kf]if rfkfufO{+ . pxfFsf] df6f] df6f]k|]dLdf ck{0f ug{ kfPsf]df
xlif{t 5 zAbofqf k|sfzg . ulj{t 5 pxfF;Fu hf]l8g kfPsf]df .
lgofqfsf/k|lt xflb{s cfef/

kf]if rfkfufO{+

sypublication@gmail.com

posh.chapagain@hotmail.com
7

xl/ d~h'>L

zLif{sqmd
!= Onfd
!=!= sf7df8f}F Onfd
!=@= Onfdsf Bf}Bf}tf
!=#= nekfs{ lkm/lkm/] 8fF8f]
!=$= p8\g] kf]v/L dfO{kf]v/L
!=%= ;fhaf]6]df b;}+
!=^= sGofddf Psl5g

!!
!$
!*
@!
@*
#@

@= tfKn]h'
@=!= Onfdaf6 tfKn]h'
@=@= kfyLe/f k|s[lt ;"of]{bo
@=#= b;}Fsf] tktk] dxs
@=$= skmL ukm
@=%= lnDa'gL km"n
@=^= cy{k"0f{ tfKn]h'

##
#(
%!
%$
%&
^!

#= vf]6f
#=!= e]8f] dfG5]

^#

$= ef]hk'/
$=!= km]l/P5 lb\nf

&)

%= ;\v'jf;ef
%=!= s:tf] /}5 xf} vfFbaf/L <
^= ;'g;/L
^=!= g]kfnsf] w/f]x/ j/fxIf]q
9

*!

&= sf7df8f}+
&=!= ljkZogf ofqf M clj/n Hof]lt

!)!

*= eQmk'/
*=!= t]nsf]6sf] xfjf3/

!)*

(= g'jfsf]6
(=!= g'jfsf]6 Soflnkmf]lg{of

!!!

!)= wflb
!)=!= 9sfnafsf] rf}/f;Ldf wflb

!@)

!!= dsjfgk'/
!!=!= nfnLu'/fF;

!@^

!@= uf]vf{
!@=!= uf]vf{sf] l7d';/fdf
!@=@= dgsfdgf lrGtg

!#@
!#&

!#= ?kGb]xL
!#=!= dnw'g a'6jn

!$@

!$= kfNkf
!$=!= w"h{l6 qmL8f:yn

!$(

!%= Ko'7fg
!%=!= ;'j0f{k'/ ;f}Gbo{

!^@

!^= /fdsf] ;a}sf] ofqf

!&#

(@
10

-/fd >]i7n] kmf]gdf eg] of] k6ssf] b;}F Onfddf . bfh'efph" cfpg] . piff
/ d}n] 3'dfpg] . d}n] x'G5, cfpF5f}F eg]F . @)^* ;fnsf] b;}F labf dgfpg
/lZd / d Onfd k'Uof}F . gjLgrf]ssf] pg}sf] 3/df a:of}F . k'u]s} /ft ef]lnkN6
l;lSsd hfg] ;Nnfx eof] . uof}F . l;lSsddf piffsf dfdf;fgLcfdfx
a:g'x'Fbf] /x]5 . pxfFxn] xfdLnfO{ u/]sf] cltly;Tsf/ clt k|z+;gLo lyof] .
l;lSsdaf6 ;fgLcfdf k"0f{s'df/L klg Onfd cfpg'eof] . pxfF, /fdsf] kl/jf/ /
xfdL ;Fu} tfKn]h' uof}F . kmls{of}F . a]:;/L Onfd 8'Nof}F . Onfd / tfKn]h'sf
k':tsleq k/]sf ;a} lgofqfx o;} qmddf n]v]sf] x'F . l;lSsdsf] 5'} k|sflzt
ug]{ ePsfn] o;df ;dfj]z ePsf] 5}g ._

sf7df8f}+ Onfd
s]6fs]6Ln] agfO{ v]Ng] df6f]sf] v]nf}gf 3/ / of] kSsL 3/df s] kf] km/s 5 b'j} p:t} . d,
d]/f]xfd|f] 3/ . s]jn ;f]r . efF8fs'6L 3/ / l;dG6]8 3/ b'j} x'g\, b'j} xf]Ogg\ . s]jn b'le{If
lrGtg .

/fd >]i7sf] kmf]g cfof] Onfdaf6 . ukm ubf{ub}{ pgn] eg]

Onfdlt/ cfpg] xf]Og bfO <
d}n] eg]F dnfO{ Onfd 8'Ng] cf}wL /x/ 5 . ltdL af]nfpFb}gf}
. s;/L cfpg] <
pgn] eg] oxL eof] d]/f] lgDtf . bfh'efph" cfpg'xf];\ . d
;a}lt/ 8'nfpF5' .
3/;Nnfx u/]/ va/ u5'{ eg]F d}n] . @)^* ;fnsf] b;}F
Onfdj/k/ 3'd]/ latfpg] 6'f]df k'Uof}F . ef]lnkN6} xfdL cfpFb}5f}F
eg]/ va/ u/]F .
;fs'/f a;sf] l6s6 lyof] . sf]6]Zj/af6 5'6\g] /x]5 . hfg] lbg
/lZd / d tLg ah] sf]6]Zj/sf] ;fs'/f a;:6kdf k'Uof}F . emdemd
kfgL bls{/x]sf] 5 . o:t/L kfgL k/]sf] a]nf hfg] ls ghfg] < dgdf
efFltefFlt s'/fx u'8'8' s'b\5g\ . af6fdf klx/f] uP/ Tot}
11

y'lgg'kof] eg] < b;}F dgfpg'sf] ;f ef]sef]s} a:g'kof] eg] < 5ftf
cf]9]/ plePsf 5f}F . eL8 5 . lr;f] . otf ugfpF5g\ dfG5] . ptf
RofxfFRofxfF ub}{5 gfgL . ;8sdf kfgL 5]Kt} s'2}5g\ uf8Lx . ;]tf]
kml/of nufPsL afbn ufu|Ldf kfgL af]s]/ s'2}5] cfsfzdf .
uf8Ln] 5'6\g] ;do rf/ ah] eg]sf] lyof] . cfof] kf}g] 5 ah] .
5'6\of] 5 ah] . o:t} t xf] xfdL g]kfnLxsf] ;do ;a}lt/
sf]rfsf]r, vfFbfvfFb . cfgf] l;6df uP/ yrSs a:of}F . kfgL
kl//x]s} 5 . aflx/ b]lvGg . ;'lgG5 Tjf/f/{ . of/{of/{ . vfg]s'/f
vfP/ 3'g{ yfn]sf] d p7\tf xfd|f] a; a/dlemofdf /f]lsPsf] /x]5 .
a/dlemofdf cf]ln{of}F . z"Go laxfg . l;/l;/ xfjf rNb}5 . k/
6\jfOn]6, glhs} rfkfsn /x]5 . otfptf ;a}lt/ kmf]xf]/ 5 . emf]nf
la;fP/ Totf nfu]F . aNnaNn ;s]F . sndf cfP/ xftd'v wf]PF . ca
rf eof] lbn . d'v k'5\t} k;nlt/ kmls{P/ x]/]F . ;Kt/Lsf] k'/fgf]
km]d; k]8f k;n a/dlemof . k;n k;]/ lrofgf:tf 7f]St}5g\ y'k|}
ofqLx . pHofnf] eO;s]sf] 5 . 38L x]/]F . 5 ah]5 . lrof glkpg]
< elgg\ /lZdn] . lkpg] eGb} Ps sk lrof ;dft]/ d PSn} j/k/
3'Db}5' .
a/dlemofsf] b[Zolrq M
jl/kl/ xl/of] wfgv]t . glhs} aUb}5 s'nf] . cln k/ 5 vf]N;f]
. vf]N;fdf, l8ndf, kfvfdf, ;8sdf xlNnFb}5g\ vx . a"9Lcfd}sf]
;]t} km'n]sf] skfnh:tf] sfF;3f/L 5 ;a}lt/ . b"w af]s]sf ;fOsnx
s'2}5g\ . ;8ssf] aLrdf 5kSs} a;]sf 5g\\ y'k|} k/]jfx . rb}{5g\
afv|f . tLgj6f kf7fkf7LnfO{ kl5 nfP/ cl3cl3 hfFb}5] afv|L . k/
b]lvG5 8fF8f] . 8fF8}el/ ofDd jg 5 . rfkfsndf ldrLldrL uf]8f
3f]6\t}5] y?gL . emf]k8Laf6 aflx/ cfP/ vf]St}5 yf af . l;d]G6sf]
3/ /fd|f] 5 . yf ;+:s[lt emNsfpg] a'}a'f ePsf] Tof] 3/ ceGbf
5'}
5 . s]6fs]6Ln] agfO{ v]Ng] df6f]sf] v]nf}gf 3/ / of] kSsL 3/df s]
kf] km/s 5 b'j} p:t} . d, d]/f]xfd|f] 3/ . s]jn ;f]r . efF8fs'6L
12

3/ / l;d]G6]8 3/ b'j} x'g\, b'j} xf]Ogg\ . s]jn b'le{If lrGtg . drfg

b]v]F . d]/f] dgn] eGof] kSsL 3/eGbf t drfg g} /fd|f] .
6fO{k]G6df ;lhP/ Psflaxfg} :s'nlt/ hfFb}5g\ xfd|f xf]gxf/
ljBfyL]{x . k/fO ;+:s[lt . lbSs dfGb} dg}dg eG5' v} t xfd|f]
;+:s[lt < afn'jfdfly 3f];]d'G6f] nfP/ sGb}5 km]6f afFw]sf] dfG5] .
tn ;]tf] sfF;3f/L, dfly ;]tf] afbn . afbndfly gLnf] cfsfz .
l5la{/] k|s[lt xf]Og of] laxfg . of] t dw'l/df xf], ds/Gb ;'jf; .
lbJo nf]ssf] lbJo hut\ . ljZja|Xdf08sf] k|0fo a]nf . cnf}lss
nLnf ;do . laxfg, lbpF;f], a]n'sfeGbf cnu, /fteGbf leGg . z'e
d'x"t{ . cgf}7f], csNkgLo ;do . a/dlemofsf] l:gUw k/fu s0f .
s'g a]nf xf] of], ku]{Ng ;lsgF d}n] . t/ xf] ;'k|eftd\ .
k]8f af]Sg] < x'G5, af]Sg] . lsnf]sf] slt lg < rf/ ;o /]
lsGof}F . af]Sof}F . a;leq k:of}F .
latf{df]8 a;kfs{ M
xfdL ToxfF k'Ubf lbpF;f]sf] P3f/hlt ah]sf] x'g'k5{ . lrof
rd]gf ug{ /f]lsof] uf8L . xfdL lrofbf]sfglt/ hfFb}5f}F . x]b{}5' d .
gl/jn, sfFqmf], rgf . o:t}o:t} a]Rt}5g\ s]6fs]6L . kf]Osf] ev{/
lqmof ;s]/ y'r'Ss a;]sL dlxnfh:tf] z"Go / p/f7nfUbf] nfUof]
latf{df]8 a;kfs{ .
Onfd k'Ubf M
psfn}psfnf] hfFb}5f}F . uf8L s'b\g] 7"nf] af6f] . b]lvFb}gg\ uf8L
Tolt;f/f] . z"Go 5 . lg:tf/ nfU5 . gf}nf] 7fpFdf k'Ubf h'd'{l/g'kg]{, d
t To;}To;} lg:nf]6 Hj/f] cfPsf] dfG5] kf] ag]F . ;8ssf] bflxg]b]a|]
b'j}lt/ ahf/ 5 . ahf/sf] l;/fg, xf6 nfUg] 7fpFdf xfd|f] a; /f]lsof]
. cf]ln{of}F . /fd / piff xfdLnfO{ s'/]/ ToxLF a;]sf /x]5g\ . e]6 eof] .
otfplt s'/f ub{} af6f] nfUof}F . glhs} /x]5 3/ . Ps}l5gdf k'Uof}F .
tnaf6 x]bf{ gfO6f];Dd uf]bfj/L km"nsf] dfnf nfP/ l7 plePsf]
dfG5]h:tf] Onfd ahf/ .
13

Onfdsf Bf}Bf}tf
6'Kkf]df pleP/ ;f; km]/]F . lr;f] xfjfn] :jfut uof] . jg}jgsf] aLrdf pleP/ xf] jf
dlGb/glhs} k'u]/, c;fWo} v';L eof] of] sfG5f]sf] dg . o:tf] w]/}k6s ePsf] 5 w/fgsf]
bGtsfnL k'Ubf, l;lSsdsf] rf/wfd k'Ubf, ef/tsf] j]6]Zj/d\ k'Ubf, kz'kltsf] jgsfnL k'Ubf,
o:t}o:t}
c 7fpF hfFbf . s;/L s]n] s'g a]nf lbG5 dfG5]nfO{ dfgl;s zflGt <

dfO{yfg M
-b;}F g} xf], t/ k"l0f{dfleqsf] s'g} lbg_ laxfg . 5f]/L ;f/fn]
3'dfOlbg] eOg\ xfdLnfO{ . csf] km';{b ePg . ;f/f cl3, d / /lZd
kl5 . ahf/}ahf/ . t];}{t];}{ lgs} a]/ uO/Xof}F .
ahf/sf] kNnf] 5]pdf af6fdfly /x]5 dlGb/ . k'Uof}F . u]6leq
k:of}F . leQfdf y'k'Ss a;]sf b]v]F b]pb]ptf . tn n]v]sf cIf/x
v// k9]F . >L tjljgfos, >L u0f]z, >L 8flsgL, >L dfO{wfd, >L
l;sf/L, >L ;Ktdf, >L xg'dfg, aLrdf /x]5 dfO{yfg dlGb/ . 9'f
5fk]sf] cfFugsf] j/k/ dlGb/s} nflu ag]sf kf6Lkf}jfh:tf 3/x .
k/]jf dfq} aln lbg] cUnf] 5'} 7fpF /x]5 . c aln lbg] 9']
cfFugsf] Ps s'gf] . 3'Db}5g\ eQmx . 9f]Ub}5g\ . kmls{b}5g\ . xfdL
klg uPsf] sfd ;s]/ kmls{of}F . ca stf n}hfg] 5f]/L < d .
cn l;+xjflxgLb]jL dlGb/ hfg} afFsL 5 lg ;f/f .
l;+xjflxgLb]jL M
g k"hf;fdfg, g yfnL, g g}j]B 5 xfdL;Fu . dfO{yfgaf6
cf]/fnf] emfb}{l5g\ ;f/f . emb}{5f}F xfdL . zfGt a:tL . ;x/;Fu}sf] ufpF
. ufpFn] hLjg . gff v'f . lrl/Psf k}tfnf . ToxLF s'2}5g\
df]6/;fOsn . xl/of] v]taf/L, jg, kfvf] . afF;of . lrnfpg] /
kfTn]sf v . vlgpF / s'6\ld/fsf] 3fF; . leQfdf nDsLnDsL rb}{5g\
7"nf] kmfFrf ePsf ufO{x .

14

7f8f] cf]/fnf] . jgleq s/fpFb}5g\ lrla{/] r/f . emb}{5fF} . kfvf],

kLr, km]l/ kfvf] . sf] lxF8\5 3'd'jf lrKn] kLr ;8sdf . 7f8} emofF} .
sfGnfdf ;dfof] . Ps} l5gdf tn .
tn vfN8f]df jgleq /x]5 dlGb/ . af/Ld'lgsf] vf]laN6fdf .
xfd|f b]pb]ptf o:t} kxf8, jghnd'lgsf] sf]Krfdf a:g ?rfpF5g\
Sof/] . k'UofF} . dfly;Dd af/L . af/Laf6 ;'? x'G5 9'] l;F9L . kmnfd]
/]ln, ;dfTg ldNg] . emb}{5f}F . leq, dfly l8n}df pleP/ a;]sf
/x]5g\ u0f]z / g6v6] s[i0fsGx}of . e]6 u/]/ tn emof}F . l;+xjflxgL
dftfsf] 7"nf] 3/ /x]5 ToxfF . jl/kl/ 3'DofF} . dfG5] lyP . eL8 lyPg
. pFef] x]/]F . kmnfdsf] 7"nf] cfsf/ agfP/ To;leq hf]8]sf
kfnfdf /fv]sf] aQL aln/x]sf] 5 . gf}nf] nfUof] . ef/t 3'Dbf st}
klg o:tf] b]v]sf] lyOgF .
dlGb/sf] rf/}lt/ afF;of b]lvG5 . x]/f}Fx]/f}F nfUg] . pQ/lt/
jg 5 . jgleqsf] vf]N;fdf aUb}5 kfgL . kfgLnfO{ kTs/n] k'/]sf] 5
. dlGb/k5fl8 cln tn emb}{5 kfgLsf] kfOk] wf/f] . cUnf] lrnfpg]sf]
v dlt/ x]b}{5 . ToxLF e]l6P d]/f eflghbfh' ef]h/fh e/fO{sf
;'k'q lszf]/ e/fO{ . s'/fsfgL uof}F . 5'lof}F .
km]l/ l;F9Laf6 psfnf] r9\b} d}n] ;f]r]+ dgf]/f]u / dfgl;s
lrGtf zdg ug]{, /d0fLo, cf}lrTok"0f{, zfGt / cf]h:jL PsfGt :yn
/x]5 l;+xjflxgLb]jLsf] dlGb/ kl/;/ .
dfly k'u]/ pleof}F . l8ndf uP/ tnlt/ x]/]F . xl/ofnL g}
xl/ofnL . v]t}v]t . af/Ldf y'k|} ;'Gtnfsf af]6 . af]6n] y]Ug} g;Sg]
kfSg nfu]sf n6/Dd} bfgf . sf]bf]af/L, em'k|] 3/, 7f8f] af6f], tn 7"nf]
gLnf] leQf] ePsf] 3/ b]v]F . Tof] s;sf] 3/ < . 3/ xf]Og, g]kfn
ef/t ;xof]usf] d"t{k sf]N8 :6f]/ . ef/t ;/sf/n] agfOlbPsf] .
of] 7fpF sxfF k5{ < Onfd gkf ;]/f jf8{ g+= tLg .
kmls{bf csf]{ 5f]6f] af6f]af6 cfof}F . af6}df aGb} /x]5 xl:k6n
ejg . /fd|f 7"nf b'O{ cUnf 3/ . km'Q} ahf/leq k:of}F . pTkm'Nn
/fdsf] 3/ cfOk'Uof] .

s'6L8fF8fsL kfyLe/f M
Onfdaf6 bflh{ln hfg hLk l/he{ uof}F . af6}df kg]{ /x]5
alxgL kfyLe/fb]jLsf] dlGb/ . lbbL;Fu tfKn]h'df e]6 eof] . ca
alxgL;Fu e]6 ug]{ xf]Og t < ;f]w] /fdn] . ;a}n] x'G5 eGofF} .
Totf hfFb}5fF} . sGofdsf] lrofaufg ;lsof] . Psl5gkl5
jgsf aLrsf] 8fF8fdf xfd|f] afxg pleof] . xfdLdWo] s;}n] eGof]
pM ToxfF 7"nf] kf]v/L lyof] /] kf]v/Lleq y'k|} /fhxfF; kfOGy] /]
5}g t kfgL < kfgL ;'Sof] . xfF; d/] x'g\ . sf7df8f}Fsf]
;lxbu]6glhs}sf] kf]v/Lsf] kfgL ;'s]/ rfOlgh ;'k/dfs]{6 ag]h:t} .
kLr ;8s 5f]8]/ b'O{ kfOnf lxF8]kl5 e]l6of] u]6 . ;fdfGo .
xf]nf dlGb/ hfg] u]6 . nf}/f] vf]Hof}F . 6]St} jgsf] af6f] psfnf] r9\g
yfNof}F . af6f b'O6f e]l6P . dfG5] lxF8\g] / uf8L lxF8\g] -s'b\g]_ af6f] .
xfdL 7f8f] af6f] plSnFb}5fF} . c dfG5] 5}gg\ . xfdL r/fsf] ;Lt
;'Gb} hfFb}5f}F . kl;gf kf] cfP5 . k'5]F . pleP/ x]/]F . jg}jg . v]taf/L
5}g . v ;fdfGo . d]/f] 3/k5fl8sf] bfp/f sf6\g] jgh:t} . zfGt,
pbfQ k|s[lt . lgd{n cfsfz . lr;f] xfjf . ;fFRr} b]j:yn hfFb}5f}F
h:tf] nfUof] d]/f] dgdf .
a:g ldNYof] . a;]gf}F . vfg ldNYof] . vfPgf}F . ukm ug{ x'GYof] .
u/]gf}F . psfnf] plSnFbf cfPsf] :jfF:jfFn] xfdLnfO{ ;f; km]g{;d]t
ufxf] eO/x]sf] lyof] . lhl:sg], dl:sg] s'/} cfPg . cfwf 3G6fhlt
kl5 xfdL 6'Kkfdf k'Uof}F .
6'Kkf]df pleP/ ;f; km]/]F . lr;f] xfjfn] :jfut uof] .
jg}jgsf] aLrdf pleP/ xf] jf dlGb/glhs} k'u]/, c;fWo} v';L eof]
of] sfG5fsf] dg . o:tf] w]/}k6s ePsf] 5 . w/fgsf] bGtsfnL k'Ubf,
l;lSsdsf] rf/wfd k'Ubf, ef/tsf] j]6]Zj/d\ k'Ubf, kz'kltsf]
jgsfnL k'Ubf, o:t}o:t} c 7fpF hfFbf . s;/L s]n] s'g a]nf lbG5
dfG5]nfO{ dfgl;s zflGt <
x]/]F . jgsf aLrsf] xf6 nfUg] 7fpF . afF;sf c:yfoL vf6 .
vf6df kf]sfkf]sf . k/ dlGb/ b]lvG5g\ rf/kfFrj6f . jgsf] leq .
vfg]kfgLsf] kfOk] wf/f] emb}{5 . la:tf/} x]b}{ lxF8]/ dlGb/df k'Uof}F .

15

16

cfFugdf ;'sfPsf kfFrb;sf w]/} gf]6 b]v]F . gf}nf] / s:tf]s:tf]

nfUof] .
cr{gf ;Sof}F . PSn} 5]p nfu]/ pleP/ x]b}{5' . tfKn]h'sL lbbL
kfyLe/fsf] 3/u[x:yLeGbf OnfdsL alxgL kfyLe/fsf] u[x:yL
j}ejzfnL /x]5 . /fd|f] 3/, ;'vL hLjg, /xg;xg ;DkGg . //f]ug
ul/Psf d7dlGb/ . /fd|f] af6f] .
9'f 5fk]sf v'8\lsnf . cf]/fnf] af6f] . b'O{lt/ kmnfd] /]ln .
bfofFafofF v}v . v'q'sv'q's embf{emb}{ ;8sdf lgl:sP5fF} .
af]8{df x]/]F s'6L8fF8f . hDdf Ps xhf/ rf/ ;o krf; ld6/ .
uG5' eGb} lyPF, v'8\lsnf lal;{P5' . n]v]sf] k9]kl5 xf]nf h:tf] nfUof]
!)@$ v'8\lsnf .
gf/fo0fyfg M
d]nldnfk 3'DtL jf wf]aLwf/f] jf gf/fo0fyfg Ps} . oxfF a:tf
/x]5g\ gf/fo0f / pgsf Oi6ldq b]jLb]jtf . tn /f]8 . dfly /f]8 .
aLrdf kfvf] . kfv}el/ d7dlGb/ . leq d"lt{x . Onfd]xsf] k|frLg
tLy{:yn . 5g\ v t/ jg xf]Og . ahf/sf k|To]s 3/ oxfF cfP/
lz/ lgx'/fpFbf /x]5g\ . lsgls glhs} 5 . pvdf{pnf] ;Gtfk d]6\g]
7fpF .

17

nekfs{ lkm/lkm/] 8fF8f]

ToxfF k'u]kl5 o:tf] pRr k|fs[[lts :j/ ;'lgG5 P b'MvL dg'jf ;'v vf]Hb} sxfFsxfF
ef}tfl/G5f} < cfpm xfd|f] lkm/lkm/] 8fF8f]df . oxfFsf] lrofaf/Ldf, vf]N;fdf, wfgsf u/fdf,
6'k'Ss ;]tf
3/df, vsf kftdf, afbndf, lr;f] xfjfdf, aufgdf sfd ug]{ 8f]s] sfdbf/sf]
lgikfk lgd{n dgdf ;w}+ e]l6G5 ;'v . ;'vsf] k x'Fb}g . ;'v, b'Mv, ;f}Gbo{
;f]r xf] . dfq cg'e"lt . ;'v / ;f}Gbo{sf] k'ikjiff{ xf] nekfs{ .

c;Fu hfg] df}sf ldn]g . PSn} hfFb}5' lkm/lkm/] 8fF8flt/ .

ahf/sf] a;, hLk6\ofS;L kfs{df k'uF] . ToxLaf6 dfly hfg] 9'f
5fk]sf], /]ln nufPsf] v'8\lsn] af6f] /x]5 . v'8\lsnfsf] l;/fgdf
dlGb/ . dlGb/;Fu} bf]af6f] . d lkm/lkm/] 8fF8flt/ hfg] t];f]{ af6}af6f]
hfFb}5' .
d nekfs{df k'u]F . 8fF8fsf] rf}tf/fdf, j/k/ kfFr;fthgf
dfG5] a;]/, pleP/ x]b}{5g\ . ukm klg r'6\t}5g\ . slt dhfsf] 8fF8f] .
cfkm}F gfRt}5 . klZrd kmls{P/ d /fd/ldtf x]b}{5' . k"j{af6 cfPsf]
Gofgf] 3fdsf] dhf lnFb}5 d]/f] 9f8 . dw'df;sf] :jl0f{d laxfgdf
dfofn' xftn] d';f/]h:tf] nfU5 ;"o{sf ls/0f .
cfsfzaf6 em/]sf] kfgL Onfdsf 8fF8fkfvf lehfpFb} ;'n'n'
aUb} aufg 8'Nb} tnsf] vf]rdf s'2} u/]sf] b]lvFbf] /x]5 . dflysf]
cUnf] 8fF8f] dlt/ x]b}{5 . l;/fgaf6 ;'? ePsf] kfvf] af/L tn
vf]rdf
k'u]/
y]lRrG5 . ;j{q xl/of] lrofsf af]6 . cf]/fnf] bD:ofOnf] . kfv}el/
cf]5\ofPsf] xl/of] sfk]{6 . df6fsf] 8Nnfh:tf e'G6] af]6 ePsf]
lrofaufgleq kmfkm' b]lvG5g\ ;'l/nf vx .
6'Kkfdf rf/kfFr ;]tf 3/ . ToxfFb]lv tn vf]r;Dd} b]lvG5
kfgLjfnf vf]N;f] . vf]N;fj/k/ v . kmfkm' 3/ . tn k'5f/df
b]lvG5 nxnx wfgv]t . csf]{klsf] 6'Kkfdf vxsf] l;/s cf]9]/
w'dw'DtL a;]sf b]lvG5g\ 3/x . vf]N;faf6 6fpsf] p7fP/ dlt/
18

x]b}{5g\ lrnfpg]sf vx . nf]enfUbf] b]lvG5 afF;of . kfl/sf]

v]tdf 3/ agfP/ a;]sf 3/x lgGofp/f nfU5g\ . k/fn5fg] 3/
dlt/ x]b}{5 . d;Fu plePsf ko{6sx esfes kmf]6f] lvRt}5g\ .
cfsfzd'lg v'?? s'2}5 ;]tf] afbn . afbnd'lg l7 plePsf
b]lvG5g\ df}g j|t lnPsf kxf8x, zflGtjfl6sf, cfFvLofnaf6
lrofP/ lrofaufgsf] cb\e't ;f}Gbo{ kfg ub}{5g\ ;"o{b]j .
ca d k"j{ . 9f8 klZrd . d]/f] cl3lNt/ 5 lrofaf/L .
af/Ld'lg ;8s . ;8sd'lg sfnf l6g5fg] 3/ . ahf/}ahf/ .
3/cufl8 pleP/ l;p/ xNnfpFb}5 /ftf] efn] .
lrofsf a'flt/ x]b}{ ;f]W5' ;Gr} 5 < 5 . km]l/ a'fx
dnfO{ ;f]W5g\ lsg otf cfof} < eG5' ltdLxnfO{ x]g{ . ca
s] x]5f}{ < xfdLnfO{ OlG8ofn] lnhdf lnO;Sof] . pt}sf eof}+ . lnh
lkmtf{ x'Fbf;Dd xfdL dl/;S5f}+ xf]nf . pgLxsf] ugug ;'g]/ d}n]
dg}dg eg]+ olt ;'Gb/, olt w]/} sdfO x'g] lrofaufg lsg lnhdf
lbPsf] xf]nf
kNnf]kl s'gfdf PSnf] kLkn l7 plePsf] 5 . xlNnFb}5g\
slnnf kft . afF;ofsf] glhs}af6 hfFb}l5g\ 8f]sf] af]s]sL cfdf .
8f]sf] sfFwdf af]s]sf dlxnfx lrofsf kft l6Kt}5g\ . tn sf]Krf]df
PSn} l7 plePsf] 5 Pp6f 3/ . j/k/ v}v . cfgGb xf]nf <
xf]nf / < g af6f]3f6f], g :s'n, g xl:k6n .
l;wf kfl/kl rlDsg] tf/fh:tf ;]tf 3/ b]lvG5g\ . cfsfz /
8fF8fkfvfnfO{ hf]8\b} s'2}5 afbn . s'2} u/]sf] afbn gf}gLl3psf]
8Nnf]h:tf] nfU5 .
cfhsf] nekfs{ . lxhf]sf] lkm/lkm/] 8fF8f] . oxfF zflGt /
;Ggf6f
5 . xf] of] plxn]sf] tkf]jg . of]uLsf] of]u l;4 ug]{ 7fpF . jf;gf
lg:t]h kfb}{ k/+>]oM k|fKt ug]{ cf>d . lkm/lkm/] 8fF8fsf] ;f}Gbo{
cg'kd /x]5 . jgsf] aLrdf vg]sf] /ftf] df6f] dfG5]sf] cfnf]
/uth:tf] nfU5 . lsg u5{g\ dfG5] e"ljgfz < k/, lgs} k/ hldg

vg]/ ;DofpFb}5g\ . e'OFdf /ftf] df6f] lgsfNb} klg 5g\ . xl/of]

hnsf] gfz / k|s[ltljgfz b]Vtf d'd'{l/b} eG5' afFb/sf ;Gtfgn]
r'k nfu]/ a:g hfg]s} 5}g lg
lrofaf/Lleq l;lgQ kf/]sf], 9'f 5fk]sf] af6f]df pleP/ clg
kf]y|f;Fu} n]kfl;P/ kmf]6f lvRt}5g\ dfG5]x . clns k/ 9f8df
cl8Psf] 8f]sfleq lrofsf kft l6Kt} km'Qkm'Q v;fNb}5g\ dlxnf clg
k'?if . tGg]/Lt?gL b]lvgF ToxfF d}n] . uLtsf] efsfdf :j/x ;'g]F .
af]nL a'lemgF .
kmls{PF . glhs} af6}df /x]5 lrof bf]sfg . d'9fdf a;]F . lrof
dfu]F . lkpFb} x]b}{5' . af6fdf lxF8\g] dfG5]df, lrofsf kf]y|fdf, 8f]sfdf,
yfKnfdf cl8G5g\ d]/f cfFvf . d]/f] cufl8af6 rf/j6f l/Qf 8f]sf
n'?n'? psfnf] nfu] aufglt/ . dflyaf6 lrofkQLn] el/Psf b'O{
8f]sf tn emb}{5g\ . d;Fu}sf] csf]{ d'9fdf pm pFb}5 . /ftf n'uf
nufPsf xF;d'v b'O{ gjof}jgf l8ndfly plSnFb}5g\ .
d}n] lkPsf] lrofsf] lunf;lt/ x]b}{ l8ndflysf lrofsf
d'gfx eGbf x'g\ ef]ln xfdLnfO{ klg o;/L g} emf]n agfP/
lkpF5f} xf]nf . c;lt dfG5] cfkm}F /f]Kg] . cfkm}F dfg]{ . lkpg] .
lkm/lkm/ rNb}5 atf; . cfsfzdf gfRt}5 ;]tf] afbn . ;"o{
dfbn 76fpFb}5g\ . cf;j kf] lkP5g\ ls xfd|f ;"o{b]jn] ljr/fsf]
ufnf /gSs} /lGsPsf] b]lvG5 . lrofsf] k};f lt/]/ emg{ yfn]F . 8fFkm]
u]:6xfp;lg/ k'u]/ plePF . pef] x]/]F . lro}lrof .
s] xf] of] nekfs{ < g]kfnLnfO{ lrofsf af]6 /f]k . v]tL u/ .
wdfwd 8n/ l6k . cfg' ;fjuf; a9fpm eg]/ k|s[ltn] lbPsf]
j/bfg
xf] . Onfd] 8fF8fkfvf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ eGbf x'g\ nekfs{df cUnf]
6fj/ agfpm . hlt;'s} cUnf] agfP klg n8\b}g . xfdL y]u]/ /fV5f}+ .
6fj/dfly r9]/ ljb]zLx g]kfnsf] cnf}lss k|fs[lts b[Zo x]g]{5g\ .
x]bf{x]b}{ a'?sa'?s plk|mg yfNg]5g\ . ;+;f/d} gePsf] k|fs[lts nLnf
Onfddf x]g{ kfOG5 eGg] ;'g]/ w]/} ljb]zLx oxfF ylkg]5g\ . o;f]
ug{ ;s] Onfd g]kfns} k|d'v wgL lhNnf x'g]5 .

19

20

ToxfF k'u]kl5 o:tf] pRr k|fs[[lts :j/ ;'lgG5 P b'MvL

dg'jf ;'v vf]Hb} sxfFsxfF ef}tfl/G5f} < cfpm xfd|f] lkm/lkm/]
8fF8fdf . oxfFsf] lrofaf/Ldf, vf]N;fdf, wfgsf u/fdf, 6'k'Ss ;]tf
3/df, vsf kftdf, afbndf, lr;f] xfjfdf, aufgdf sfd ug]{ 8f]s]
sfdbf/sf] lgikfklgd{n dgdf ;w}+ e]l6G5 ;'v . ;'vsf] k x'Fb}g .
;'v, b'Mv, ;f}Gbo{ ;f]r xf] . dfq cg'e"lt . ;'v / ;f}Gbo{sf] k'ikjiff{
xf] nekfs{ .

p8\g] kf]v/L dfO{kf]v/L

xf] t, k|s[ltsf] ;fd'Gg] dfG5] ;w}+ k'8\s] t x'G5 lg x/]s s'/fdf

xfdLx Onfdsf] dfO{kf]v/L x]g{ hfg] ;'/;f/df 5f}F . c7;L

;fnsf] cfh c;f]h @@ ut] . Onfd ahf/sf] /fdsf] 3/leq a;]/
5'g'd'g' ub}{l5g\ /lZd . aflx/ /fd / d ukm ub}{5f}F . slthgf hfg]
< d . xfdL 5hgf afx]s kNnf] 3/sf $% hgf cfkmGtx klg
ylkg'x'G5 xf]nf . /fd . cl6G5 < cl6G5, 7"nf] 5 hLk . cyf{t\
6\ofS;L . xfF;] pgL .
Ps}l5gdf 3/cufl8 pleof] hLk . ;a}hgf a:of}F . lxF8\g
yfNof] kmnfd] 3/ . 38L x]/]F . P3f/ ah]5 . oxfFaf6 dfO{kf]v/L slt
lsnf]ld6/ xf] < d . c7f/ . /fd . slt ;do nfU5 < 8]8
b'O{ 3G6f . lsg Tolt w]/} ;do < af6f] 5]s g 5Gbsf] /
pa8vfj8 5 lg Ps}l5gdf ofRr /f]lsof] hLk .
laANofF6]sf] cDas M
cDas eg]kl5 x'?Ss} x'g] dfG5] d . ev{/} l6k]/ a]Rg /fv]sf]
/x]5 3'DtLh:tf] k;ndf . 5\ofs] clg kf]l6nf . s6\ld/fsf] :jfb
leGg}, kfs]sfsf] 5'} . b'j}vfn] lsg]/ vfofF} . dsds 3'/{, lb\nf
k'ofof] cDasn] . ;fyLxn] s]/f lsg] . vfP . lrof lkPF, cDas
eP ;tr"0f{ eof] dnfO{ . cxF, c s]xL klg vfOgF d}n] .
af6f] M
o:tf] af6f] t lxF8]s} lyOgF . kxf8] d . kxf8sf] af6f] lxF8]sf]
lyOgF eGg t nfh nfUg'kg]{ . nfu]g . laANofF6]af6 hLk psfnf]
nfUof] . s:tf] 5 af6f] < dnfO{ s] yfxf . klxn] ufsf] ef kf]
bflxg] leQf] . b]a|] leQf] . /l;nf] leQfaf6 df}sf kgf{;fy e'Sn'Ss
em5{ df6f] . psfnf]af6 cf]/fnf] emYof]{, emb}{5 / eml//xg] 5 kfgL .

21

22

kfgL clg df6f]nfO{ ToxfF k'Ug] k|To]s rf/kf\u|]n] d'5\g lal;{b}gg\ .

kmfF8f] kmlTsPsf] h:tf] lxn] af6f]df ;sLg;sL plSnFb}5 xfd|f] hLk .
slxn] bflxg] 3f]K6\ofpF5 . slxn] b]a|] . pkmf5{ . yrf5{ . n8\of],
n8\of], :jfxf kfg]{ ef] eG5g\ 5f]/Lx . csf d'vlt/ x]5'{ . d'v
rnfpFb}5g\ . ;lDemFb} xf]nfg\ dgdg} Oi6b]jnfO{ .
ptfaf6 csf]{ hLk cfpF5 . /S;L wf]s]/ v'f na{/fpFb} lxF8]sf]
/S:ofxfh:tf] . b'j} /S:ofxfsf]] e]6 x'G5 . v'OFsL v'OF . P 8fOe/
efO, ;f/} cK7\of/f] 5 eg] ghfcf}F . kmsf}F . d . xfF:t} pgL eG5g\
klxnf]k6s cfpg'ePsf] xf] ls Sof xf] . otf o:t} xf] . o:tf] gfy]
lxnf]af6 8/fP/ s;/L uf8L rnfpg' lsg cfQ]sf] d k'ofOxfN5'
lg km]l/ 3f]NRof . d/]/ dfly k'Uof}F .
dfu{b[Zo M
p;f] t ;a} af6f] lxnfDd] lyPg . uf]?sf l;h:tf] l8n ePsf]
sf]Kr] 7fpFdf kfgL aUbf df6f] v;]/ lxnfDd] ePsf] uhuh lxnf]df
hflSsGy] uf8Lsf kf\u|f . geP t s'b\y] lg tL sfnf kf\u|f a's{';L
7f]s]/ . ;Dddf ;8sh:t} kSsL af6f] klg t lyof] lg st}st} .
psfn}el/ b]v]F afF;of . lkm/lkm/ xlNnFb}5g\ . sf]qmfsf gfgLh:tf
;fgf kft . afF;sf] ;'l/nf] 6'Kkf] x]bf{ zq'n] dnfO{ rf]/cf}Fnf]
78\ofPh:tf] nU5 .
l8ndf pleP/ dnfO{ lrofpFb}5g\ clDn;fsf af]6x . clDn;f]
cfdL{ . 3f/L cfdL{ SofDk . zq' xf] ls eg]/ lrofP/ x]b}{5g\ b]z/Ifs
l;kfxL clDn;fx . vf]O s] eGg] d]/f afn] lb\nfdf k'/f0f nufpFbf
xNnfpg] rDd/h:tf clDn;fx . P, clDn;f]af6 t s'rf] kf] aG5 t
ltxf/df nIdLk"hf ubf{ /lZdn] km"n, ;]n / k};f r9fpg] s'rf] .
ptf, otf, k/ ;a}lt/ b]lvG5 ef]nf{sf] vdf yfnhqf kft .
ef]nf{sf] kft t lb\nfdf klg b]v]y]F . oxfF s]ljlw x'Fbf] /x]5 ef]nf]{ .
kfvfdf, jgdf, l8ndf, vf]N;fdf htftt} . l8ndf plePsf ef]nf{sf
vn] lxnfdf efl:;Psf] xfd|f] hLk b]v]/ lvl;l6p/L u/]h:tf] nfU5 .
lxF8\g tlD;bf lxnfdf hflSsg'k5{ . xfdLh:t} Ps} 7fpF al;/x] b'Mv}
kfOGgF . d tL vnfO{ eG5' . Ps} 7fpF al;/xFbf s]sf] ;'v . d}n]
23

gfd yfxf gkfPsf cUnf vx dlt/ x]b}{5g\ . af/Ldf ;'t]sf

km;L{sf nx/fx ev{/} ;'Ts]/L eP5g\ . kfP5g\ y'k|} 5f]/f5f]/L .
eN6\ofe'N6' . kml;{sf uf xf] ls s}F8f . w]/} b]lvG5g\ . vdfly
r9]/ AofP\5g\, O:s';sf nx/fx . afa' gePsf, cfdfn] kfn]sf
O:s';sf bfgf xlNnFb}5g\ xfdLlt/ x]b}{ . oxfFsf dfG5] O:s';af6}
ag]sf x'G5g\ ls < O:s';sf] nx/f] gePsf] t af/Lsf] Ps kf6f] klg
b]lvgF . ;'t]sf, p7]sf, r9]sf, a]l/Psf, kmn]sf, gkmn]sf O:s';sf
nx/fx .
P plgpF, ltd|f] kl/jf/ slt 5 < sltyl/ 5f} < k'8\sf, 3f/],
ofk'Nn] cg]sfF} b]v]F ltd|f vns . lb\nf gfuLdf, l;lSsdsf]
gfDrLdf / jgemfFqmL kmN; j/k/ . uf];fOFs'08df clg klZrd
c:6]lnofsf] ky{sf] ;fgf] lkslgs] vf]N;fdf .
dfO{kf]v/L k'Ugk'Ug nfUbf kfv}el/ b]v]+ ofk'Nn] plgpF3f/L .
plgpFsf yl/yl/ cfs[lt b]v]/ d cflQPF . ;[li6sf] Hof]T:gf d]/f]
cl3lTt/ em'n'Ss em'lNsof] . d x/fPF . x/fpFbfx/fpFb} plgpF3f/Lleq
k;]+ . ToxfF b]v]+ cd"t{ snf . ;[li6sf b'Mv, ;'v clg ;fdfGo cj:yf
. hLjg 5 plgpFdf . plgpF bz{g xf] . ;f]r xf] . cWoog xf] dfgj
hLjgsf] . oxfFsf plgpF3f/Ldf s] 5}g < ;a} 5 . x]g{ ;Sg'k5{ .
O{Zj/Lo ;QfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{x'G5 eg] oxfFsf] plgpF3f/Lleq
cv8f hdfP/ a;]sf 5g\ lxGb"xsf ;a} cf/fWob]jx ;[li6stf{,
kfngstf{ / ;+xf/stf{ . kfv}el/ d';'d';' xfF:t}5g\ ;]t} km'n]sf a'sL
km"nx . af/Ldf plePsf 5g\ kfs]sf, gkfs]sf, efFr]sf, gefFr]sf
ds}sf af]6 . af6fdfly l7 plePsf b]lvG5g\ g;lk|Psf UofFr]
lrofsf af]6 . xf]nf of] klg lrofaf/L . k/k/ b]lvG5g\ l6g5fg]
;]tf 3/ . PSn}PSn} lj/xuLt ufpFb} a;]sf tL 3/df sf] a:5 xf]nf
< lrGb} glrg]sf], b]Vt} gb]v]sf] cgf}7f] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ x]bf{x]b}{
cfOk'u]5 dfO{kf]v/L .
/fd 38L x]/ t, oxfF cfOk'Ug slt nfu]5 < 38L x]b}{ pgn]
eg] 8]9 3G6f . /f]lsof] afp;] v]Nb} cfPsf] xfd|f] hLk . cf]ln{of}F .
24

t];f]{, cf]l;nf] af6f]df lxF8\b}5fF} . bfofFlt/ 5g\ k;n yf]/} .

k;nleqsf] ofsaf6 lrofpFb}5g\ ;:tf /S;Lsf af]tnx . lrof
kfSt}5 . ;a}sf n'uf afSnf 5g\ . k|foM =d}nf . plePsf e]l6G5g\
lbgel/ af6fdf afx';] v]n]/ cfPsf tLgrf/ hLk . ToxL af6}df
/x]5 leq k:g] u]6 kmnfdsf] . k};f nfU5 leq hfg < nfU5 .
slt < x/]ssf] kfFr ?Kk] . k};f lt/]/ leq k:of}F . jgleq k:t}5f}F,
lxF8\b}5f}F, lr;f] e'OFdf 6]s]/ .
u]6leq M
xfd|f] :jfutdf ToxfF plePsf b]Vof}F w]/} cUnf vx . s;n]
pEofof] xf]nf xfd|f vflt/ oL vx < c s;n] < k|s[ltn] .
lxF8\bflxF8\b} 9'f 5fk]sf] af6fdf d}n] k|s[ltsf] pRr :j/ ;'g]F
:jfut 5 kfx'gfnfO{ .
kfx'gf aGg kfPsf]df b 5' d . 9']af6f] cf]/fnf] uof] . xfdL
Tot} nfUof}F . cln tn /x]5 csf]{ u]6 . kf]v/Lsf] Ps s'gfdf
agfPsf] Tof] u]6d'lg kfgLnfO{ 5F'b} k"hf ubf{ /x]5g\ . km"n}km"n .
k};}k};f, v'b|f . cn] u/]h:t} xfdLn] klg w"kWjfF/ uof}F .
lr;f] kfgL . afSnf] jg . rf/}lt/ cGwsf/ . dfG5] 5g\ t/
s'F8'nf] xf]Og . k"hf u/]sf 7fpFdf n]v]sf] b]v]F sf]gf . of] kf]v/Ldf
o:tf gf} s'gf 5g\ /] gf}j6} s'gfdf k"hfcfhf x'G5 /] u/, hlt
;S5f} u/ wd{ . kfpF5f}FkfpFb}gf}, d e'Q] v's'/LnfO{ s] yfxf oxLF a:g]
ls 3'Dg] < d . lxF8fF}lx8fF}, ca]/ eof] /fd . lxF8\g yfNof}F .
cUnf vsf] km]bsf] lrKnf], n]p pld|Psf] af6f]df lxF8\b}5fF} k'8\s]
xfdLx . xf] t, k|s[ltsf] ;fd'Gg] dfG5] ;w}+ k'8\s] t x'G5 lg x/]s
s'/fdf
clns p3f/f] 7fpF cfof] . cfsfzdf s'2}5 afbn . kf]v/Lsf]
kfgLdf To;sf] k|ltlaDa b]lvG5 . cfsfzdf gx]/L kfgLdf x]bf{ b]lvg]
s'2} u/]sf afbnsf] b[Zo pRr /f]df~rs nfUof] dnfO{ . lxF8\b}5fF} .
n]v]sf] b]v]F vdf dfO{wfd s'gf . Tof] s'gfdflyaf6 x]bf{ ;fdfGo
nfUof] . dfG5] 5}gg\ ToxfF . s'gfdf km"n, cIftf / cjL/ b]lvG5 .
25

km]l/ k9]F dfO{kf]v/L jg:klt pBfg . P, jg:klt pBfg kf]

/x]5 s]s] xf]nfg\ < cfkm"n] jg:kltzf:q kl9Pg eGb} lxFl8/x]sf] 5'
. glhs} zf]egLo au}Frf n]v]/ em'G8\ofOPsf] /x]5 . oxL xf] t
zf]egLo au}Frf < dg dfg]g d]/f] . km]l/ eg]+ of] k|fs[t pkjg xf] .
k|f0fL dfqsf] hLjgnfO{ xNnfpg] . agfj6L au}+rfdf s] kf] x'G5 /
;f}Gbo{

;a}
gSsnL .
kf]v/Lsf rf/}lt/ /x]5 8/nfUbf] afSnf] jg . kf]v/Ln] jgsf] jf
jgn] kf]v/Lsf] ;'/Iff u/]sf] v'6\ofpg ufxf] eof] dnfO{ . kl5 eg]F
dfO{kf]v/Lsf] lgd{n kfgLldl>t jfo'n] ToxfFsf af]6la?jfsf] ;+/If0f /
;Dj4{g u/]/ g} olt ;'Gb/ ag]sf] x'g'k5{ . lr;f], lrKnf] af6f]
lxF8\bflxF8\b} kf]v/Ldflysf] l8ndf b]v]F afSnf] plgpF3f/L . ofDd Tof]
plgpF3f/Lleq n's]/ sf]xL s]xL t ub}{ 5}g < xf] t, plgpFsf kft
s]ljlw xlNnPsf dfKkfsf] 5 3f/L . kf]v/Lel/ htftt} b]lvG5g\
km'n]sf hnsdn . vdf em'G8\ofOPsf] /x]5 dfp j[If n]v]sf] af]8{
.
clnslt lxF8\of}F . km]l/ csf]{ vsf] 5ftLdf em'lG8Psf] 5 dfp
j[If . dfp v w]/} 5g\ ls Sof xf] < dfp vsf k}tfnfb]lv
6'kL;Dd x]/]F . Ps gfDnf]df gc6fpg] df]6f cUnf em'l;lNs/] v .
lsg dfp eg]sf] < hjfkm e]l6gF . yfxf kfOgF . n]v]sf cIf/x
dgdg} k9]F /fd;f/ If]qdf ;"rLs[t ePsf] of] If]q xf] . lxF8\b}5f}F .
csf]{
7fpFdf
k9]F hnr/ k|hgg If]q .
xl/of] hn, lrKnf] af6f], ;fgf kf]y|fdf uLt ufpFb} r/Lx .
w]/}hgf 5f}F . lr;f]df Gofgf] sfvleq 3'u'tL v]Ng dg nfU5 . ldNb}g
. l;lnQ lrlKnPF . h'?Ss p7]F . kl5 lyPF . s;}n] b]v]g . xtf/xtf/
lxF8\b}, x]b}{ hfFb}5' d . ;'gfv/L s'gf, cls{8 xfp;, ;]8 xfp;,
aDaf] sg{/, dfln]gL sg{/, hl8a'6L k|bz{gL :yn . o:t}o:t}
c .
26

xfd|f] u|'ksf =;fgf efOn] e'OFdf x]b}{ Sofd]/f lslnSs kf/] .

s]sf] kmf]6f] lvr] eg]/ glhs} k'u]F d . leQfdf 7\ofSs} ;k{n] km0ff
p7fPh:tf] PSnf] gfgL lgu'/f] /x]5 . kmf]6f] dfq} x]bf{ ;k{ / lgu'/f]
5'6\ofpg wf}wf} kg]{ .
dftf cf>d M
;]n/f]6Lh:tf] 3'd]sf] af6f] 5f]8]/ l8ndfly uofF} . of] 7fpF
dlGb/ kl/;/ /x]5 . lzj / ;/:jtLsf] hL0f{ dlGb/ . k'/fgf tLgrf/
3/ . cUnf gl/jn / ;'kf/Lsf af]6 . /ftf n]sfnL km"n n6/Dd .
sflnbf;n] s'g} k':tsdf j0f{g u/]sf] wfld{s ufpFh:tf] . x]bf{ nfUof]
xf], of] /fd jgjf; hfFbf a;]sf] ufpF . ufpFsf] gfd h] lbP klg
xf]nf lg
lgd{ndfO{ M
k'/fgf] l6g] 3/sf] e'OF tnf . sf]7fel/ dfG5] . 9f]sfdf 7]nd7]n
. ToxLF plePsf] efOnfO{ ;f]w]F leq sf] 5 < s]sf] eL8 < leq
dfO{ l5g\ . ;a} dfG5] cfzLjf{b dfUg plePsf .
xfdL klg nfOg nfUof}F . d]/f] kfnf] cfof] . pgsf] 7Ls
cl3lNt/ b;sf] gf]6 xftdf lnP/ yrSs sf7sf] kL/fdf a;]F .
a'lemg] u/L dnfO{ y'k|}y'k|} cfzLjf{b lbP/ k};f xftn] yGSofOg\ . kfgL
xftdf /flvlbOg\ .
d}n] ;f]]w]F slt jif{ x'g'eof] < ;o gf3]F . oxfF slxn]b]lv
a:g'ePsf] < ;ft ;fndf d oxfF cfPsL eG5g\ hfGg];'Gg]x .
dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . lhpdf /f]u 5 < 5}g . cfFvf eg] k6Ss} b]lVtgF
. ;a} sfd cfkm}F ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 < s] ;Sy]F 5g\ lg cfgf dfG5]
d}n] w]/} cndNofpg ePg . kfnf] lbFb} ToxfFaf6 lgl:sPF . c
cfzLjf{b af]Sg yfn] . d otfplt 6xlng yfn]F .
sNkgf ug'{xf];\ Pp6f 7"nf] kf]v/L . gLnf] kfgL . ;]tf sdn
. kf]v/Lel/ df5f . l8ndf k]/sf] plgpF3f/L . rf/}lt/ cUnf, df]6f,
ofDd v ePsf] jg . jgleq dlGb/ kl/;/ . dlGb/;Fu} k'/fgf] 3/
27

. rf/}lt/ km"naf/L . nfUb}g t /dfOnf] < xf], o:t} 7fpF 5

lgd{ndfO{sf] cfjf; If]q . sNkgf xf]Og . ;fFRr} o:t} 5 . gkTofP
dfO{kf]v/Lsf] jgleq k:g'xf];\ . clg yfxf x'G5 .
hlt 3'd] klg ;lsGg eg]/ km6fkm6 lxF8\b} u]6glhs} cfOk'Uof}F
xfdL . ToxL /x]5 ;fgf] kfs{ . Psl5g a;f}F x} d . x'G5 .
dlxnf ;d"x . x]/]F . zf]egLo au}Frf gfd /x]5 xfdL a;]sf] kfs{sf] .
clns k/ b]v]F hd+ KnfHd If]q . s] eg]sf], a'lemgF d}n] .
/f]8kfl/sf] lrofk;ndf emDs]a'nfsL nufPsL cfd} lunf;df sf]bfsf]
emf]n vGofpFb} lyOg\ . Tof] b]v]/ af]6la?jf xlNnFb} lyPF . vfg] dfG5] .
nfUg] af]6la?jfnfO{ . o:tf] klg x'G5 / <
lsjbGtL M
xfdL;Fu} uPsf bfOn] ;'gfP w]/} jif{klxn] dfO{kf]v/L Onfd
ahf/eGbf clns tn lyof] /] ;x/ a9\b} hfFbf kf]v/Ldf dfG5]n]
kmf]xf]/ kmfNg yfn] /] Ps lbg Onfd ahf/sf] 5fgfdfly r/f
p8]h:t} p8\b} dfO{kf]v/Lsf] kfgL clxn]sf] hndf cfP/ a:of] /]
d}n] eg]F kfgL klg p8\5 / < pgn] km]l/ yk] d]/f xh'/af d}n]
cfFv}n] b]v]sf] eg]/ d ;fgf] x'Fbf xfdLnfO{ ;'gfpg'x'GYof] . u]6aflx/
lgl:sP/ jglt/ x]b}{ dgdg} eg]5' olt ;'Gb/ k|fs[lts If]qnfO{
g]kfn ;/sf/n] lsg ko{6sLo If]q agfpFb}g <
lkmbf{ b]v]+ M
c;f]h dlxgfsf] cGTodf klg kfSg g;s]sf ds}sf xl/of af]6
. 6nSs 6lNsg] l6g5fg] 3/ kmfkm' . l;lnQl;lnQ uf8L lrlKng]
pxL sf]Kr] af6f] . . P];]n'sf of . ef]nf{sf yfnsfg] kft . k/,
dfly cfsfzdf b]lvg] afbn ;'Gb/ 5 . Tof] afbnlt/ x]/]/ k6Ss}
v';L b]vfpFb}gg\ Onfdsf dfG5] . lrGtf, kL8f, cefj, ckrng .
o:t}o:t} . a]n}df 3/ k'Uof}F .

28

;fhaf]6]df b;}+
cfsfzdf s'2} u/]sL afbn cfdfn] ;]tf] kml/of nufPsf]
b]V5' . csf]{ nv66\6' afbn otfaf6 ptf p8\b}5 . x]bf{x]b}{ x/fpF5g\ b'j}
afbn . lemldSs . l5ge/sf] ofqf . kfgLsf] kmf]sfh:tf] hLjgsf] lgofqf .

b;}F ;lsPsf] 5}g . tn ;fhaf]6] ufpFdf d]/f 7'NbfO a:g'x'G5 .

ToxfF xfd|f] k'Vof}{nL 3/ / v]tL klg 5 . ufpF 3'Dg] / 6Lsf nufpg]
b'j} sfd x'G5 . hfg] xf]Og < eg] /fdn] . 6f9f 5 ls < eg]F d}n] .
Ps}l5gdf k'luG5 . ufpFn]x lbgsf] b;rf]l6 cfphfp u5{g\ .
pgn] kmsf{P . x'G5 t x'G5, hfcf}F .
bfOsf]df 6Lsf yfKg /fdsf] kl/jf/ / xfdL b'O{ af6f] nfUof}F .
ahf/ ;lsof] . clnslt t];f]{ . ca 7f8f] cf]/fnf] . embf{emb}{ gfsdf
7f]lSsof] ufpFsf] ;'jf; . cnf}lss jf:gf . cf]/fnfdf 9'f, lrnfpg]
/ kfTn]sf v . ;a};Fu Ps}rf]l6 e]6 eof] . cfgf] 3/ k'u]h:t}
nfUof] .
bfOsf] 3/df M
7f8f] cf]/fnf] af6f] 5f]8]/ t];f]{ nfUof}F . 7'NbfOsf] 3/lt/ nfUg]
afF;ofd'lgsf] af6f] tf5t'5 kf/]/ /fd|f] agfOPsf] /x]5 . dgdg}
eg]F P ;fhaf]6] ufpFdf klg b;}F cfP5 .
s6]/fdf rf/j6f ufO{ / ;fgf afR5faf5L k'R5/ xNnfpFb} lyP .
6\jfF k/]/ x]/] xfdLnfO{ . d}n] klg x]/]F . 3/sL sfnL ufO{sf] ;Demgf
eof] . km/s olQ xf], lb\nfdf d 3fF;sf d'7f nu]/ 8'F8df xflnlbGy]F,
clxn] sDd/ dsf{P/ lxF8\b}5' .
dtfgdf k'Uof}F . rls{Psf] /x]5 uf/f] . 5ofnL; ;fnsf]
e'OFrfnf]df rls{Psf] d]/f] dtfgh:t} . p:t} t xf] of] klg ;]tf]
sd]/f]n] g} kf]t]sf] 5 . d"n3/leq k:of}F . cfFugdf b'O{j6f s's'/
29

k'R5/ xNnfpFb} lyP . /fdsf] uf]8fdf cfP/ b'j}n] ;'F3] . lrg] .

xfdLnfO{ s]xL u/]gg\ .
l;s'jfcufl8, h'7]Ngf]dfly a]Grh:t} vfnsf] cf6df /f8L
cf]5\ofPsf] /x]5 . uof}F . /fdn] a;f}F eg] . a:of}F . pgsf elthfx
b;}F dfGg sf7df8f}Faf6 cfPsf /x]5g\ . pgL leq k;] . d k|s[ltsf]
sfvdf n'6k'l6Fb} x]b}{5' .
n6/Dd kmn]sf ;'Gtnf / h'gf/sf af]6 t/ gkfs]sf .
oflPsf O:s';sf nx/f . s'g} yfFqmfdf, s'g} vdf . dgkl/ .
bfg}bfgf . sfFr} SjfKk} 6f]sf}+ h:tf . s/];faf/Lsf nxnx km"n l9nf]
cfof] ltxf/ eg]/ lbSs dfg]h:tf] dfofnfUbf b]lvG5g\ . vlgpFsf]
vsf xfFuf xfdLlt/ x]/]/ xlNnFb}5g\ . af/Lsf] nfdf] kf6f]el/
vfFbfvfFb u/]/ a;]sf b]lvG5g\ d'nfsf kft . d'nf hldgd'lg . s]
b]Vg' ef/]e'/] vx r'k nfu]/ plePsf 5g\ sfGnfdf .
afF;ofdf ;lk|Psf s]ljlw afF; ;fhaf]6] d]/} ufpF gfuL kf] /x]5 .
lrof lkpg] < /fd . ef], glkpg] d . df]xL lg < /fd
. lkpg]lkpg] . d}n] b'O{ 8asf df]xL :jf} kf/]F . cDas vfg] <
eg]/ ;f]Wg'eof] h]7L efph"n] . /fdn] eg] af/L 3'df}F . l6k]/
vfcf}Fnf . ;a}nfO{ a:t} u/, xfdL 3'd]/ cfpF5fF} eg]/ /fd / d
lgl:sof}F .
af/L 3'Dbf M
cfFugaf6 a'b|' em/]/ tNnf] l8ndf cf]ln{ofF} . dfG5] lxF8]sf]
af/Lleqsf] 8f]/]6f] af6f]af6 emg{ yfNof}F . l;? 3fF; xfdLnfO{ b]v]/ b
kof] . lar/f] v';Ln] /f]of] . cfF;' xf] ls zLt < af6}sf] af]6df kfs]sf]
b]v]F cDas . l6kl6k, vfcf}F eg]F . /fdn] r9]/ l6k] . cxf Sof
ld7f] 6f]St} emb}{5f}F .
l6g5fg] kf6L e]l6of] . /fdn] eg] of] kf6L xfdLn] csf
nflu agfOlbPsf xf}F . a:g ldN5 . af/Laf6 jfl/kfl/sf] dgf]/d
b[Zo dhfn] b]lvFbf] /x]5 .
30

l;?3f/L / cUnf sfGnf ePsf] af/L x]b{}5' . ToxLF b]lvG5g\ nx/}

3fF;sf v . ;DkGg >]i7 kl/jf/sf] k'Vof}{nL hldg w]/} /x]5 .
ltdLxsf] hUuf tn b]lvPsf] vf]r;Dd xf] < xf] . w]/} /x]5 t
5 lg
cN5L nfUof] . tn k'u]gfF} . kmls{bf af6fd'lg b]v]F 7"nf]
lg;fl:;Fbf] jg . of] s;sf] < xfd|f] xf] . jg / afF;sf] ;'uGw ;'Fb},
3fF;kft;Fu lhl:sFb}, 6f]St}, l8n r9\b} 3/leq k:of}F . la/fnf] d]/f]
sfvdf cfP/ a:of], DofpFDofpF .
6Lsf nufcf}F . /fd . x'G5 . d . dnfO{ bfOn] 6Lsf
nufOlbg'eof] . efph"n] hd/f . tfKn]h'df h:tf] sGr6df cIftf
nfpg] rng /x]g5 oxfF . aflx/} vfg] ls leq a;]/ < /fd .
aflx/} d .
k"j{ kmls{P/ a;]sf] 5' . pxL cl3 eg]sf] a]Grh:tf] kmNofs]
vf6df . b;}Fsf] kl/sf/ . dL7f] . lha|f] :jfb dfGb}5 vfg . cfFvf emg\
rDsLrDsL x]b}{5g\ k/k/ . kfl/ plePsf] b]lvG5 7f8f] kfvf] . af/L
xf]Og, v]t}v]t b]lvG5 . dflyaf6 tn aUb} em/]sf] s'nfsf] kfgLh:tf]
xl/of] kfvf] . v]tsf cGt/s'Gt/df ;]tf 3/ . of] v]tdf y'k|} kmN5
xf]nf wfg .
bfO, Tof] ufpFsf] gfd s] xf] < d . zflGt8fF8f uflj;,
km'6's, Onfd . bfO, k/, dfly, bfofF clg cln k/ b]lvPsf] Tof]
ufpFsf] gfd s] lg < dfO{kf]v/L uflj; . psfnf] clg cf]/fnf] .
vf]r clg xl/ofnL . slt /fd|f] dfO{kf]v/L ufpF ;Fu}sf] s'g ufpF xf]
lg < ;fv]h' uflj; . of] ufpFdf klg af]6la?jf, 3/, xl/ofnL
b]lvG5 6f9}af6 .
cfsfzdf s'2} u/]sL afbn cfdfn] ;]tf] kml/of nufPsf] b]V5' .
csf]{ nv66\6' afbn otfaf6 ptf p8\b}5 . x]bf{x]b}{ x/fpF5g\ b'j}
afbn . lemldSs . l5ge/sf] ofqf . kfgLsf] kmf]sfh:tf] hLjgsf]
lgofqf .

k/sf] Tof] ufpFsf] gfd s] xf] < afnfg ufpF . lsg afnfg
ufpF gfd /fv]sf] < ;+Gof;Lx afnfg v]Nb} gfRg] 7fpF ePsfn] Tof]
ufpFsf] gfd g} afnfg ufpF ePsf] eG5g\ a"9fk'/fgfx . sxfF k5{
of] < Onfd gkf j8f g+= ( df k5{ . To:tf] ufpF klg gkf < xf] .

31

32

kmls{bf M
d}n] bfh'efph" / elthfelthL;Fu eGbf klg vkft,
af]6la?jf, ufO{uf]?, afR5fafR5L;Fu clg d]/f] Kof/f], clt Kof/f]
;fhaf]6]sf] k|s[lt;Fu dgdg} labf dfu]F . kmls{b}5f}F . psfn}psfnf] .
af6f]j/k/ km'n]sf km"nxn], lkF8fn'sf snsnfpFbf kftn], xl/of
a'6fa'6Ln], afF;3f/Ln], xl/of] /fof]sf] ;fuaf/L / d"nfaf/Ln],
vf]N;fvf]N;Ln] :jf} dnfO{ lb\nf k'ofP . psfnf]df pleP/ Psl5g
x]/]F kfl/ b]lvg] /fd|f r'r'/fx . dfly k'UofF} ;Dddf .
Tof] 3/ w/0fL ;/sf] xf] eg]/ b]vfOg\ piffn] . lrG5' d w/0fL
;/nfO{ . sf7df8f}Flt/} x'g'x'G5 xf]nf . 3/d} eP t hfg x'GYof] eg]F
d}n] . /fdsf] 3/leq k:tf P3f/hlt ah]sf] x'g'k5{ .

sGofddf Psl5g

Onfdaf6 tfKn]]h'

cflv/ dfG5]nfO{ :jf:gL, 5f]/f5f]/L, ;fyLefOeGbf klg k|s[lt geO{ gx'g] /x]5 .

ss{nfsf] kftdf 6nSs 6lNsG5 kfgL . xf]nf zLtsf] yf]kf] .

eGbf] xf] dfG5]sf] lhGbuL ss{nfsf kftsf] zLtsf] yf]kf]h:t} xf] .

/fdsf] 3/af6 bflh{ln hfg rlDsP/ af6f] nfu]sf lyof}F .

k'u]5fF} sGofd . af6f] cndlnP5 . pleof] xfd|f] sGbg] uf8L ToxLF .
cf]ln{of}F . ukm r'6\t} ;Fu} lxF8\b}5fF} . ;8sd'lg, dfly, glhs}, 6f9f,
;a}lt/ xf]rf, cUnf, ofDd, xl/of lrofsf af]6 b]lvG5g\
snsnfpFbf, nxnx . kf]y|f;Fu} pleP/, a;]/ kmf]6f] lvRt}5g\ dfG5] .
cflv/ dfG5]nfO{ :jf:gL, 5f]/f5f]/L, ;fyLefOeGbf klg k|s[lt geO{
gx'g] /x]5 . geP lrofsf kf]y|f;Fu lsg olt w]/} dfoflk/tL
;Nnf3f/L b]v]F . ;Nnfsf] jg . jgleq a;]/ ef]h n8fpFb}5g\
dfG5] . jgef]h xf]nf . w/fg, lj/f6gu/, emfkflt/af6 jgef]h vfg
otf cfpF5g\ /] /d0fLo lkslgs :yn sGofdsf] lrofaufg .
dfofn'sf lemDs]k/]nLh:tf nxnx, snsnfpFbf lrofsf af]6xn]
dnfO{ vofsv'q'Ss} kf/] . klUnPF d . xfdLn] klg lrof3f/Ldf
pleP/ kmf]6f lvRof}F .
3f]8f 8f]ofpFb} lyof] km'Rr] s]6f] . r9\g'x'G5 < gfOF . dnfO{
nfh kf] nfu]5 3f]8f r9\g . hlxn] kfof] ToxLn] p7\tf] /x]5 km'Q
nfh . af6f] nfUof}F . sGofd lrofaf/Lsf] cg'kd ;f}Gbo{ d]/f] dgsf]
dem]/Ldf ln;f] 6fFl;Ph:tf] 6fFl;O/x]sf] 5 cem} .

xfdL ;fthgf cfh /fdsf] 3/af6 tfKn]h' af; a:g k'Ug]

;'/;f/df 5f}F . cf7 ah] laxfg lgl:sof}F . l9nf] xf]nf, tfKn]h' hfg]
hLk 5'6\nf eg]/ nf]sn hLkdf r9\of}F . glhs} /x]5 d]nldnfk 3'DtL
. Ps}l5gdf xfdL ToxfF v'q'Ss} k'Uof}F . l6s6 lxh} sf6]sf] /x]5
hLksf]
.
-otf 6\ofS;LnfO{ hLk eGbf /x]5g\_ . a;df tfKn]h' ;ft ;o .
hLkdf cf7 ;o krf; . bfh'efph"sf] dfofn]] hLks} sf6]sf] /] l6s6
/fdn] . clxn] cfpF5 . cfpFb}g . cfPg . cfpFb} cfPg . rf/ 3G6f
c8\8f hdfP/ a:of}F xfdL . hLk klv{P/ .
of] 7fpFnfO{ s] eG5g\ < d . gf/fo0fyfg /f]8 clg
wf]aLwf/f] /fd . d]nldnfk /f]8 n]v]sf] b]v]F lg < Tof] gofF gfd
xf] . emf]nf xf]6ncufl8 /fv]/ d j/k/ 3'Db}5' . xfd|f] ;d"x ukm
r'6\t}5 . clxn] plePsf] 5'' clns k/ . o'lg6L nfOkm xl:k6n eGg]
;fOgaf]8{ 5 glhs} . afF;ofd'lg ;8sdfly b]lvG5 u|Ln k;n .
;8sd'lg rf/ tnf xf]nf xf]rf] 3/ gaf]nLgaf]nL 6fpsf] p7fP/
;8s;Dd
cfOk'u]sf]
5 . 3/;Fu} 5 vf]N;f] . vf]N;fdf afF;of . xf}, s]ljlw xf} afF;
xfd|f] lb\nfdf rf]ofafF;, dfnafF; eGy], otf s] eG5g\ < slt ;'l/nf]
lrnfpg]sf v lrof 3'6\SofPF k;nleq k;]/ . ;Fu} /x]5 ef]hk'/]
k|wfg xf]6n . ;Demgf cfof] d]/f] ef]hk'/sf] . lrGg' g hfGg' s] s'/f
ug'{ k;n];Fu
/fd klg cfP d;Fu . gf/fo0f dlGb/lt/ hfg] < hfg] .
;a}hgf l8ndflysf] dlGb/df uof}F . glhs} /x]5 . Onfd]sf] k|frLg
tLy{:yn . xfdLnfO{ b]v]/ gaf]Ng] b]jLb]jtf v';fP ls v';fPgg\, yfxf
kfOgF . xfd|f lz/ em's] . s;n] s] OR5f uof], csf{sf] dgsf] s'/f

33

34

yfxf kfpg] s'/} ePg . oltrflxF kSs} xf] 8fF8fd'lg, ;8sdflysf]

zfGt tLy{:yndf hf]sf]xL uP klg dgsf] sNd; x/fpg] /x]5 .
kmls{of}F . dlGb/ kl/;/n] lsg a6f5{ dnfO{ < sk8f lgrf]/]/
;'sfPh:tf] d]/f] dgsf b'ef{jgfxnfO{ lgrf]g{ vf]h]sf] t xf]Og <
wf]aLwf/f] cgj/t aUb} lyof] . emb}{ lyof] kfgL . dfly jg .
tn kfgLsf] d"n . lgd{n kfgL . o:tf] kfgL lkpg kfP kf] eGof]
dgn] . km]l/ csf]{ dgn] Tof] dgnfO{ emfk8 lbFb} eGof] of]
wf]aLwf/f]h:tf xhf/f}F wf/f 5g\ lb\nfdf . lsg 5f]8]sf] < hfpm g
lb\nf
cem} cfPg hLk . xfdLh:t} lgGofp/f b]v]F cfsfzdf ;"o{ .
l8naf6 b]v]F cl3sf] 3/sf] aflx/ v'8\lsnfdf a;]/ pm eft
ksfpFb}5 . k/b]zL xf]nf . s]ljlw lrk{6 bfp/f . Pp6f dfG5] d]/f]
cufl8af6 uof] . p;sf] 6f]kLdf donsf] sftL hd]sf] 5 . k]G6sf]
sG8f] RofltPsf] 5 . pm lxF8]sf] af6}df /S;Lsf] uGw cfpF5 . k/
;8sdf hvdn] v;L l3;fb}{ d ePlt/ cfpFb}5 s]6f] . xf]nf Tof]
v;L b;}F .
cgfdgu/] d . 5' d]nldnfk 3'DtLdf . dgdf 5}g d]nldnfk .
sG8f] kmf6]sf] dfG5], d[To' af]s]/ lxF8]sf] b;}Fsf] v;L, zfGt
gf/fo0fyfg, eft ksfpFb} u/]sf] k/b]zL, cfkm}F x's]{sf af]6la?jf,
lgd{n kfgL . oL ;a} s] x'g\ <
dfG5] . clg k|s[lt . lg3f{t lk6\tf] /x]5 ;don] dfG5]nfO{ .
;'vb'Mv, wgLul/a . k|s[lt clg hghLjg . nLnf, ljlrq lgjf{x,
sfo{sf/0f, d}n] ;fFrf] s'/f yfxf kfOgF . s] xf], s] xf]Og < ;a} xf] / <
rf/ 3G6fkl5 cfof] tf]/Lnfp/] hLk . rdf, /fdpiff /
5f]/Lx b'O{, /lZd / d . hDdf ;fthgf . hfFb}5f}F l6Ds] hLkdf .
x]b}{5' d . tndfly, j/k/ ;a}lt/ afF; . afF;sf lrqfn] af/a]/
u/]sf l6g5fg] 3/x . dfG5] a:g] 3/ afF;sf . ;'Fu'/sf vf]/ afF;sf
. ufO{j:t' afFWg] s6]/f afF;sf . O:s';sf bfgf kmNg] dfr afF;sf .
afF;sf] ;fd|fHo . l8ndf, sf]Krfdf, kfvfdf afF; . Onfd]x tfdfsf]
tsf{/L dg k/fpF5g\ xf]nf <

k'jf vf]nf;Dd k'Ubf o:t}o:t} b]v]F afF;, lgufnf]3f/L,

clDn;f]sf] rDd/, otfptf, htftt} xl/ofnL . k'jf vf]nfaf6 psfnf]
plSnFbfplSnFb} g]kfn6f/ k'Uof}F . km';km'; p8\b}5 s'lx/f] . kfyLe/f
cyf]{8S; lrof k|zf]wg s]Gb| x]/]F . lrofsf xf]rf, b'Anf, d/GRofF;]
af]6x .
/S;]sf] s'lx/f] M
psfnf]df e]l6of]] /S;] ahf/, hf8f], n]s, km';km';] s'lx/f] .
/S;L vfPsf] dfG5]h:tf] . xf]Og, of] s'lx/f] Dof/fy'g bf}8df bf}l8Fb}5 .
s]ljlw s'b\g ;s]sf] xf]Og, s'2}5}g . n]sfnL t?gLsf /fd|f /ftf
ufnf d';fb}{5 . d]/f] z/L/ eg] n'un'u sfDg yfNof] . /S;]sf] lr;f]n]
.
/fFs] ahf/df eft vfg cl8of] xfd|f] hLk leQflt/ . /fFsf]
an]sf] 5 ef]ssf] k]6df . y'y'{/ sdfpFb}5 c;lQ hf8f]n] . s'6\t}5 .
km';km';] s'lx/f] . lb\nfsf] lrqu'Kth:tf] . xf]Og, d}o'dsf] n]s g} xf]
of] . lk;fa ug{ hfg] cfF6 5}g . r'lxPnf h:tf] eof] . 6\jfOn]6df
rfkfrfk 5 . cFWof/f] l5F8Lleq k;]/ 5f]8]+ . cd]l/sfdf eP To;} b'O{
;o
8n/
hl/jfgf
u/fpFy] . emg\ 3/leq 5f]8\bf t xhf/f}+ 8n/ 5]/fpFy] ls kf]v]5'
lrk{6 bfp/fdfly .
vfg a:of}F . cfpFb}g t eft NofPsf] yfn gb]v'Gh]n x]l//x]]F .
j/k/ a;]sf dfG5]sf] lhpaf6 dudu af:gf cfpFb}5 uGwsf] .
n'ufdf s6sl6Psf] donnfO{ s'lx/f]n] d';fg{ yfn]kl5 lgl:sFbf] /x]5
gdL7f]
uGw .
afxfg nfPsf] cfof] eft . yfndf p8\b}5 tftf] w"jfF .
srf}/fdf bfn / 6df6/sf] crf/ 5 . 5}g t/sf/L . d t/sf/L 5}g
;fx'gL < eG5' . cfpFb}g hjfkm . lha|f] km8\sf/Lkm8\sf/L vfFb}5g\
c . ;fx'gL cfP/ ;f]lwg\ l3p vfg'x'G5 < d}n] /lZdlt/ x]/]F .
pgn] O;f/}O;f/fdf x'G5 elgg\ . 7f]Sg yfn]F l3p / eft . cxf, Sof
dL7f] vfgf lb\nfdf cfdfn] lbPsf] l3peft .

35

36

kfFrtf/] xf]6ndf lgs}k6s 76fPsf] 5' . /fFs] ahf/sf] bfn /

3Lpefthlt dL7f] lyPg Tof] kl/sf/ . jf:tjdf g]kfnLx To;}
alnofaff ePsf xf]Ogg\ . lr;f] xfjfkfgLdf k}bf ePsf] cGgn]
;Gg x'Fb} 6Dd x'G5g\ g]kfnLx . km"lt{jfh, anjfg\ / /ftfkL/f .
k/ kfvf]af/Ldf xlNnFb} lyP ds}sf af]6 . af]6df 3f]uf . y'/y'/
sfDb}5 d]/f] lhp . 6Dd c3fPsf] 5 k]6 . /lZd;Fu Psfsf/ x'g dg
nfU5 . ldNb}g . kltkTgL Ps x'g\ eG5 zf:q . ;dfh eG5
dof{bf kfng u/ . d ;dfhn] cxfPsf] dfGb} g5f]O{ uf8Lleq uP/
a:5' .
of] 7fpFsf] gfd < lga'jf vf]nf . lga'jf k]n]sf]] ;Demgf
cfpF5 lb\nfsf] 3/k5fl8 sf7sf] sf]ndf . pM Tof] s'g 7fpF xf] <
kf}jf eGHof . kf}jf eGHofsf] af/Lel/ kfs]sf xl/of ds} cfkm}F
uP/ k6\ofk6\of efFrf}F clg cu]gfsf] sf]Onfdf cf]N6fOkN6fO kf]n]/
df]xL;Fu vfcfF} h:tf] nfUof] . df]xL klg t kfOPnf lg uf8Lsf]
glhs} ;8sdf 5]p nfu]/ lxF8\b}5g\ z]kf{ / z]lk{gL . tL /ftfkL/f
hf]8LnfO{ b]v]/ kf}jf eGHofsf] k|s[ltnfO{ hDnfxft hf]8]F . lkmlbd
cfof] . k~rfotsfndf lkmlbdsf afbzfxxsf] gfd ;'g]sf] lyPF .
lkmlbd s0f{lk|o zAb xf] d]/f] .
s;}n] hLkleq} eGof] lkmlbdsf] k'/fg' gfd km]b]g xf] .
km]b]gsf] cy{ xf] g/fd|f] df6f] . /fd|f] jf g/fd|f] df6f] h] eP klg
a;]s} 5g\ Sof/] dfG5] 6Gg} lkmlbd ahf/nfO{ ToxLF 5f]8]/ ;'6'Ss}
lxF8\of}F xfdL . cf]/fn}cf]/fnf] .
of] vf]nfsf] gfd < x]jf vf]nf . ca psfnf] . ukm ub}{5f}F .
pm eG5 oxfF wfg, ux'F b'O{ afnL x'G5 . dlnnf] / pAhfp 5 df6f]
. psfnf] r9\g ;St}g hLk . dg /dfof] ls l/;fof] ls d'd{l/of], eGg
ldn]g . k"/} ;Ldv]tsf] aLraf6 s'2}5 xfd|f] hLk . v]tsf] aLraf6
kLraf6f] lgsfn]kl5 vlgvf];|L vfg] aa'/fx s] vfFbf x'g\
xfdL tnaf6 dfly hfFb}5fF} . af6fsf] bflxg] / b]a|] af/Lsf] l8n
5 . l8naf6 km';km'; em5{ df6f] . df6f]nfO{ cfsfz]kfgLn] aufpF5 .
kfgL / df6f]nfO{ rf}la;} 3G6f s'b\g] uf8Ln] d'5]/ bxLlrp/f agfPsf]

x'G5 . b'O{lt/ l8nsf] aLrdf b'O{ lkm6hlt cUnf] af6fsf] df6f]nfO{

lyRt} s'2}5 hLk . kf\u|f xlNnG5g\ . tndfly . nl8of] . uOof] .
lxF8\g yfN5 . ;a}n] eG5f}F afFlrof] . o:t}o:t} .
of] af6f] lsg kLr gu/]sf] < 7]Ssf lng]lbg]sf] s'/f ldn]g .
of] lxn] ;8s slt xf]nf < cGbfhL gf} lsnf]ld6/ . yls{of}F a]:;/L
. wGg s;}nfO{ s]xL ePg . lxn] af6fsf] 3/5]psf vf]/df l;p/
xNnfpFb} s'v'/fsf] efn] eGb} lyof] dfG5]eGbf t d} ;'vL . slt
/fd|f] 5 d]/f] vf]/ xlNnFb}g . lrlKnFb}g . nl8Fb}g .
uf]k]6f/df ;lsof] psfnf] . pM l;fk'/ b]lvof] . lsg l;fk'/
eg]sf] < l;fk'/af6 kmls{Psf nfx'/]n] vf]n]sf] :s'n 5 ToxfF .
eGbfeGbf 7fpFsf] gfd g} l;fk'/ eof] . of] ;'gf/3'DtL xf] . lsg
o;f] eg]sf] < s'lGg . of] 8fF8fsf] gfd s] < kl/jf/8fF8f] . of]
7fpFsf] gfd s] < gfvf]Nof . ;'gf/3'DtL, kl/jf/8fF8f], gfvf]Nof
x'Fb} sfj]nL gbL tbf{ emdSs} /ft kof] . v'OFv'OF s'bfof] hLkn] . x]g]{
wf]sf] lyof] d]/f] . cFWof/f]df s]] x]g]{ < tfKn]h' ahf/leq l5ofF} .
Onfdlkmlbd tLg 3G6f . lkmlbdtfKn]h' kfFr 3G6f hLkdf .
/fd, piff / /lZdsf] k|f]u|fd /x]5 tfKn]h' k'u]/ 7"nf]a'afsf]
3/df a:g], vfg] . dnfO{ yfxf lyPg . /ft emdSs} kl/;s]sf] lyof] .
uf8Laf6 lgl:sP/ Psl5g lxF8\of}F . piffsf 7"nf]a'afsf 5f]/f hLjg
>]i7;Fu e]6 eof] . lng uPsf /x]5g\ . pgL cl3, xfdL kl5 .
ahf/sf] /f]8}df hf]l8Psf] 3/leq k:of}F . piffsf] cfg} hGd3/ .
k9]sf], x's]{sf], v]n]sf] 7fpF, 3/, leQf, OF6f, uf/f], xfjf, w"jfF,
sf]7frf]6f ;a}n] lrg] xf]nfg\ pgnfO{ . cfgf] dfG5] cfPsf] b]v]/ b
k/] xf]nfg\ eGg] 7fg]F d}n] .
efG;fsf]7f 5t}df /x]5 . ToxfF a;]/ dL7f]dl;gf] vfof}F . 3/sf
b'j} a'xf/Lx k'ikf, k"hf, 7"nLcfdf, hLjg / e'jg ;a}n] xfd|f] pkb|f]
vflt/bf/L u/] . yfs]sf lyof}F . /ft klg l5lKkO;s]sf] lyof] . 7"nf]
3/ /x]5 . sf]7}sf]7f . cnucnu sf]7fsf] aGbf]a:t eof] . ;'Tof}F .

37

38

;'k|eftd\ tfKn]h' M

ePsf] lyPg pHofnf] . s'v'/f af;]sf] ;'g]s} 5}g . d}n] g;'g]/

s] x'G5 / x]bf{x]b}{ k|x/ kmf6\of] . 8\ofDd} pHofnf] eof] . p7]F .
afy?dleq k;]F . dhfsf] kf] /x]5 Kofg . P, o:tf] k|ljlw t
cd]l/sflt/ klg b]lvgF x} sfd ;s]F . lgl:sPF . cf, ;fyLx p7]s}
5}gg\, 5tdf uP/ x]5{' eg]/ PSn} dfly plSnPF . 3/sf] 5tdf pleP/
k"j{lt/ x]b}{5' d .
3/d'lg, cfFvfcl3lNt/ b]lvG5 ;'s]sf 3fF; ePsf] af/L .
O:s';sf] nx/fdf em'lG8Psf bfgfx dlt/ x]b}{5g\ . ToxLF 5 PSnf]
vlgpFsf] v klg . d]/f 3/d'lg a8x/sf] af/Lsf] vlgpFsf] vh:tf]
. 7fpF7fpFdf ds}sf 9f]8sf] y'k|f] b]lvG5 . DofFDofF ub}{ PSnf] b;}Fv;L
s/fpFb}5 . xlNnFb}5g\ km"n km'n]sf tf]/Lsf af]6 . km;L{sf nx/fdf
ufuL b]lvFb}gg\ . ToxLF 5 lkF8fn'sf] af]6 . dhfsf] af]6 . clns k/
b]lvG5 ltt]s/]nfsf] of . 5g\5}gg\ ltt]s/]nf, yfxf ePg .
ss{nfsf] kftdf 6nSs 6lNsG5 kfgL . xf]nf, zLtsf] yf]kf] . eGbf]
xf] dfG5]sf] lhGbuL ss{nfsf kftsf] zLtsf] yf]kf]h:t} xf] .
km"nsf
y'Fufx
xlNnFb}5g\
af]6df . ;'l/nf] vd'lg a;]/ 3'b}{5g\ k/]jfsf efn]kf]yL . efn]kf]yL
geP olt w]/} dfof u/]/ lsg a:y] ToxfF s]ljlw dfof u/]/ r'Rrf]
hf]8]sL k/]jLn] k/]jfnfO{ . af/L;Fu} ;]tf] l6gn] 5fPsf 3/x 5'f5'}
plePsf b]lvG5g\ . af/Lsf] aLrdf 7"nf] s'nf] jf 9n b]lvG5 . 5}g
kfgL;fgL .
klZrd kmls{PF d . cUnf] xl/of] y'Dsf] . y'Dsfdfly d8fl/Fb}
s'2}5 ;]tf] afbn . l:y/ y'Dsf] . rnfodfg afbn . b'j} ;Dks{df 5g\
. afbn k'R5/ xNnfP/ ToxLF kmgkmgL 3'd]sf] b]V5' . dfof ubf{ x'g\ .
u/}u/faf6 ag]h:tf] y'Dsfdf plePsf vx dlt/ x]/]/ xlNnFb}5g\ .
38L x]/]F . 5 ah]5 . k;nsf l9sx v'Ng yfn] . lb\nfdf ob'sL
cfdfn] k;nsf] l9s vf]n]h:tf] . klZrdlt/sf] jgd'lg af/L 5 .
af/Ld'lg ahf/ 5 . km'\ln ahf/, ;x/, u'h'd'Hh 3/, aLrdf ahf/
. s'OFSs 3'd]sf] ;8s . slt x]g]{ 8fF8f], jg, kfvf], af/L, 3/, ahf/,
k|s[lt km'lnsf] ;f}Do k|s[lt clg lgZ5n hgtf b]v]/ ;Gg ePF d
. tn em/]/ sf]7fleq k;]F . ;a} pl7;s]sf /x]5g\ .
39

40

kfyLe/f k|s[lt ;"of]{bo

Psflaxfg} Bf}/fnLsf] d"naf6fsf] l8ndf pleP/ d ;"of]{bo x]b}{5' . xftdf Xjf/Xjf/L an]sf]
ef6fsf] /fFsf] af]s]sf ;"o{ emD6"Fnf em}+ u/]/ dlt/ cfpF5g\, kmls{G5g\ . k/ k'U5g\ . km]l/ dlt/}
cfpF5g\ . kmls{G5g\ . n]ssf] efn's's'/n] cfgf] uf]7glhs} cfPsf] k/b]zLnfO{ ef}+ef} ub}{
6f]SgnfO{
5]p;Dd uPsf] t/ emlD6P/ 6f]lsxfNg g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 ;"o{ / d]/f] .
cxf, slt ;'Gb/ b[Zo . ;"of]{bo x]bf{x]b}{ clt/l~ht x'G5' d .

@)^* ;fnsf] b;}Fsf] ;KtdLsf lbg laxfg xfdL Onfd

ahf/sf] /fd >]i7sf] 3/af6 tfKn]h'lt/ nfUof}F . a]n'sf sf]Kr]df
a:of}F . Tof] 3/ piffsf 7"nfa'af :j= 3g]Gb|s'df/ >]i7sf] /x]5 . ToxfF
xfdLn] pRr ;Ddfg / :jfut kfof}F . ef]lnkN6 laxfg} kfyLe/flt/
hfg] ;'/;f/ ug{ yfNof}F . lxF8\g] a]nfdf 7"nLcfdf /Tgb]jLn] eGg'eof]
/fd|/L hfg" . n]s nfUg ;S5 . n;'g, cb'jf, sfutL, ;ft' h:tf
s'/f vfO/xg" . d'v vfnL ug'{ x'Gg .
sf]7faf6 lgl:sof}F . a/G8fdf k'Ubf 3/sf ;fgf gfgLx cf/f]xL
-u'gu'g_ / k|lhgn] xft xNnfP/ afOafO u/] . 5'g'd'g' xft .
t'n;Lkq . :j0f{d~h/L . km]l/ gfgL aGg kfP < ;don] pl56\ofP/
sxfF k'ofof] sxfF dnfO{ .
dfOqmf]df kfs{lt/ hfFb}5f}F . l9s vf]n]/ k;nleq 6fdf6'dL
a;]sf b]lvG5g\ ;fx';fx'gL . piffn] cfkm"n] k9]sf] efg' pRr dflj /
kfgL lkPsf] wf/f] b]vfOg\ cf}Fnfn] . ctLt ;lDemP/ lgy|'Ss} lelhg\
xf]nf lar/L piff .
xlNnFb} u/]sf lkmn']sf af]6, b;}Fsf ;]tf 3/, vsf 6'Kkfx
gf}nf xfdLlt/ 6'n'6'n' x]b}{ lyP . l/he{ dfOqmf] r9]/ ;'s]6f/
Po/kf]6{lt/ xflGgof}F . -ToxfF;Dd dfOqmf] hfG5 . To;kl5 lxF8\g'k5{ ._
7f8f] psfnf]df af/Lsf] l8n, rp/, v, 3/, plgpF3f/L, ds}sf af]6,
u'lgpF, k5\of}/f, lgwf/df /ftf 6Lsf, gff v'f, bf}/f;'?jfn, 6'kL
41

lgl:sPsf 6f]kL . o:t} o:t} b]lvGy] l;;faf6 . kGw| ldg]6df ;'s]6f/

k'Uof}F . tLg xhf/ :jfxf .
;'s]6f/ ahf/ M
uf8L s'b\g] w'nf}6] af6f]sf] bfofFafofF Psb'O{tn] k;n3/ 5g\ .
lrof vfFb}5g\ dfG5] . em'lG8Psf ;fdfg x]b}{ lsGb}5g\ . aLr ahf/df
5 sf7sf] kmn}Frf . j/kLkn 5}gg\ . cf]/fnf] emb}{, psfnf] plSnFb}5g\
dfG5] . tntn;Dd jg}jg b]lvG5 . ds}sf af]6df jfFSs k/]sf
3f]uf 5g\ . k|To]s 3/sf] cfFugdf 9'f 5fk]sf] 5 . 3/sf] w'/Ldf w"jfF
p8\b}5 . OGt' g lrGt' b]lvG5g\ ;f]emf ufpFn]x .
e]6 M
ToxLF e]6 eof] /d]z ldQn;Fu . plxn]sf] s'/f of] . lsDjbGtL .
u'? dfemL d . ljBfyL{ t?jf pgL . kfl/ k'ofOP pgL . eP
OlGhlgo/ . d p:t} . cem} lvofpFb}5' gfp . pgLx emb}{ lyP . xfdL
psfnf] r9\g] ;'/;f/ ub}{ lyof}F . l:; xfF;] . d klg xfF;]F . bfFt pxL
. cg'xf/ pxL . dflbn] bfxfn efGhLlbbLsf 5f]/Lx;Fu klg ToxLF e]6
eof] . cfg} x'g\ . sf] cfg' < sf] la/fg' < dgsf] s'/f cfgf clg
la/fgf . pleO{pleO{ s'/f ;s]/ cfcfgf] af6f] ttfpg yfNof}F .
ToxL rp/df a]Rg /fv]sf nf}/f . b; ?lkofF uf]6fsf 5fGof}F . ;dfofF} .
6]Sof}F . ltof}F . af6f] nfUof}F .
tfKn]h'sf] ;'s]6f/af6 xfdL ;fthgf psfn}psfnf], lrlKnFb},
n8\b}k8\b} kfyLe/flt/ lxF8\b}5f}F . emf]nf . af]tn . nf}/f] . 5ftf .
l8ndfly kfv}el/ km'n]sf b]lvG5g\ a'sL km"n . o:t} kfv}el/ km'n]sf
a'sL km"n lb\nfdf clg uf];fOFs'08sf] 8fF8fdf klg d}n] b]v]sf] lyPF .
;'s]6f/sf e/e/fpFbf a'sL km"nn] dnfO{ ;f]w] ltdLn] cGt
b]v]sf km"n / xfdLdf sf] /fd|f] < eg]F ceGbf ltdLx /fd|f lg
;fFRr} 5'g'd'g] /Lla/L tL a'sL km"n cf}wL /fd|f lyP . ;f}Gbo{
;'jf; . ToxLF c3]{nLsf a'6fx xfdLnfO{ c3]{nf] gu/ . gx]k . xfdL
a'sL km"neGbf /fd|f 5}gf}F / < eGb} lyP . d}n] xf]xf], /fd|f 5f} eg]F .
a'sL km"n, c3]{nLsf a'6f, rf}F/LufO{, plgpF, kTy/, y'Dsfy'DsL .
x]bf{x]b}{ nf]e kf] nfUg yfNof] . eg]F slt /fd|f] ;'s]6f/ nLnf
42

k|s[lt . l8ndflysf] 5fk|]k;naf6 ;fgL gfgLn] elgg\ b]p/fnL

gk'uL vfg]s'/f lsGg kfOGg . lsGg';\ g . xfd|f]df la:s'6 5 . dnfO{
tf]t]af]nL
dg
kof] . Ps k'l/of la:s'6 lsg]/ pg}nfO{ lbPF . b k/]/ d'G6f] leQflt/
kmsf{Og\ .
dfKkfsf] psfnf] ;lsof] M t];f]{, 7f8f]t];f]{ cf]/fnf] . t];f]{t];f]{
t===n b]lvG5g\ l6g5fg] ;]tf 3/ . dfly, df==ly b]lvG5 jg . xf]rf,
kftnf j[Ifgog . af/Lel/ kfs]sf ds}sf 3f]uf b]Vtf cu]gfdf kf]n]/
vfOxfnf}F h:tf] nfU5 . d'lgdfly nk|mSs} leh]sf 5g\ 3fF;kft .
Psgf;n] s/fO/x]sf] 5 lra]r/f] . xfdLnfO{ lxF8\g ufxf] ePsf] b]v]/
df}g 5g\ vx . zflGt, l:y/tf / w}o{sf] kf7 l;sfpFb}5g\
jfSoljxLg vx .
b]p/fnL M
af6f]dfly 3/ . 3/dfly jg . jgleq d]/f] dg . dgleq k|s[lt
jf k|s[ltleq dg . 5'6\ofpg d'l:sn k5{ dnfO{ . km';km';] s'lx/f]
s'2}5 . s'lx/f]eGbf emg\ a]hf]8n] s'2}5 d]/f] lrGtg . af/Ldf 3f/L
b]lvG5 af]8L, ds}sf] . hLjg hn . hn hLjg . unn a'sL km"n .
km"n xf]Og, g]kfnsf] ;f}Gbo{ .
;lDemG5' c\u|]hL / g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljfg\ k|f= 8f=
uf]ljGb/fh e/fO{n] eg]sf s'/f . tfKn]h' kmfjfvf]nf cf];]ufpFdf 5
d]/f] k'Vof}{nL 3/ . d"naf6f] 5f]8]/ uf]/]6f]] af6}af6f] hfFbf v]t, eL/,
v/af/Lkl5 cfpF5 ;]tf] df6f] / sd]/f]n] kf]t]sf] v/sf] 5fgf] ePsf]
3/ . d]/f] :j0f{dlGb/ . vfP, v]n], 8'n]sf] cfFug . 3/cufl8 kx/f] .
kx/fdf 9'f . 9'fdf vf]laN6f] . vf]laN6fdf kfgL . kfgLdf r'Rrf]
/fVt}
r/fr'?L
.
3/d'lg
af/L . af/Ldf uf]ug] / b'lwnfsf v . lgufnf] / dflnf]sf] ofDd
of . nf]sf]Q/ nf]s .
olt w]/} kmnfs]sf] ufpF stf k5{ xf]nf eGb} lyPF . ;fyLx
lxF8] . emf]nf af]s]F .
43

;]jf/f] M
;]jf/f] cyf{t\ gd:sf/ . ;]jf/f] eGg] 7fpFdf xfdL vfhf vfg
k;]sf 5f}F . x]5'{ d . z"Go 5 af6f] . dfG5] b]lvG5 km'Q . ;'6'Ss}
v'OFlsOxfN5 pm . vkft, 8fF8f]kfvf] ToxLF . o:t} t xf]nf hLjg .
3fd5fofF . cfpg] clg :jf} x/fpg] . ;lsof] cfo' . stfstf .
d]/f] dgsf] s'/f ;'g]/ k/ PSn} plePsf] a"9f] v dlt/ x]b}{
eG5 P dfG5] hLjglrGtfn] lsg Tolt w]/} cflQG5f} < 8/fpg'
nf5Lkg xf] . sd{ u/ . dg'{ / afFRg' t k|s[ltsf zfZjt lgod x'g\ .
dnfO{ x]/ g, hxfF hlGdof] ToxLF dg'{k5{ eGg] hfGbfhfGb} klg d
k/f]ksf/ ul//x]sf] 5' .
rf/}lt/ jg . vf]N;fdf s'n's'n' kfgL . cd[t . em'?Dd tLg,
rf/, Pstn], ;]pnf5fg] 3/ . leqaf6 aflx/ lgl:sFb}5 w"jfF . lrp/f,
bxL, b"w, cG8f dg k/]sf] s'/f dufof}F . vfof}F . yKof}F . bxLb"w
c;fWo} dL7f]] .
cfFugdf ofp ;'sfPsf] /x]5 dfGb|fdf . ;f]w]F o;sf] sfd
s] < ;'Fu'/sf] df;'df xfNbf o;n] d;nfsf] sfd u5{ . cflbd
:j0f{o'u jf 9']o'unfO{ Tot} 5f]8]/ lxF8\g yfNof}F 7d7d . xfdL lxF8]sf]
b]v]/ Ps} 7fpFdf slt a:g] < dfG5]h:t} lxF8\g kfP x'GYof] eg]/
tktk cfF;' v;fNb} w'?w'? ?Fb} lyP n]sfnL vx . xf] t, lbpF;}
vaf6 zLtsf yf]kf eml//x]sf lyP ToxfF .
tNnf] km]bL M
8fF8fdf 5fF} xfdL . tn, t===n;Dd b]lvG5 xl/of] dbd:t jg .
jgleq l7 plePsf b]lvG5g\ ;]tf 3/ . 3/sf 5fgf5fgfdf pk|mL
v]Nb}5g\ /f};] ;"o{ . 3fdkfgL :ofnsf] lax] . ;"o{ clg bs]{kfgL . b'Mv
clg ;'v . xif{ clg cfF;' . pFef] x]/]F . dfly . dfly . w]/} dfly 8fF8fdf
s'2}5 km';km';] s'lx/f] .
dflyNnf] km]bL M
7f8f] psfnf] . af6fsf] bfofFafofF kf]y|fkf]y|L 5g\ . ;dfpg
;lsG5 . af6f]sf] l;? 3fF; eG5 dnfO{ ;dfpm g ;dft] cfkmF}
44

r'l8Fbf] xf] . s] ;dfTg' lxF8\bflxF8\b} yfKnfdf vsf a6fl/Psf xfFuf

b]lvG5g\, nq]sf, 9'f 5fk]sf] yf]t] af6f] . 5}g lrKnf] . psfnf], t];f]{,
km]l/ 7f8f] psfnf] . s]xL b]lvFb}g . dfly 8fF8fsf] l;/fgdf p8Gt]
s'lx/f] s'2}5 . a6'jf e]l6G5g\ . s;}sf] s;};Fu af]Ng] km';{b 5}g .
x]of] . yfxf gkfpg] u/L 3'of] . lxF8\of] . a;f}F, a:g] 7fpF 5}g . lxF8f}F
.
uf]8f
un]/
;tr"0f{
eO;s] . glxF8f}F ;fyLx dfly k'lu;s] . n}g' kf8fsf] h:tf] d]/f]
lxF8fO oyfjt\ 5 .
nf]nf] 8fF8fdf M
kmn}Frfdf emf]nf /fv]/ :jfF:jfF ub}{ yrSs a;]sf] 5' . cfFv}
cufl8 5g\ tLgrf/ 5fk|]k;n . tL 5fk|fleq a]Rg /fv]sf 5'kL{,
hl8a'6L, e]8f / rf}F/Lsf] gf}gL l3p, la:s'6 cflb b]lvG5g\ .
rf}tf/fdf a;]/ tftf] /ftf] lrof 3'6\SofpFbf3'6\SofpFb} k;nlt/ 9f8
kmsf{P/ k"j{lt/ x]g{ yfn]F . d]/f cfFvfsf] zlQmn] x]g{ ;lsg]hlt ;a}
7fpFdf jg 5 . d]/f] jl/kl/ Tolt 5}g . kfvf] 5 t/ tn, t===n,
cem tn km]bL;Dd} km}lnPsf] 5 xl/of] ;'Gb/ jg . jgleqsf
r/fr'?L nuftf/ uLt ufO/x]sf 5g\ . pb\uLysf] :j/ xf] of] . k[YjL, hn, cf}iflw, k|f0fL, jrg, Cs\, ;fdaf6 pb\uLy ._ d
pgLxsf] uLt :ki6 ;'lg/x]sf] 5' .
r/fxsf ;fd"lxs uLtsf] d"n dd{ sfgdf o;/L cfP/
7f]lsG5 . 3fd pbfpF5g\ . pHofnf] a9\5 . lbg clg /ft . dWo/ft,
rsdGg . dfG5]x 3'g{ yfN5g\ . xfdL lgbfpFb}gf}+ . ;+;f/sf k|f0fLsf]
;'/Iff ug{ sDd/ s;]/ vsf xfFufxfFufdf al;/xG5f}+ . pHofnf] x'G5
. laxfg eof] eg]/ dw'/ ;Lt ;'gfpF5f}+ . rxrxfpF5f}+ .
P dfG5] xfdLnfO{ sdhf]/ k|f0fL 7fg]/ l;sf/ gu/ g
ltdLxh:t} xfdL klg afFRg rfxG5f}+ . dfld{s s'/fn] dg 5f]of] .
r/fsf uLtsf] zAb l6Kg ;lsgF . nf]nf] 8fF8fsf] xl/of] jgn] Tolt
a]nf y'k|} kf7 k9fof] dnfO{ k|s[lt;Fu glhlsg .
km]l/ emf]nf sfFwdf . ;"o{ ;'OFs'Rrf 7f]Sg7f]Sg vf]Hb}5g\ .
6'Kkfdf b]lvG5 clncln 3fd . psfnf] 7l8of] . jg s/fpFb}5 l56f]
45

lxF8 eg]/ . d/]/ 6]St}5' 9'fdf . 8\ofDd} cFWof/f] eof] . emg\ a]:;/L
s/fpF5g\ ofpFsL/Lx . stf lxF8\g', lxF8\g}k5{ . b]Vg} 5f]l8of] .
cGwsf/ . d[To'af]w x'g yfNof] .
dflyaf6 Pp6f nfO6 xfd|f cufl8 em/]/ pleof] . xfd|f
;fyLx cl3 uP/ xf]6naf6 dfG5] k7fPsf /x]5g\ . ;Fu;Fu} lxF8\g
yfNof}F . cFw]/L /ft . r's 3f]K6\ofPsf] e'OFh:tf] kl/j]z . k6Ss}
b]lvGg . xl/lahf]u . aNnaNn xf]6n cfOk'u]5 . ;Fu} cfPsf] 6r{jfnf
;fyL leq k:of] . xfdL klg pm;Fu} uof}F . u'gu'g ub}{5g\ dfG5] .
sf]7fleq sf7 t]:of{P/ agfPsf] vf6h:tf] kmn}Frfdf emf]nf
la;fP/ yrSs} a;]F . 6]Sg] nf}/f] / uf]8fsf h'Qfn] stf a;f}F eg]
d;Fu . d}n] Tot} s'gfdf y]lRrcf] . yfs]/ s:tf] ePsf] 5 cfkm"nfO{
eg]F .
of] xf]6n s;sf] xf] < e/fO{sf] . b]a|]klsf] 7"nf] sf]7fdf
a;]sf, p7]sf, 9lNsPsf dfG5]x ukm ub}{5g\ . l;w} cl3lNt/sf]
9f]sf v'n} 5 . leq Xjf/Xjf/L aln/x]sf] 5 cfuf] . rf/}lt/ e'm?Dd
a;]/ cfuf] tfKt}5g\ dfG5] . lah'nLaQL 5}g . tftf] w"jfF p8\b}5 .
xft ;]St} cfFvf df8\b}5g\ . v'f vf]N6\ofvf]N6\of ub}{ leq k;]/
xfdLx klg cfuf] tfKg yfNof}F . Psl5gkl5 xf]6njfnf ;fx'nfO{
;f]w]F xfdL ;'Tg] sf]7f stf xf]nf < b]v] emf]nf la;fpg] lyof}F .
tn xn} vfnL 5 . /fVg'xf];\ . h/vl/Psf] :j/df p;n] eGof] .
nfO6 klg /}g5 xfdL;Fu . krxQ/ ?lkofF uf]6fsf b'O{j6f
ofnofn] nfO6 lsGof}F . eofaf6 em/]/ e'OFtnfsf] xnleq k:of}F .
cxf, slt dhfsf] sf]7f eg]F d}n] . ;a} xfF;] . nfO6 afn]/ x]/] .
xfdL ;'Tg] sf]7fsf] leQf] eSsflgP/ /f]nf/f]nf h:tf] 5 . xf]Og,
?Fbf?Fbf yfs]/ ;'lGgPsf 5g\ leQfsf ufnf . xf]Og, d"n km'6\gkm'6\g
cfF6]sf] 5 kfgLsf] leQfdf . cfR5'5' hf8f] . xn Ps, vf6 b; kGw|,
k;fl/Psf, a;]sf Psb'O{ dfG5] . cFWof/f] . oxL Pstf/] xf]6ndf Ps
/ft latfpg'kg]{ < s]xL t ug}{kof] /ft sf6\g . csf]{ vfnL vf6sf]
l;/s v';'Ss tfg]/ 8;gf agfPF . ca t gxf]nf hf8f]
46

kmfNg'kg]{ eof] kfgL . aflx/ lgl:sPF . lrKnf] 5 af6f] . k/ 5

6\jfOn]6 . kfgLsf yf]kf tktk eml//x]sf 5Gf\ vsf xfFufaf6 .
cFWof/f] 5 . s/fpFb}5 x'lrn . n8\5' ls eg]/ hf]luFb}hf]luFb} aNnaNn
uP/ ;s]F sfd . kmls{P/ tnfdfly plSnPF . c;Fu} a]Grdf vfg
a;]F . bfn, eft, t/sf/L . Ps ;o aL; . cfof] . vfof}F . c3fof}F .
xft wf]P/ km]l/ cfuf]sf] glhs uof}F . Psl5g cfuf] tfk]/ ;'Tg uof}F .
lr;f] leQf] dlt/ 6'n'6'n' x]b}{ lyof] . e';'Ss} lgbfP5' .
Sjf/Sjf/ dfG5] s/fPsf] ;'g]/ Ao'lemPF . /fltsf] !@ dfq} aHb}
/x]5 . sf]7fel/ dfG5] af]Nb}, ;'Tb} . rsdGg /ft . la:tf/f] af]Nbf
klg 7"nf] :j/ . 8'\8'L ugfpF5g\ df]hf . lr;f] leQf] . l;/l;/] xfjf
. SofpFSofpF . lgb|f nfu] kf] b'O{ ah];Dd cfFvf lrlDnP/ glgbfO{
;'lt/x]F .
p7]F . tftf] kfgL lbg] rng /x]5 u|fxsnfO{ . ;fyLxn]
gf]emf/ eP/ g'xfP . d}n] d'v k'5\ofem}F u/]F tft} kfgLn] . rf/ aHof]
. xf]6ndf af; a;]sf dfG5] lgl:sP/ lxF8\g yfn] . ;Fu} xfdL klg
lgl:sof}F .
psfnf] r9\bf M
cl3kl5 glrg]sf dfG5] 5g\ . aLrdf xfd|f] ;d"x 5 . cFWof/f] .
psfnf] 5 af6f] . xftdf nf}/f] clg lknlkn] nfO6 5 . 9f8df emf]nf
5 . d"naf6f] 5f]8]/ kfyLe/f alxgL / rGb|dfsf] k"hf ug{ cs}{ af6f]
nfUg yfn] c dfG5] . ;Fu} uof}F xfdL . ch:t} eQm ag]/ kmls{ofF} .
vf]N;f] tg{ vf]Hbf emG8} u'lN6Psf] lyPF d . /lZdn] RofKk ;dfOg\ .
ukm ub}{ psfnf] r9\b}5fF} . v'OFsLv'OF . 9'f 5fk]sf] pa8vfa8 af6f] .
h]8 cfsf/sf] Tof] af6f] slxn] Pn aG5, slxn] 6L . v}h:tf] cUnf]
af6f]] . bfofFafofF 9'] kvf{n / jg . dflyNnf] km]bLb]lv g} 9'fsf
kvf{nsf] leQf]df / j/k/ wfuf] 6fFu]sf] b]v]F . of] wfuf] kfyLe/fsf]
8fF8};Dd /x]5 . af6fsf] aLraLrdf 306 ah]sf] ;'lgG5 .
af]Nbfaf]Nb} piff lxF8\g 5f]l8g\ . n]s nfu]5 . ;ft', cb'jf,
n;'g, sfutL hf];Fu h] lyof] lbof}F . vfO;s]kl5 dnfO{ s]xL ePsf]
5}g eGb} 7d7d lxF8\g yflng\ pgL . af]nL aGb . km]l/ n]s nfu]5 .
47

yd{;af6 xtf/xtf/ tftf] kfgL v'jfpFbf yd{; n8]/ km'6\of] . :jfxf .

Psl5gkl5 piffn] elgg\ d lxF8\g ;S5' . clncln 6fpsf] b'v]sf]
dfq} xf] . tftf] kfgL 5}g xfdL;Fu . dfly;Dd} xf]6n;f]6n 5}gg\ /]
vfg kfOGg /] s] ug]{ s] ug]{ eGb} af6f] nfUof}F .
d}n] nf}/f] 6]s]sf] 5' . cK7\of/f] 5 af6f] . 5fk]sf 9'f lnl/ln/L
xlNnG5g\ . v}vsf] 8/nfUbf] jg . jgleq s/fpFb}5g\ x'lrnx .
vaf6 tktk emb}{5 kfgL . d]/f] ofqfsi6 x]g{ g;s]/ /f]Psf xf]nfg\
oL v . xfdL sf6\5f}+ . vx ?G5g\ xfd|f] dfofn] . oxL t xf]nf
dfG5] / k|s[ltdf km/s k/ km'n]sf] km"n . xfF; g cfgGb x'G5
eG5 . em'lG8Psf Wjhfktfsf / a]l/Psf wfuf]n] dlt/ x]l//x]h:tf]
nfU5 .
kf7f] M
psfnfsf] 9'fdf ysfO dfb}{ a;]sf] 5' d . tnaf6 xfdL
ePlt/ cfpFb}5 Pshgf dfG5] . p;n] ;fgf] kf7f]nfO{ l;s{gfn]
lxsf{pFb} v]2}5 . DofFDofF s/fpFb} Tof] kf7f] d]/f] sfv}lg/ cfP/ pleG5
. s] eGb}5 xf]nf of] kf7f] < ;+;f/ alnofaffxsf] dfq} xf]Og . ;a}
k|f0fL k|s[ltsf ;'Gb/ l;h{gf x'g\ . alnof dfG5]n] lgwf{, jfSoljxLg,
xfdL kz'kG5LnfO{ cfgf] :jfy{sf] nflu l;WofpF5g\ . vfG5g\ . xfdL
dg{
rfxFb}gf}F
.
arfpg
;S5f} < ;+;f/sf ;a} lgwf{ k|f0fL lylrPs} 5g\ . r]lK6Ps} 5g\ . gf}nf]
s'/f s] eof] / < lylrg]n] lyRg]nfO{ lbPsf] ;Qf];/fk kSsf kl5
nfU5 eGg] of] rfkfufO{+sf] cGtlj{Zjf; /lxcfPsf] 5 .
psfnf] r9\b}5fF} . lrof vfg dg nfu]sf] 5 . 5}g k;n .
af6}df b]lvG5 dfG5] gePsf] k'/fgf] 3/ . XjfXjf\tL ofn9f]sf .
lvl;|Ss x'G5 cfFt . 3/cufl8sf] vdf em'lG8Psf] l/Qf] 8f]sf]
b]lvG5 .
l/Qf] 8f]sf] M
n]s . psfnf] . rf/}lt/ ag . PSnf] 3/ . 3/cufl8sf] vdf
em'lG8Psf] 5 l/Qf] 8f]sf] . 8f]sf]leq 6';'Ss a;]sf] b]v]F k|fs[lts laDa
48

. eGb} lyof] k|s[lt oxfF P]Zjo{}P]Zjo{ 5 d]/f] j/bfg . lg/If/ /

lgw{g hgtfx ef]sef]s} a:5g\ . vf]l;|Fb}gg\, kfpFb}gg\ . x]bf{x]b}{
Pp6f r/fn] cfsfzaf6 Pp6f kmn v;fof] cl3sf] l/Qf] 8f]sf]leq .
kmn km'6\of] clg ;ofF} 6'qmf eof] . ;a} 6'qmf k"0f{ kmn ag] . tL kmn
vfg sf]xL cfPg . ;'gsf nfK;f v, xL/fdf]tL nx/f, kfv}el/ /Tg .
xf], 8f]sf] l/Q} 5 . yfxf 5}g . ef]sef]s} 5g\ hgtf
k|s[lt M
em'Ns] 3fdsf ls/0fx cufl8af6 ;f]em} xfdLlt/ cfpFb}5g\ .
em'Nb}5g\ jgkfvfdf . lzz' ;"o{sf] ;+/If0f ug{ cl3kl5 s'2}5 r\v]
;]tf] afbn . lrla{/fpFb}5g\ jgr/Lx . rxrx dw'/ ;Lt . leQ}el/
wfuf] . rf/}lt/ Wjhfktfsf . dfG5]x;Fu;Fu} psfnf] r9\b}5
306Wjlg . ljljw k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf x]bf{x]b}{ emdemdfP5' d .
kvf{nsf] leQf] ;dfpFb}, 8fF8fkfvfsf] kmf]6f] lvRt}, wfuf], tf]/0f,
Wjhfktfsf x]b}{, 6\of6\of ;'Gb}, nf}/f 6]St}, 9fs/dfly a;]sf
gfgLx x]b}{, cb'jfn;'gsfutL vfFb}, Pp6f 9'fdf 6]Sof]plSnof],
l7 pleof], :jfF:jfF, km]l/ dfly, lrlKnFb}, ulkmFb}, lg:;fl;Fb} k|fs[lts
3g36f x]b}{ uO/Xof}F . kfyLe/fsf] lz/ cfOk'u]5 .
em';L kfyLsf] clGtd u]8f] cGg d . kfyLe/fsf] y'Dsf]sf] ;Dd
6f/af/Ldf pleP/ x]b}{5' rf/}lt/ . cufl8sf] vsf] 6'Kkfaf6 l;w}
k/sf] 8fF8fdfly b]v]+ nf]enfUbf] lxdfn . lxdk'~h . vL/sf] s;'F8L .
s:tf] xf]nf lxpF < rf}/f;L Jo~hgeGbf dL7f] . dfbs . Px], c;fWo}
/fd|f] kf] b]lvG5 t cGgk"0ff{ lxdfn . pkdf s] xf]nf /fd|f] < ;]tf]
tGgf, gf}gL l3psf] la:s'g, n]ssf] dem]/Lel/ df]xL kf]lvPsf] .
cgf/bfg] o'jtLsf] 5d5d kfph' . ldn]g, c g} xf]nf /fd|f] pkdf .
dlGb/leq hfg] u]6 agfpFb} /x]5g\ . aGb /x]5 . 3'd]/ leq
k:of}F . yf]/} psfnf] . yf]/} t];f]{ . t];}{t];}{ hfFb}5f}F . af6fd'lg b]lvG5g\
3/ . kmfkm' v . gff] 5 jfl/ . s'2}5 s'lx/f] . rlDs/x]sf 5g\
;"o{ .
49

dfG5]sf] eL8 5}g . cfjthfjt 5 ;fdfGo . uf]/]6f] af6f] 5f]8]/

cln cl3 uPkl5 e]l6G5 vfnL af/L . af/Lglhs} dfG5]sf] sDd/hlt
cUnf] 9'fsf] kvf{n 5 . oxL sDkfpG8 g} kfyLe/fb]jLsf] dlGb/ If]q
xf]
/]
dlGb/ 5}g . clnslt cUnf] kvf{ndfly a;]sf 5g\ kfFr d"lt{,
pQ/af6 blIf0f kmls{Psf . k"j{sf] d"lt{ k|frLg cWofTdk'~h xf] /]
c u0f cyf{t\ ;xof]uL . clGtdsf] kfyLe/f d"lt{ l;Fuf/k6f/n]
el/Psf] 5 . ;f] d"lt{rflxF cfkm" hfg k|fs[lts k|sf]kn] g;Stf ;]js
k7fP/ /fh3/fgfn] xfn} :yfkgf u/]sf] eGbf /x]5g\ ;fw';Gtx .
lbJobz{g M
/lZd / piffn] ofdfgsf 306 nu]sf lyP . d/]/ d"lt{cufl8
k'ofPsf lyof}F . ;dk{0f uof}F . ToxfF;Dd k'Ug' g} 7"nf] s'/f lyof]
dh:tf lxF8\g g;Sg]nfO{ . k|flKt, ck|flKt oyf:yfgdf 5 . si6s/ of]
ofqf
s]
xf] < k|s[ltsf] ;flGgWo, hGdhLjgd[To', lt/f]lxt a|XdlrGtg,
yfxf
5}g . cfcfgf] ;f]rcg';f/ k"hfcr{gf uof}F . cf:yfof]u k|jflxt
eO/Xof] ch;| .
lsDjbGtL M
kfyLe/f hfFbf sfj]nL gbLsf] k"hfcr{gf ug'{k5{ . kfyLe/fsf]
k|fs[t d"lt{df ;dlk{t k|;fb, e]6L lems]/ Nofpg' x'Gg . kfkLnfO{ oxfF
cfpg lbFb}g k|s[ltn], cl;gfkfgLn] 5]S5 . b]jLnfO{ b'jf{Ro af]n]
t'?Gt clgi6 x'G5 cflb .
kfgLsf] cefj /x]5 . sfnf] 6\ofLdf cfsf;]kfgL hDdf u/]/
vfFbf /x]5g\ . r9fPsf] k};f a}df /fVg] Joj:yf /x]5 . cxF, kfFr
k};f b'?kof]u x'Fb}g /] . 5'Fb}5'Fb}gg\ /] k};f 8/n] .
;'Gb/ pkTosf . zfGt lxdz[\vnf . dgf]/d kfvfkj{t .
nxnx
50

jg . noa4 :j/ 8fFkm] / d'gfnsf] . e/e/fpFbf ;"o{ . hlt lr;f]

eof], plt tfltG5 dg . pmWj{r]t . cwf]r]t . ;+of]u . ;t . k|s[lt
. s] kfPF < s] x/fPF < To;}To;} nlPF d . kfyLe/fsf] cg'kd ;f}Gbo{
tLg 3G6fhlt x]/]/ lkmg{ yfNof}+ .
kfyLe/fsf] r'nLaf6 cf]/fnf] embf{emb}{ tNnf] km]bLsf] t];f]{
af6f]df k'lu;s]sf 5f}F clxn] xfdL . dWo;fFem ePsf] 5 . cFWof/f] 5 .
;a}sf xftdf aNb}5 lknlkn] nfO6 . 5KNof . km'Q . n'?n'? .
b]lvGg af6f] . t];}{t];f]{ hfFb}5f}F . af6fd'lgsf] vdf a;]/ s/fpFb} r/f]
;f]W5 sf] xf} < stf lxF8\of} < yfSof} xf]nf < ot} af; a; . /ft
kl/;Sof] . d"nf r/fsf] s;n] ;'Gg] s'/f s'b]sf] 5, s'b]sf] 5 .
b]p/fnLdf af; a:tf M
yfs]/ ;tr"0f{ ePsf lyof}F . ;'Tof}F . 8'\8'\tL df]hf ugfPsf]
5, ugfPsf] 5 . dnfO{ k6Ss} lgb|f nfu]g . ;Fu}sf] vf6df lgbfPsf]
eb| k'?if 3'g{ yfNof] . jf/ sL jf/ . l/;sf] emf]sdf d}n] eg]5'
3'/]/ xfdLnfO{ ;'Tg glbg] dfG5]n] oxfF ;'t]sf ;a} dfG5]sf] xf]6nvr{
eg{'k5{ . 7Ls To;} a]nf pm 3'g{ 5f]8\of] . glgbfPsf ;a} unNn xfF;]
.
;"of]{bo M
b]p/fnLaf6 af6f] nfUbf 5\of5' pHofnf] eO;s]sf] lyof] .
ev{/ em'lNsFb} /x]5g\ 3fd . af6fsf] l8ndf pleP/ 3fdlt/ x]g{ yfn]F
. k"j{ kmls{Psf] 5' . em'lNsFb} u/]sf 3fd ;f]em} dlt/ cfpFb}5g\ .
;"o{lt/ x]bf{x]b}{ s:tf]s:tf], crfgs e'OFrfnf] uPh:tf], lxF8\bflxF8\b}
l/Fu6f nfu]/ e'Sn'Ss n8]/ tf]/Lsf km"n b]v]h:tf] kf] eof] dnfO{ .
k/af6 ;"o{sf ls/0fx dlt/ cfpFb}5g\ . d;Dd cfOk'Ub}gg\ .
kmls{G5g\ . kmls{b} emlD6G5g\ . km]l/ n'?n'? cl3sf] af6f] hfG5g\ .
n]ssf] efn's's'/n] uf]7glhs} cfPsf] k/b]zLnfO{ ef}+ef}+ ub}{ 5]p;Dd
uPsf] t/ emlD6P/ 6f]lsxfNg g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 ;"o{ / d]/f] .
o:tf] dgdf]xs ;"of]{bo d}n] slxNo} b]v]sf] lyOgF . xfdL;Fu}
ToxfFsf jg, kfvf, kj{t, lxdfn, gbL, kx/f, 5x/f, ;"of]{bosf]
dgefjg b[Zo x]b}{ lyPF 6'n'6'n' . d]/f] dg eG5 tfKn]h'sf]
51

b]p/fnLaf6 b]lvg] ;"of]{bosf] /d0fLo, /f]df~rsf/L, cb\e't,

csNkgLo b[Zo ;+;f/sf s'g} s'gfaf6 klg b]lvFb}g xf]nf .
;'s]6f/sf] ds} M
;'s]6f/ ahf/sf] kmn}Frfdf a;]/ xfdL kf]n]sf ds} vfFb}5fF} .
oxfF ds} kfSg slt nfU5 < d . cf7 dlxgfdf kfS5 ds} .
x]g'{;\ g, cem} af/Ld} 5 . ;fx'gL . ds} dSof{pFb} ahf/lt/ x]5'{ .
lg:tf nfu] ahf/sf 3/ . dfG5]sf] hLjg p/f7 nfUof] . hL0f{
dfgj;[li6 . dfly cfsfz . k|s[ltsf] sfv tn . nofTds hLjg
;Lt . qmda4tf . laxfglbpF;f]/flt . olt dfq . ;'s]6f/nfO{
ko{6sLo If]q agfpg ;lsG5 . y'lk|G5g\ s'lx/]s'lx/]gLx . kmN5
8n/ . s;n] ug]{ <
psfnLkfgL ufpF M
uf8L s'b\g] 3'dfp/f] kLr;8s 5f]8]/ 7f8f] af6f] emg{ yfNof}F .
vsf 7'6f ;dfTbf, rf}/df plk|mFbf, leQf] ;dfpFb} cf]ln{bf,
afF;ofd'lgsf] 9'] af6f]df lxF8\bf, plgpF, tf]/Laf/L / lkmn']sf af]6
x]bf{ 3/ k'u]h:tf] nfUof] b;}F dfGg .
xf], of] u'?ufpF xf] . af6f] tf5t'5 kf/]/ lrl6Ss agfPsf] 5 .
sf]/Laf6L u/]sL u|fdL0f afnfh:tf] . olt ;'Gb/ ufpFdf b;}Fsf] /f}gs
5}g . /f]6] / ln]lk b]lvFb}g . lgwf/el/ /ftf;]tf cIftf nfPsf
dfG5] b]lvFb}gg\ . n'v'/n'v'/ tndfly ub}{5g\ ;f]emf ufpFn]x .
DofFDofF ub}{g v;L . sfl6 kf] ;s] ls < dh]qf]n] d'v 5f]k]/ lv:;
xfF:g]
cfd}x
5}gg\ . 8asf cl3lNt/ /fv]/ ukm 7f]St} u/]sf u'? bfOx klg
b]lvFb}gg\ . xf] / < cfh b;}F . P3f/ah] sf]Kr] jhf/sf] 3/leq k:of}F .
-;'s]6f/af6 s'2} kfyLe/f k'u]/ kmls{bf Dof/fy'gdf efu lng]
;xefuLnfO{ s]xL lbgklxn] tLg 3G6f nfu]sf] lyof] /] xfdLnfO{
afpGg 3G6f nfUof] ._
52

b;}+sf] tKtk] dxs

ufpF / ;x/ ;a}lt/ x/fPem}+ nfU5 b;}+sf] tKtk] dxs . b;}+ zAb ;'Ggf;fy To;}To;}
a6fl/GYof] dg . ;x/df k};f eP ;w}+ b;}+ . gx'g]nfO{ slxNo} cfpFb}g b;}+ . a aG5 bzf b;}+
. Vj}, xfd|f] k/Dk/f
/ ;+:s[lt stf x/fof] g]jf/ eP/ g]jf/L gaf]Ng] . lxGb" eP/ 6Lsf gnufpg] .

cfh a8fb;}F @)^* . hftljxLg, >]0fLljxLg / ju{ljxLg o'u

xf] jt{dfg . d jt{dfgsf] clGtd z[\vnf eO;s]sf] 5' ;do /
pd]/n] . a|fXd0fk'q d . of] xf] g]jf/sf] 3/ km'\ln ahf/,
tfKn]h'sf] . kfyLe/f uPsfx slxn] kmls{Pnfg\ eg]/ 6Lsf gnufO{
al;/xg'ePsf] /x]5 xfdLnfO{ klv{P/ ;a}hgf . k'Ug]lalQs} xfdL
xtf/xtf/ tof/ eof}F g'xfOw'jfO u/]/ .
k"hfsf]7faf6 a}7ssf]7fdf d'5]sf /ftf cIftf, hd/f / b]jLnfO{
r9fPsf] j:q nu] s]6fs]6Ln] . /f8L cf]5\ofP . ;a} uof}F . a:of}F .
sk8f Roft]/ ePhlt 3/sf dfG5]nfO{ k'Ug] u/L 8f]/f agfof}F . Psn
dlxnf 7"nLcfdf /Tgs'df/L >]i7n] 6Lsf nufOlbg yfNg'eof] .
kfn}kfnf] uof}F . nufof}F . lbg]lng] qmd rln/Xof] . /fdn] eg] ca
bfOsf] kfnf] . x'G5 eGb} d 7"nLcfdfsf cufl8 kn]6L df/]/ a;]F .
lgwf/sf] skfn kG;fP/ 6fpsf] xf]rf] kf/]F . pxfFn] klxn] lgwf/df
clg kl5 d]/f b'O{ sGr6df cIftf nfOlbg'eof] . b'j} ufnfdfly lr;f]
ePh:tf] eof] . gf}nf] cg'e"lt u/]F . cfheGbf klxn] sGr6df cIftf
nfPsf] lyOgF . p7]F . >LdtLnfO{ / cfkm"eGbf ;fgf ;a}nfO{ d}n] klg
6Lsf nufOlbPF . 6Lsfsf] n]gb]g ;lsof] . ;a} bbf; eof}F .
vfg a:of}F . s]/fsf] kftdfly ykyk /fv] vfg]s'/f a'xf/Lxn] .
yk]sf] 5 . yk]sf] 5 . clnslt lunf;df /fvfF} ls < ef] kb}}{g .
lbpF;} sxfF lkpg] o:tf] ef]h sf7df8f}Fdf slt vfOof] slt
sf7df8f}Fsf] g]jf/L ;dfhdf kfx'gfnfO{ vfg]s'/f Ps}k6s lbFb}gg\ .
53

54

/fVt}gg\ . qmd}n] PsPs u/]/ /fV5g\ . oxfF ;a} vfg]s'/f Ps}k6s

/fVg] rng /x]5 . afx'g5]qLsf] ef]hdf h:tf] .
vfO;s]/ sf]7fdf uof}F . 9lNsof}F . p7\tf rf/ alh;s]5
lbpF;f]sf] . tfKn]h' ahf/ dhfn] 3'Dg] /x/ 5 dgdf .
ef]ln oxfFaf6 af6f] nfluG5 xf]nf . 3'dfOlbg] dfG5] kfP t
x'GYof] eGg] ;f]Rt} hLjg efOnfO{ ahf/ 3'Dg hfg] < eg]/ ;f]w]F .
pgn] x'G5 eg] . ;fyLxsf] lgl:sg] 5fF6 b]lvgF . b'O{hgf ahf/
3'Dg lgl:sof}F, rf/ ah] lbpF;f] .
3/aflx/ ;8s . t];}{t];}{ . ;8sjfl/kfl/ km"n}km"n . 5fF6
ldn]sf k'/fgf 3/ . k|foM ;a} b'O{tn] . sf7n] ag]sf l6g nfPsf
;'Gb/
.
lxF8\b}5f}F . eL8 5}g dfG5]sf] . k|foM bf]sfg v'n} 5g\ . g]jf/sf] ;x/
eP/ klg g]jf/L af]n]sf] k6Ss} ;'lgGg . l9s b]Vtf lb\nf ahf/sf]
;Demgf x'G5 . oxfFsf g]jf/x g]jf/L af]Nb}gg\ < cxF, a"9fa"9L dfq}
e]6 x'Fbf g]jf/Ldf s'/f u5{g\ .
tn t];f]{ ;8s . dfly To:t} . xfdLn] 6]s]sf] klg p:t} . kNnf]
5]pdf k'Uof}F . efOn] dlGb/leq nu] . eg] of] ls/fFt]Zj/ dxfb]jsf]
dlGb/ xf] . ;Fu}sf] csf]{rflxF af}4ljxf/ xf] . ljxf/ / dlGb/ Ps}
7fpFdf < Psl5g d cndNn k/]F . gx'g] s] 5 / <
pleP/ d}n] cf]Nnf] 5]pb]lv kNnf] 5]p;Dd x]/]F tfKn]h'
ahf/nfO{ . sf7df8f}Fsf] a"9fgLns07 dlGb/df ;'t]sf lzjn] nufPsf]
km"nsf] dfnfh:tf] ahf/ . efOn] xftn] b]vfP/ eg] Tof] a;kfs{
xf] . Psl5g oxLF pleg'xf];\ . d l6s6sf] 6'f] u/]/ cfpF5' . geGb}
Ps}l5gdf
kmls{{P . ljleGg sf/0fn] ef]lnsf] ;f kl;{ dfq} kfOg] eP5 l6s6 .
eg]F x'G5 t, ef]ln a:g}knf{ .
hfFb} lyof}F . af6fdf e]l6P lb\nfsf efO b]j/fh 9sfn . ukm
uof}F . cf}krfl/stf ;lsof] . 5'lof}F . kl5 yfxf eof] pgL

tfKn]h'sf l;l8cf] /x]5g\ . lb\nfsf kl/lrt efO l;l8cf] eGg]

;'Gbf dgdf cg]sf}F d"R5{gfx em\s[t eP .
;8s};8s n'?n'? lxF8\b}5f}F xfdL . oxfF sltj6f a} 5g\ <
kfFr5j6f . rn]sf 5g\ < 5g\ . c yk] rN5g\ < rN5g\ xf]nf
lg /f]8, 3/, l9s ;a}lt/ cfFvf k5{g\ d]/f . cfh b;}Fsf] lbg . 5}g
sf]nfxn . xNnfvNnfsf] ;f zflGt kf] 5 t htftt} . lgwf/df
;]tf/ftf cIftf b]lvGgg\ . w]/} lgwf/ vfnL 5g\ . lb\nfdf eP gofF
n'uf nufPsf dfG5] ufpFdf, ahf/df htftt} e]l6Gy] . ;a}sf
lgwf/el/ /ftf cIftf / 6f]kLdf l;pl/Psf hd/f x'GYof] . /f]6] /
ln]kLdf t?gLtGg]/L em'lDdGy] . uLtsf] k/f{ 5'6\Yof] af6}el/ . 5}g
5}g . s]xL 5}g . cfhnfO{ d s;/L b;}F egf}F
ufpF / ;x/ ;a}lt/ x/fPem}+ nfU5 b;}+sf] tktk] dxs . b;}+
zAb ;'Ggf;fy To;}To;} a6fl/GYof] dg . ;x/df k};f eP ;w}+ b;}+ .
gx'g]nfO{ slxNo} cfpFb}g b;}+ . a aG5 bzf b;}+ . vf]O xfd|f]
k/Dk/f / ;+:s[lt stf x/fof] g]jf/ eP/ g]jf/L gaf]Ng] . lxGb" eP/
6Lsf gnufpg] .
d a"9f] ePF ls ;do tGg]/L eof], s] yfxf
3/leq k:g} cfF6]sf lyof}F . leQfsf] af]8{df n]v]sf] b]v]F . k9]F .
zflGt dlxnf ;dfh dfu{, sf]Kr]ahf/ .

55

56

skmL ukm
k]/sf] hnsf aLraf6 em5{ of] . y'k|} r/fr'?L s/fO{ a:5g\ . sf] cfof], sf] uof], n]vf
/fV5g\ 8fFkm] / d'gfn . d]/f] ;f}Gbo{ x]g{, /dfpg, dVv kg{ dfG5] cfPgg\ eg]/ ;w}+ /f]O/xG5
km'\km'] emgf{ .

ef]ln laxfg . a]n'sf b;}F vfPsf lyof}F ;a}n] b;}F dgfP/ .

p7\of}F . 8'Ng hfg] < ;f]w]F . x'G5 eg] hLjgn] . b'O{hgf 3/af6
lgl:sof}F . cnfO{ ;f]lwgF .
sf]Kr]ahf/ x'Fb} ls/fFt]Zj/ dlGb/lg/ k'ofP . pleof}F . ca
stf < tn . af6f] kLr u/]sf] /x]g5 . t/ uf8L s'b\g] u|feln
u/]sf] af6f] . af6f]j/k/ 3/ . wgs'6fdf emf]nf af]s]/ w/fglt/ lxF8]sf]
cg'e"lt eof] .
Pp6f k;nsL alxgLnfO{ b'O{ sk skmL, cfOxfN5fF} eg]/ lxF8]
pgL . oxL xf] skmLk;n < xf] . cf]/fnf] emg\ cf]/fnf] eof] . jg .
9'f . l;lnQ eP/ eL/d'lg pQfgf] kl/Pnf h:tf] af6f] . afF;sf /
vsf kft af6}el/ . ef/L af]s]/ b'O{ dlxnf psfnf] r9\b}5g\ . ahf/
eg{ xf]nf . hvdn] v;L PSn} l;? vfFb}5 . l8ndf plePF . tn eL/
. dfly 8/nfUbf] kx/f] . v'q'Ss} eOPnf h:tf] nfUof] . tn, cem tn
;]tf 3/ . 3/jl/kl/ nxnx xl/of] wfgv]t . oxfFsf] wfgn] vfg k'U5
< kmNg t w]/} kmN5 . t/ k'Ub}g . dw];af6 Nofpg'k5{ .
kmls{ofF} . skmL tof/ /x]5 . skmLxfp;sf] k5fl8kl a;]/ vfg]
/ x]g]{ rf}tf/f] /x]5 . vfFb} ukm r'6\g yfNof}F . Gsfndf w]/} Iflt
eof] xf]nf tfKn]h'sf] < ePg . lsg < e"agf]6 g} To:t} 5 .
k|s[ltn] vlt x'gaf6 hf]ufof] tfKn]h'nfO{ .

emgf{ . ahf/af6 slt ;do nfU5 < k}bn b'O{ lbg sl:;P/ lxF8\bf
. dfgfe/f r'r'/f]sf] 7\ofSs} k5fl8 5 a]ujfg\, pQ]hs, 5\5 ug]{
km'\km']
emgf{ . of] cf}wL /dfOnf] b]lvG5 . s]s] 5g\ ToxfF < dfG5] 5}gg\
eg] klg x'G5 . sd k'U5g\ . k]/sf] hnsf aLraf6 em5{ of] . y'k|}
r/fr'?L s/fO{ a:5g\ . sf] cfof], sf] uof], n]vf /fV5g\ 8fFkm] /
d'gfnx . d]/f] ;f}Gbo{ x]g{, /dfpg, dVv kg{ dfG5] cfPgg\ eg]/
;w}F /f]O/xG5 km'\km'] emgf{ . lar/f] k|s[lt, lr;f] kfgL lkP/ dfq} k]6
plS;Gg .
;f]b"kf]v/L M
7"nf] 5 of] kf]v/L . tfKn]h'sf] uxgf xf] . kf]v/Ljl/kl/
;fdfGo jg 5 . of] 7fpFnfO{ y'Ds}y'Dsf ePsf] pkTosf klg eG5g\ .
lsgeg] kf]v/Ldfly y'Dsf 5g\ . 8/nfUbf xf]Og, ;fdfGo . kf]v/Lsf]
kfgL lgd{n 5 . s~rg . :kml6sh:tf] . lgd{n kfgLdf v]ln/xG5g\
xfF;sf hf]8L . r'Rrf] hf]8]/ ;f]b'kf]v/Lsf] kfgLdf lhl:sFb} u/]sf xfF;
b]Vtf ToxfF k'Ug] hf]sf]xLsf] dg yfldg;Sg' x'G5 . ko{6sLo b[li6n]
;f/} nf]enfUbf] kf]v/L xf] of] . af6f]3f6f] 5}g . w]/} lbg lxF8]/ dfq}
k'luG5 ToxfF . k|s[ltsf] 7"nf] k|fs[t ;DklQ ;fgf cfFvfn] b]lvFb}g .
k|s[ltk|]dL sd} k'U5g\ .
e"tkf]v/L M
e"tkf]v/L k'Ug km'\ln ahf/af6 lxF8]/ rf/kfFr lbg nfU5 .
;fdfGo lxF8fOdf . klxn]klxn] e"tkf]v/L x'Fb} Jofkf/L / cGo
dfG5]x ;\v'jf;ef / ltAatlt/ klg hfGy] /] k}bn ofqLxsf]
k'/fgf] / k|rlnt af6f] xf] of] eG5g\ a"9fkfsfx . hnsf aLrdf 5
of] kf]v/L . oxfF rf}F/LufO{ kfOG5g\ . ;f/} /fd|f] 5 /] kf]v/L

km'\km'] emgf{ M
sxfF 5 of] < o;} lhNnfdf k5{ . tfKn]h' ahf/af6 lxF8]/
vf]lSn;Dd k'Ug'k5{ . To;kl5 cfpF5 lnjf . lnjfkl5 cfpF5
vfjf uflj; . xf], ToxL vfjf uflj;df gflr/xG5 r~rn] km'\km']

tf]Sk]uf]nf M
of] 7fpFsf] gfd xf] . km'\ln ahf/af6 ToxfF k'Ug ;fdfGo
lxF8fOdf rf/kfFr lbg nfU5 . klxn] of] 7fpF Jofkfl/s ;]G6/ lyof] /]
ToxfF avf{df e]8Luf]7 /fV5g\ uf]7fnfx . of;f{u'Daf, h6fd;L cflb

57

58

y/Ly/L cf}iflw kfOG5g\ . ToxfFsf afl;Gbfx Jofkf/ ug{ eg]/

hl8a'6L sn]S;g ub}{gg\ . yfxf geP/, 9 geP/, rf;f] geP/ s]
xf], yfxf 5}g .
d}n] eg]F hLjg efOnfO{ t tfKn]h'af/] w]/} yfxf /x]5 .
pgn] xfF:t} eg] lsg yfxf gx'g', hf] 5 ;f] d oxLF hlGdPF lg t
3/ kmsf}{+ < x'G5 . dfly kfyLe/fsf] 8fF8fdf kfgL /}g5 .
kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug{ ldNb}g < tkfO{+xh:tf ;dfh;]jL Jofkf/Lx
x'g'x'G5 tfKn]h'df . d . pgn] eg] kfyLe/fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{
tfKn]h'df Pp6f cu{gfOh];g agfPsf 5fF} . cfsf;]kfgL ;ng
u/]/ lkpg] Joj:yf xfdLn] g} ldnfPsf xfF} . r9fPsf] k};f
cJojl:yt lyof] . s'g} a]nf s'lNrP/ klg lxF8\g'kYof]{ . ca ;a}
a}df hDdf x'G5 .
lkm/]/ 3/leq k:ofF} . ;a}hgf eft vfg xfdLnfO{ klv{P/ a;]sf
/x]5g\ .

lnDa'gL km"n
tfKn]h'df hlGdPsf] eP d lbgx'F l;l48fF8fdf hfGy]+ . ;flxTol;h{gf uy]{ . oxfF zflGt,
xl/ofnL, /d0fLotf ;a} 5 . ;'Gb/ e"agf]6, k|fs[lts cfj]u . sNkgf k|jfx . cEofGt/ zflGt .

3'Dg dg lyof] tfKn]h' . eft]lgb|fn] w]/} ;'ltP5 . vQd eof] .

s;}n] 3'dfpg nlulbP t x'GYof] eg]F d}n] . xfdL 8'nfOlbG5f}F lg
eg] 3/sf b'j} a'xf/Ln] . 3'Dg kfpg] yfxf kfP/ b k/]F d .
xtf/xtf/ n'uf nfP/ 3/af6 lgl:sof}F . dlxnfx klg rfF8} tof/
eP .
Ujf/Ujf/ lxF8\b}5f}F ahf/}ahf/ . Jo:t ahf/ ;lsof] . kmfkm'
3/ cfP . 3/;Fu} vf]N;f] 5 . vf]N;fdf cn}FrLsf af]6 5g\ . af]6df
kfSg nfu]sf cn}FrLsf bfgf b]lvG5g\ . kft 5fDb} hfFb}5f}F . xfdL
k/b]zLn] 5'Fbf cn}FrLsf xl/of kftx cfgGbn] d';'d';' xfFl;/x]sf
h:tf nfU5g\ .
hn]Zj/ dxfb]j tyf z]ifgfu kf]v/L wfd xf\b]jf @ l;l4
8fF8f tfKn]h' km'\lnsf] sf]Kr]ahf/af6 t];}{t];}{ lxF8]/ -cGbfhL Ps
3G6f_ clnslt psfnf] r9]kl5 x]g{ kfOG5 dflysf cIf/x af]8{df
s'Fb]/ em'G8\ofPsf] u]6 .
u]6sf] bflxg]lt/ glhs} aUb}5g\ kfFrj6f pld|Psf wf/fx .
unn aUb}5 kfgL . dg yfDg ;lQmgF d . uP/ xftuf]8f w'G5' . kfgL
lkpF5' . 8Dd ePh:tf] nfU5 . lb\nfsf] nK;Lwf/fsf] kfgL lkPh:t} .
leq k:5fF} u]6af6 . clns k/ b]lvG5 bflxg]lt/ 7"nf] kf]v/L .
kf]v/Ldfly 5 gfuyfg . psfnf] nfU5fF} . kfFr ldg]6hlt lxF8]kl5
e]l6G5 dlGb/ . dlGb/nfO{ sfvdf af]s]/ ykSs a;]sf] 5 xl/of] jg .
dlGb/ kl/;/df b'O{tLgj6f 3/ b]lvG5g\ . dlGb/aflx/ ePsf Ps
b'O{ 3/df dfG5] ePsf] cfef; x'G5 .
l;l48fF8fsf] b[Zo M

59

60

dlGb/dfly 5 nxnx xl/of] jg . jgleq s] 5, yfxf 5}g .

d]/f] dg jg x]/]/ /dfO/x]sf] 5 . dlGb/sf] clns k/ 5 vf]N;f] .
aUb}5 lgd{n kfgL . dlGb/nfO{ x]/]/ glhs} a;]sf 5g\ b'O{tLg 3/ .
uf]? 3fF; vfFb}5 . ufO{ ;Fu} 5] . dlGb/sf] 9f]s}lg/ aUb}5g\ kfgLsf
tLg wf/f . cufl8 5 sfne}/j u'kmf .
-df;'dlb/f vfP/ Tof] u'kmfleq k:g'x'Gg /]_ ;fyLx u'kmfleq
uPgg\ . d uPF . x]/]F . cFWof/f] 7fpF . b k/]F . cfh d}n] df;' / emf]n
lnPsf] lyOgF . sfutfnL eGg'knf{ .
k'hf/Ln] xfdL;Fu e6\ofP . d]/f] gfd uf]kLs[i0f u'? xf] . d
oxfF dlGb/sf] x]/rfx u/]/ a;]sf] 5' . dlGb/ kl/rfng ;ldltn] u5{
. of] dlGb/ b'O{ ;o jif{ k'/fgf] xf] . aLrdf nf]k eof] . km]l/ kl5
;~rfngdf cfof] . oxL 7fpFdf af}4 u'Daf aGb}5 . o;sf] If]qkmn
;ftcf7
/f]kgL
5 . kj{xdf oxfF d]nf nfUg] u5{ . bftfxn] cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sf
5g\ .
tfKn]h'df hlGdPsf] eP d lbgx'F l;l48fF8fdf hfGy]+ . ;flxTo
l;h{gf uy]{ . oxfF zflGt, xl/ofnL, /d0fLotf ;a} 5 . ;'Gb/ e"agf]6,
k|fs[lts cfj]u . sNkgf k|jfx . cEofGt/ zflGt . hfg] xf]Og <
elgg\ /lZdn] . d}n] x'G5 eg]F . ;a}hgf lgl:sof}F .
xfdL kmls{b}5f}F l;l48fF8faf6 sf]]Kr]ahf/lt/ . k/af6 t];}{t];}{
ahf/lt/ cfpFb} x'g'x'GYof] emf]nf af]s]sL cfd} / af . u]6}df xfd|f] e]6
eof] . cfd}n] nufPsf ;'gsf km'nL, a'nfsL / d'Gb|Ln] d]/L :juL{o
cfdfsf] ;Demgf u/fof] . cem pgn] cf]9]sf] ;]tf] k5\of}/f 7\ofSs}
cfdfsf] h:t} .
vf]N;f] cfof] . vf]N;fdf, kfvfdf af6}el/ b]lvG5g\ cn}FrLsf
af]6 . km'Nb} u/]sf t/ gkfs]sf . 5'Fb} lxF8\g dg nfU5 . xftn] d';f5{'
. kfgL aUb}5 . dfG5] lxF8\b}5g\ . v]t xfFl;/x]sf] 5 5ftLdf wfg af]s]/
.

km'n]sf km"nx 6fpsf] xNnfpFb}5g\ af6}df . ltxf/nfO{ xf]nfg\

eG5' . dfly kfv}el/ b]lvG5 xl/of] jg . g xf]rf], g cUnf], l7Ss .
8fF8f] eL/nfO{ g5f]O{ 5'} plePsf b]lvG5g\ . ;]tf] leQf], sfnf] ofn
ePsf 3/x . b;}Fdf gofF n'uf km]/]sf xf]nfg\ oL 3/n] . x]b}{ lxF8\b}5fF}
. d';'d';' k|s[lt . xf]Og, w'Dd 5 . kfgL knf{knf{h:tf] . af6fdf
e]l6P cn}FrL d';fb}{ u/]sf Pshgf kfSsk'Ss efO .
efOsf] gfd s] xf]nf < s]bf/ lnDa" . s] ug'{x'G5 < cn}FrL
v]tL . cfg} xf] < xf]Og, csf{sf] . clwofFdf sfd u5'{ . kmfObf
5 < klxn] lyPg t/ clxn] lgs} cfDbfgL 5 . leQfdf km'n]sf] Tof]
;]tf] km"nsf] gfd s] xf] < lnDa'gL km"n . of] km"nsf] s] dxj 5 <
xfdL dtjfnLnfO{ >f4 ubf{, k"hfcfhf ubf{ of] km"n geO{ x'Fb} x'Fb}g .
of] km"n gr9fP xfd|f b]jtf / lkt[ v';L x'Fb}gg\ eGg] ljZjf; 5 xfd|f]
. af:gf cfpF5 < ;'Fg'xf];\ eg]/ pgn] ;]tf] Ps y'Fuf] km"n l6k]/
d]/f] xftdf /flvlbP . ;'3]F .
cxf, slt dL7f] af:gf ko'{dsf] s] af:gf xf]nf / olt of]
km"nsf] ;'jf; k|fs[t xf] . ko'{d dfgjlgld{t . ef]u]R5f .
lnDa'gL km"naf6 ;'ulGwt emf]n agfpg] ;kgf b]Vt} emb}{5' d .
kfgL l56\ofpg yfNof] . af6}sf] 3/df cf]t nfUof}F . lrof 5 < 5}g
. ;Fu} em/]sf lyP s]bf/ lnDa" . a]Grdf a;]/ ukm es'g{ yfNof}F .
clns k/ vf]N;fdf xlNnFb} lyof] afF;3f/L .

61

62

afF; M
s]bf/hL oxfF slt lsl;dsf afF; kfOG5g\ < lsg rflxof]
afF;sf] syf < hflg/fvf}F g afF; b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . 7"nf clg
;fgf . 7"nf afF; rf/ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . efn' afF; . dfn afF; . tfdf
afF; . rf]of afF; . o:t} ;fgf afF; klg rf/vfn] x'G5g\ . lgdf .
kTof
.
dflnf] . lgufnf] . d}n] 5Ss kb}{ eg]F afF;sf] olt w]/} k|sf/ x'g]
/x]5 . dnfO{ yfx} lyPg . lb\nfdf t efn' afF; -tfdf vfg]_ / dfn
afF; -af/a]/ ug]{_ sf] dfq} gfd yfxf lyof] . lnDa"n] eg] afF;sf]
s'/f a'g OnfdtfKn]h'lt/ hlGdg'k5{ lg t

cn}+rL M
P lnDa" efO, cn}FrL eg]kl5 ;a} Pp6} xf]Og < cn}FrL < xt\
nf6f afh], lsg x'GYof] cn}FrL klg yl/yl/ x'G5g\ lg xf} .
lrgfpg'xf];\ g t kfgL kb}{5, lr;f] 5, afh] lkpg'x'Gg xf]nf eg]
efOn] . d}n] xf] eg]F . a:g';\ d'9fdf . a;]F d . ;'Gg';\ . ;'Gb}5' .
tfKn]h' j/k/ kfOg] cn}FrL rf/vfn] x'G5g\ .
!= ;fpg] / /fDr} . oL b'j}y/L cn}FrL ;fpg dlxgfdf kfS5g\ .
bfgf ;fdfGo x'G5g\ . @= lrj{;} . o;sf bfgf ;fgf x'G5g\,
;'s'd]nhqf . ltVv/ dL7f] x'G5 . kfSg] a]nf Pp6} xf] . #= uf]n;} . of]
cn}FrL cf}ndf kmN5 . ceGbf w]/} kL/f] x'G5 . kL/f] w]/}, u'lnof] sd
x'g] o;sf] ljz]iftf xf] . cfsf/ ;fdfGo g} xf] . $= 8Da/;} . o;sf
kft / 8G8L 5f]6f x'G5g\ . c ;a} s'/f Ps} xf] . cvfn] cn}FrL
x'Fb}gg\ < x'G5g\ xf]nf . d}n] tfKn]h'df yfxf kfPsf gfdx olt
x'g\ .
kfgL yfldof] . lxF8f}F < ;a}n] x'G5 eg] . hfg] lnDa" efO <
d]/f] 3/ oxLF d'lg 5 . stf hfg' a:g'xf];\ x} t eg]/ xfdL af6f]
nfUof}F .

63

cy{k"0f{ tfKn]h'
s]xL xf]Og, 5}g tfKn]h' . s]xL xf], ;a} 5 tfKn]h' .

jGb] tfKn]h' . rf/} ah] laxfg p7]/ emf]nLt'd8L l7s7fs

kfofF} . laxfgsf] lgTosd{ ;s]/ sf]Kr] ahf/}ahf/ hLk :6\ofG8lt/
nfUb}5f}F . nofTds ;Ltdf r/fr'?Lx eGb}5g\, ;'k|eftd\ . o:t}
nfU5 .
zfGt, lg/fz km'\ln ahf/sf] k;nsf l9sx v'n]sf 5}gg\ .
5 ah] xfdL sGbg] hLk r9]/ cf]/fnf] emb}{5f}F . af/Lsf] l8ndf,
vf]N;fdf, jgsf] 5]pdf ;lk|Psf] d"nfh:tf cUnf, xl/of
afF;oflt/ x]b}{ d]/f] dg eG5 tfKn]h'nfO{ k|s[ltn] ;+/If0f
u/]sf] /x]5 . afF;sf] dfq} s'/f lsg < oxfFsf 8fF8fsfF8f, eL/kfvf,
v]taf/L htftt} b]lvG5 xl/ofnL . ltd|} ;'Gb/ xl/ofnLdf slt
dfld{s, slt efj's sljtf xf], ;'Gb/ t/ xf]Og of] tfKn]h'] sljsf]
sljtf . cf]vn9'] sljsf] .
df\vf]nf uflj;sf] d]vfdf lrofgf:tf uof}F . dL7f]
lrofrd]gf t pt}, sf7df8f}Flt/} u/]sf] xf] . oxfFsf] lrofgf:tf 5'}
dL7f] lyof] . ;'Gb/ k|fs[lts lrof . olt ;'Gb/ k|s[lt 5 tfKn]h'sf]
eGg] s'/f d aa'/fnfO{ s] yfxf
eL/df cl8Psf] 5 xfd|f] hLk . eL/ zAb cltzof]lQm x'g ;S5
. 8fF8fdf . ToxfFaf6 t==n, t==n;Dd b]lvG5g\ xl/of] wfgv]t, af/L,
af]6la?jf, 3/s6]/f, ufO{afv|f, n}gf e}F;L, kf8fkf8L . ;'?Kk lrof
lkP/ kmgSs pFef] kmls{of] eg] dflydfly 8fF8fsfF8f;Dd ;'n'Q k/]sf]
/dfOnf] kl/b[Zo b]lvG5 . slt x]g]{ gjLgtf
hfFb}5f}F . ;Dd t];f]{ af6f]d'lg r'N7f] af6]sf] k/fnsf] 5fgf] b]v]F .
r'N7f] af6]sf] of] 5fgf] dlt/ x]b}{ lyof] . x]bf{x]b}{ stfstf r'N7f];Fu
d]/f] ne kf] kg{ yfn]5 . ef/tsf] db|f;df db|f;L gfgLsf] r'N7f];Fu
64

k5fl8af6 ne k/]h:tf] . r'N7f] af6]sf] k/fn] 5fgf] lb\nfdf b]v]sf]

lyOgF . xfd|f]lt/ o:tf] 5fgf] x'Gg . gf}nf] nfUof] . l7Ss, lrl6Ss,
lx;L k/]sf 3/xdf . xl/of], /l;nf] v]taf/Lsf] cGg vfP/ afFr]sf
dfG5]h:tf tfKn]h'sf gog;'v eL/kfvf b]v]/ d cf}wL /dfPF .
kmls{b}5g\ l/Qf 8f]sfx . hfFb}5g\ dl/s'Rr ef/L ePsf
9fs/x . y't'g' aflx/ lgsfn]/ 3'6'3'6' kfgL lkpFb}5 kx/f] .
dfG5]nfO{ kfNbfkfNbf ltvf{P5 Sof/] k|s[ltsf] j/bfg tfKn]h'sf] of]
kx/f] . psfnf]kl5sf] t];f]{ af6f]af6 6f9f, k/ dlt/ Psf]xf]/f] x]/]/
bbf; k/]sf lxdfnx b]v]F . slt ;'lsnf] lxpFsf] tGgf lxdfnsf
slt ldn]sf ;]tf bfFt cgf/bfgf xf]Og . gf}gL l3paf6 ag]sf
lxdbGtx . zf]efodfg . ;d'b|L ;txaf6 cf7 xhf/ b'O{ ;o ld6/
cUnf] kf}jfeGHofdf k'Uof}F . lr;f] ef]Uof}F . pxL lxnfDd] af6f]af6
psfnf] plSn/Xof}F .
lrGg} kfOgF tfKn]h' . x]g}{ kfOgF tfKn]h' . oxfFsf tfn, emgf{,
kf]v/L, lxdfn, nfnLu'/fF;, hl8a'6L w]/}w]/} lyP x]g]{, ;'Fg] . vf]O,
;do} k'u]g .
cfsfzaf6 em/]/ dflyNnf] km]bLdflysf] hnsf vxsf]
6'Kkfdf kmgkmgL 3'Dg] ;]tf] afbn, ToxLFaf6 b]lvg] kfl/ 8fF8fsf] xl/of]
;dtn e"efu, lxdb[Zo . sfps'tL kf] nfU5 t of] ef]hk'/sf] cfdf
. gSsnL df]/Lsf ltl/lemDs] cfFvfh:tf b]p/fnLdf pbfpFb} u/]sf
;"o{sf] gSsn b]v]/ d]/f] dg km'/km'/ eof] .
km'\ln ahf/af6 eL/kfvf s'lNrFb} 5;ft lbg d/]/ lxF8]kl5
k'luG5 cf]8f/df, tfndf, jgf}iflw kfOg] 7fpFdf . g xf]6n . g nh .
g vfg] . g lkpg] . s;n] ug]{ j}1flgs cWoog, cg';Gwfg,
vf]htnf; 9's'6Ldf cGg 5 . k]6 ef]s} . s]xL xf]Og, 5}g tfKn]h' .
s]xL xf], ;a} 5 tfKn]h' .

65

-dfOqmf] l/he{ u/]/ @)&!.!!.@@ ut] sf7df8f}Faf6

vf]6fsf] xn];L hfFbfsf] cg'e"lt_

e]8f] dfG5]
7f8f] dfly hfg] 9'fsf] v'8\lsnfdf 6]St} plSng yfNof}+ . ToxfF klg xfd|f ufpF3/sf h:t}
dL7f gfgLx lyP . srsr u/]gg\ . ;fgf cf}+nfn] r]k]sf a'l4:6 lbofx b]vfpFb}
3fF6L tGsfP/ eg] lsGg';\ g

xfdL ;fthgf ^M$% ah] u|Lg lxn l;6Laf6 l/he{ u/]sf]

dfOqmf]df vf]6fsf] xn];Llt/ nfUof}F .
ag]kf k'u'Gh]n gofFgf}nf] b]lvPg, bfneft af6f] . lxF8]s} xf] .
ha gdf]a'4sf] d'lg ;8sdf k'Uof}F, clg kf] of] sfG5fsf] dg v';Ln]
wsws ug{ yfNof] . /fhwfgLglhs} 8fF8fkfvf hldg, xl/ofnL ePsf]
olt ;'Gb/ 7fpF /x]5 . slxNo} cfOk'luPg . sf7df8f}Fsf sf]7fdf dfq}
y]lRrPsf]df ysys nfUof] .
;'n'n' hfFb}5 uf8L . ;8ssf dflyd'lg v 5g\ . af/Ldf
xl/of ltx'gt/sf/Lsf af]6 5g\ . l8ndf wf/faf6 v:t}5 kfgL .
3/sf] w'/Laf6 w"jfF p8\b}5 . s6]/fdf 5g\ ufO{afv|f . kfvf] cf]/fnf]
em5{ . kmfkm' 5g\ 3/ . embf{emb{} tn 6f/L v]t cfpF5 . AofF;L xf]nf
. kfNkfsf] df8L kmfF6h:t} nfU5 . k/ 8fF8f]df l6lnSs 6lNsG5g\ ;]tf
3/ . tL 3/leq log} v]tsf] dl;gf rfdn lelqG5 xf]nf . ptf eL/
5 . eL/ klg xl/o} . d'lQmgfysf] h:tf] 9'] kxf8 xf]Og . kmfu'g
dlxgfdf klg zLt / xl/of] b[Zo b]Vtf /dfOnf] nfUof] . k|s[ltn]
oxfFsf dfG5]nfO{ k]6el/ vfg k'ofPs} xf]nf .
es'G8]a];L p:t} dhfsf] . o;sf] gfd ;'g]sf] lyPF .
sf7df8f}Faf6 6f9f xf]nf, ljkGg dfq} a:5g\ xf]nf eGy]F . es'G8]a]F;L
t c;fWo} wgL /x]5 k|s[ltsf] . zLtn xl/ofnL . dhfsf] ;Ldv]t .
jfl/kfl/ 8fF8fsfF8f . cUnfcUnf kx/f . kx/fdf n'?n'? dfG5] .
66

xf]6n s'z]Zj/, g]kfnyf]s, b'Dhf n]v]sf] xf]6ncufl8 uf8Laf6

aflx/ lgl:sof}F . 7"nf] cfFug . leQfdf cUnf] kxf8 . jl/kl/ v]t .
cufl8 kLr;8s . ;8skfl/ wfgv]t . cln k/ gbL . lrof cfof] .
89]sf] af:gf cfpg] b"wdf ag]sf] afSnf] lrof cf}wL dL7f] . lrof klg
yK5g\ / < yk]/ vfof}F . s'z]Zj/ dlGb/ sxfF 5 < pM, Tof]
ahf/glhs} b]Vg'ePg < of] af6f] slQsf] rN5 . klxn] t Tolt
rNb}gYof] . gofF af6f] rNg yfn]sf] b'O{tLg dlxgf eof] . /fd|} rn]sf]
5 .
sf7df8f}Faf6 af]s]sf y'k}| s'/f vfP/ uf8Ldf k:of}F . km6fkm6
gofF af6f] gbL, dxfgbL, jLeT; hn/flzsf] dgf]/d, cltLo b[Zo
x]b}{ dfgjhLjgdf cToGt ;'vs/ nfUg] dw'/t/ df}g hn;Lt ;'Gb}
uO/Xof}F+ .
st} k9]y]F kxf8L af6f]df ;8s agfpFbf eTsfpg', sf6\g',
vGg', df:g' x'Gg . ;8s agfpg gldNg], klx/f] uPsf], wl;Psf], kfgL
au]sf] cflb 7fpFdf gagfO{ gx'g] eP kvf{n nufP/, lkn/ p7fP/,
k'n agfP/ jf c g} pkfon] ;8s agfpg ;lsG5 .
;fFRr} ;'Gb/ /x]5 ag]kfalb{jf;sf] af6f] . olt /fd|f] af6f] d}n]
g]kfn 3'Dbf cGt b]v]sf] 5}g . ;f/} ljs6 kxf8sf 8fF8fkfvfdf
j}1flgs tl/sfn] agfPsf] af6f] . vr{ klg t ultn} eof] xf]nf . aL=
kL= sf kfnfdf aGg yfn]sf] eG5g\ . jif{ klg t w]/} eP5
d ufpFn] . ufpFsf] l;GsLw"nf]df x'ls{PF . wfuf]h:tf] af6f]df
psfnLcf]/fnL u/]F . ;8s s'g r/fsf] gfd xf], yfx} lyPg . ;8s
b]v]s} sf7df8f}F cfpFbf gf}la;]lt/sf] ;ft 3'DtLsf] s'OFSs 3'd]sf]
a6fl/Psf] af6f] xf] . kxf8df ;8s o;/L dfq} aGbf] /x]5 h:tf]
nfUYof] . of] af6f] b]v]kl5 d]/f] ;f]r g} ablnof] . k};f, lj1fg,
Knflg / lgoGq0f eP g]kfnsf cgsG6f/ 8fF8fkfvfdf klg ag]kf
alb{jf;sf] h:t} ;'s'df/ ;8s aGg] /x]5 .
af/L, 3fF;, v, wfg, k/fn, 8fF8fsfF8f t b]v]s} xf] ;a}lt/ .
af/Ldf v . vdf 9f]8 . 9f]8sf] s'lgpF k/fnsf] h:t} . xf], o:t}
b]v]F . gdf]a'4d'lg jf es'G8]a]F;Lb]lv vf]6f;Dd} . avf{df sf6]sf

ds}sf 9f]8 lxpFbdf ufO{a:t'nfO{ v'jfpg s'lgpF agfP/ ;fFr]sf] xf]nf

. k"j}{sf] eP/ klg dnfO{ gf}nf] nfUof] .
ho/fddf Psl5g a:of}F . oxfFaf6 cf]vn9'f ;lsP/ vf]6f
;'? x'g] /x]5 . ho/fd lsg eg]sf] < s'lGg, 3f6sf] gfd xf] ls <
89]sf] b"wsf] lrof, 7]sLsf] bxL rfVt} dL7f] eGb} vfof}F . a]nL la|h
x]of}F . emk|L s]/f lsGof}F . b"wsf];Lsf] gLnf] kfgLdf cfFvf h'wfof}F .
b"wsf];Lsf] kfgL b"wh:tf] lyPg . cfsfzh:t} gLnf] ;'Gb/ lyof] .
km]l/ psfnf] hfFb}5f}F+ . 7f8f] psfnf] . ;lhnf] psfnf] . ;]tf]
df6f] . km:sf 9'f . r'g9'f kf] x'g\ ls < s]ljlw cUnf 8fF8fkfvf,
y'Dsf . ;8s agfpg] wt'/]xn] klg slt cUnf 8fF8fkfvfaf6
s'bfPsf] af6f] 7fpF To:t} t 5 s] ug\ t lar/fxn]
psfnf] pSnFb}5 uf8L ;fFem;fFem a]nf . 5]pdf 5' d . tn
x]bf{ e6\ofSs u5{ d'6' . s]ljlw 8/nfUbf 8fF8fkfvf x'g t
ufpF3/lt/ o:tf 7fpF w]/} b]v]sf] x'F . p a]nf ufO{e}F;Lsf] k'R5/
lgdf]7\t} 8fF8fkfvf gf} v'f u'8'8' a's'{;L 7f]s]/ s'b\y]F . k6Ss} 8/
nfUb}gYof] . 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkfdf k;fl/Psf ;8sdf s'2} tn x]bf{ t
;ftf]k'Tnf] hfg] /x]5 .
xfdL vf]6f lhNnfsf] a8x/]df 5f}F . aRrf kfpg g;s]/
7;7;L sGg] dlxnfh:t} sGb}5 uf8L psfnf]df . kfOlbg gx'g],
rnfpg klg gx'g] . ;8sd'lg lrl6SssL k/fnskfn sf]/]sL, ;]tf]
n'ufsd]/f] nfPsL, /ftf r'/f, 6Lsf, h'Qf, /LrL km"n nufPsL
eses of}jg plDnPsL 3/kjtL b]v]F .
x]/]F Totf . ;fgf] 3/, dxn, b/af/ . 3/kltn] g} hfgf];\ Tof]
3/ p;sf] s] xf] < d]/f] dg eg] ubub eof] . slt ;'Gb/ 3/
3/eGbf klg 5fgflt/ x]bf{ cgf}7f] nfUof] . afv|fkf7f rbf{rb}{ v'f
lrlKnP/ n8]/ e't'Ss} x'g] kx/f]df plePsf] of] 3/sf] k/fn] 5fgf]df
s] /fv]sf] < xg s] xf] Tof] < eGb} 5fgfdf km]l/ x]/]F . k/fn] 5fgfsf]
tNnf] kfvfsf] aLrdf /fv]sf] afs; t ;f]nf/ kf] /x]5 .

67

68

gf/fo0fhLn] eGg'eof] vf]6f lhNnfdf cg'bfgdf ;f]nf/

afF8]sf] 5 /] ;a}lt/ . To;kl5 t k|foM x/]s 3/sf] 5fgfdf ;f]nf/
b]v]F . vfg k'uf];\gk'uf];\, ;f]nf/ rflxg] . af6fdf e]l6Psf ufO{, uf]?,
afR5f, e}F;L uf8LnfO{ af6f] 5f]8\g ghfg]/ u'8'8' s'b] . Ps d'Lsf
afF; ePsf] afF;of xlNnof] . uO/Xof}F .
k"/} ;fFem k/]sf] lyPg . pHofnf] cf]OnfpFb} lyof] . cFWof/f]
rlDsFb} lyof] . xfdL xn];L ahf/df k'Uof}F . a's u/]sf] /f]on
u]:6xfp;df sf]7f kfOPg . p;}n] csf]{ k|zfGt xf]6ndf b'O{ sf]7f
a's ul/lbPsf] /x]5 . glhs} /x]5 k|zfGt . uof}F . ;fdfg yGSofof}F .
aflx/ lgl:sof}F .
d xf]6naflx/sf] cfFugdf pleP/ x]b{}5' . kftnf 5g\ ahf/]3/ .
/f]8 5 cufl8 . /f]8}df kfsf OF6f y'kf/]sf] 5 . j/k/ kmfkm' 3fF;]
v . xlNnFb} rf]of afF; . k/ /f]on xf]6n . glhs} sNkgf xf]6n
clg clgtf xf]6n . kmfkm' ljb]zL . :yfgLo w]/} . 5}g eL8 . s]
x'GYof] xf]xNnf bfFt b]vfP/ a;]sf 8fF8fkfvf .
d]/f] cufl8 cUnf] 8fF8f] 5 . To;sf] ptf s] 5, b]lvGg .
8fF8fnfO{ nf]\tfn], sfut a]/]sf wfufn] k'/fk'/ 5f]k]sf] 5 . gff]
z/L/df l6ldSs n'uf nfPh:tf] . d\l;/ dlxgfdf n6/Dd} wfg
kfs]sf] v]tdf 5kSs} a;]sf l5/la/] ;'ufsf] ayfgh:tf] . xf] s] of]
8fF8f] < wd{/Hh', wd{kq, wd{u|Gy, wd{kL, wd{k|jfx .
ToxLF plePsf enfb\dLnfO{ ;f]w]F Tof] 8fF8fdf s] 5 < u'Daf
. 8fF8fsf] gfd u'h'{ 8fF8f] . oxfFaf6 ToxfF k'Ug slt nfU5 < !%
@) ldg]6 . af6f] cK7\of/f] 5 ls < 5}g5}g .
lxFl8xfnf}F . k'luxfnf}F . x]l/xfnf}F+ h:tf] nfUof] . Tof] 8fF8f]df
;fyLxn] hfg dfg]gg\ . ef]ln hfg] eg] . ef]ln klg ef]ln cfPg .
d]/f] dgnfO{ s'r'Ss} v'DRofP . dg eP/ klg d 8fF8fdf gk'uL kmls{PF
. /ft kl/;s]sf] lyPg . cfsfzdf p8\b} lyP r/fx .
sf]7fdf ga:g] . 3'Dg hfg] eGg] ;Nnfx eof] . ;a} lgl:sof}F
xf]6n k|zfGtaf6 . ;8s};8s hfFb}5f}F . cUnf ultnf clg xf]rf

gultnf 3/ cfP . uP . nfx'/af6 wg sdfP/ ag]sf clg 8Nnf

kmf]/]/ kf]N6f] e/]sf k};fn] ag]sf 3/x xf]nfg\ eGg] c8\sn sf6]F .
8n/ / ?Kk]h:t} km/s 3/x . lkm/lkm/ rNb}5 xfjf . sf7df8f}Faf6
cfPsf xfdL kfx'gfnfO{ ;Tsf/ u/]sf] xf]nf .
gfgLx, cfdfx km"ndfnf a]Rt} lyP . lsGg s/ u/]gg\ .
af]nfP dL7f] kxf8] af]nLdf . oxfF kz'kltsf] jf u'Xo]Zj/Lsf] s6'
jrg lyPg af]nfpg], km"n lsGg . ef]ln laxfg lsG5f}F, clxn] x]g{
dfq} cfPsf eg]/ 3'd]sf] t/ 7f8f] dfly hfg] 9'fsf] v'8\lsnfdf
6]St} plSng yfNof}+ . ToxfF klg dL7f gfgLx lyP . srsr u/]gg\ .
;fgf cf}+nfn] r]k]sf a'l4:6 lbofx b]vfpFb} 3fF6L tGsfP/ eg]
lsGg';\ g
;Dddf k'Uof}F . e'OFdf 9'f 5fk]sf] . j/k/ 3/ aGb} . lkn/ klg
b]v]F 7l8Psf] . !%@) 3/ . 3/}lkR5] k"hfcr{gfsf ;fdfg . /fd|f]
cWofTd ahf/ . kmfkm' dfG5] . cfFugdf dlGb/ . dlGb/n] vsf]
5ftf cf]9]sf] . ToxLF /x]5 cUnf] 3/ . s;sf] 3/ < ;f]w]F s;}nfO{ .
of] 3/ xf]Og, u'Daf xf] . a'l4:6xsf] cf:yfs]Gb| .
o;nfO{ df/tLsf tflKt 5f]ln u'Daf eG5g\ . u'DafnfO{
rf/}lt/ vn] 3]/]sf] 5 . vx df]6f, cUnf, ofDd 5g\ . u'Dafsf]
lgdf{0f rln/x]sf] 5 eGg] cg'e"lt x'G5 Totf x]bf{ . af}4wdf{g'ofoL
nfUg] dfG5]x otfptf 3'Db}5g\ . nfdfbfOnfO{ ;f]w]F oL
vxsf] gfd s]s] xf]nf, dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . elglbg'x'G5 ls < Tof]
cUnf] dGbg] xf] . sf7 alnof] x'G5 . pM k/sf] lrp/L xf] . csf]{
glhs}sf] df}jf . o:tf w]/} k|sf/sf 5g\ v . s'gs'gsf] gfd eGb}
lxF8\g] eGb} nfdfbfO t ndsnds nlDsP .
u'kmfleq cfh} ls ef]ln laxfg < clxn] g} x]/f}F . cfO t
uOof] . ef]ln km]l/ cfpFnf . x'G5 t x'G5, hfcf}F . gf}nf] . klxn]
gk'u]sf] 7fpF . u'kmf . emg\ g]kfns} k|l;4 xn];L u'kmf . lxGb"dfqsf
cf/fWob]j adef]n] lzjsf] u'Kt cfjf;:yn . ljleGg lsjbGtLxsf]
;|f]t ag]sf] gf}nf], clt k|frLg u'kmf .

69

70

9'f 5fk]sf] cfFug 5f]8]/ leq l5of}F . xf] u'kmf t/ k:g]lalQs}

;fF3'/f] 5}g . km/fs 5 . v'8\lsnf 5g\ . 9'fsf bfofFafofF kmnfdsf]
/]ln 5 . tnf t ulggF t/ 5 tnfh:tf] nfU5 . 6's'6's' . v'q's
v'q's eml//Xof}F . hlt tn uof], plt cFWof/f] . gfd} u'kmf . s]
pHofnf] xf];\
dxfb]jsf] sf]7fnfO{ af/a]/ u/]/ ;'/lIft kf/]sf] /x]5 .
sf]7fcufl8 pleP/ cl3 cf]ln{Psf v'8\lsnflt/ x]/]F . s:tf] 8/nfUbf]
wGg /]ln nufOlbP5g\ . rf/}lt/ 9'fsf] k|fs[t kvf{n b]lvG5 . b'O{
xftsf xTs]nf hf]8]/ cf}Fnf dfly 78\ofPh:tf] . d';nwf/] kfgL kof]
eg] t dxfb]jsf] sf]7f;f]7f r'n'{Dd} 8'A5 xf]nf .
3'Db} x]b{}5' d . gfusf] k|ToIf d"lt{ 5 . ljleGg b]jb]jLsf
xfdLn] ljZjf; u/]sf kx :ki6 b]lvG5g\ .
k|s[ltsf] 3g36f d:t nfUof] . of] o:tf] 7fpF /x]5, hf] h]
;f]r]/ ToxfF k'Uof], ;f]rcg';f/ g} b]V5 . O{Zj/sf] sNkgf ug'{xf];\ .
cltLo snf / ;dk{0f 5 . ;f}Do / ;'Gb/ dfgjhLjgsf] sNkgf
ug'{xf];\ . To:t} nfU5 . xfd|f cflbk'vf{sf] af;:yfg . o:t} u'kmf
cd]l/sfdf 8'n]sf] lyPF . Tof] u'kmf lj1fg / P]Zjo{n] el/k"0f{ eP/
cTofw'lgs lyof] . of] u'kmf cefj, c1fg / g]t[Tjsf] cb"/blz{tfn]
cem} cflbd o'udf a;]sf] cfef; eof] . h6fh'6wf/L lzjnfO{
gd:sf/ u/]/ aflx/ lgl:sof}F+ .
ef]ln laxfg dxfb]jsf] 3/df M
P afaf s]s] g lat]h:tf] pHofn} geO{ tfx'/dfx'/ ;'? eof]
. cfh} kmls{g'kg]{ . gkms]{ lbgsf] af/ xhf/ ltg'{k5{ . s;n] lt5{
rfF8} u/f}F . hfcf+}F .
xfdLn] sf7df8f}Faf6} tLg hf/ kfgL af]s]sf lyof}F . kfgL kfOGg
eGg] lyof] . kfOg t kfOg] /x]5, t/ sd . cfkm}Fn] af]s]sf hf/sf]
kfgLn] sfs:gfg uof}F . 5]nf]v]nf] t s] k'UYof] af6f] nfUof}F . pxL
lxhf]sf v'8\lsnfaf6 plSnof}F . lgs} eL8 lyof] . lxF8\g g;Sg] xf]Og .
71

u'kmfaflx/ u'Dafd'lgsf] 9'] cfFugdf c;/Nn} lyP dfG5] .

ldl;of}F xfdL ToxL ;d'b|df . ;d'b|sf] kfgL aUb}5 la:tf/f] . xfdL
u'kmfleq v'8\lsnfaf6 tn hfFb}5f}F . kfgL xf]Ogf}F xfdL aUg] . lxF8\b}5f}F+
. eL8deL8 5 . eQmxsf xftdf elQmsf ;dk{0fx e/Le/L 5g\ .
vfN8f]leq 5f}F . k'l/Psf 5}gf}F . dflyaf6 leq k;]sf] 5 pHofnf]
. l;F9Ldf n6/Dd} kmn]sf 5g\ dfG5] . lxGb"sf, af}4sf n'ufx tn
dfly ub{}5g\ . cFWof/f] e'OFdf rs6Ldfly a;]sf u[x:yLx k"hf
nfpFb}5g\ . cln k/ cln cUnf] 7fpFdf kmnfd] nf}/fn] a]/]sf] sf]7f 5
. To;leq af]Ng] afx'gjf / gaf]Ng] 9'fsf gfysf gfy kz'kltgfy
a;]sf 5g\ . jl/kl/ eQmxsf] ck/Dkf/ eL8 5 .
czQm dfG5]sf] xltof/ hDnfxft . 7]lnFb} uof}F . k'Uof}F . r9\of}F .
9f]Uof}F . kmls{of}F +. kmls{bf v'8\lsnfdf $)%) hgf ljb]zLx b]v]F .
/dfpFb} lyP . kmf]6f lvRt} lyP . emb}{ lyP . aflx/ lgl:sof}F . ca
stf < u'kmf / 9']wf/f x]g{ hfcf}F . 6f9f 5 ls < glhs} 5 /]
x'G5 t x'G5
cf]/fnf] emb{}5f}F l;F9Laf6 . Pp6f u'kmfd'lgsf] csf]{ u'kmf x]g{ .
af]6la?jf . w"nf]d}nf] . v]taf/L . cfnLsfGnf . gf}nf] nfu]g dnfO{
. ;'vL sd b'MvL w]/} . o:t} t xf] ufpF3/ tn k'u]kl5 s;}n] b]vfof]
. pM ToxfF tLgj6f wf/f 5g\ . d"n 5 kfgLsf] . wf/fdf dfG5] lyP .
kfgL yfKg], g'xfpg], w'g] . t/ eL8 lyPg . s] hfg] wf/f] x]g{ eGb}
eml//Xof}F .
cln xNnfvNnf . dfG5] . ko{6s;Fu gftf nfUg] ;fdfg a]Rg
/fv]sf] . o:tf] 5 x]g{ uPsf u'kmfsf] aflx/ . lsgf}Flsgf}F k/]sf
;fdfg b]lvgF d}n] . leq k:g k};f nfU5 < nfUb}g . k;f}F < x'G5
. 9'f 5fk]sf] cfFugdf 6]St} leq k:of}F . klxn] pHofn} lyof] . kl5
cFWof/f] . b]Vg} g;lsg] 7fpF cfof] . df]afOn afn]/ sfd rnfof}F .
pHofnf] klxn] . kl5 cFWof/f] . km]l/ pHofnf] 7fpF cfof] . pHofnf]df
lvRt} lyP kmf]6f . u'kmfsf] 6'Kkfsf] Ejfaf6 emb{} lyof] pHofnf] .
ToxL Ejfaf6 lzj af efu]sf /] efUb}efUb} kNnf] u'kmfsf] cf]9f/df
n's]sf /] . o:t}o:tf y'k|} lsDjbGtLx 8'Nbf /x]5g\ Totf . lgl:sof}F
72

. z/L/ aflx/ cfP klg dg Tot} c8\lsof] Psl5g . olt ;'Gb/, y'k|}
ko{6s tfGg ;Sg] u'kmfnfO{ lsg olt w]/} a]jf:tf u/]sf] xf]nf /fHon]

xf]6n k|zfGtleq k:of}F . eft kfs]sf] /x]5 . vfof}F . vf]6fsf]

v]tsf] rfdn slt dL7f] t/sf/Lbfn p:t} . leq k:of}F . uf8Ln]]
af6f] ;dfTof] RofKk} . d PSn} c/dlPF . cfkm}Fn] cfkm}FnfO{ k5fl8af6
e'Ss lxsf{pg dg nfUof] . 8fF8}el/ Wjhfktfsf ePsf] u'Daf x]/f}Fx]/fF}
eGbfeGb} ldn]g . lzj;Fu} s'd hf]8]/ a;]sf a'4;Fu e]6 ug{ ;lsPg
.
dfG5] e]8f] xf] . htf nfUof], nfUof]nfUof] . uf8L l/he{ afsf
nflu dfq} u/]sf] /x]5 .

73

-ef]
ef]hk'/sf] lb\nfdf cem} 5 d]/f] hGd3/ . ;fyLefO 5g\ . dg 5 .
d eg] sf7df8f}F a:5' . @)^& r}tdf vfFbaf/L k/LIff rnfpg hfFbf
ufpF hfg] df}sf ldNof] . uPF . x]/]F . hlGdof] of] lgofqf ._

km]l/P5 lb\nf
k"0f]{sf] h"gh:t} emndNn lxdfn . nxnx ?b|fIfsf jf]6 . lxdlgM;[t kfjg c?0f . h8La'6L .
b]zs} 7"nf] lzIffs]Gb| . cWofTd :km'/0f . /d/d, zfGt, pbfQ, dgf]/d d]/f] lb\nf .

k'Vof}{nL 3/ lb\nf gfuLdf 5 d]/f] . sf7df8f}Fdf a:5' .

SofDk;df k9fpF5' . vfFbaf/Ldf k/LIff rnfpg] lhDdf kfPF . Po/kf]6{
uPF . r9]F . t'lDn6f/df plqPF .
@)^& r}tsf] s'/f] xf] of] . k/LIff ;''? x'g s]xL lbg afFsL lyof]
. df}sfdf rf}sf xfGg}k5{ . d}n] lb\nf hfg] lgwf] u/]F . sfFwdf emf]nf
af]s]/ t'lDnsf] a;kfs{lt/ hfFb}5' ;tL3f6 k'Ug . uf8L kfOG5 eGy]
lb\nf hfg] . dhfsf] kf] eP5 t'lDn6f/ . k kl/jt{g . df; /
lkmn'] kmNg] 6f/af/Lxdf uf8L / df]6/;fOsn kmNg yfn]5g\ . ;f]w]F
oxfFaf6 ;tL3f6;Dd hfg] a; ;le{; 5 < 5}g . lxF8]/ slt
nfU5 < lxF8fO x]/L, cfwf 3G6fhlt .
hfFb}5' . of] af6f] jiff}{+jif{ sfFwdf emf]nf af]s]/ lxF8]s} xf] . t/
cfh gf}nf] nflu/x]sf] 5 . plt a]nf l8n}l8n lxF8\Yof}F . clxn]
uf8Lsf] af6}af6f] PSn} n'?n'? hfFb}5' . x]5'{ . 6f/af/LnfO{ vghf]t
u/]/
lrl6Ss}
kf/]sf
5g\ . dhfn] lnlk:6skfp8/ 3;]sf af/L . tfQftf 6f/ . ;kSs .
l6lnSs 6lNsG5 l6gsf] 5fgf] . k/fnsf] 5fgf] ?Fu]/ plePsf 5g\
s]/fsf yfdx . ;'Gb/ k|s[lt . zfGt, pbfQ dfG5] . s6]/fdf ufO{,
uf]?, e}F;L b]lvG5g\ . Tjf/Tjf/ e}F;L b'x'Fb}l5g\ cfd} . kf8f] s/fpFb}5 .
j/kLkn, sfa|f]sf v b]lvG5g\ . a]lnrG8f vf]H5' . b]lVtgF
k/k/;Dd . plxn] cfdfn] agfPsf] a]lnrG8fsf] crf/ slt dL7f]
74

x'GYof] cUnf] sfa|f]sf] vd'lg uf]? hf]Q}5g\ af . cfdf 8Nnf

kmf]b}{l5g\ . tGg]/L 5f]/fx c/a uP x'g\ . 5f]/L k/fO{3/ . a'xf/L
gfgL;Fu . g]kfnsf] ufpF3/sf] jt{dfg ;To cfFv}n] b]v]F . slt lbg
o:tf] rNnf <
otfaf6 xhf/f}Fk6s lxF8] x'Fnf t/ uPs} 5}g dgsfdgf dlGb/df
. cfh hfg'kof] eg]/ cf]/fnf] emb}{5' . 6f/af/Ldf sfd ub}{5g\ . 3fF;
sf6\t}5g\ . 8Nnf kmf]b}{5g\ ufpFn]x . a;]sf 9'f / xlNnFb} u/]sf
afF;xn] d]/f] df}g :jfut u/] . dgsfdgf dlGb/ kl/;/df k'u]F .
k;]F . x]b}{5' .
tn c?0fsf] gLnf] hn/fzL . dfly jg;Fu} cfFksf] au}Frf .
cUnf, xf]rf cfFksf af]6 . ToxLF cfjf;If]q . ;fgf 3/ . cem ;fgf
sf]7f . k|To]s sf]7fdf a;]sf 5g\ k|foM czQm j[4j[4fx . k'hf/L;Fu
ukm ug{ yfn]F . s]n k'hf/Ln] eg] d tna lnP/ k"hf ulb{gF .
a'afn] tna glng" eGg'ePsf] 5 k"hf ug{ . hUuf slt 5 < ;o
/f]kgLhlt . Psl5g ulkmP/ lxF8]F . dgsfdgf dlGb/sf] k|rf/k|;f/
x'g g;s]sf]df dg lvGg eof] . ;tL3f6sf] k'n tb{}5' . uf]hLdf xft
xfn]F . b'O{sf] gf]6 lgl:sof] . tn v;fPF . aUg yfNof] kfgLdf .
;+:sf/ k'vf{sf] . gbL, gub, gd:sf/, gtd:ts x'G5' gd| d .
c?0fkfl/ k'u]F . lb\nf hfg] dfG5]x 9lqmPsf 5g\ ;'sfPsf]
la:s'g ag]/ gbLlsgf/df . 5}g uf8L . 5}g k;n . 5}g d'v rnfpg]
d];f] . lb\nf uf8L hfG5 < s'lGg, laxfg ;ft ah]b]lv klv{P/
a;]sf 5f}F . cem} 5}g cQf]kQf] . 38L x]/]F . b; aHb} /x]5 . ltvf{
nfUof] . ldg/n jf6/ e]6]F . lsg]+F . kfgL lkpFbflkpFb} 3/sf] df]xLsf]
ememNsf]
cfof] . slt dL7f] kfgL ;':jfb' .
pleP/ x]b}{5' j/k/ . glhs} b]lvG5 8f]h/ . 8f]h/glhs} kfgLdf
plePsf l;d]G6Lsf 3f]rf . c?0fdf t k'n kf] aGb} /x]5 . k};f gk'u]/
c/uHh k/]sf] /x]5 . uf8L hfg] Tof] k'n rfF8} ag] x'GYof] . xfdLh:tf
ofqL o;/L 8lNng' t kg]{ lyPg ef]hk'/sf] cfly{s :t/f]Ggltdf of]
k'nsf] cxd\ e"ldsf x'g] lyof] .

cfof] . a:of] uf8L . a:tfa:tf yfs]5 . afx ah]lt/ lxF8\g]

;'/;f/ ug{ yfNof] . dg /dfof] d]/f] . lb\nf k'lug]] eOof] . ;tL3f6
lb\nf ahf/ . dWolbg . afx ah] . hLkleq vfFlbPF . 9f]sf v'nf .
w"nf] emg\ v'nf . p8]sf] 5 . d'v 5f]kf}F . s] 5f]Kg', ;s] kf] hLkleq
c6];d6]; 5 ofq'xsf] . hn}hn s'2}5 hLk . xf]Og, af6}af6f]
hfFb}5f}F . hnsf] aLraf6 vg]/ af6f] agfP5g\ . ;n{Ss} sf6]5g\
v . jg} z"Go . gff] jg . hn kmfF8]/ agfPsf] af6f] x]bf{ r/Ss
lrl/Ph:tf] eof] d]/f] 5ftL . 5\of} v . EjfSs} l9:sf] . 8 ls 8
. lkt's]{ d]/f cfFvfdf cfF;' cfof] . jgsf] aLraf6 s'OFSs 3'Db}
r9\b}5f}F psfnf] . b]v]b]v]sf 3/ufpF cfP . lrg]lrg]sf], ;F'3];F'3]sf]
df6f] cfof] . uLt ufpFb}5 jgr/L . slt ;'l/nf] uLt . ;//{ xfjf
rn]sfn] xlNnFb}5g\ v . d';'Ss xfF:t}5g\ ;"o{ .
7f8f] psfnf] . lrKnf] . t];f]{ . km]l/ psfnf] . stfaf6 stf
hfFb}5f}F, cQf]kQf] 5}g dnfO{ . vf]N;fel/ lbSbf/ eP/ ?Fb}5 plgpF3f/L
. jgsf] aLrsf] wf/fdf kfgL yfk]/ ufu|L prfNb}l5g\ ;fgL gfgL .
af/Lsf] k'5f/df emfn]dfn] xnuf]? hf]Q}5 h]7f] h};L . p:t} nfU5 .
ps';d's'; x'Fb}5 dnfO{ slxn] lb\nf k'luPnf eg]/ . dg} t xf]
d8fl/Fb}5, /dfpFb}5 . vfPsf], v]n]sf], 8'n]sf], ef/L af]s]sf], lulhPsf],
luHofPsf], xfF;]sf], /f]Psf], k9]sf] d]/f] dgf]/d lb\nf s:tf] eof] xf]nf

hLkleq a;]sf t?gLtGg]/L klxn] dl:sG5g\, kl5 lvltQ

xfF:g yfN5g\ . d aa'/f] PSn} w'dw'DtL a;]sf] 5' . lb\nfdf d]/f] 5}g
sf]xL . 5g\ ;a} . lb\nfsf] xfjf / kfgL vfP/, lxdfnsf] ;]tf] lxpF
cf]9]/, sfu, kL, eFu]/f, uf}FynLsf] k|0fofnfk ;'g]/, l;GsLw"nf] /
vNof{\v'L v]Nb} x'ls{Psf] d . ToxfF k'Ugf;fy clee"t, cfXnflbt /
cg'u[xLt x'g]5' . lb\nfsf] w]/} C0f 5 d]/f] yfKnf]df . ;f]Rtf;f]Rt}
eGHof k'lu;s]5f}F .
lb\nfsf] ahf/ p:t} /x]5 . uf/f], df6f], 5fgf], l9s ;a} k'/fgf
. gofF 3/ ;fx} sd . gofF eg]sf] dfG5]sf k}tfnf lxF8\g] 7fpFdf
uf8Lsf kf\u|f s'b\g yfn]5g\ . km/fs af6f] . st}st} l;d]G6L kf]t]sf]
. 3'Db}5' . x]b{}5' . ob' e]l6P . bfxL kfn]5g\ . ;'dg ;/ p:t} . 6

75

76

efO k;nleq . tLy{ ;'j]bL r]; v]Nb}5g\ . cfh e/] stf ;'Tg] <
j/sf] vd'lg xl/gGbsf] nh 5Fb}5 lg ;'Tg, vfg /fd|f] . dgn]
cxfPsf] dfg]/ Tot} uPF . ;a}n] xflb{s :jfut u/] . emf]nf la;fPF .
xfd|f] k|frLg dof{lbt lb\nf ahf/ lsg ;w}F p:t} < j/k/sf,
6f9f6f9fsf dfG5]sf] lsga]r x'g] Hofb} rNtLsf] ahf/ b'AnfP5 .
o'4sf] df/ vKg g;s]/ vfFbaf/Llt/ efu]5 /fli6o jfl0fHo a} .
uPsf] a} kmsf{pFb}5g\ /] uf8Ln] ;fdfg af]lsxfN5, lsg rflxof]
9fs/ < kmflnsf]6, s'n', lg3'/], t']5f, d"nkfgL, cfFk6f/L, ;a}lt/sf]
;]G6/ lb\nf ahf/ . lgGofp/f] b]v]F . k6Ss} /}g5 km'tL{kmftL{ .
lzIf0f ;+:yfxsf] bz{g ug{ ;'dg ;/ / d hfFb}5f}F . j/sf]
vdfly b]v]F if8fgGbsf] ;]tf] ;flns . x]bf{x]b}{ d]/f] dgleq s'/f ug{
yfn] . of] d"lt{ d"lt{ xf]Og, a|Xdt]h xf] . clUgjf0f . lgw{g, ;flTjs
afx'gn] lj= ;+= !(#@ df oxfF ;a}sf nflu k9\g] kf7zfnf vf]n] .
u'7L /fv] . k"hfcr{gfsf] Joj:yf ldnfP . wf/f], au}Frf, kf]v/L agfP
. uP . Tolt ug'{ To; a]nf dxfg\ sfd lyof] . clxn] < gfd lnof] ls
lha|f] y'ltG5 eG5g\ eGg]x . lar/fsf] ;Tsd{, lzIffdf]x, k/f]ksf/
xfdL kf6Ldf k'U5f}F . a:g]txn] agfPsf] kf6L t /]8qm; ejg
kf] eP5 lrl6Ss . ejgk5fl8af6 psfnf] nfUb}5f}F . of] cf?af]6]
hfg] af6f] xf]Og < xf] . ;lDemPF, xf]rfxf]rf, h'Fufd'7], O:6sf]6 w8]sf
eLdk|;fb uf}td u'? ot}af6 cfpg'x'GYof] 5fnfsf h'Qf 9\ofk9\ofk
kfb}{ . k9fpg'x'GYof] . dfof ug'{x'GYof] dnfO{ . d klg cfb/ uy]{+ .
Tof] k/sf] 3/ xf] < xf]Og, if8fgGb ax'd'vL SofDk; xf] .
k9fO x'G5 < e/v/} ;DaGwg k|fKt ePsf] 5 . ToxfF jg lyPg <
lyof] . df;] . sf6]/ ejg agfP . gsf6L ePg . psfnf]df klxn]
;fgf] af6f] lyof] . clxn] 7"nf] kf/]5g\ . v :jfxf . dgdg} eg]F
v 9fn]/ dfq} ljsf;lgdf{0f x'g] /x]5 ls Sof xf] if8fgGb p=
df= lj=, df= lj= sf] cfFugdf k:of}F . of] pxL cfFug xf], hxfF xfdL
y'k|} ;fyL k9\Yof}F . v]NYof}F . emu8f uYof}{+ . ldNYof}F .
sf7]eof r9\b}5f}F tnfdfly hfg . eof b]Vgf;fy c?0f
ag]/ klUnof] ctLt . Xjf/Xjf/L an]sf] cfuf]h:tf] blGsg yfNof]

;Demgf . k|]d / la5f]8sf] eof . ;/xlt/ x]5'{ . lrlGbgF . tL

cg'xf/ t xfdLnfO{ k9fpg] d]/f cToGt cfb/0fLo u'?x km0fLGb|
l3ld/], eLdk|;fb, b'uf{k|;fb, xl/x/, tLy{ Gof}kfg] cflb kf] eP .
ememNsf] . o; df= lj= df ;+:s[tsf] k9fO x'G5 < ;f]w]F . xF'b}g .
P]lR5sdf Ps k]k/ ;+:s[t /fv]sf lyofF} . ljBfyL{ cfPgg\ . x6fof}F .
d}n] n]v]sf] df}g r'N7f], k'ik k|sDk, afkmsf] kbf{ / dfG5] /
afFb/ rf/ yfg k':ts ljBfnonfO{ pkxf/ lbP/ lgl:sof}F . c?0fsf
x]8;/ /jLGb| clwsf/L;Fu km'Q} e]6 eof] af6}df . 5'} af]s]sf pg}
rf/j6f k':ts pkxf/ lbPF . lj1fg ejg x]/]F . s}nfzsf] 8fF8f] Ajf
ls Ajf vg]/ tf5]sf] /x]5 . nf}g lg, 8fF8} l;Wofpg] eP5g\ .
leQflt/ x]bf{x]b}{ d'6' eSsflgof] . dgdg} eg]F k|s[ltnfO{ :jfxf
kf/]/ lsg rflxof] lj1fgsf] tfdemfd < eGHoflt/ kmls{of}F .

/fddlGb/ M
lb\nf a:tf / kl5 Ps}k6s klg k;]sf] 5}g dlGb/leq .
k:g'kof] . p7]F . lgTosd{ ;s]/ j/sf] v x'Fb} Totf nfu]F . /]8qm;
ejg / czf]sj[If dlt/ x]b{} lyP . k'u]F dlGb/leq . k"hf x'Fb} /x]5 .
hLljt b]v]F if8fgGbsf] cfWoflTds cf:yf . /fd, ;Ltf, nId0f, /fwf,
s[i0f, lzj, u0f]z k"lht xF'b} lyP . gtd:ts eP/ kmls{PF .

77

78

au}+rf M
j/sf] vd'lg cfkm" a;]sf] xf]6nsf] afb{nLaf6 x]b}{5' au}Frflt/
. u'?dxf/fhsf] au}Frf . 7'6} kf] kf/]5g\ xf]S;], ynsdn, sgsrDkf .
s'g} klg 5}g v . ldNg] eP df6f] klg ;'df{ agfP/ jf6jf6
tGsfpg] lyP xf]nfg\ . k]/sf] 3f/L vf]O{ < cf7 sIff k9\bfb]lv
lrg]sf] czf]ssf] v eg] h:tfsf] t:t} /x]5 . ofDd, xl/of] . d}n}
Tof] vnfO{ x]/]F . vn] klg dnfO{ x]of] . af]n]g . d klg af]lngF .
Totf x]bf{x]b}{ b/// kfgL bls{of] . czf]s ?Fb}5 d b]v]/ w'?w'? .
eGbf] xf] w]/} kl5 cfof} . d cem} afFr]s} 5' . ljutdf dnfO{
3fdkfgL / e'/fn] w]/} b'Mv lbPF . kmls{xfN5f} xf]nf, s] ;'gfpg' < ef],
gkms{ . ot} a; g s'/f ;'g]/ d lgrf]l/PF . leq uP/ 9f]sf y'g]F .

k':tsfno M
/]8qm; ejgdf k':tsfno /x]5 . if8fgGb ;fd'bflos
k':tsfno . v6\g] gu]Gb| a:g]t . ;a} s'/fsf] cefj /x]5 . d}n] eg]F
k':tsfnonfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ bftf vf]Hg] k|of; u5'{ . gdL7f] dfGb}
kmls{PF . ug{] t dg 5, s] ug'{, ug}{ ;lsGg ;xof]u . cfh @)^*
;fnsf] jiff{/De /x]5 . /fd|f] eof] . gofF lbg . gofF yfngL .
cfWoflTds kbfk{0f .
gfuL M
ahf/dflysf] uf=lj=;= ejgcufl8af6 ef]hk'/lt/ hfg] hLkx
nfUbf /x]5g\ . uPF . r9]F . xf68fF8faf6 t];}t];f]{ /dfgfysf] 3/,
uf}r/g, kl08tsf] 3/ xF'b} gfuLsf] rf}tf/fd'lg /f]lsof] . cf]ln{PF .
j/kLknd'lg ndtGg ;'t]sf] nK;Lwf/f] v]t 6'n'6'n' dlt/ x]b{} /x]5 .
k'Vof}nL Tof] v]t d}n] g} NofKr] nfP/ a]r]sf] lyPF .
3/ k'u]F . ;a} gf}nf dfG5] . lrg]gg\ dnfO{ . d]/f] 3/df d}
ckl/lrt ePF . cfFugdf pleP/ 3/lt/ x]5'{ . 5fgf], 9f]sf, ofn ;a}
dnfO{ b]v]/ 5Ss 5g\ . gf} e'OFdf a6fl/O{a6fl/O{ /f]Psf] cfFug
p:t} /x]5 . dtfgsf v'8\lsnf p:t} . cfFugsf] l8nsf] 9'fdf
pleP/ k/k/sf] gff] lxdfnlt/ x]/]F . lxdfnsf] ;f}Gbo{ b]v]/ d
leq}b]lv clee"t ePF .
rr{df M
d]/f] 3/d'lg, uf}/j /fO{sf] 3/;Fu} rr{ /x]5 . uPF . x]/]F . ;f]w]F .
pgn] ;'gfP . k|To]s zlgaf/ oxfF ;tL x'G5 . ;T; . k/ b'a]df
xfd|f] e]63f6 ug]{ h}t'g 8fF8f] 5 . xfdL ToxfFsf af]6la?jf /
clDn;f]sf] /Iff u5f}{+ . xfdL ;tLx oxfF ;oeGbf w]/} 5f}F . Tof]
8fF8f] /dfOnf] 5 . ;tLafx]s c klg uP x'G5 ToxfF . lkslgs
hfg] /fd|f] 7fpF .
>4f M
79

kmls{b} lyPF . wfdL sfG5fsf] h]7f] 5f]/f] Zofd;Fu e]6 eof] .

pgn] dnfO{ afGsL kf/]/ eg] sfsf d]/f] 3/df vfg hf}F . uPF .
rsf]{ u/] cltly ;Tsf/ . eft, df;', u'Gb|'s, crf/, df]xL, l3p, b"w,
bxL, ;fu, o:t}o:t} . t/ ;a} s'/f em';Lem';L . s] lemSg] < s] vfg]
< s] 5f]8\g] < vfO;s]/ lxF8\bf d nf}/f] g6]sL lxF8\g g;Sg] ePsf]
lyPF .
uf8L e]l6Pg . lxF8]/ lkmb}{5' eGHoflt/ . kl08tsf] 3/dflysf]
rf}tf/fdf plePF . p:t} /x]5g\ j/kLkn . s'nk|;fb bfOsf] 3/lt/ x]/]F
. Tof] 3/ t a]lr;s] lg hn xl/of] / tGg]/L eP5 . xf] /] of]
;fd'bflos jg
xf68fF8f] M
ahf/sf] lbg cfh . ;ft lbgdf nfUg] ahf/ nflu;s]sf] 5 .
3'Db}5' . x]b{}5' . af]nf}Faf]nf}F nfU5 . lrlGbgF . ;a} gf}nf .
3'Dbf3'Db} d]/f] ctLt alNemG5 . ps'r klN6G5 . P]7g x'G5 .
k6'sfdfly sf7sf] bfk ePsf] xl:tbGt] v's'/L le/]sf d]/f a'af
xl/k|;fb ToxfF x'g'x'Gg . ;f8L, rf]nf], k5\of}/f, xftdf 8fnf] af]s]sL
cfdf klg b]lVtgF . j/sf] km]bdf pleP/ ukm ug]{ cfgf k'/fgf ;fyL
5}gg\ . p a]nf d}n] v'a} dg k/fPsf d}ofx klg b]lVtgF . s:tf eP
xf]nfg\ < ctLt hdhldG5 . plk|mG5 a'?sa'?s .
d'lvof sfG5fnfO{ t/sf/L lsGb} u/]sf] b]v]F . pgn] eg]
sfG5f gfgL slxn] < ;Gr} < lxF8\b} u/]sf c;Ljif]{ anaxfb'/ >]i7
bfOn] eg] sfG5f gfgL slxn] cfpg'eof] < w]/} eof] d sf7df8f}F
a:g] u/]sf] . dnfO{ olt dL7f] ;Daf]wg u/]s} 5}g s;}n] . ta g
lb\nf xfd|f 7]6 zAbxdf ;'uGw 5 .
;v/sf 8Nnf, d]nsf rfgf, /fof]sf] ;fu, 6df6/, 8f]sf],
gf\nf], afF;sf] sfOFof], efn] s'v'/f, sf]bf], df;, e6df;, rfdn,
af]8L, s]/f, /f8LkfvL, rsn]6, ;]n/f]6L y'k|}y'k|} s'/f b]v]F xf68fF8fsf]
ahf/df a]Rg /fv]sf .
kj{tz[\vnfnfO{ 5ftLdf 6fF;]/ a;]sf] 5 lb\nf . lrnfpg],
kfTn] / j/sf] km]bsf] ;ftlbg] xf6 . kfjg:yn . olt w]/} dL7f
80

dl;gf vfg]s'/f 5f8]/ d lsg sf7df8f}Flt/ xflGgPsf] x'Fnf <

cljlR5Gg aUg] lgd{n c?0fdfly ;fn3f/L, P]F;]n' / s6';, s6]/fdf
b'x'gf ufO{a:t', DofFDofF v;Lafv|f, 3'F8fdfly ;'?jfn, cfsfzhqf] dg
ePsf lgikfk dfG5]x sxfF kfOG5g\ / ;a}lt/ yfKnf] s'lRrPs} 5
gfDnfn] . 9f8 lylNynf] ePs} 5 8f]sf] / wf]qmf]n] . k6'sfn] lgrf]/s}
5 k]6 . cem} clzIffsf] u?f] ef/L af]s]s} 5g\ a'9fa'9L cfdfafn] .
5}g, 5Fb}5}g s]xL lb\nfdf . o;f] eGg]sf] cl3lNt/ uP/ kf}F7]hf]/L
v]Nb} d eG5' ;a} 5 . s] 5}g lb\nfdf < sNkgf / cfj]un] s]
n5f/kf6f] nufpF5 / <
ahf/ eg{ cfPsf lb\nfnLx cefj}cefjdf lklN;Psf h:tf
b]v]F .
kf;f, d / x]lnsK6/ M
d 6'Fl8v]ndf pleP/ gfuLlt/ x]b}{5' . ToxfF xfd|f] 3/ 5 . xfdL
5}gf}F . a:t}gf}F . xfd|f] l;/Lv'/L ;Dk"0f{ cl:tTj ToxLF 5 . cfh h] 5f}F,
;a} ToxL 3/, dtfg, af/L, v]t, d]n8fF8f], jg, afF;3f/Lsf] tk:of xf]
. d]/f] yfKnfdfly s/fpF5 Kn]g . xf]Og, x]lnsK6/ /x]5 . x]lnsK6/sf]
cfjfh ;'Ggf;fy d ctLt ;lDemG5' . @)%^ ;fndf /Tgkfs{df
kf;f z]kf{ e]l6P . eg] cfh ci6dL . kl;{ b;}Fsf lbg xfdL
lb\nf hfFb}5f}F . lb\nf hfg] < d x]lnsK6/af6 n}hfG5' tkfO{+nfO{ .
Ps 3G6fhlt lb\nfdf a;]/ lkm/f}Fnf . kfgL kl//x]sf] 5 . uhuh
lxnf]
5
.
wGojfb hfg] g} xf] . t/ lsg lg < pgn] eg] d lb\nfdf
cfFvf lzlj/ /fVg rfxG5' . 3/ 5f]8]/ sf7df8f}F a;] klg d]/f] dg
;w}F lb\nfdf 3'ld/xG5 . cfly{s cefj ePsf, cfFvfsf /f]uL
3/ufpFn], lhNnfjf;L ;a}nfO{ s]xL ug{ ;lsG5 ls eg]/ xfdL ToxfF
cfFvf lzlj/ /fVt}5f}F . xfdL;Fu Pshgf hfkfgL of]l;gf]j klg
hfg]5g\ .
Tof] b;}Fsf] lbg klg bs]{em/L k/]sf] lyof] . of]l;gf]j, kf;f /
d x]lnsK6/af6 oxL 6'Fl8v]ndf em/]sf lyof}F . kfgL kl//x] klg
ufpFn] gfgLx x]lnsK6/sf] /ldtf x]g{ hDdf ePsf lyP . :d[Tofef;
.

6'Fl8v]nd} 5' . hn]sf] yfgflt/ cfFvf k'U5g\ . o'4;Gqf; afF;'/L

ahfpg yfN5 . ul8ufpFFlt/ x]5'{ . p:t} 5g\ 3/ . km]l/Psf] 5}g k .
t']5flt/ hfFb}5g\ dfG5] . bxLsf] 7]sL xf]nf, af]s]/ eGHoflt/
cfpFb}l5g\ cfd} . a]Rg nu]sf] xf]nf . k/, tn hu]8fsf] agdf
s/fpFb}5 lrla{/] r/f] . ;f]4f] xf] s] x]b}{5f} < ?b|fIf <
kGw|;f]x ;fnlt/ k9\bf kf7zfnfj/k/ b]v]y]F cUnf;'l/nf
bfgfsf v . eGy] ?b|fIf . lgs} kl5;Dd lyP tL v . dnfO{
dxQf Tolt yfxf lyPg . 6Lsf / uf]ljGbn] OlG8of nu]/ a]Rg yfn] .
df]n a9\of] . efp kfOG5 eg]/ lb\nfnLxn] /f]Kg, a9fpg, a]Rg
yfn] ?b|fIf . of] kfnf Kn]gaf6 d;Fu} em/] rfOlghx lb\nf, ?b|fIf
vf]Hg . lb\nf k'u]/ klg af]6}df uP5g\ . df]6/af6f] gk'u]sf] cfFk6f/L,
a8x/];Dd .
6F'l8v]naf6 kmls{bf af6f]jl/kl/ ?b|fIfsf af]6}af]6 b]v]F y'k|} .
df}nfP5 ?b|fIfv]tL lb\nfdf . k|foM :s'n] gfgLxsf uf]hLdf ?b|fIf
x'G5 /] vfhf vfg . lb\nfnLx k|ltjif{ kRrL; s/f]8hltsf ?b|fIf
a]R5g\ /] lb\nfjf;Ln] k};f jf 8n/ l6Ktf d b x'G5' . xfd|f] kf}/v
. if8fgGbsf] kfjg ?b|fIfofqf clj/n /lx/xf];\

81

82

o'4kL8f M
sd/]8, clejfbg d}n] xft cl3 a9fPF . b]a|] xftn] gfssf]
6'Kkf] lgdf]7\t} pgn] bflxg] xft la:tf/} dlt/ t]:of{Og\ . kf6L{d}
x'g'x'G5 < 5}g . s] ub}{ x'g'x'G5 < gfsel/ l;ufgsf] nTsf] af]s]sf
5f]/f5f]/L b]vfpFb} logLxnfO{ :ofxf5'{ elgg\ . pgn] ;'gfPsf]
pgsf] syf o:tf] 5 ef]hk'/s} s'g} ufpFsf] ul/a kl/jf/df
hGd]sL lyOg\ logL . ;fg} 5Fbf cfdf dl/g\ . afn] ;f}t]gL cfdf NofP
.
;w}F
;f}t]gL
cfdfsf]
srsr . Ps lbg cfn' vf]Hg hfFbf dfcf]jfbLn] e]6] . nu] . /fd}|
xf]nf eg]/ uOg\ . ;Nn]/L xfGbf pgL km]nf kl/g\ . xftdf uf]nL nfUof]
. cfdL{n] 3f]kf SofDkdf k'ofof] . bflxg] xftsf] sfFwdf kmnfdsf]
kftf] xfn]sf] 5 . sfd ug{ ;lStgg\ . Ps xftn] h]gt]g sfd ul5{g\
. kf6L{ b'O{ ofs ePkl5 ;/sf/n] lbg] eg]sf] eQf k};f klg kfPsL

5}gg\ . ;a} eG5g\ pgsf] gfdaf6 cn] g} lems]/ jfd kf/] .

t']5fdf csf{sf] ?vf] af/L clwofFdf sdfP/ Ps xftn] vgLvf];|L ub}{
5f]/f5f]/L kfNb}l5g\ .
lb\nfaf6 ef]hk'/ M
ef]ln laxfg} ef]hk'/ hfg] eof}F . ef]hk'/ cyf{t\ ;b/d'sfd .
s:tf] eof] xf]nf af6f] < s:tf eP x'g\ eL/kfvf, jghn < vfg]a:g]
7fpF t kfOG5 s] < ;'Tg] a]nfdf dgdf s'/f v]n] . c7f/pGgfO;
;fnlt/ afn] dnfO{ ef]hk'/ hf, vfg]s'/f af]s\, ;'Tg] ksfOlbg] 7fpF
5, sfd l;s\ eGg'eof] . x'G5 eg]F . hfg tof/ ePF .
ltnsf] 5f]k kftdf /fv]/ d}nf] sk8fsf] 6fnf]df afF4} x'g'x'G5
cfdf . g'g, e'6'g, tf]/Lsf] u'Gb|'s csf]{ kf]sfdf . cu]gfdf s/fxL
a;fPsf] 5 . To;df l3p vfb}{ x'g'x'G5 lrp/f e'6\g . eb}{ klg
x'g'x'G5 cfdf rfdn . sldh;'?jfn nufO;s]F . ufpFsf] ;fsL{n]
l;nfPsf] 5fnfsf h'Qf vf]Hb}5' nfpg . kfOtf] xftdf af]s]F . 9f]sfsf]
7]nfdf /fv]sf cDvf]/fsf] kfgL lz/df ;]rg u/]/ lg:s]F . km'Qkm'Q
ctLt
lsg
cGel/G5 < lsg x'G5 o:tf] < p a]nf Knfl:6s} lyPg . ;a} s'/f
6fnfdf afFWg'kg]{ .
eGHofdf kf]v/Lglhs} plePsf] hLkdf r9]F ef]hk'/ hfg . ;a}
r9]F . af6f] nfUof}F . gfuL . rf]n/d0f bfOsf] 3/dfly k'u]kl5 lalu|of]
hLk . nf} hf km;fb agfpg] 7fpF 5}g < 5}g . eGHof kmls{of}F
. vfglkg uof}F . km]l/ psfnf] nfUof] hLk . 8/ nflu/xG5 lau|]nf
eGg] . hfFb}5f}F . psfnf] . t];f]{ . psfnf] . 7d7d . sGbg] af6f] .
rs{}rsf]{ . g'ga]F;L af6f] . 3RofSs . ;'Oo . km]l/ 3RofSs . o:t} t
xf]
kxf8]
ofqf 9f8 gefFlrP k'Ug] . ;2] 5f}F xfdL hLkleq a;]sf ;a} . jgdf
r/fr'?L lr/la/fO/x]sf 5g\ . k|fs[lts cfsif{0f dgefjg 5 .
d"naf6f]lt/ x]5'{ . ;fgfdf sfFwdf emf]nf af]s]/ 5fnfsf h'Qf
9\ofk9\ofk kfb}{ kl;gf k'5\t} psfnf] r9]sf] of] af6f] gf}nf] nfu]g .

oxfF hn Tolt kmfF8]sf] b]lvgF af6f] agfpFbf . gsf6L gx'g] v dfq}

sf6]sf] b]v]F .
;dod} ef]hk'/sf] ;b/d'sfddf k'u]5f}F . gf}nf] kf] nfUof]
6f9f6f9f b]lvg] eL/, 8fF8fkfvf, y'Dsfy'DsL, c:tfpg cfF6]sf ;"o{ .
klxnf]k6s cGtl/Ifdf kfOnf 6]s]sf] ofq' kf] 7fg]F d}n] cfkm"nfO{
gLn cfd{:6 . 3'd]F, 8'n]F, Ps /ft latfPF . x]g'{ kf] s] lyof] /
pBf]u, snsf/vfgf v'n]sf] 5}g . s;n] vf]Ng] < w]/} hgtf ul/a 5g\
. hgtfeGbf g]tfx emg\ ul/a 5g\ cWoogsf, ;f]rsf, dgsf .
Nxf;fdf ;'g 5 sfg d]/f] a'Rr} . ef]ln laxfg kmls{of}F . a]n}df af;
a:g lb\nf k'Uof}F .
Ps lbg, b'O{ lbg ubf{ub}{ lb\nf 5f]8\g] lbg cfof] d]/f] . ofqf
ug]{ JolQm cfpg / hfg :jtGq x'G5 eG5' d . t/ xf]Og .
o'lgel;{6Ln] k7fof], cfPF . ;don] af]nfof], kmls{b}5' . hlGdg / dg{
dfG5] c:jtGq 5 . d lsg lb\nf 5f]8\b}5' < yfxfkQf] 5}g . k7fpg]
sf] xf] < cfpg] d sf] x'F < lgldQ dfq+ ej ;Jo;flrg\ .
a;f}+ eg]/ a:g gkfOg], ghfpmF eGbf hfg}kg]{ . s:tf]
nf]slgod xf] of] < hlGdg'eGbf e|'0f x'g}kg]{, lgl:sg}kg]{ . wgjfg\ x'G5'
eGbf / x'g'kg]{ . o;}sf] gfd ljlwljwfg xf] ls <
d ljlwljwfg kfngf ub{} eGHof 5f]8\g vf]Hb}5' . 5f]8\g] dg
5}g . if8fgGb / of]udfof d]/f] af6f] 5]S5g\ . czf]s / ?b|fIfsf
la?jfx xNnLxNnL ?G5g\ 8fsf] 5f]8]/ . s}nfz / xf68fF8f], uf}r/g
/ gfuL ;a};a} d]/f] xft ;dfT5g\ ghf eg]/ . dnfO{ klg t hfg]
dg 5}g lg, lb\nfsf] hn, hldg, k|s[ltnfO{ r6Ss} 5f8]/
;do anjfg\ x'G5 . ;do glrGg] 5'6\5 . kl5 k5{ . ;a}sf]
nIo cu|udgf]Gd'v x'g}k5{ . d lb\nf 5f8]/ cu|udgf]Gd'v x'Fb}5' jf
cwf]udgf]Gd'v xF'b}5', dnfO{ g} cQf]kQf] 5}g . hfFb}5' . dfofsf
:kGbgx u?f x'G5g\ lb\nf 5f8\g'kbf{ . hlt;'s} ;fgf] eP klg
dfofsf] 8f]/f] ;fx} alnof] x'Fbf] /x]5 . ;+of]u / ljof]u, cfudg /
k|Tofudg geO{ gx'g] s'/f /x]5g\ .

83

84

hLkleq k;]F . lb\nfsf] gLnf] cfsfz, c?0fsf] kfgL, ;'Gtnfsf

af]6x, 8fF8fkfvf, hu]8fsf] jg, k9]sf] ljBfno, hGd]sf], x's]{sf],
v]n]sf] gfuLsf] 3/cfFug, ;a}n] ot} a;, ghfpm eGb} lyP dnfO{ .
hLk af6f] nfUof] .

-@)^( j}zfvdf PdPsf] k/LIff rnfpg ;\

\vj' f;efsf]
;v'
f;ef vfFbaf/L hfFbf
ef]u]sf] e'Stdfg h:tfsf] t:t} ._

s:tf] /}5 xf} vfFbaf/L <

yfKnf]df gfDnf], 9f8df 8fs/, lrl/Psf gff s's'{rf,
Kjfn k/]sf] 6f]kL / O:6sf]6 afFr]s} 5 vfFbaf/L .

PdPsf] k/LIff ;~rfng ug{ vfFbaf/L hfg'x'G5 < hfG5' .

j?0f SofDk;df ;~rfng x'g] PdPsf] k/LIffsf nflu d Totf hfg]
g} ePF . Kn]gsf] l6s6 lnPF . cfof] lbg . Po/kf]6{ uPF . r9]F .
a;]F ofnkl . tn gbL . 8fF8fkfvf . 3/, ufpF, jg, wfgv]t,
ds}af/L . x]bf{x]b}{ dg cf}wL /dfof] . 8Dd c3fPsf] dfG5] d vfFb}5'
b[Zox . xf]Og, x]b}{5' cfsfzaf6 wtL{lt/ . ;'s;'sfpFbL wtL{n] pFef]
cfsfzlt/ x]/]/ k|0fo;Lt ufO/x]h:tf] nfU5 . ;'lgb}g .
k/k/ b]lvG5 lxdfn . lxpFsf] tGgf . gf}gL l3psf 8Nnf .
r'Rrf, y]Krf, 8Nnf, ;'t]sf, p7]sf lxdb[Zo x]bf{x]b}{ s'6's'6' vfG5 d]/f]
cGtd{g . o:tf nf]enfUbf cg]sf}+ b[Zo ePsf] k"jL{ g]kfn 5f]8]/ lsg
d sf7df8f}+ vfN8f]df 8lNnPF x'Fnf . sxfF otfsf] pGd'Qm hLjg sxfF
ufF7}ufF7fsf] ;'s]{gf] k/]sf] ptfsf] ;xl/of gSsn] hLjg .
t'lDn6f/ Po/kf]6{df cf]ln{b}5 Kn]g . c0f gbLlt/ d]/f cfFvf
k'u] . 3g3RrLsf] z/L/ ePsL c0f gbL t s[ifs6L kf] alg5g\ .
;'s]5 kfgL . s;n] lkof] xf]nf c0fsf] kfgL dxf;fu/ lyof] .
clxn] 5}g kfgL . ;a}n] ;'Gg] u/L eg]5' s;n] ;'sfof] d]/f]
c0fsf] kfgL < 5}g t slt yf]/}
Kn]gaf6 lgl:sPF . emf]nf lems]F . ndnd nlDsg yfn]F . clns
k/ k'u]F . 6f]kLdf cfFv}cfFvf ePsf], sftL bf}/f / s6\6' le/]sf],
of6of6 rKkn, xftdf gfDnf], krf;hltsf] dfG5] dlg/ cfof] .
85

86

d]/f] emf]nf vf]:t} eGof] d nfG5' . lsg af]S5f} < b]pm . d}n] cfkm}F
nfG5'
eg]F
.
nf]eL ;o ?lkofF klg gefsf] dfG5] eGb} pm rKkn ahfpFb} lxF8\of]
.
vfFbaf/L hfg] hLkdf r9]F . ef8f dfUof] . lbPF . Ps}l5gdf
psfnf] plSng yfNof] . jg}jg kfv}kfvf] s'2}5f}F . hfFb}5f}F . st} kLr .
st}
gkLr . ;fn3f/Lsf] aLrdf l7 plePsf] cUnf] ;fnsf] v a]:;/L
xlNnFb} lyof] . b]v]F . pleP/ p;sf] gfr x]g]{ dg lyof] . ;'OQ} s'b\of]
uf8L . af/L, 3/, s6]/f, v, ufO{j:t', afv|fkf7f, cfdfaf, gfgLx,
s'v'/fsf rNnf x]bf{x]b}{ xfdL t vfFbaf/L ahf/leq kl;;s]5f}F .
9f]nafh] 6f]ndf M
9f]nafh] 6f]nsf :j= b]jaxfb'/ >]i7sf] 3/df sf]7f vfnL 5 /]
Pp6fdf xfd|} hfFrsf nflu cfpg'ePsf vu]Gb| yfkf ;/ a:g'ePsf]
5 . csf]{df tkfO{+ a;] x'G5 . vfglkgsf] klg Joj:yf 5 eGg'eof]
SofDk; k|d'v 6Lsf ;/n] . x'G5 . vf]Hb} uPF . s'/f ldNof] . Pstnf
dfly r9]/ emf]nf la;fPF .
vfFbaf/L ahf/ M
gofF kLr ;8s 5f]8]/ v]taf/Lsf u/f, jg, vf]N;fvf]N;L gfb},
psfnf] r9\b} uPkl5 j?0f SofDk; k'luG5 . oxLFaf6 ;'? x'G5 ahf/
. psfnf] nfUg'xf];\ . bfofFafofF b]Vg'x'g]5 3/ . k|foM b'O{tn] 3/sf
k;naflx/ sf7sf] l9s b]lvG5 . gLnf] afb{nL . l6gsf] 5fgf] . aflx/
jf leqaf6 /fv]sf] sf7sf] eof . u'h'd'Hh k;n . sf];]nL lsGb}
af]St} lxF8\b} u/]sf b]lvG5g\ ;f]emf ufpFn]x . 6'n'6'n' tkfO{+lt/
x]l//xg] df}g 3/xnfO{ ;w}F k\vf xlDs/x]5 dflysf] jg . k|x/L
sfof{nodfly / d'lg ;8s 5 . 7f8f] psfnf] nfUbf j/k/ b]lvG5g\
a8]dfgsf cfw'lgs l;d]G6sf 3/ . k'luG5 efg'rf]s . ToxfF y'k'Ss
a;]sf cflbsljsf] ;flns tkfO{+lt/} 6'n'6'n' x]l//x]sf] b]Vg'x'g]5 .
87

a"9f efg' afh] eGbf x'g\ d t /fdfo0f n]Vtfn]Vt} d/]+, c

n]Vg} EofOgF . olt ;'Gb/ vfFbaf/Ldf hlGdPsf ltdLx ukm} dfq
ug]{ < ;flxTol;h{gf gug]{ < d vfFbaf/Ldf hlGdPsf] eP lxdfn /
c0faf/] sqfsqf dxfsfJo n]Vy]+ x'Fnf
ca k'Ug'eof] kf]v/Lglhs . lyof] /], clxn] 5}g kfgL .
kf]v/Lel/ km"n km'n]sf 5g\ . yf]kf] 5}g kfgL . kf]v/Lsf rf/}lt/ k;n
/ nhx 5g\ . vfF8 kvfn]sf] x'gfn] cflbsfndf o;nfO{ vfF8kf]v/L
/ To;}sf] gfdaf6 vfF8af/L eGbfeGb} vfFbaf/L ePsf] eGg] ;'g]F .
kf]v/L If]q ahf/sf] s]Gb|:yn xf] . cEo:t dfG5] . cJo:t dg'jf .
7f .
kf]v/Laf6 7f8f] psfnf] gaf]nL lxF8\5 Pp6f kLr ;8s . b]a|]
bflxg] 3/}3/ . a8]dfsf . rf/kfFrtn] . lgd'vf ;fgf 3/ klg b]Vg
kfOG5 . sf7df8f}Fsf dnh:t} 3/k;n e]l6G5 . h] rfXof] kfOG5 /]
lkmFlhPsf] 5}g ahf/ . uf]bfj/L km"nsf] dfnf nfPsf] nfx'/]sf]
5ftLh:tf] ahf/ . 7f8f] psfnf] ;lsgf;fy e]l6G5g\ b]jsf]6f . xf]Og,
pgsf] ;flns 5 ToxfF . slj lxdfnsf] lbJo 56f Psf]xf]/f] x]b}{
ljzfn dxfsfJo n]Vg Kn6 tof/ ub}{5g\ h:tf] nfU5 . clns k/
dfly lhNnf k|zf;g / c sfof{nox 5g\ . ca lglv|glglv|g
nfUof] ahf/ . s] lglv|GYof] lg ylkFb}5g\ gofF 3/ . ufpF 5f]8]/ ;x/
j:g] a];f]dltnfxsf /x/3/x . xf], oxfFaf6 l;w} x]bf{ lxdfnsf]
cTo'Rr ;f}Gbo{ b]lvG5 eg] tn cfFvf kfbf{ v]taf/L, 8fF8fkfvfaf6
emb}{emb}{ tn c0f gbLsf] dgf]x/ sfof b]lvG5 . psfnL, cf]/fnL,
Bf}Bf}/fnLaf6 ag]sf] ;'Gb/ vfFbaf/L ahf/ .
dgleq vfFbaf/L ahf/ M
oxfFsf dfG5] sfd w]/} u5{g\ . af]N5g\ yf]/} . k|km'Nn 5 dg .
5}g 5n5fd . pbf;pbf; hLjgrqm / Joyfxn] a]nfs'a]nf
kmGsf] dfl//xG5 pgLxnfO{ . b;jif]{ o'4sf] w\w] cem} 5 cg'xf/df
. xf], x'G5, l7s xf], To;} xf]nf . o:t} s'/f ;'g]F d}n] lrg]hfg]sf
ldqxsf d'vaf6 . af6f]dfly sfGnf] tf5]/ ag]sf 5fk|]3/sf] l8ndf
pleP/ uf8L s'b]sf] x]5{g\ gfgLx . ahf/sf 3/x ofn9f]sf aGb
88

ug{ hfGb}gg\ . tn kLr ug{ ag]sf] af6}el/ w"nf] 5 . Xjf/}{ k:5 leq
. s]n] 5]Sg'
ahf/df w]/} 5}g kfgL . wf/fdf, s'jfdf l7Ss 5 . ToxfF rf}la;}
3G6f kfgL yfKg]sf] eL8 nflu/xG5 . s]6fs]6L, a"9fa"9L, t?gL, tGg]/L
nfdf 9'fdf 6'qm'Ss a;]/ n'uf ldlr/xG5g\ .
ahf/df hfF8/S;L wf]s]/ dfTg]x e]l6Gg . b;?Kk] sksf]
nf]sn /S;L lkpFb} u/]sf eb|enfb\dLx eg] htftt} b]Vg kfOG5 .
cfdf, af, aHo}sf] d[b' d':sfgn] r:; 5'G5 ofq'nfO{ .
ahf/aflx/ b'O{ kfOnf lg:sg'xf];\, e]6\g'x'g]5 km'6]sf, lrl/Psf,
s6sl6Psf v'fx, d}nf] 6f]kL, kmf6]sf lry|f n'ufdf ;lhPsf
afx, 9f8df ef/L af]s]sf cfdfx, b]a|] xftn] /ftf ufnfdf l;ufg
bNb} u/]sf e'/fx .
bfgf lb\nfnLxsf] k]jf eGy] . cr]n t pl5g]5 vfFbaf/Ln] .
c0f EofnLb]lv vfFbaf/L ahf/dfly;Dd} ?b|fIfsf af]6fx b]lvG5g\
. xg s] ef] < lsg ePg bfgfsf] ljsf; lb\nfdf < 9 k'u]g ls <
vfFbaf/Ln] pl5Gof] ls <
8fF8f, kx/f, vfN8fv'N8Ldf s'lb/xG5g\ hLk / 6\ofS;Lx
l;lnQl;lnQ . /d/d cfw'lgstf . ufpFsf] ljt[i0ff . ;x/nf]e .
lhNnf cbfnt 5}g . c clkm; 5g\ oxfF . eP/ dfq} s], k'k'{/f] t
cfg} xf] lg
laxfg p7]/ ahf/ 3'Dg lg:sg'xf];\ . 3/sf] k]6L, dem]/L, b}nfsf]
7]nf], uf]a/ / /ftf] df6fn] lnKt} x'G5g\ dft[zlQmx . 3/leq k;]/
x]g'{xf];\ uu|]6fel/ 6Dd kfgL ePsf ufu|Lx b]Vg'x'g]5 . l;lgQ x'G5
cfF6 . af6fdf kfgL e/]/ kFw]/faf6 cfpFb} u/]sf l;nj/], lkQn]
ufu|Lx b]lvg]5 . l/Qf ufu|Lx wf/flt/ s'2} x'G5g\ . ahf/sf] j/k/
xlNnFb} x'G5g\ afF;of / lrnfpg]sf vx .
zfGt vfFbaf/L ahf/ lg/Lx / z"Go nfU5 . s:tf]s:tf] lj/Qm
b]lvG5 . s] eof] < s] k'u]g caf]wlgZ5n of] ;'Gb/ vfFbaf/L
ahf/nfO{ < kxf8L dw'df; vfFbaf/L . ahf/lt/ x]bf{x]b}{ To;}To;}

cldnf]
8sf/
cfpF5 . af]Nb}gg\ dfG5] . pgLxsf] b|ljt dg af]N5 . k/ sfu,
sf]OnL, lra] s/fO/x]sf] ;'lgG5 . do'/ gflr/xG5 jg}el/ . d]/f] dg
eG5 dfG5]eGbf k|s[lt kf] ;'vL 5 ls vfFbaf/Ldf wd{sf] ;'jf;
5b}{ ahf/ j/k/ xlNnFb} u/]sf j/kLkn b]lvG5 . k'/fgf 3/df
sf7}sf7 . afb{nL, eof, vfFaf, ofn9f]sf ;a} cu|fvsf . lsg
gxf];\, glhs} Toqf] chsf] jg 5 . l;Sg] l;sf? / l;sfpg] u'?x
ljgd| / zfGt b]lvG5g\ . nf]nf]kf]tf] / nf]enfnr 5}g . ;a} lgi7fjfg\
nfU5g\ . ;w}F n'?n'? . oyfqmd .
c0f gbL / ;efvf]nfn] h'?Ss} p7fP/ 6fpsf]df /fv]sf]
vfFbaf/L ahf/ . t'lDnaf6 ToxfF k'Ug ;fn3f/L, 8fF8fkfvf gfg'k5{ .
lxF8\b} hfFbf 9']wf/fsf] kfgL lkpg kfOG5 . :jflbnf] 5 . ;j{tkfgL .
s6]/f], s'lgpF, bfp/f, 3fF;, vlgpFsf] af]6 b]Vtf dg} bbf; x'G5 .
9f]nafh] 6f]nsf] 3/af6 laxfg} ofndf lg:s]/ x]b}{5' d"naf6f]lt/ .
dfly . ofDd . b'O{ vsf r]kaf6 aflx/ cfpFb}5 pHofnf] laxfg .
Tof]
b[Zo
cnf}lss
nfU5 . cFWof/f] efUb}5 . pHofnf] cfpFb}5 . slt nf]Eofpg] b[Zo
ptf afFafF s/fpFb}5 n}gf] ufO{ . b"w uflgP/ afR5f] vf]h]sf] xf]nf .
efn] af:t}5 s'v'/L sfF . dfG5]nfO{ ;doaf]w u/fPsf] xf]nf . dfG5]
lg3[{0fL, :jfyL{ . s'v'/f pksf/L .

89

90

vfFbaf/Lsf] xf6 M
oxfF xKtfdf b'O{ lbg nfU5 ahf/ . a'waf/ ;fgf] . zlgaf/ 7"nf]
. 7"nf] ahf/ laxfgb]lv a]n's};Dd nfU5 . lb\nfsf] ;b\dL,
/fdgjdLsf] h:t}h:t} eL8 . df5f, ;v/, /f8LkfvL, s]/f, gf}gL l3p,
af]8L, s]/fp, lg3'/f], sfFqmf], ld7fO{, r6k6], n'ufkmf6f], u'Gb|'s, l;GsL,
cDvf]/fs?jf, /]l8of], d'r'{f, afF;sf] sfOFof] cflb . bxL dfgfsf]
slt < Ps ;o aL; lsnf] . ;f]Wb}5' . 8'Nb}5' d . vfFbaf/Ldf
tf]/Lsf] u'Gb|'s e]l6gF . dg k5{, kfOPg . ahf/sf] l8ndf a;]/ pm
lrofh:t} /S;L lkpFb}5 . nf6f]sf];]/f]n] p;nfO{ eGg]5 of] gvfpm
xf];} x/fpg] s'/f . d"s k|f0fLsf] pRr ;Gb]z s;n] ;'Gg] <

u'Go"rf]nL M
SofDk; k|d'v 6Lsf ;/n] eGg'eof] cfh nIdL Dof8dsf]
3/df ;Ktfxsf] ;f] / u'Go"rf]nL lbg] sfo{qmdsf] lgDtf] 5 . ;/n]
klg hfg'k5{ .
a]n'sf % ah]lt/ SofDk;af6 psfnf] nfUof}F . 6'Kkfsf] lh= k|=
sf= gfof}F . cfpFb}g t uPsf] 5, uPsf] 5 d ulnt ePF . PSn}
pleP/ tn x]g{ yfn]F . af6fd'lg vlgpFsf ofDd vx, tn 8Dd
6f/af/L . ;]tf 3/ . k/ km';|f] 8fF8f] . To;} a]nf xfjf cfof] . w"nf]hlt
lhpel/ . cfOk'Uof] < cfof] . pM tn w"jfF cfPsf] 3/ xf] . 9'Ss
ePF . d"naf6f]af6 3/;Dd k'Ug dnfO{ xDd]xDd] eof] . h;/Lt;/L
o1d08klg/sf] eL8df xfdL ldl;of}F .
s'F8'nf] 5 dfG5]sf] . cfphfp . xNnfvNnf . k"hf klg rNb}5 .
:jl:tjfrg x'Fb}5 . glhs}sf] a]GrLdf a;]sf 5g\ /ftf] n'ufdf
;lhPsf P3f/j6L sGg]s]6Lx . ;fIfft\ b]jLh:tf . ltgLxsf]
lgwf/el/ cIftf / skfnel/ km"n}km"n 5 . xfdL pgLxsf cufl8
uof}F . cIftf, km"n / b|Jon] pgLxsf] gjhLjg k|j]znfO{ ;':jfutd\
eGof}F
.
sf]xL
d';'Ss
xfF;] . sf]xL n'sfP/ k};f x]g{ yfn] .
k|;fb lng hfcf}F . x'G5 . 3/k5fl8sf] vlgpFsf] vd'lgsf]
af/Lsf] kf6fdf vfg] Joj:yf /x]5 . uof}F . a:of}F . jfSssf, Ps
d'Lsf ;]n/f]6L cufl8 cfP . afSnf] bxL cfof] . crf/ 5]pdf 6'k'Ss
. dL7f] t/sf/L . oy]i6 ef]hg u/]/ p7\of}F . s;sf] xf] s'lGg, kf6L{
lyof] ;f]N6L xf]6ndf . vfPsf], lkPsf] ;Demgf cfof] . To:tf] gfy]
kmfOe:6f/ xf]6nsf] vfgfeGbf t ufpFs} k"hfkf7sf] rf]vf]lgtf] vfgf
Sof dL7f]
dfg]eGHof M
csf]{ lbg vu]Gb| ;/ / d dfg]eGHof x]g{ hfg 9f]nafh]
6f]naf6 lgl:sof}F . uf8L hfg] eP klg xfdLn] 8'Nb} x]b}{ lxF8]/} hfg]
lgwf] uof}F . psfn}psfnf] efg'rf]s x'Fb} kf]v/Llg/ k'Uof}F . kf]v/Ldf
91

n6/Dd} km'n]sf u'nfkmsf km"nxn] xfdLnfO{ xft xNnfP/ afOafO

u/] . b]jsf]6frf]sdf xfdLlt/ x]b}{ ugug ub}{ lyP nIdLk|;fb .
;flxTo l;h{gf u/ eg]sf] xf]nf . pgsf s'/f ;'Gb} g;'gL uO/Xof}F .
kxf8sf] af6f] . 5}g kLr . a'?? w"nf] p8\b}5 . vfg]kfgLsf] kfOk
hf]8\b}5g\ dflg;x . l8ndf xlNnFb}5g\ lrnfpg]sf v . kfl/
b]lvG5 8fF8f] . tn 6f/af/Lsf] ;]tf 3/x xfdLlt/ 3fF6L tfg]/
x]b}{5g\ . hfFb}5f}F . ulkmFb}5f}F . psfnf]cf]/fnf], ;Ddt];f]{ . cfpFb}5g\ .
x/fpFb}5g\ . l8nd'lg rl//x]sf 5g\ ufO{a:t' . ;fgf clg 7"nf 3/
b]lvG5g\ . Tof] rf/tn] 3/sf] sf};Laf6 t 5\of5' b]lvG5 xf]nf
c0f pkTosfsf] lbJo ;f}Gbo{ . hn sNnf]n . lxdfnsf r'r'/f . Tof]
5fk|f]leqsf] ul/aL, cefj, s'07f, oftgf klg b]lvFbf] xf] ToxfFaf6 .
Psl5g lxF8]kl5 rr{ b]lvof] . k9]F ljlno;{ rr{
dfg]eGHof, vfFbaf/L #, :yflkt @)%) . ysfO e]6\g rr{leq
k:of}F . y'k|} g]kfnL t?gLtGg]/L ToxfF gfrufg, /dfOnf] ub}{ lyP .
leQfdf lqml:rog wd{sf sf]6];gx n]v]/ 6fF;]sf] b]lvGYof] . ToxfF
a;]/ nLnf x]bf{x]b}{ d lxGb"bz{gsf] k|r08 nLnfkydf u'8'8' s'b\g kf]
yfn]5' . cGtd{gn] eGof] sfG5f oxfF w]/} a]/ ga;\ . al;;\ eg]
k};fsf], ef}lts ;'vsf] nf]en] tF klg lqml:rog x'g ;S5;\ . t]/f
k|To]s /QmwdgLdf ;nn aUg] lxGb"bz{gaf6 tF ljd'v x'g ;S5g\ .
d h] ag"Fgag"F, Tof] dxjsf] s'/f] xf]Og . olt w]/} g]kfnLx
/ftf/ft lqml:rog agfOFbf lsg s;}n] jf:tf ub}{g < o;sf]
lhDd]jf/ sf] xf] <
af}4 u'Daf;Dd k'u]/ kmls{g] ljrf/n] lgl:sof}F . Ps}l5gdf ToxfF
k'Uof}F . aGb kf] /x]5 u'Daf t ;'g;fg . 5}gg\ dfG5] . u'Dafsf]
Pskm]/f] nufP/ l8ndf pleP/ x]b}{5' d . kfl/ b]lvG5g\ 8fF8fsfF8f,
eL/kfvf, jghn . u'Da};Fu s'd hf]8]/ plePsf 5g\ k/fn5fg] /
l6g5fg] 3/ . 9f]sf aGb 5g\ . sf]xL 5}gg\ . aflx/ lg:s]/ k9]F
c0f pkTosf dsfn' a'4 u'Daf wfld{s ;dfh, vfgkf #,
lr;fkfgL, :yf= @)%* .

92

kmls{g] ;Nnfx eof] . kmls{b}5f}F . af6fd'lgsf] v]tnfO{

df5fkf]v/L agfpFb} /x]5g\ vg]/ . ToxLF /x]5 pld|Psf] unn wf/f] .
kfl/nf] kf6f] . hfFb}5f}F . x]b}{5f}F . /dfpFb}5f}F . ;fgf] af6f]nfO{ 7"nf] kfb}{5
8f]h/ . ufpF3/sf s'gfsGb/fdf k'u]/ /fOkmfF8f] nufpg] 8f]h/lt/
x]bf{x]b}{ d]/f] dg k|s[ltsf] 5ftLdf cf/fn] /]6]h:tf] b'V5 r;r; .
dx]Gb| pRr df= lj= dflysf] lrofk;nleq k:of}F lrof lkpg .
o;sf] gfd ;Demgf xf]6n . j/k/ v . kmfkm' 3/ . 89]sf] b"wdf
agfPsf] lrof dL7f] . s'n'] a:g]tsL 5f]/L ;fx'gL /lx5g\ . cfg} 3/
k'u]h:tf] nfUof] dgdf .
;fFemlt/ aNnaNn cfgf] sf]7fleq k:of}F . lbg laTof] .
rfkfaf]6] 8fF8f] M
hfFr ;lsPsf] 3G6L ah]kl5 SofDk; k|d'v 6Lsf ;/n]
eGg'eof] rfkfaf]6] 8fF8f] x]g{ hfg] < d}n] x'G5 eg]F . j?0f
SofDk;sf] clkm;af6 Ps ldg]6 plSnPkl5 cfpF5 sd{rf/L Zofdsf]
eJo SoflG6g . ToxfF k'Uof}F . /ftf] lrof, y'Skf, rgf s] vfg] <
6Lsf . ef], s]xL gvfg] . hfcf}F . d .
ToxfFaf6 t];f]{, clnslt psfnf] lxF8\of}F . pgn] eg] oxL xf]
rfkfaf]6] 8fF8f] . x]lnsK6/ 8fF8f] klg eG5g\ eGg]x . x]b}{5' d .
Psk6s x]/]kl5 ;w}F x]l//x"Fh:tf] nfUg] 8fF8f] . lg:k[x hnsf
aLraf6 cltLo, ck/fh]o eJo ;f}Gbo{ y'Dsfdf plePsf
xfdLxlt/ lrofO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
c0f gbLsf] ;f}Do, ld7f;k"0f{, cfXnfbsf/L hn/fzL b]lvG5
tn . slt ;'Gb/ c0fdfly hnd'lgsf v]tdf rb}{5g\ ufO{a:t' .
v]tsf u/fdf a;]sf b]lvG5g\ uf]7fnfuf]7fNgLx .
;/ eGb} x'g'x'G5 . d ;'Gb}5' . u'Gb}5' . xfdL clxn] klZrd
kmls{Psf 5f}F . Tof] 6'Kkf] b]lvg] lb\nf xf] . tkfO{+sf] lb\nf . Tof]
/ofn] a];L . dfg'd'/L kmNg] d]/f] ToxfFsf] v]t ;lDemP/ e't'Ss} x'G5'
d . 6k/Ldf e// pld|Psf] hd/fh:t} d]/f] 5ftLdf pld|G5 lb\nf .
jgkfvf], 3/ 5\of} b]v]F .
93

Tof] g]kfn]8fF8f] xf] . Tof] ofpFkf]v/L . k/sf] r]jfa]F;L xf] .

dflysf] tLgtn] . 3'la{;] b]Vg'eof] < b]v]Fb]v]F . tnsf] c0f t
atfpg}kb}{g . ;lDemG5' c0fn] k"j{nfO{ wgf9\o agfpg} cfF6]sf]
lyof] . g]tfxn] gvfg] s'/f vfP . s] ug'{ cFWof/} 5 k"j{ .
ca k"j{ kmls{g'xf];\ . x'G5 . Tof] ;ef vf]nf . Px], d t/]sf]
vf]nf] p a]nf lbbL ;]jGtLnfO{ legfh' /]jtL/d0fsf] 3/ k'ofpg
uPsf] ofb cfof] . s:tf] eof] xf]nf vf]nf] lah'nL lgsfNbf 36]/
s[ifs6L kf] eof] ls < Tof] v/f . 5f]/L zfGtf / 3g]Gb| sfn]sf]
3/ufpF . Ps 5fs ToxfF dfbL hfFbf vfPsf] ofb cfpF5 . lb\nfaf6
laxfg} lxF8]/ efGhLlbbL e'G6Lsf] dfbLsf] 3/ k'Ubf slt yfs]sf] lyPF
d legfh' q}nf]Sogfy bfxfnn] lbPsf] b"w emNemnL ;lDemG5' .
Tof] dfbL . Tof] v/f . dgdg} eG5' b'j} 7fpFdf xfd|f]
lax]jf/L ePsf] 5 . n]gb]g . pM afxla;] . Tof] w'k" . k'Ug'ePsf] 5 <
cxF,
5}g . afn] k9\ ls k9\ eGg'x'GYof] p a]nf . 3'Dg} kfOFb}gYof] .
vfFbaf/Lsf] 8fF8faf6 lb\nfsf] 8fF8f] t slt glhs} b]lvG5 lxF8\bf
eg] afa'sf] lax] b]lvG5 . x]bf{x]b}{ w]/} b]v]F . gb]v]sf s'/f dgn] b]Vof] .
dgsf] P]gfP]/fjt xfQL .
Tof] u'? ufpF xf] vfFbaf/Lsf] zLtnkf6L . ;/ . s] 5
ToxfF < d . P lb\nfnL afh] s] 5}g ;a}yf]s 5 . hf] 5 ;f]
Tof] xf] d]/f] ufpF . n]ssf] dL7f] xfjf, lr;f] kfgL, bxLb"w, xl/of]
;fukft, cGg, wfgds} ;a} kfOG5 . n]s ePsfn] wfg kmNb}g xf]nf
6Gg} kmN5 . d 3/}sf rfdnsf] eft vfG5' oxfF . Tof] rGbgk'/ .
pM v]jf . Totf dfg]eGHof . cl:t dfg]eGHof k'Uof}F . rGbgk'/ /
v]jf k'u]sf] 5}g . k'Ug] /x/ 5 . Tof] b]lvg] 5\ofs'6L 8fF8f] xf] . slt
/dfOnf] gfd eg]F d}n] . Tof] ef]6]jf; xf] . ToxfF ef]6]x w]/} 5g\ xf]nf
< s'lGg
ndtGg ;'t]sf] Tof] 6f/ t'lDn6f/ xf] . yfx} xf]nf xf], 5 .
;fg}df lb\nfaf6 jfgf hfFbf t'lDn6f/ x'Fb} hfg'kYof]{ . ToxfF w]/} 3/
lyPgg\ . lyP s'dfn]sf emf]k8Lx . k|foM gff] lhpsf x'Gy] . gk'u]/}
94

xf]nf, n'uf nfpFb}gy] . 6f/af/Lel/ df;, lkmn'], tLn b]lvGYof] . dL7f]

:jfbsf] a]lnrG8f ;a}lt/ . Ps kfyL wfgdf Ps u/f] af/L kfOG5
eGy] . lar/fxnfO{ b'Mv lyof] .
kl5 Po/kf]6{ aGof] . dx]Gb|s} kfnfdf . hUufhldgsf] efp
psfnf] nfUof] . clxn] t 5'g} ;lsGg . cUnf, /fd|f, alnof y'k|} 3/
alg;s]
ToxfF . Tof] k/ b]lvg] ;ft6f/] xf] . eg]F d}n] ;ft6f/]sf] /ftf]
df6f]df s'lNrFb} w]/}k6s w/fg uPsf] 5' emf]nf af]s]/ .
j?0f SofDk;sf] sDkfpG8leq 5 x]lnsK6/ 8fF8f] . oxfFaf6
kfl/ ef]hk'/, lb\nf, kmflnsf]6, r}gk'/ cflb ;a} b]lvG5 . yfKnfdf
b]lvG5 gLnf] ;j{t cfsfz . d';'d';' xfFl;/x]sf x'G5g\ 3fd, Gofgf]
9f8 ;]sf}F;]sf}F nfUg] . cfgL;Fu dem]/Ldflysf] vf6df l;/sleq
k;]/ u'6d'l6Fbf h:tf] . 8fF8faf6 kfv}el/ b]lvG5 jg . xl/of 6'Kkfx
. ;ef vf]nf] / c0fsf] df}g :j/ cfO/xG5 . 8fF8fdf pleg] hf];'s}
klg kfjg efuL/yLsf] lbJo uGw / k|s[ltsf] df}g ofqf x]bf{x]b}{
cfnf]l8t x'g k'U5 . olt w]/} cfsif{s klg x'g ;S5 / k|fs[lts
;f}Gbo{ kfv}el/ v]t clg af/L . aLraLrdf l6g5fg] / k/fn] 3/ .
lxpFsf y'Dsfx htftt} . lxdk'~h /lZd dfw'o{ .
yfKnf]df gfDnf], 9f8df 8fs/, lrl/Psf gff s's'{rf, Kjfn
k/]sf] 6f]kL / O:6sf]6 afFr]s} 5 vfFbaf/L . dgdf o:t} s'/f
;f]Rtf;f]Rt} clkm;leq kl;;s]5f}F .
rflxGg afy?d M
afy?d cyf{t\ g'xfpg] sf]7f . rflxGg . k6Ss} rflxGg .
;xl/of 9f] xf] of] . v'nf cfsfzd'lg g'xfpFbfsf] dhf s;n] aofg
ug{ ;S5 :jfb] lha|f] km8\sf/Lkm8\sf/L vfPh:tf] . vu]Gb| ;/ / d
9f]nafh] 6f]nsf] w"n]af6f]d'lgsf] wf/fdf n'uf df8\b}5f}F xftn] . emb}{5
wf/faf6
kfgL . t'?? xf]Og . jfnfnf klg xf]Og . dWoddfuL{ wf/f] . g ;fgf]
g 7"nf] . dWolbg .

;fgf];fgf] d]n} 5 wf/fdf . Pp6f 9'fdf xfdL 5fF} . csf]{df

cw{gUg dlxnfx ;fa'g bn]/ lhp df8\b}5g\ . clns k/ s'2}5
;'Fu'/sf] ayfg . dfly 5fk|faf6 wf/flt/ x]b}{5g\ afcfdfx . ufu|L
eg]{sf]
tfFtL
5 . kvfNg] kvfNb}5g\ . yfKg] yfKt}5g\ . kfgL lkpg kfpF5' ls <
p;n] afN6Ldfly cFh'nL yfk]/ wf/fsf] kfgL lkof] . t?gL gfgLn]
l;na/] ufu|L prfnL . el/Psf] Tof] ufu|L 8u| n8]/ 5tf5'Nn
kf]lvof] . d / vu]Gb| ;/ lgy|'Ss} leHof}F . wf/fdf k;f}F . o;} lelhof]
. p;} lelhof] . s]sf] kvf{O < x'G5 .
wf/fdf k:of}F . hah{:tL kf] u/]5f}F ls Sof xf], wf/fglhs}
plePsf lbbLalxgLxn] eg] s] cf}wL xtf/f] xf} xfdL klg t
g'xfpFb}5f}F lg 5]p nfUofF} . nfhn] ls 8/n] pgLx wf/fdf k;]gg\ .
Psl5g wf/f] alu/Xof] .
km]l/ wf/fdf k:of}F . lgl:sof}F . df8\b}5fF} . ;a} xfdLnfO{ 6'n'6'n'
x]b}{5g\ . s]sf] nfh s]sf] ;/d cfsfzn] kbf{ nfOlbof] . afbn
pleof] wf/fdfly . l;/l;/] xfjfn] rfF8f] u/ eGb} lrdf]6\g yfNof] . k/
nK;Lsf] af]6df sfux sfFsfF ug{ yfn] . /fd|/L ;fa'g kvflnPsf]
lyof] ls lyPg, lgl:sP/ n'uf nufof}F . afy?dljgfsf] ufpFsf] wf/fdf
g'xfpFbf k"0f{ dhf cfof] .
v} t s:tf] /}5 vfFbaf/L, cem} a'emfpg ;Sg'ePg xfdLnfO{ .
egf}F t egf}F < eGg}kof] lg gegL w/ <
;\v'jf;ef lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd xf] vfFbaf/L . vfgkf . ufpF g}
ufpFn] ag]sf] gkf . c0fsf] ljzfn k|jfxnfO{ 6'n'6'n' x]b}{
lhNnfjf;Lx xhf/f}F sNkgfdf r'n'{Dd} 8'A5g\ . c0f t];|f] hnljB't
cfof]hgfsf] w]/} s'/f eof] . sfd ePg . g]tfxn] vfFbaf/Ldf
pHofnf] lelqg lbPgg\ . wf/]xft nfpF5g\ ;a} . dfg]eGHofdf
lqml:rog wd{ k|rf/ ePh:t} ;a}lt/ x'g yfn]sf] 5 . /f]Sg] s;n] <
;fgf] ahf/ lyof] vfFbaf/L . clxn] 7"nf] ePsf] 5 . a9\b}5g\ 3/ .
oxfF a}x cfO;s] . cfpFb}5g\ c . :s'nsn]h 5g\ . j?0f

95

96

SofDk;df w]/} ljifodf PdPsf] k9fO x'G5 . /fd|f af]l8{ :s'nx

klg 5g\ . kmL rsf]{ 5 .
k|foM ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nox oxfF 5g\ . cbfnt 5}g .
t'lDn6f/df Po/kf]6{ 5 . ahf/af6 ToxfF k'Ug w]/} nfUb}g . tn
cf}nsf] / dfly n]ssf] t/sf/L vfg kfpF5g\ oxfFsf dfG5]n] . k|foM
;f]emf / wd{eL? 5g\ hgtf . nKkg5Kkg 5}g . ;f]emf] b'x'g' ufO{h:tf
. dgUu] wfg kmNg] AofF;L 5 . af/Ldf w]/} ds} x'G5 . psfnf]cf]/fnf]
hldg . eL/kfvf] . af]6lj?jf . /ftf] df6f] w]/} / ;]tf] sd]/f] klg
kfOg] .
vfFbaf/L ahf/nfO{ cUnf kxf8xn] lz/df lxpF af]s]/ cleif]s
ul//xG5g\ . hgtfsf] x]/rfx ug{ ;w}F rln/xG5 lr;f] xfjf . wgL
yf]/}, ul/a w]/} 5g\ . k9]n]v]sf dfG5]x sd} a:5g\ oxfF . ;fx'
;fx'gLsf] cg'xf/ ;w}F lgd{n b]lvG5 . 7Ub}gg\ xf]nf u|fxsnfO{ .
dnfO{ vfFbaf/Lsf hgtfsf] ;f}Do cg'xf/ / k|s[ltsf] cltLo
3g36f la5} dg kof] .

97

-lax] u/]b]lv g} srsr lyof] ;'g;/Lsf]

;/L j/fxIf]q k'ofOb] eGg] . k/LIff
l;WofP/ d vfFbaf/Laf6 w/fg em/]F . pgL sf7df8f}Faf6 w/fg cfOg\ . e]6 eof] .
j/fxIf]q
uof}F . ;ft' vfg] lbg cyf{t\ cIfo t[tLof, @)^( j}zfv !@ df
z"s/fjtf/sf] bz{g eof] . bz{gsf] pkh xf] of] lgofqf ._

g]kfnsf] w/f]x/ j/fxIf]q

zfGt dfG5] . czfGt dg . cefj, ul/aL, bl/b|tf . kf}/fl0fs laDa . cfWoflTds w/f]x/ .
;Ktsf];L tn . dfly dgf]/d 8fF8fkfvf . ;'Gb/ j/fxIf]q .

PdPsf] k/LIff ;~rfng ug{ ;\v'jf;efsf] vfFbaf/L uPsf]

lyPF . w/fg x'Fb} sf7df8f}F kmls{g] dg;'jf eof] . lax] u/]b]lv j/fxIf]q
nlub] eGg] /lZdsf] srsr lyof] . x'G5x'G5 eGbfeGb} tL; jif{
gfl3;s]5 . of]k6s t hfg] g} xf] .
sf7df8f}Faf6 pgnfO{ w/fg af]nfPF . d vfFbaf/Laf6 Totf em/]F
. t'lDn6f/af6 l;w} w/fg xflGgg] a; kfOFbf] /x]5 . laxfg
cfOk'u]sf] lyPF t'ln6f/ . ;fdfg Tolt lyPg . r9]F . dxfef/t} eof]
a;df
7]nd7]n . c6];d6]; . Xjf:; ugfpF5 n's'gL . emDs]a'nfsL
k'5\t}l5g\ a'9Lcfd} . asf]{n] 5ftL 5f]k]/ l;6cufl8 yrSs a;]/
gfgLnfO{ b"w r';fpFb}l5g\ /fd|L alxgL . 8f]sf], 9fs/, tf]Sdf, nf}/f]
ToxLF 5 . l;ufg k'5\t}5 /ftfufn] s]6f] . kf]s}kf]sf 5g\ . v'f 6]Sg
klg wf}wf} 5 . ;a}sf xftxftdf Knfl:6s] :of/:of/] emf]nf 5 . s] xf]
s] xf] Xjf/Xjf/L uGw pl8/x]sf] 5 . dlxnfn] pM pM ubf{ub}{ x'n'Ss
x'n'Ss jflsg\ . pgsf] bflxg] xftdf Knfl:6s 5 . eP/ s] ug'{
a;el/ 5tf5'Nn eof] pgsf] k]6sf] bfn, eft, t/sf/L . a;
s'lb/x]sf] 5 . d]/f klg n'ufel/ l56f k/] .
cF, ;'g;/Lsf] k|l;4 b]jwfd j/fxIf]q hfg a;leq 5' d .
s:tf] xf]nf aLkLn] dg k/fPsf] Tof] pj{/ e"ld . pgn] ToxLFsf]
98

ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t eP/ n]v]sf t x'g\ lg ;'lDgdf pkGof; . /}gL

;'lDgdf . afx'g ;f]dbQ . j0f{;/ ;[li6 sNkgf rrf{ / oyfy{
k|ltlalDat ug]{ pkGof; .
wfld{s, cfWoflTds, ef}lts tLg} s'/fdf Voflt kfPsf], sf]sf /
;Ktsf];Lsf] sfvdf a;]sf], j/fxTj / lzjTj k|fKt u/]sf],
lxGb"bz{gdf cf:yf /fVg] k|To]ssf] d'6'sf] w8\sg, xfd|f k'vf{sf] lz/
em'sfpg] 7fpF s:tf] xf]nf < slt w]/} b]jTj u'h'd'Hh xf]nf ToxfF <
d}n] hfg x'g] ls gx'g] < 3'F8f w;]/ dlGb/dlGb/ s'b\g] dfG5] t d
kSs} xf]Og j/fxn] lsg cfO;\ eg]/ emlD6g] kf] x'g\ ls <
8fF8}8fF8f, kfv}kfvf s'b\of] a; . lbgel/df olthgfn] eld6
u/] eg]/ ;fWo 5}g . d]/f] b]z . d]/f] ef]hk'/ . d]/f] k"j{ g]kfn eg]/
slt ulDsg] d ;Fu} /lZd eP eGg] lyOg\ xf]nf vfO;\ kmf]xf]/sf]
afl56f v'a d]/f] k"j{ elGy;\ lg lb\nflb\nf eg]/ c/l/lGy;\ lg
ca gfd} gn] . d eGy]F xf]nf kmf]xf]/ ug]{n] hfg]/ u/]sf] xf]Og
Sof/] s;n] lwSsf5{ d]/f] k"j{ g]kfnnfO{ < nx/fkx/f5x/fsf] b]z .
lxdfn / cnf}lss lbJotfn] el/Psf], ;+;f/s} dgf]/d b[Zox
vfFbfvfFb ePsf] csNkgLo nf]s k"j{ .
w/fg k'u]F . /ft k/]5 . wd{zfnfdf sf]7f 5}g . ;fgf,
lemgfdl;gf xf]6ndf sf]7f 5 . 5}g kfgL . Px], kfgLsf] kf}n ePsf]
d]/f] w/fgdf lgly|Ps} xf] t kfgL < hn}hnsf] w/fgdf 5}g t
kfgL < xf] / sfsfs'n w/fg < df/] af df/] t'/]5g\ kfgL . /}g5
kfgL w/fgdf . Kn]gaf6 lj/f6gu/ x'Fb} w/fg cfOk'lug\ /lZd . e]6
eof] . d'l:snn] /ft s6gL eof] cln rsf]{ xf]6ndf .
w/fgaf6 j/fxIf]q;Dd M
5 ah] laxfg w/fg a;kfs{df dfOqmf]a; nfUof] . rfns;Fu}sf]
l;6df d / /lZd a:of}F . Ps}l5gdf xfd|f] uf8L j/fxIf]qlt/ s'b\g
yfNof] .
x]b}{5' d . ;8ssf] bflxg] af/ 5 . af/df nx/f a]l/Psf 5g\ .
tL nx/fdf 9sdSs km"n b]lvG5 . j/k/ 3/}3/ 5g\ . k;n

v'ln;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;Fu} a;]sf] ckl/lrtnfO{ ;f]W5' af/sf] nx/fdf

km'n]sf] Tof] ;]tf] km"nsf] gfd s] xf] < pm eG5 6Ss/ . >f4df
Tof] km"n geO{ x'Fb}g . dgdg} eG5' lb\nfdf d]/f afa'n] t[KoGtfd\
eGb} >f4 ubf{ Tof] km"n r9fPsf] b]v]sf] lyOgF d}n] . otf rflxg] /x]5
Sof/
hfFb}5 a; . n]v]sf] k9\5' leQfdf ls/fFt :jfoQ /fHo . of]
e"ld r'Dg] klxnf] xfdL ls/fFtL xf}F . s'2}5 uf8L . 3f]kf SofDk . aLkL
:jf:Yolj1fg k|lti7fg . Olw;] rf]s . cfP . uP . pm xfdLnfO{ eG5
Tof] ;b"{ vf]nf] xf] . clxn] kfgL 5}g . jiff{df kfgL u8u8fpF5 .
xfd|f bfofFafofFsf] jg rf/sf];] emf8L xf] . klxn] k]/sf] 3f/L lyof] .
eSs'df/ kmfF8] . sf7bfp/f p8fP . cem} 5 jg .
au/}au/ hfFb}5f} . 9'] af6f] . afn'jf / kfgL glhs} 5}g . 7"nf]
9'fdf n]v]sf] k9\5' lnDa'jfg\ :jfoQ /fHo . au/ / jgsf]
glhs} plePsf b'O{tLg 5fk|f b]lvG5g\ . 6f6\gfdf DofFDofF ub}{5g\
afv|f . uf]7df afFafF ub}{5g\ n}gf afR5fafR5L . 5fgfdf ;'sfPsf
b]lvG5g\ yf\gf, kml/of, rf]nL . s'2}5g\ sfnf ;'Fu'/sf kf7fkf7L .
au/, ;8s, vf]nf, lsgf/, cfFug, l;s'jf htftt} b]lvG5 lrk{6
bfp/fsf] y'k|f] . l;/l;/ xfjf rN5 . b kb}{ eG5' ;lsPsf] /x]g5
rf/sf];] emf8L .
hnsf] aLrdf au/ . au/5]pdf u|fa]n af6f] . 5fk|}5fk|f .
p/f7 a:tL . pbf; dg af]s]sf lgd{n dfG5] . x]b}{ hfFb}5f}+ . oxfFsf
dfG5]nfO{ xF;fpg s] ug'{knf{ < d]/f] dg d;Fu ;f]W5 . eG5'
g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;f]w .
psfnLcf]/fnL s'2fs'2} cfOk'u]5 j/fxIf]q a; :6\ofG8 .
cf]ln{of}F . ?= krf; k|ltJolQm ltof}F . d}n] eg]F rfF8} kf] Nofof]
o;n] glhs} /x]5 . ;Fu}sf] dfG5]n] eGof] s]sf] cfOk'Ug' csf]{
a;
r9\g}
afFsL
5 . P, dnfO{ t kQ} lyPg . slxNo} cfPsf] eP kf] klxn] ToxL
;fgf] ahf/df ptf hfg] dfOqmf]a; nfu]sf] /x]5 . k};f lt/]/ leq
k:of}F . el/P5 . t'?Gt} u'8'8' s'b\g yfNof] .

99

100

hnsf] af6f] / eL/kfvf . laxfgsf] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ .

k|s[ltnDk6 ;"o{b]j ll;Ss xfF:t}5g\ cfsfzdf . slt dhfsf]
e"agf]6 tnb]lv dfly;Dd xl/of] jg}jg . lgd{nf efuL/yLsf] slt
dL7f] :j/ 55 xf]Og . noa4 k|ltWjlg . ;'Gb}5' d dw'/ uLt
;Lt . pb\uLy .
jg . vf]N;fvf]N;L . leQfdf t't'{/] kfgL . vsf xfFufdf k'R5/
xNnfpFb}5 lra] r/f] . slt a8]dfsf] g'x]sf] v sf];LnfO{ p;n]
9f]u]sf] xf]nf . 7\ofSs} kfgLd} rf]klnPsf] 5 xfFuf] . g'xfPsf] kf] xf] ls
<
c0f k"j{ lnDa'jfg\ k|b]z . === 3/ . === d'6' . === /fHo .
9'fdf, kmn}Frfdf, leQfdf o:t}o:tf cg]sf}F gf/f sf]l/Psf] b]lvG5 .
rsn], d;Ln], v/L9'fn], clj/n] n]v]sf] . vN8ofv'N8' kxf8] af6f]
. lrKnf] . v;|f] . psfnf] . cf]/fnf] . ;Dd . l;lnQ . km'Q . s'2}5
xfd|f] uf8L . clxn] ;Ktsf];Lsf] df}g :j/ cl3sf] eGbf cem
nofTds nfU5 . d :j/eGbf df}g :j/ ;'Gg dg k/fpF5' . dgleq
s'lb/xG5 pNnf; . xfd|f] dfOqmf]h:t} .
uf8L /f]lsof] . 38L x]/]F . Ps 3G6f nfu]5 . cfOk'Uof] < xf],
ca ptf af6f] 5}g . b; ldg]6hlt lxF8\g'k5{ . glhs} 5 . ef8f <
krf; . uf]hLaf6 lgsfn]/ ;o lbPF b'O{hgfsf] . cl3kl5 dfG5],
dfG5] . hfFb}5f}F . dfly eL/ . tn gbLgfnf . ;fgf] uf]/]6f] af6f] .
nl8Pnf, la:tf/} lxF8\g';\ elG5g\ /lZd . n8\lbgF eGb} hfFb}5' d .
gLnf]
k'n
cfof] . uf8L kf; x'g] . e/v/} agfPsf] /] agfP/ s] ug'{, af6f] 5}g
uf8Lsf] tof}F . vf]N;f] . t];f]{ . cf]/fnf]psfnf] ub}{ ofDd k/]sf]
vh:tf] ;'s]sf kft 5fgfel/ ePsf] a:tLdf k'u]5fF} .
ahf/ M
Tof] ahf/nfO{ j/fx ahf/ gfd /fv]F d}n] . 3/sf 5fgf
dfGb|fsf, ;]pnfsf, k/fnsf yl/yl/ b]lvG5g\ . Pstn] ofS;f /
u'h'd'Hh 3/ . v'nf ahf/ . g'g gxfn]sf] t/sf/Lh:tf] vNnf] . lxF8\b}
9fs/ . jfFSssf ;]n/f]6L, rgf / cfn't/sf/L 7f]St}5g\ a'9faf .
101

uLt ufpFb} lhl:sFb}5g\ t?gLtGg]/L . DofFDofF s/fpFb}5 kf7f] . 7]sLdf

bxL / yfndf rgf, kfk8 b]lvG5 .
w]/} s'/f eP/ klg z"Go nfU5 ahf/ . lg:nf]6 Hj/f] cfPh:tf
dfG5] . eP/ klg gePh:tf cg'xf/x . xfF:tf klg s'6]h:tf ufnf .
6G6nfk'/ 5 3fd . xlNnFb}5g\ lrnfpg] / kfTn]sf v . tnsf] kfjg
hn xfdLlt/ x]b}{5 . lrof vfg] < gvfg] elgg\ /lZdn] . xfd|f
kfOtfnfx j/fxIf]qsf] kfjg e"lddf 6]Sg kfP/ b k/] . cfOk'Uof]
< cF, cfof] . rfF8} Nofpg'eof] dnfO{ j/fxIf]qdf . lax] ubf{ eg]sf]
s'/f srsr ubf{ubf{ aNn cfh k"/f eof] . slt jif{ lat] < xf]xf]
eGb} d}n] s'/f a6f/]F .
j/fx kl/;/ 3'Dbf M
k'Ug] a]nfdf uf8L s'lbxfNnf h:tf] 7"nf] af6f] e]l6of] . Psl5g
lxF8\of}F . tn dfG5] / dlGb/ . cem tn sf];L . aLrdf 8'Nb} u/]sf
dgsf OR5fx . oL dfG5] lsg cfPsf x'g\ < dgdf s]s] xf]nf <
/fd|} xf]nf < xf]nf / ;a}sf] dg ;\nf] < cxF, s] x'GYof] k'hf/L g}
s;/L
7uf}F
eGbf]
xf] . w]/}n] t cfgf] dg gk/]sf] dfG5]nfO{ s;/L l;WofpF eGbf x'g\
cfM, h];'s} ;f]r'g\ . 9'fsf v'8\lsnfdf 6]St} emb}{5f}F . wd{zfnf
kfOG5 < kfOG5 . pM Tof] 3/ xf] . Tot} hfFb}5f}F . j/kLknsf]
vd'lg 9'f 5f]k]sf] cfFugdf a;]/ b'O{ kl/jf/ >f4 -h:tf] nfU5_
ub}{5g\ . wf/faf6 eml//x]sf] 5 kfgL . 6'6L lsg aGb gu/]sf xf]nfg\
sfsfs'n sf7df8f}F . hnfDo j/fx kl/;/ . b]vfPsf] 3/df em'lG8Psf]
af]8{df k9]F, j/fxIf]q ;]jf>d . sf]7f 5 < 5 . /ft a:g kfOG5
< kfOG5 . xfd|f kf]sfkGt/f sf]7fleq k;]/ 6';'Ss a;F . dg kof]
sf]7f < l7s} 5 . pM ;f\nf . leQfdf dfs'/fsf] hfnf] . df/f}F <
x'Gg . cfhsf] /ft cToGt si6k"0f{ x'g] g} eof] eGg] d}n] lgwf] u/]F .
g'xfpg] n'ufsf] emf]nf 5 xftdf . emb}{5f}F . sf];Lsf] bz{g ug{
xf] ls hLjgsf pidf, ljt[i0ff / csd{nfO{ wf]OkvfnL ug{ xf], yfxf
5}g . ug]{ a]nfdf dgUu] cgy{ ug]{, kl5 kfgLdf rf]klnP/ z'4 x'g
;lsG5 / < o:t} 5 hgljZjf; . cf]/fnfdf 9'fsf v'8\lsnf 5g\ .
5]pdf kmnfdsf] /]ln 5 . /fd|f] nfUof] Joj:yf . au/df 5f}F clxn] .
102

7"N7'nf 9'f . afn'j}afn'jf . cfpFb}hfFb}5g\ dfG5]x . lr;f n'uf .

l;:g'3f/L xfdLlt/ x]b}{ eG5 xfdLnfO{ g5f]pm . kf]Nnf .
cn] g'xfPsf] 7fpFdf uof}F . g'xfof}F . d}n] kfgLaf6 kfgL lnP/
kfgL lbPF . ;lDemPF cfgf lkt[xnfO{ . afa'cfdf . xh'/a'af
xh'/cfdf cflb . pxfFx sxfF s] ub}{ x'g'x'G5, cQf]kQf] 5}g . oxfF d
pxfFxnfO{ lbFb}5' . kfpg'x'G5 xf]nf . x'Gg ls < nf]ssf] rng dfq}
xf] ls < s] lbPF < s] kfpg'eof] < s]jn sNkgf . ljZjf; . ;+:s[lt .
k/Dk/f .
kmls{b} ;Ktsf];Lsf] kfgLlt/ x]/]+ . zfGt, uDeL/ efuL/yL .
df]xLh:tf] z'e| kfgL, lxdd'b|f . a;f}+a;f}+ nfU5 . slt lbg a:g
;lsG5 / gbLlsgf/df u[x:yLn] . d]/f] ef]sf] k]6 c3fof] . k]6eGbf
dg . dgeGbf OlGb|o / OlGb|oeGbf a'l4 c3fP/ 6Gg} eof] .
j/fx pTklQ M
oxfF j/fxsf] pTklQ s;/L eof] < yfxf 5 xh'/nfO{ < /lZd
. clncln ;'g]sf] 5' . d . ;'gfpg';\ g t ;'g . o:tf] 5
lsDjbGtL . nf]ssyf . ;fFRr} x'g klg ;S5 . gx'g klg .
lx/0ofIf gfd ePsf] b}Ton] ;du| k[YjLnfO{ kftfndf nu]/
n'sfof] . a"9f a|Xdfn] ;[li6rqm rnfpg] cfgf] sfd :jfoDe'j
dg'nfO{ ug'{ egL cxfPsf lyP . k[YjL g} gx'Fbf pgnfO{ lhDdf lbPsf]
sfd ug{ ufxf] eof] . a|Xdfn] Wofgb[[li6n] x]/]/ of] s'/f yfxf kfP .
rnfpg}kof] hut\sf] ;[li6 . xflR5pF ubf{ a|Xdfsf] gfssf] Kjfnaf6
lzz' j/fx lgl:sof] . To;sf] lz/ ;'Fu'/sf] / z/L/ dfG5]sf] h:tf]
lyof] . of] j/fx qmdzM a9\b} 7"nf] eof] . Ps lbg p;n] lx/0ofIf
/fIf;nfO{ dfof] clg cfkm" kftfndf uof] . kftfn k'u]/ cfgf]
alnof] ;'F8n] ;Dk"0f{ k[YjLnfO{ h'?Ss prfn]/ oyf:yfgdf /flvlbof] .
slt alnof] lyof] xf]nf ;'Fu'/
xfd|f j]bk'/f0fx eG5g\ j/fx lji0f'sf] cjtf/ xf] . o;}
ljZjf;df xfdL j/fxsf] k"hf u5f}{+ . l/;fxf j/fxsf] l/; zfGt kfg{
b]ju0fn] sfdw]g'sf] pTklQ u/] . Ps lbg sfdw]g' lxF8\bflxF8\b} oxLFsf]
lji0f'kfb'sfglhs}sf] 9'fdf v'f] clNemP/ nl8g\ . To;} a]nf pgsf]
103

sf]v kmf6\of] . sf]v kmf6]sf] 7fpFaf6 gbL aUg yflng\ . To; gbLnfO{
sf]sf
-sf]vfsf] cke|+z_ eG5g\ . sf]sfsf] kfgLdf :gfg u/]kl5 j/fxsf]
qmf]w zfGt eP/ pm k"j{jt\ eof] . qmf]w zfGt ePs} 7fpFdf cem} klg
j/fx a:5g\ eGg] ljZjf;n] lxGb"x 6f9f6f9faf6 oxfF cfpF5g\ .
xfdL cfPh:t} .
;ft'kfgL M
j}zfv afx . ;ft'kfgL v'jfpg] lbg . /lZdn] b]lv5g\ . dnfO{
t ofb} lyPg . ltvf{ nfu]sf] 5}g < cxF . cfh ;ft'kfgL vfg],
v'jfpg] lbg . pM k/ x]g'{;\ t ;ft'kfgL v'jfPsf] . lxF8\g';\ hfcf}F . d
klg ;ft''kfgL v'jfpF5' . /fd|L gfgL dL7f] ;ft' / ;j{t afF8\b} lyOg\ .
uof}F . lbOg\ . lkof}F lgs} lunf; . /lZdn] tL gfgLnfO{ d]/f tkm{af6
;ft' / lrgL lsg]/ ;j{tkfgL v'jfOlbg';\ eg]/ pgnfO{ k};f lbOg\ .
gfOFgfOF eGb} k};f lnOg\ pgn] .
d'lg Ps tnf ePsf] wd{zfnf 5 . To;sf] dflyNnf] tnfdf
7"nf] xn 5 . xnnfO{ sf]7f agfP kfFrj6fhlt aGnf . xf], Tof]
xnleq ;ft'kfgL lkpFb} a;]/ ukm ub}{5g\ dlxnf tyf ;Hhgx .
sf]xL k"hfsf u7/L afF4}5g\, sf]xL vf]Nb}5g\ . xnsf] k"j{klsf] 5]pdf
uof}F . tn s?0ffdoL sf];L aUb} lyOg\ . lgd{nf efuL/yLsf kdf
d}n] d]/L lbjtf cfdf b]v]+ . kfl/ dfkfsf] 8fF8f] 5 . tnsf] af/Ldf
v / kmfkm' 3/ b]lvG5g\ . vlgpFsf] ofDd xl/of] v xlNnFb}5 .
xnglhs}sf] j/fx dlGb/df eL8 lyof] . dfG5]dfG5] . d k"hf
u/]/ cfpF5' eg]/ /lZd leq kl;g\ . leQfdf n]v]/ em'G8\ofPsf] k9]F
d}n] >Ldb\j/fx r/0ff] z/0ff]lx h'4 . s] xf]nf h'4 < csf]{ af]8{df
kmnfg' k"hfnfO{ olt, l9:sfg'nfO{ olt k};f nfU5 eg]/ n]v]sf] /x]5 .
lgl:sg\ /lZd leqaf6 . dg nfu]sf] k"hf u/fpg k};f lbOg\ . hfg]
xf]Og
<
hfg] . vfhf;fhf vfg] < 6fs6's h] e]l6G5, k]6 e/f}F . x'G5 .
kmls{b}5f}F .
104

tfdfn' M
Pp6f ;fgf] lrl6Sssf] 3/ . nfx'/] bfOsf] kmdf{O; 3/h:tf] .
aGb 5}g 9f]sf . v'nf . ToxfF d}n] lzjhLsf] k"hf ubf{ hnfxf/L
em'G8\ofPh:tf] b]v]F . glhs}sf] ckl/lrt ldqnfO{ ;f]w]F s] xf] of] <
pgn] eg] tfdfn' . tfdf ldl;Psf] P]ltxfl;s 9'f] . leQfsf]
dfa{ndf w]/} s'/f n]v]sf] b]v]F . kl9gF . s'OFs'OF ub}{ lyof] k]6 . uP/
jfFSssf ;]n/f]6L, bxL, cfn' cflb vfof}F . sf7sf] lk/fdf a;]/
ltxf/sf] a]n'sf cfdfn] lbPsf vfg]s'/fsf] ;Demgf eof] .
lbbLalxgLnfO{ sf7df8f}F uP/ j/fxIf]q s;/L lrgfpg] <
vfFb} /lZdn] ;f]lwg\ .
d}n] eg]+ j/fxIf]q sf];L c~rnsf] ;'g;/L lhNnfdf kb{5 .
o;sf] d"n e"ld j/fxIf]q uflj; Ps gDa/df 5 . k"j{df lji0f'kfb'sf
/ ejfgLb]jLsf] dlGb/ 5 . pQ/df l5Gtfb]jL -hfnkf_ / lqj]0fL
;d
-c0f, tdf]/, ;'gsf];L_ 5 . blIf0fdf cf}lnof afafsf] d7,
bGtsfnL, lk08]Zj/, a'9f;'Aaf, k~rsGof cflb kljq :ynx 5g\ .
klZrddf d}gfd}gL cf>d 5 . kfFr of]hgdf km}lnPsf] 5 o;sf]
If]qkmn . j/fxIf]q kf}/fl0fs tyf j}lbs sfneGbf klg k|frLg xf]
eGg] k|df0f j]bsf Crfxdf kfOG5 /] o:t}o:t} ;'gfpm g
vfP/ kmls{b}5fF} . tLghlt ah]sf] 5 . 5g\ dfG5] t/ eL8 5}g .
tn aUb}5 hnk|jfx . dfly, cem dfly, emg\ dfly;Dd} b]lvG5 8fF8f]
. 8fF8}el/ jg . jg clg kfgL . kfgL clg dfG5] . cfb{|tf, sdgLotf,
/l;stf x]bf{x]b}{ efj's x'G5' d .
vf6df k'u]/ 8\u| n8]F . o;f] cfFvf s] lrlDnPsf] lyPF ;f\nf
s'b\g yfn] cf]5\ofgdf . nf} hf . df/f}F dfg{ gx'g] . gdf/f}F s;/L ;'Tg]
< leQfsf r]k}el/ dfs'/fsf] hfnf] b]lvG5 . pM d';f, pM d';f
/lZd s/fOg\ . efUof] lgb|fl;b|f .
If]qaf/] yfxf 5}g dnfO{ . eGg';\ g xfF:t} eg]F d';f,
dfs'/f, ;f\nf o:tf w]/} If]q 5g\ . km]l/ elgg\ ;fFrf] s'/f ug'{;\
g eg]F ;'g . lxGb"wd{ dfGg]xsf nflu ;+;f/df k|l;4 wfld{s

rf/
If]q
5g\
M
-!_ xl/x/If]q M ef/tsf] ljxf/ /fHodf kg]{ k6gfglhs 5, -@_
s'?If]q M ef/ts]f xl/of0ff /fHodf 5 . dxfef/t o'4 ePsf] 7fpF, -#_
d'lQmIf]q M g]kfnsf] d':tf lhNnfdf k5{, -$_ j/fxI]fq M g]kfnsf]
;'g;/L lhNnfdf k5{ .
j/fxIf]qglhs} c tLy{ klg xf]nfg\ . s]s] 5g\ < d km]l/
e6\ofpF5' ;'Gg'xf];\ dft] . oxfF w]/} tLy{x 5g\ . tLy{xn] 9fs]sf]
5 j/fxIf]qnfO{ . clUgs'08, t's"6, wdf]{b\ej, w]g'j6, pQ/d'vL uf,
lji0f'wf/f, z\vwf/f, rGb|s'08 -;f]dtLy{_, lji0f's'08, a|Xdlznf,
l;4fy{, s'Ahf>d, rqmtLy{, ;"o{s'08, a|Xd;/f]j/, sf]sfd'v,
dT:olznf, ejfgLyfg, u'Ktj/fx, cf}lnofuf5L, d}gfd}gL, lk08]Zj/
OToflb . kfFr of]hgdf km}lnPsf] j/fxIf]q ;a} tLy{ xf] t < xf] lg

pM Tof] dflysf] 8fF8fdf lzjkfj{tL clg lji0f'nIdL x/]s /ft

/f;nLnf ug{ cfpF5g\ /] xfF:t} /lZdn] elgg\ p;\, grflxg] s'/f
st} Bf}tf klg /f;nLnf u5{g\ t d}n] eg]F lsg gug'{ s[i0fn]
uf]lkgLx;Fu, lzjn] kfj{tL;Fu, lji0f'n] nIdL;Fu df]h u/]s} xf] Sof/]
nLnf, /f;nLnf, nf]snLnf h] gfd lbP klg t x'G5 lg
cem 3tnfUbf] s'/f ;'g . lji0f', s[i0f, lzj h:tf xfd|f dxfg\
b]jtfxnfO{ cfgGb lng g]kfnsf jgkfvf, gbLgfnf, lxdfn cflb
dgdf]xs 7fpFx v'a dg k5{ /] g]kfnsf] j/fxIf]q :ju{sf] klg
:ju{ xf] eG5g\ /] pgLx .
lgb|} nfu]g . cfh s;/L /ft latfpg] < /ft sf6\g ;S5\of} of]
sf]7fdf < cfM slt ugug . kmsf}{+ cfh} . af]sf}F emf]nf . pgL tof/ .
d klg tof/ . lg:s]/ uf8Ldf a:tf xlif{t eof] dg . w/fgaf6
j/fxIf]q k'Ug cfgf] uf8Ldf Ps 3G6fhlt nfU5 . xfdLnfO{ ef8fsf]
a;df @ 3G6f nfUof] . b'O6f abNbf .
rf/sf];] emf8L df;]/ agfPsf] ;8s . vf]nfsf] lsgf/ . 9'f .
afn'jf . st} a:tL . st} au/ . dxn klg 5fk|f klg . cf]/fnL

105

106

psfnL . ;Dd . u|fdL0f kl/j]z . ;j{q vf]nfsf] 8f]a . 5}g kfgL -of]
;b{"vf]nf] x'g'k5{ ._
zfGt dfG5] . czfGt dg . cefj, ul/aL . bl/b|tf . kf}/fl0fs
laDa . cfWoflTds w/f]x/ . ;Ktsf];L tn . dfly dgf]/d 8fF8fkfvf .
;'Gb/ j/fxIf]q .

-! h"g @)!#, g]kfn ljkZogf s]Gb|, wd{z[, a'9fgLns07, sf7df8f}F g]kfndf

!) lbg Wofg a:tfsf] cg'ej_

ljkZogf ofqf M clj/n Hof]lt

d ljkZogf lzlj/df WofgdUg 5' . k/ Pp6f emnemnfsf/ rDrdfpFbf] Hof]lt b]lvG5 . dlt/
cfpFb}5 Tof] . s] xf] < stf hfG5 < eGbfeGb} glhs} cfof] . d]/f] gfsaf6 k;]/ Tof] Hof]lt
cGt/ wdgLleq k:of] . Hof]lt k|j]zkl5 d}n] cfkm"nfO{ lg/fkb lgdf{0fkyufdL nf}xk'?if ePsf]
cg'ej u/]F . d]/f] dg lglj{sf/ k'ikk'~h ag]/ dudufpg yfNof] . 1fg k|fKt u/]F d}n] .

qmda4tf M
g]6 vf]n]F . jfl;6g 8L;Ldf a:t} u/]sL 5f]/L ljef
cgnfOgdf /lx5g\ . Psl5g s'/f u/]kl5 pgn] elgg\ kl;{b]lv
a'9fgLns07sf] ljkZogfdf b;lbg] lzlj/ 5 . kfkfdfd' b'j}hgf
hfg" . d}n] a's ul/;s]sL 5' . x'G5 t eg]F, t/ hfpmF ls ghfpmF,
hfpmF ls ghfpmF bf]dg eO/Xof] . cf]h:jL a'4bz{gsf] :tDe . hfgf}F
g
t
s]
/x]5
ljkZogf hfg] g} ePF .
ofqflrGtg M
cfh ! h"g @)!# . dWolbg . sflGtkysf] Hof]ltejg .
nfOgdf dfG5] . ldl;P/ plePsf] 5' d . 7d]n] XjfNof{] n'ufdf w]/}
ljb]zLx 5g\ . yf]/} g]kfnL . df}g jftfj/0f . ;b}{5 nfOg . cf]7df
lkg 7f]s]sL aL;jif]{h:tL ;]tL pleO{pleO{ k':ts k9\b}5] . h'g;'s}
nfOgdf pleFbf klg pgLxsf xftdf k':ts x'G5 . o:tf] afgL 5}g
xfd|f] . d]/f] dgleq O{iof{ / Unflg Ps}k6s hlGdG5 . leq k:of}F .
xn
.
rs6L
.
6Gg}
dfG5] . gf/Lk'?if 5'f5'} . Ps 3G6fhlt kHof]ltsf] cf]l/PG6];g
Snf;df a;]/ aflx/ lgl:sPF .
ToxfF n}hfg dfOqmf]a;sf] Joj:yf /x]5 . cfof] . r9\of}F . a:of}F
. ca ;// . a;;Fu} d]/f] dg klg s'2}5 u'8'8' . ;f]r, ljrf/, lrGtg,
107

108

pmWj{r]t, cwf]r]t . tkf]jgsf] ljkZogf ofqf . zflGtsfdgf, czfGt

dgf]bk{ . s] xf]nf < s]s] ug'{knf{ < ;lsPnf < g;lsPnf <
gjLgtfsf] ;f]r a/kme'jf p8\b}5 km';km'; . lrGtf / zflGtsf]
cfqmd0f / k|Tofqmd0f eO/xG5 . v}nfa}nf . s]sf] xNnfvNnf
Jolt/]s . ljt[i0ff . df]xhfn . yndfu{af6 hfFb}5' d . d]/f] cGtd{g
hndfu{df k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . oyfy{ clg sNkgf . a]d]n .
hndfu{sf] hnofgdf a;]sf] d aflx/ lgl:sg d?Gh]n k|of; u5'{ .
;s] kf] k|of; cgj/t 5 sNkgfdf . s]jn sNkgfdf . tkf]jgdf
k'Ug]5'
.
xl/of]
jgsf
af]6la?jf;Fu
e]6
x'g]5 . dgjg . jgdg . ;f]Rtf;f]Rt} ljkZogfsf] u]6df k'lu;s]5f}F
.
g]kfn ljkZogf s]Gb|, wd{z[, a'9fgLns07, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
;fFem kg}{ nfu]sf] 5 . uf8Laf6 lgl:sP/ sDkfpG8leq l5l/;s]sf
5f}F xfdL . gjLg 5 kl/j]z . x]b}{5' d . rf/}lt/ xl/of v . jgsf]
aLrdf ljkZogf Wofgs]Gb| . ;fFRr} k|fs[lts k|If]k0f . l:y/ /
k/f]ksf/L k|s[ltk'q j[Ifsfof . jgdf 3'Dg gkfPsf]df w'lDdFb}5 d]/f]
dg . le/fnf] hldg . lg:nf]6 Hj/f] cfPsf] k|s[lt . ;'Gb/ tkf]jg .
plxn]sf] h:t} . x]b{}5' . leQfdf em'lG8Psf] 5 cfo{ df}g . s] xf]nf
< sfkLsnd, k':ts, cf}F7L, 38L, df]afOn, k;{ cflb a'emfP/ /l;b
lnof}F
.
;Fu}
/fVg
gkfOg]
/] clxn] d l/Qf] 5' . d;Fu 5 s]jn dg . dg} t xf] ;a} cxf/,
k|bLlKt, k|flKt, ck|flKt, ;\s'rg, lj:tf/0f .
lrg]sf] cg'xf/ e]6]F . uf]kfn dxh{g . @)#% ;fndf yfkfynL
SofDk;df k9fPsf] /x]5' . clxn] ukm ub}{5' . pgL eG5g\ oxfF b;
lbg;Dd af]Ng x'Gg . h] kfof] ToxL vfg x'Gg . Wofgdf d a:tf Ps
a]n'sf Pp6f ;'Vvf /f]6L dfq} lyof] vfg]s'/f . Tof] klg vfO;lsgF .
xf]Og xf]nf 7fg]F . kl5 yfxf eof] xf] /x]5 .
pgn] wDd;]js clg wDd;]jsn] sf]7f lrgfP . cf/ lalN8 .
sf]7f g+= b'O{ P df 8f= ;/f]h 9sfn -gle{s_, aL df d . kl/ro .
;fdfg yGSofof}F . cf]l/PG6];g xndf uof}F . lbP . ;'Gof}F . 3G6L nfUof]
. vfg uof}F . vfof}F . dfof}F . kmls{of}F sf]7fdf . 8\u| pQfgf] .
109

cfo{ df}g M
leQfdf, vdf, af6f]df htftt} em'lG8Psf] 5 cfo{ df}g gf]an ;fOn]G;_ . b; lbg d'vdf a'hf] 7f]Sg] . gaf]Ng] . b;f}F lbg
clnclntnlatn knf{ eg]/ vf]Ng] . qf6s]===
jNnf] vf6 d . kNnf] vf6 8fS6/ . x]/fx]/ uof}F . k6Ss} af]n]gf}F
. o:tf] klg lhGbuL . af]n]s} eP kf] s] n5f/kf6f] nfUYof] / df}g
hLjg . pbfQ sNkgf . cfTdd"Nofg . cgf}7f] cg'e"lt . hLjg
cf:jfb . dudufpg yfn]5 :jlrGtg . /dfpg kf] yfn]5' o:t}df .
gf/L;Ddfg M
;w}F gf/L / k'?if 5'f5'} a;fP . OlGb|olgu|x / a|Xdro{kfngf
d"n bfz{lgs kIf x'g'k5{ o;sf] . g]kfnL jf ljb]zL dlxnfx cfp
hfp ubf{ wDd;]jsn] af6f] vfnL u/fOlbFbf /x]5g\ . gf/Lxsf]
cfudg x'Fb}5 . k'?ifx ;fO8 nfu . 6'Fl8v]ndf /fhf cfpFbf af6f]
vfnL u/]h:tf] . oq gfo{:t' k"HoGt] /dGt] tq b]jtf -hxfF
dlxnfxsf] ;Ddfg x'G5, ToxfF b]jtf v';L x'G5g\_ eGg] bz{gsf]
kfngf u/]h:tf] nfUof] . cgf}7f] . /dfOnf] klg .
ef]hg M
lglZrt ;dodf lbPsf] lglZrt vfg]s'/f vfg kfOFbf] /x]5 .
dL7f] xf];\ jf gdL7f] . laxfg ^ ah] / lbpF;f] !! ah] vfg] . s'/f
dL7f]gdL7f]sf] xf]Og . P3f/kl5 lbgel/ kfgLafx]s s]xL k:t}g k]6df
. kfP t k:Yof] xf]nf gkfOg] /x]5 . ToxfF b'O{yl/ ;fws x'Fbf /x]5g\
.
k'/fgf
-klxn] cfO;s]sf_ / gofF -o;}k6s cfPsf_ . k'/fgf jf gofF b'j}nfO{
laxfgsf] vfgf Ps} k|sf/sf] x'Fbf] /x]5 6Gg . dg nfu]hlt vfg kfOg]
. t/ a]n'sfsf] vfgf k'/fgf / gofFnfO{ 5'f5'} . a]n'sf vfg
k'/fgfnfO{ Ps lunf; sfutLkfgL dfq} . efF8fdf kfgL 5 . yk,
gyk dgv';L . k'/fgf ;fwsnfO{ eGbf clns w]/} gofFnfO{ lbFbf
110

/x]5g\ . o:tf] vfgf vfP/ afFlrPnf / < h:tf] nfu]Yof] . /flt k6Ss}
ef]s nfu]g . cfZro{
t];|f] /ft M
afx ah]sf] x'g'k5{, d?Gh]n b'Vof] lhp . c/l/PF . 3/ kmls{g]
ls cyjf 3/df ug{] u/]sf] of]u;fwgf ug]{ < ToxfF eg]sf] ;lDemPF
b; lbg oxfF a:tf cfkm"n] l;s]sf] s'g} klg Jofofd gug'{xf];\ . u/]
cgy{ x'g klg ;S5 . k6Ss} lgb|f nfu]g . h] t knf{ of]u u/]F .
;a 7Ls . b'Vg 5f]8\of] .
zAbzlQm M
!= clgZro M wDdxnleq b; lbg;Dd af/Daf/ bf]xf]l/Psf] zAb xf]
of] . slxNo} s'g} s'/fsf] lgZro x'Fb}g . x'g ;S5, gx'g klg ;S5
. hGdhLjgd[To', ;a} clgZro . dfgjkysf] lgZro s] xf] <
s]nfO{ ;Tdfu{ eG5g\ < s] ubf{ st{Jokysf] d"n ;8sdf uf8L
s'bfpg kfOG5 < ;f]Rg / ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . k~rzLn -clx+;f;To
c:t]ozf}rOlGb|olgu|x_ sf] kfngf ub}{df lglZrt s'/f km]nf
kfg{ ;lsG5 < cxF, ;lsGg . ;lsGg eg] k~rZfLnsf] kfngf ub}{
cfkm"nfO{ lgZro nfUg] jf ;a}n] of] kSsf s'/f xf], ug'{k5{ eg]sf]
;bfr/0flt/ nfUg'k5{ . clgZro, clgZro eGbfeGb} d]/f] dg
ck/fwsd{af6 ljd'v eof] . of] d]/f] tTsfnLg k|flKt xf] .
@= ;dtf M crfgs Ps s/f]8sf] lr6\7f kof] . gpk|m . Tof] k};f
rfF8} ;lsg klg ;S5 . ;of}F d'/L wfg kmNg] v]t af9L jf k}/f]n]
aufof] . g/f]pm . la:tf/} csf]{ Joj:yf x'g klg ;S5 . pQfpnf]
jf ?Gr] gag . ;'vn] b'MvnfO{ glk/f]nf];\ . b'Mvn] klg ;'vnfO{
glrdf]6f];\ . Pp6fsf] ;+/If0fdf uP/ csf{sf] Wj+; gu/ . ;dTj
efjsf] k|ltkmn t'?Gt xf]Og, qmdzM la:tf/}la:tf/} a'lemFb} hfG5
. o:tf] cEof; ul//xg'k5{ . o;n] dfgjhLjgnfO{ pRr >]0fLdf
k'ofpF5 .
#= ;+j]bgf M dfgjz/L/df b'O{ ;+j]bgf x'G5g\ . ;"Id / :y"n . cfFvf
lrDd kf/]/ dgsf cfFvfn] z/L/sf tQt\ :yfgdf x]gf{;fy t'?Gt,
XjfQ} yfxf x'G5 ;"Id ;+j]bgf . s/]G6 nfu]h:tf] . cfgf na6fn]
111

cfg} ufnfdf yKk8 7f]s]h:tf] . :y"n ;+j]bgf clns df]6f] ufF7fu'7L_ ePsf] x'G5 . c:ki6 / c1]o x'G5 . b]Vg]lalQs} yfxf
x'Fb}g . o;nfO{ a'g :y"n u|GyLxdf lgs} a]/ dfgl;s cfFvf
7f]SsfO/xg'k5{ . :y"n ;+j]bgf tLg x'G5g\ . ;''Kt, ;'if'Kt /
cw{if'Kt . dgsf cfFvfn] x]/]/ cfgf] z/L/sf ccdf ePsf
:y"n
;+j]bgfxnfO{
x6fpg
;Sg'k5{ . x]bf{x]b}{ ufF7fu'7L lgld6\ofGg x'G5g\ . geP kfg'{k5{ .
k"0f{sfnLg ;TkyufdL hLjg . c kl/rfng . cc hfu] .
$= qf6s] M lg/Gt/ x]g'{ . -lgd]iff]Gd]ifs+ ToSTjf ;"IdnIf+ lg/LIfo]t\ .
ofjt\ktlGt rf>'l0f qf6s+ k|f]Rot] a'wM ._ Psgf;;Fu s'g} s'/fdf
x]l//xg' . x7of]usf 5 sd{ wf}lt, g]lt, jl:t, gf}lnsL, qf6s,
skfneflt . x]/, k;, a'em . cfFvf lrDd u/]/ cGt/]lGb|on] cfgf]
z/L/sf ;a} efu x]g'{ .
o;kl5 z/L/sf ccdf /QmwdgLxdf s'g} /f]sfj6 x'Gg .
lgd{n x'G5 z/L/ . xfd|f] z/L/sf ccx cb[Zo, c1]o, caf]Wo
k/dtjsf] glhs k'Ug ;S5g\ . k/+j}ejsf] ;fIffTsf/ . dfgj
hLjgsf] pRr k|flKt . c;'wf/ .
qf6s] s'g} s'/fdf zAb;f/ M cfFvf lrDd u/]/ Wofg:y x'Fbf b;
lbg;Dd d}n] -clgZro, ;dfgtf, ;+j]bgf_ oL tLg zAb bf]xf]ofO/x]F,
/l6/x]F . s] xf] t tL zAbsf] clek|fo jf dd{ < cGt:kz{ .
hLjgsf] cflb, cGTo s;}nfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g . clxn] 5 hLjg .
Ps}l5gdf 5}g . x'G5 eGof], x'Gg . dlb{g eGof], dg}{k5{ . k|df];g
x'G5 eGof], x'Fb} x'Gg . 3/af6 lgl:sP/ clkm; hfg lxF8\of], af6}df
:jfxf . clgZro . ;j{q clgZro 5 . w"d]gflj|ot] jlXg -cfuf]nfO{
w"jfFn] 9fs]sf] x'G5_ eg]h:t} dfgj dfq, cem k|f0fL dfqnfO{ ;w}F
clgZron]
3]/]sf]
x'G5 . xfdLn] lglZrt s'/fsf] vf]h ug'{k5{ .
qf6s]

112

xif{ clg la:dftdf plk|mg] / ?g] ug'{ x'Gg . Pp6fsf] kIf

lnPkl5 csf]{ lga{n x'G5 . t6:ytf . ;defj . ;'vb'Mv] ;d] s[Tjf
nfefnfef} hofhof}, uLtf . o:tf] x'g'k5{ cGtd{g .
z/L/Ln] :jz/L/sf ccsf] cGj]if0f / cg';Gwfg ug'{k5{ .
st} /f]u t knfPsf] 5}g < ljsf/ t 5}g < qf6s] -x]/]sf] x]o}
Ps6s_ . k|f0fL dfqsf] hLjg clglZrt 5 . xfdLn] ;'vb'Mvdf
;defj /fVg'k5{ . xfd|f] z/L/sf cnfO{ ;Tsd{lt/ hfu|t
u/fO/xg'k5{ . cc hfu] . qf6s] . qf6s] . ejt' ;Aa dnd\ .
Hof]ltk|j]z M
d ljkZogf lzlj/df WofgdUg 5' . k/ Pp6f emnemnfsf/
rdrdfpFbf] Hof]lt b]lvG5 . dlt/ cfpFb}5 Tof] . s] xf] < stf hfG5
< eGbfeGb} glhs} cfof] . d]/f] gfsaf6 k;]/ Tof] Hof]lt
cGt/wdgLleq
k:of] . Hof]ltk|j]zkl5 d}n] cfkm"nfO{ lg/fkb lgdf{0fkyufdL nf}xk'?if
ePsf] cg'ej u/]+ . d]/f] dg lglj{sf/ k'ikk'~h ag]/ dudufpg
yfNof] . 1fg k|fKt u/]+ d}n] . -Hof]ltk|j]z ;ftf}F lbg laxfg % ah]sf]
oyfy{ 36gf xf] . s;/L ;Dej eof] To:tf] s'/f <_
d]/f] dgdf kfFrj6f hl6n k|Zg lyP u'lD;Psf . tL k|Zgsf]
pQ/ lyPg d;Fu . To;} cndlnPsf] lyPF . clxn] Hof]ltk|j]zkl5
;a} k|Zgsf] pQ/ esfes cfof] . d]/f] cGtd{gn] dnfO{ of] ug'{ 7Ls,
of] ug'{ a]7Ls eg]/ cxfof] . leq etet kf]Ng] ;d:ofx Ps}
;f;df ;kmfr6 x'Fbf 9'Ss ePF d . cxf slt cfgGb s] eof] < s]
eO/x]5 < sxfFaf6 k|fKt eof] of] zflGt < ;lDemFbf 5Ss k5'{ .
qf6s]
cfTdd"Nofg M
b;lbg] lzlj/sf] of] dxjk"0f{ cWofo xf] . lgZrn, lglj{sf/,
zfGt, lg?lUg ;fws ag]/ ;fwgf/t 5' d . Wofg ubf{ub}{ s]n] xf]
s]n] dnfO{ hLjgdf d}n] ePu/]sf /fd|f jf g/fd|f s'/fsf] d"Nofg
ug{ clek|]l/t ub{5 .
113

hlGdPb]lv clxn];Dd cfkm"n] u/]sf s'/f ;lDemFb} cfkm}F cfgf]

d"Nofg ug{ yfN5' . cfFvf lrlDnPs} 5g\ . /fd|fg/fd|f . 7Lsa]7Ls
. plrtcg'lrt . y'k|} s'/f cfP dgdf Xjf/f/f . g/fd|f w]/} . /fd|f
sfd yf]/} . /fd|f sfd ug}{ ;lsPg5 . :jfxf x'g} kf] cfF6]5 hLjg .
ca s]slt ug{ ;lsPnf / <
JolQmn] :j]R5fn] cfTdd"Nofg u/]/ cfkm"nfO{ ;'wfg]{ k|of; ug{'
d}n] dxfg\ s'/f 7fg]F . of]ulgi0fft dxfk'?if ag]/ tkf]/t, WofgdUg 5'
d . dfgl;s ljsf/x lz/ p7fPsf] p7fo} 5g\ . 5'6fpg ;s]sf]
5}g . df]xhfn . of] cf7f}F lbgsf] s'/f xf] . PSnf] r/f] Psf]xf]/f]
s/fO/x]sf] 5 jgdf .
clGtd lbg M
lz/ ;] kfp ts . kfp ;] lz/ ts . hfut] /xf] . huft] /xf] .
huft] /xf] . huft] /xf] . b]vt] /xf] . b]vt] /xf] . qf6s] . qf6s] .
qf6s] . clgZro . ;dtf . ;Dj]bgf . ck8fpg . 8fpgck . ck
8fpg . 8fpgck . uf, od'gf, ;/:jtL . zLn, ;dflw, k|1f .
tLgf]+ sf ;d xf]o k|s6 x'P ky lgdf{0f .
k'Uof] b; lbg . ;lsof] Wofg . of]u . lgly|PF d . cltLo
ljkZogf Hof]lt . /Gylgb} 3/ lkmb}{5' d . af6}df cfof] lzIf0f
c:ktfn . ToxfF b]v]F 8fS6/ / la/fdL . ef]Qmf / b|i6fsf] k|Zg .
cxf; .
clgZro . clgZro . qf6s] . qf6s] . qf6s] . cc hfu] .
ejt' ;Aa dnd\ . ;j]{ ejGt' ;'lvgM . ;j]{ ;Gt' lg/fdof . ;j]{
eb|fl0f kZoGt' . df slZrt\ b'Mv efUej]t\ . -;a} ;'vL xf]pg\ . ;a}
lg/f]uL
xf]pg\ . ;a}n] /fd|f] b]v"g\ . sf]xL b'MvL gxf];\ ._

ljkZogf s]Gb|df ;w}+ cg'/l0ft ePsf s]xL zAb / cy{ M

qf6s] M lg/Gt/ x]g'{ . a'4 M af]lwk|fKt JolQm -uf}td a'4 dfq xf]Og_ .
wDd M wd{ . k|s[ltsf] lgod . ;Dos\ ;Da'4sf] lzIff . lgjf{0fsf] dfu{
114

. ;\
\ M wd{sf] hLjgofkg u/]/ lgd{n lrQ ePsf] JolQm . k'?if .
;3
ljkZogf M -lj kZog\ cf_ kZog\ M b]Vbf]x]bf]{ . /fd|/L x]g'{ .
;dtf ;+j]bgf M t6:y efj . clgZro M lglZrt 5}g . clglZrt
5 . ;dtf M ;'v jf b'Mv s'g}sf] kIfkftL gaGg] . ;fDo . a/fa/ .
:y"n M c:ki6 . clgl0f{t . ;"Id M :ki6 . lgl0f{t . ejt' ;Aa dnd\
dnd\
M ;a}sf] sNof0f xf];\ . k~rzLn
k~rzLn M kfFr ;bfrf/ -clx+;f, ;To,
c:t]o,
zf}r,
OlGb|o
lgu|x_ . ;dflw M lrQsf] Psfu|tf . Wo]o j:t'sf] ;fwgf . hLjgd'lQm
. dnd}qL M z/L/df x'g] ;"Id ;Dj]bgfdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/]/ dgdf
ck|lt dnefj eg]{ . k|1f M ljj]s ->'tdoL, lrGtgdoL,
efjgfdoL 1fg_ .

115

-lhGbuL g} xfjf3/ . @)&! ;fpg $ ut] xfdL eQmk'/sf] xfjf3/df k'Uof}F .

cg'e"lt laDa lgofqf_

t]nsf]6sf] xfjf3/
cfr] dnfO{ t d]/} 3/ dg k5{ lg gfgLsf] cfr] zAbn] d]/f] cGtd{gsf] 9f]sf p3fof] .
9f]sf 3ofSs u/]sf] :ki6 ;'g]+ . xf] t csf{sf] lzzdxneGbf cfg} k/fn] 5fk|f] /fd|f] nfU5
.

xfjf3/ hfg] < /lZd . lhGbuL g} xfjf3/ eO;Sof] . lsg

csf]{ xfjf3/df hfg] < d .
hfg] ls ghfg] < sxfF 5 Tof] 3/ < gu/sf]6sf] km]bLdf 5 /]
d klg k'u]sL 5}g . slxn] < cfh} lbpF;f] . 3'd3fd ug]{ .
vfgkfg
ug]{ . ;'Tg 3/} cfpg] . x'G5 t hfG5' .
@)&! ;fn ;fpgsf] $ cfh . lbg xfF;]sf] 5}g . /f]Oxfn]sf]
klg 5}g . ?Fnf?Fnf h:tf] ub}{5 . Pp6f uf8Ldf xfdL rf/hgf 5f}F .
c kl5 cfpg] /] 38L x]/]F . b'O{ dfq} aHb}5 . lsg ?Gr] ePsf]
xf]nf lbg s] kof] s'lGg af6f] lxF8\bf d]/f] d"n sfd j/k/sf] b[Zo
x]g]{ xf] . cfh s] x]g]{ < krf;f}Fk6s b]v]sf] 7fpF . t}klg gf}nf] nfUb}5
. eQmk'/ ahf/ 5f]8]/ psfnf] nfu]kl5 cfdL{ SofDk j/k/ em'Nb}
u/]sf] nx/]kLknsf af]6 b]Vtf d]/f cfFvfn] /fd|f/fd|f eGb} k/]nL
lemDSofP . dg b eof] . cGtd{g cg'/l0ft eof] . k|s[ltsf] lbJo
Hof]lt x]bf{x]b{} d / d]/f pmidfx :vlnt eP . d kfjg
g}ldiff/0oleq kn]6L df/]/ Wofg kf] ug{ yfn]5' . uf8Lsf] a]|s nfUof] .
em; ePF .
;f]4} uof}F . ;a}n] lrGbf /x]5g\ xfjf3/ . lsg glrGg' b]zsf]
8f8'k'Gof}F xftdf lng]xsf] c1fg / b|Jodf]xn] ;j} xfjf XjfQ} leq
l5g]{ xfjf3/ ePsf] 5 g]kfnLxsf] hLjg .
116

k'Uof}F . kLr /f]8;Fu} hf]l8P/ plePsf /x]5g\ l6g5fg] b'O{ 3/ .

gff] kfvf]af/Ldf, sfGnfdf, l8ndf v'f na{/fpFb} plePsf kxf8]
5fk|fh:t} km]d; xfjf3/ klg l8n}df /x]5 . leq k;]/ d afb{nLdf
plePF . x]b}{5' tn . xfjf3/sf] 7Ls d'lg cUnf] ;'l/nf] gf:kftLsf]
af]6 /x]5 . To;sf] xfFufdf 6]s]/ sfnf] sfu k'R5/ xNnfpFb} 7'\b}5
bfg'nfO{ . rgfvf] eP/ x]b}{ klg 5 dfly xfdL ePlt/ . eGbf] xf]
e/] ltdLx dL7fdL7f s'/f vfG5f} xf]nf, xfd|f] t oxL xf] . of] klg
cf/fd;Fu vfg kfP t x'GYof] lg 3/kLn] Ps 9'f ahf/] :jfxf
eOxflnG5 / kf] h] t knf{, ef]s} a:g ;lsGg . of] ;fpg dlxgfdf
t dh}n] vfg kfOG5 kmnkm"n . ds} klg kfSg] a]nf ef] . p r'Rrfn]
7'\b}, vfFb} plk|mFb}5 . d]/f cfFvf To;}df 5g\ . /fd|f] nfU5 . h;n] klg
wLt d?Gh]n vfPsf] s;nfO{ kf] g/fd|f] nfUnf /
d]/f cfFvfn] sfult/ x]g{ 5f8] . tn k/k/ b]lvG5 eQmk'/ ;x/
. la:s'g ;'sfpg cfFugdf lkmhfPsf] dfGb|f]h:tf] ahf/ . 9':; 5
cfsfz . lbpF;} aQL afNg] s'/f ePg . cFWof/f] nfU5 ;x/ .
;'l/nf] gf:kftLsf] af]6;Fu} 5 ds}af/L . nxnx xl/of,
snsnfpFbf af]6 . ;'Tnf r]Kg nfu]sf . lb\nfdf afFb/ ?\g a;]sf]
ememNsf]
cfpF5 . ToxLF 5 cDassf] af]6 . d]/f] 3/sf] / of] af]6 p:t} t xf]nf
ds}af/L;Fu} 5g\ rf/kfFr k'/fgf 3/ . 3/xn] 3]/]sf] 5 dlGb/nfO{
. Tof] dlGb/ tL 3/xsf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb| x'g'k5{ . 3/sf] xf]Og,
3/wgLxsf] lz/ lgx'ofpg] b]jnf]s xf]nf Tof] . xf] t, k|To]s
g]kfnLsf] 3/glhs} cf:yf eP klg, geP klg dlGb/ rflxG5 . kL/
kbf{ ?g] 7fpF . v';L x'Fbf ubub xF'b} xfF:g] 7fpF .
tL 3/eGbf clns k/ vf]r 5 . vf]rdf ofDd xl/of cUnf
vx b]lvG5g\ . otfptf, j/k/ afF;of b]lvG5 . xlNnFb}5g\
xfFuf . 3/d'lg cf]/fnf]cf]/fnf]df wfgv]t . u/}u/f . nxnx wfg .
3/x . ;8sdf uf8L . leQf] . l8n . afF;of . ds}af/L .
l6g5fg], k/fn] 5fk|f clg s\lqm6df cl8Psf k};fjfnfsf 3/lt/
x]bf{x]b{} d]/f] dg cfFvf ;f]r lb\nf k'U5 .

c;f/ dlxgf . 8Dd s'lx/f] . 3/k5fl8sf] afFb/ ?\g] s6]/f] .

xfOxfO / x'Ox'O s/fPsf] 5, s/fPsf] 5 . d s/fpFb} lyPF . Pp6f
7"nf] hvdn] 9]8' cfof] . af/Ldf k:of] . dhfsf] 3f]uf] d'vdf r]Kof] .
s'b\of] . d x]/]sf] x]o} ePF . af sfgdf hg} . xftdf nf]6f . lhpdf
ef]6f] . gff v'f To;} a]nf cfpg'eof] . l7 . 8]/f cfFvfn] dlt/
x]g'{eof] . d 8Nnf] k/]sf] lyPF . ds}sf] 3f]uf] nlu t uf] 9]8'n] . p:t}
t xf] lg of] xfjf3/ . s] p:t} xfd|} /fd|f] . of] gfy] . ;f]Rt} lyPF b//{
bls{of] kfgL .
nf} hf, l6gaf6 r'x'g kf] yfNof] kfgL leq . PP eGbfeGb}
lehfof] . vfFb}5' . emg\ /ft kof] . cFWof/f] . tn . k/ . emnn aQL
an]sf] b]lvG5 . ndtGg ;'t]sf] ;x/ . Tof] eQmk'/ xf] < xf] . /flt t
;fFRr} leNs] kf] b]lvFbf] /x]5 t of] 8fF8faf6 x]bf{ s'6's'6' dg vfg]
;f}Gbo{ /x]5 eQmk'/sf] . /flqnLnf . st} /fd|f], st} g/fd|f] . kfgL
kl//x]sf] lyof] Tjf/f/f .
dfly pSn]F . /f]8glhs}sf] csf]{ sf]7f . xf]Og, gff] xn . Tof]
klg xf]Og . ev{/} ufO{a:t' km'sfP/ r/fpg nu]sf] vfnL s6]/f] . xf],
ToxfF al;/x]sf afa'5f]/L b]v]F . glhs} uPF . 5f]/LnfO{ dfof ub}{ eg]F
ltd|f] 3/ oxL xf] < xf]Og, k/ ufpFdf 5 . k9\5\of} < g;{/Ldf
k9\5' . ltd|f] gfd < cd[tf s]= ;L= . :s'n < s?0ff :s'n .
ltd|f] 3/ dg k5{ ls of] < cfr] dnfO{ t d]/} 3/ dg k5{ lg
gfgLsf] cfr] zAbn] d]/f] cGtd{gsf] 9f]sf p3fof] . 9f]sf 3ofSs
u/]sf] :ki6 ;'g]+ . xf] t, csf{sf] lzzdxneGbf cfg} k/fn] 5fk|f]
/fd|f] nfU5 ;a}nfO{ . d k9\b}5' cd[tf s]= ;L= ;Fu . pgL ;DemfpFl5g\
. d e'Tnf]ef ;lDemGgF . s'6\g ldn] s'6\lyg\ xf]nf . d ;f7L . pgL 5
. s] ;Demf}F pgsf] afnbo
lkmb}{5f}F xfjf3/af6 . emnn b]lvG5 eQmk'/ ;x/ . ds}sf kft
aHb}5g\ . km;L{sf d'G6f ndtGg ;'t]sf 5g\ . bxdf 6\jf/{6\jf/{
s/fpFb}5g\ Eofu'tf . kNnf] 3/sf] s6]/f]df afFafF ub}{5 afR5L .

117

118

-@)^* r}q % ut] g'jfsf]6sf] ;b/d'sfd ljb'/df ;DkGg x'g]

k|fOd sdl;{on a}sf] pb\3f6g ;df/f]xdf cltly ag]/ k'Ubf ._

g'jfsf]6 Soflnkmf]lg{of
yfKnfdf 8fF8fkfvf, kfpdf lgd{nf lqz"nL, b]xdf k|fs[lts 3g36f, 3fF6Ldf km"nsf] dfnf
-af/ ahf/_ ;zQm P]ltxfl;s sfnv08 g'jfsf]6 Soflnkmf]lg{of . 7\ofDd} p:t} .

g'jfsf]6 hfg] < /lZd . lsg < d . k|fOd sdl;{on

a}sf] pb\3f6g ug{ dfdfx hfg] /] xfdLnfO{ klg hfcf}F eGg'ePsf]
5 . s] ug]{ < hfg] lg d ToxfF k'u]s} 5}g .
b'O{ sf/ af6f] nfu] . yfgsf]6 r]skf]:6 cfOk'u]5 . /lZdn]
/f]lsg\ sf/ . e'/fe'/Ln] 3]/] . ds}, kfgL, cldnf], u'lnof] ;a} a]Rg]
/x/
pgLxsf] . xfd|f] sf/sf] l;;f 9s9SofpFb} ;fgL gfgLn] egL
lsGg';\ g b'O{ kf]sf ds} . a]r]/ k};f gnu] cfdfn] dfg'{x'G5 . d}n]
ds}
lslglbPF . pm d';'Ss xfF;L . ;a}nfO{ o;/L g} xF;fpg ;s] <
gf}la;]df lrof vfg cf]ln{of}F . lrofbf]sfgcufl8sf] wf/fdf
t'?? eml//x]sf] lyof] kfgL . d}n] /hgLnfO{ eg]F nfg] xf]Og t
kfgL sf7df8f}F < xfFl;g\ . kfgL v]/ uPsf] x]/]/ ;fFRr} Psl5g
c/dlPF d . d'n'sdf olt w]/} kfgL v]/ uO/x]sf] 5 . lsg xfdL
sfsfs'n < /f]lhgfn] elgg\ rfF8f] hfFcf}F . ca]nf eO;Sof] .
lxF8\of}F . lxF8\b} hfFbf uN5L cfOk'u]5 .
uN5Laf6 af/ M
xlnp8 xf]6n, uN5L af6 d'ulng hfg] ;8s 5f]8]/ t]l;{of}F
af/lt/ . cfh;Dd Psk6s klg d lxF8]sf] 5}g otf . xf], gf}nf]
nflu/x]sf] 5 leqleq} . ps';d's'; jf ;Gtf]if, yfxf 5}g . ev{/
tf5]sf] af/Lsf] leQf] x]bf{ ufpFsf] d]/f] km"naf/Ldflysf] af/Lh:tf]
119

nfU5 . s]ljlw tf5]sf] leQf] dfG5] eP enenL /ut cfpFYof] xf]nf

;xgzLnf wtL{ lar/L
t];f]{ ;8s . tn gbL . dfly kfvf] . l;lgQ leQf] . ;'n'Q af6f]
. st} 3'dfp/f] . st} ;f]emf] . s'2}5g\ xfd|f sf/ . x]b}{5' d . n]v]sf]
k9\5' a}/]gL uN5L . lqz"nLsf] lgd{n gLnf] kfgL Ps;'/n] dlt/
x]b}{5 6'n'6'n' . kfgLnfO{ udL{ eof] xf]nf eg]/ dfly kfv}el/ plePsf
xl/of cUnf vx ;"o{sf] pmi0f cfj]u 5]Nb}5g\ . s] ;Sy] ;"o{sf]
k|tfk
5]Sg afn'j}el/ d8fl/Fb}5g\ ;"o{ . rsf]{ 5 udL{ . s'\ln k/]/ ;'t]sf
;8ssf] 5ftLdf s'lNrFb} u'8'8' s'2}5g\ yl/yl/ jfxg . eL8 eg]
k6Ss} 5}g .
gofF k'n cfof] . k'nkfl/ aGb} /x]5 u]6 . lsg u]6 < 5}g pQ/ .
emf]n'] k'naf6 kfl/ tb}{5g\ u'lgpF ;'s]{sf cfdfx . xlNnG5 k'n .
k'nkfl/ ;8s . ;8sdf leQf] . leQf]d'lg vsf] 5xf/L . 5xf/Ldf
9'f] . 9'fdfly a;]/ lgGofp/f] d'vn] leQflt/ x]b}{l5g\ Pp6L cfd} .
d dgdg} pgnfO{ ;f]W5' P cfd}, lsg lgGofp/f] d'v <
cf]em]nh:t} cf]em]n k/]sL 5\of} lg < a"9fn] xkfof] ls < a'xf/Ln]
jrg 7f]sL ls < vfg]nfpg] ;d:ofn] lrdf]6\of] ls < af]lNbg pm .
:jf} sf/ k/ k'U5 .
dfly 8fF8}el/ plePsf Psgf;] vx k'ln; bfOh:t} nfU5g\,
;'l/nf . st} cfdL{ SofDk t xf]Og of] < k/=== tn 5 gLnf] kfgL au]sf] b]lvFb}g_, dflydfly 5 kfvf] -a;]sf] b]lvFb}g_ . a;]sf] / au]sf]
gb]Vg] s] /f]u nfUof] dnfO{ st} of] e|d t xf]Og < xf]Og, of] dfq
cxf; -vnkq] xF;fO_ xf] . uf8Lofqf . slxn]sfxLF o:tf] klg x'G5 .
ofDd 5 Tof] v . wgL afa';fx]ah:tf] km'n]n . cfkm}F d:t,
dVv . sf7df8f}F b]jL3f6 n]v]sf] a; cfof] . uof] . cfkm}F;Fu eg]F
P, otf a; ;le{; klg /x]5 . ;8ssf] b]a|]kl rb}{5g\ ufO{, uf]?,
afv|f, kf7f . Tof] vdf gofF kfn'jf knfP5g\ . nHhfjtL, kjtL
h:tf . slt lx;L k/]sf
120

Tof] sfa|f]sf] v xf]Og < xf], xf] . lb\nfaf6 ;'6'Ss la?jf

NofP/ oxfF /f]k]5g\ . p a]nf sfa|f] l6k]/ rf]/Lrf]/L vfFbf slt
xkfg'{x'GYof] cfdfn] dnfO{ clxn] cfdf x'g'x'Gg . sfa|f] l6Kg hfg
klg ;s]sf] 5}g . slt cfO/xG5 km'Qkm'Q 3/ufpF tLgj6f kLkn
b]v]F, >4fj[Ifx . /ftf] Tof] 3/ ev{/ g'xfP/ skfn em8\sfb}{ u/]sL
dlxnfh:tf]] b]lvG5 . 3/}3/ 5g\ . jl/kl/ ux'Faf/L 5 . 3fF;] v y'k|}
5g\
.
6f6\gfdf
s/fpFb}5g\
afv|f . d'nfod lxdb[Zo ePsf] ;'Gb/ of] ufpF b]v]/ sflnbf; eP
dxfsfJo n]Vy] xf]nfg\ .
n]v]sf] k9]F tfbL vf]nf k'n . uof] . csf]{ k9]F kLkn6f/
cfdf;d"x . ;fgf] ahf/ b]v]F . oxL xf] af/ < xf]Og . uO/Xof}F .
csf]{ cln 7"nf] ahf/ cfof] . of] t xf]nf lg < xf]Og xf} xf]Og .
cfPs}
5}g .
cln k/ k'u]kl5 ;8sd'lgsf] 6f/af/Lel/ sfu}sfu a;]sf] b]v]F .
sfu xf]Og, e"th:tf] nfUof] . sfnf s's'/ df/]/ kmfn]sf] kf] xf] ls <
xf]Og, oltsf s's'/ Ps} lrxfg lsg kfy]{ xf]nfg\ lgd'vf ufpFn]n]
Totf lgofn]/ x]/]F . tL ;a} t dnsf 8f]s]y'k|f kf] /x]5g\ . lb\nfdf
df3kmfu'glt/ ds} 5g'{cl3 af/Ldf 3f]K6\ofPsf dnsf y'k|fh:tf .
w]/} kl5 b]Vtf s:tf]s:tf] nfUof] .
leQfdf k9]F uFu6] . ld7f;k"0f{ zAb . cfOk'u]5 af/ . olt
7"nf] /x]5 af/ ahf/ . d NjfFu]nfO{ s] yfxf aLrahf/df /x]5
ef]ln v'Ng] k|fOd a}sf] cfO;f}F zfvf ejg . Psl5g a:of}F .
dfdfn] sd{rf/LxnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg'eof] . xfdLnfO{ a:g] Joj:yf
ldnfPsf] xf]6n b/af/ df uP/ emf]nf la;fof}F .
g'jfsf]6sf] ;fttn] b/af/ ;\u|xfno M
b/af/;Dd uf8L hfG5 < hfG5, kLr} 5 . slt lsnf]ld6/
5 < ahf/af6 5 lsnf]ld6/ 5 . /lZdn] elgg\ ef]ln laxfg uP
x'Gg ToxfF < ef]ln s] x'G5x'G5, gEofOPnf . clxn] uP x]l/xflnG5

lg eg]F d}n] . dfdfdfOh" uO;s]sfn] hfg] OR5f ug'{ePg . /hgLn]

hfg] dg ul/gg\ . /f]lhgf / /lZdn] l3:ofP pgnfO{ .
/lZd uf8Lrfns . d cl3 . /f]hL, /hgL / gjLg kl5 .
lgl:sof}F . xf]6n b/af/af6 lgl:sg]lalQs}h;f] k'n cfof] . tof}F .
clnslt uPkl5 ;fgf] csf]{ ahf/ cfof] . . cndlnof}F stfaf6
hfg] < pM ToxfFaf6 psfnf] nfUg'xf];\ . 7\ofSs} b/af/df k'luG5 .
kLr lalu|Psf] 5 ls < 5}g5}g . /fd|f] 5 .
hfFb}5f}F . 5 kLr . xf] kLr . 7f8f] psfnf] . a:g]nfO{ ufxf] .
rnfpg]nfO{ t emg\ slt ufxf] eof] xf]nf k6Ss} 5}gg\ vfN8fv'N8L .
s'ln{ k/]sf] nfx'/]sf] h'NkmLh:tf] ;8s . bfofFafofF, tndfly v}v
. 7"nf 5}gg\, ;'l/nf 5g\ aGb's] nSsf la?jf . slnnf . cf]7 lgrf]bf{
t'?? b"w emnf{g\ h:tf af]6la?jf .
8fF8f] r9\b}5f}F . ;u/dfyf egf}F s:tf] x'G5, cfkm"nfO{ cQf]kQf]
5}g . ;8saf6 k/k/ kmfkm' PsnsfF6] 3/ b]lvG5g\ . kLr 5, t/
u'8]sf 5}gg\ uf8Lx . lbg laTg} nfu]sf] 5 . ;fFem kl/;s]sf] 5}g .
tnaf6 dfly k'Ubf / kmls{+bf b'O{j6f -Pp6f ;fgf], csf]{ 7"nf]_ 6\o|fS6/
e]6\of}F . kmfkm' !@ df]6/;fOsn klg . geP ;j{q ;'g;fg . P,
s]sf] ;'g;fg r/fr'?L hn}el/ rLFrLF ub}{ lyP .
ef]hk'/sf] lg3'/] k'u]F d . ;8s}el/ kTs/ . ToxfF sfFwdf emf]nf
af]s]/ k}bn 7d7d psfnf] n'OFsL n'OF nlDsGy]F . oxfF uf8Lleq a;]/
psfnf] hfFb}5' . kTs/ t pg} x'g\ . p:t} x'g\ . 6'Kkfdf k'Uof}F . k|foM
b'O{tn] ;;fgf 3/ ePsf] k'/fgf] ahf/ . aLrdf k|f0f /x]5 . uf8L
dfly;Dd hfG5 < pM ToxL xf] . af6f] cK7\of/f] 5 . uf8L oxLF /fv]
x'G5 . Tof] r]kaf6 hfg'xf];\ . b'O{ ldg]6 klg nfUb}g .
yGSofof}F uf8L . r]kaf6 psfnf] nfUof}F . s] r]k lg OF6f
5fk]sf] af6f] /x]5 . b/af/ k'Ug ! ldg]6 klg nfu]g . cjz]if
b/af/nfO{ ;}lgsn] ;'/Iff lbP/ a;]sf /x]5g\ . ;'/Iffdf vl6P klg
plxn]sf] h:tf] cfd hgtfnfO{ bKsfpg] rng /x]g5 . ;}lgs bfO
clns k/ l;nj/] yfn xNnfpFb} rf6\t} lyof] .

121

122

bflxg] kbf]{ /x]5 ;fttn] b/af/ . b/af/lt/ x]bf{x]b}{ ;lDemPF

uf]vf{sf /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] lj= ;+= !*)! df lht]sf] g'jfsf]6 .
pg}n] !*!( df agfPsf] of] gf}tn] b/af/ . oxLF a:tfa:t} !*@%
;fnsf] OGb|hfqfsf lbg lht]sf] sflGtk'/ . pgsf] u|LidsfnLg b/af/
. gAa] ;fnsf] e'OFrfnf]df dflysf b'O{ tnf elTsP/ clxn] ;ft tnf
dfq} 5 /] s]s] xf]nfg\ leq
x]g{ kfOG5 ls kfOFb}g < ;f]w]F d}n] . ToxfFsf] kfn]n] eGof]
cfh kfOGg . 6fOd ;lsof] . ef]ln dfq} . n]v]sf] k|j]zz'Ns k9]F
ljBfyL{ b; . hgtf aL; . ;fs{sf dfG5] Ps aL; . ljb]zL Ps
krf; . b/af/ j/k/sf lemFu6L5fg] c 3/x klg x]/]F . k|frLg
j}ej . dd{t;Def/ sd . ;f+:s[lts pRrtf . gf}nf] . /d0fLo b[Zo .
3/af6 st} 3'Dg lgl:sof] ls /lZdsf] elQmefj leq}af6
h'?sh'?s p7\g yfN5 . elgg\ oxLF 5 /] e}/jL dlGb/ . hfg]
xf]Og bz{g ug{ < x'G5 . hfg] . b/af/ 5f]8]/ e}/jL dlGb/lt/
hfFb}5f}F xfdLx .
k/af6 df]6f]df]6f] . xf]rf]xf]rf] . O:6sf]6 nufPsf] dfG5] n'?n'?
otf cfpFb}5 . d]/f] dgn] of} eGof] pM dx]Gb| kf08] . rf/
sIffb]lv ;ft;Dd k9]sf] cfgf] :s'n x]g{ cfPsf xf]nfg\ . csf]{ dg
eG5 pgL t sf]6]Zj/d} 5g\ lg Pdfn] /fhgLlt u/]/ a;]sf s]
cfpFy] lxF8\b}5' . km'Qkm'Q cfO/xG5 pgsf] cg'xf/ . tfxfrn
SofDk;df k9fpg], k|fWofks ;\3sf] dxf;lrj kbdf v/]nnfO{
lhtfpg emf]nf af]sL s'lblxF8\g], rGb|/fhsf] bnfgdf k~rfotlj?4
df]rf{aGbL ug]{ kf08];Fu d]/f klg w]/} lbg lat]sf lyP .
pgn] st} ;'gfPy] d :s'ndf k9\bf kmQ]dfg 8f]nn] p;sf]
afFb/ d]/f] lhpdf km'Q kmfNof] . d}n] afFb/nfO{ nfQn] ahfPF . lsg
s'l6;\ eg]/ rsf]{ emu8f uof] . lyof}F ;fyL;fyL . km]l/ ldNof}F .
csf]{ s'g} lbg dfwjsf] gofF sldhdf s;}n] d;L 5Sof]{ . p;n] bf]if
dnfO{ nfof] . emu8f kof] . 3/ lkmbf{ af6f] 9's]/ p;sL cfdfn] wf/]
xft nufpFb} dnfO{ elgg\ kfv]

kNnf] 5]pdf k'lu;s]5f}F . af6f]af6 clns tn kbf]{ /x]5 dlGb/

. e}/jL / ci6dflqsf . emof}F . leq k:of}F . wf]tL km]/]/ plePsf
k'hf/L k"hf ub}{ lyP . g]kfndf cem} cfWoflTds lgi7f hLljt} /x]sf]
b]v]/ cGt{bodf k"jL{o bz{g em'lNsof] . ;fyLx k"hf ub}{ x]b}{5g\ .
/f]lhgf kmf]6f] lvRt}l5g\ . d jfNn 5' . Psl5gkl5 d}n] k'hf/LnfO{
;f]w]F oxfF ;w}F k"hf x'G5 < laxfga]n'sf lgTok"hf x'G5 . oxfF
hfqf klg x'G5 < x'G5 . s]s] < e}/jL dlGb/ l;Gb'/]hfqf .
gf/fo0fhfqf . /f]kfOFhfqf . 6fs6's]hfqf . nfv]hfqf cflb .
ToxfFaf6 lgl:sof}F . /ft kg{ cfF6]5 . otfplt x]b}{ 8'Nb}5f}F .
a:tL, hgtfu[x:yLsf 3/, ahf/, ;]gf, c8\8fcbfnt b]Vtf k|frLg
/fHoJoj:yfsf] cg'dfg nufpg Tolt ufxf] ePg dnfO{ . ;'g;fg 5
k'/fgf] ;b/d'sfd g'jfsf]6sf] . d 3'Db}5' . slt dhfsf] 8fF8f]
y'Dsfdf nf}/f] 6]s]h:tf] plePsf] b/af/ . k|To]s tnfdf afb{nLaf6
b]lvg] lqz"nL . zq'sf] zAbzAb ;'Gg / s]nfpg ;lsg] kfl/nf] 8fF8f]
. dflyaf6 9'f n8fOlbP klg tnsf zq' 8/n] s'OFs'OF ub}{ efUy]
xf]nfg\ . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;Demgf cfpF5 .
lqz"nLsf] kfgLsf] dw'/ :j/ hlt ;'Gof], plt ;'gf}+;'gf}+ nfU5,
k|s[ltsf] ;'jf; rf/}lt/ 8'Nb}5 ;sLg;sL . ;'l/nf v . hLjGt
hLjg . zfGt dfG5] . czfGt dg . ul/aL . g'jfsf]6 .
kmls{g yfNof}F . embf{emb}{ af/ ahf/ b]v]F . s]ljlw pHofnf]
c;f/ kGw|sf] l;dv]tdf lxnf] 5]kf5]k ub}{ noa4 uLt ufpg]
dlxnfh:tf] af/ ahf/ .
P af/ ahf/ lemlnldnL aQLsf] bs]{kfgLdf gleh . lr;f]
nfUnf . cf]/fnf] embf{emb}{ d t Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf] y'Dsfdf kf] k'u]5' .
;d'b| . 8fF8f] . jg . s] km/s 5 / g'jfsf]6 / Soflnkmf]lg{ofdf

123

124

af/ ahf/ 3'Dbf M

ef]lnkN6 laxfg lrofsf] tntn nfUof] . xf]6n] efOx p7]sf
lyPgg\ . ofnaf6 x]/]F . /f]8df dfG5] lxF8\b}5g\ . 5\of5' pHofnf]
eO;s]sf] 5 . lg:s]F . /f]8kfl/sf] lrofk;nleq k;]F . /ftf] lrof

dfu]F . s';L{df a;]sf a'9fafnfO{ ;f]w]F oxfF slxn] cfpg'ePsf] xf]

< aL; jif{cl3 . Tolt a]nf oxfF a:g 8/ nfUYof] . d]/f] 3/ k'Ug b'O{
lbg nfU5 . dfly n]sdf 5 3/ .
lrof ;s]/ lgl:sPF . PSn} 5' . lxF8\b} k9] ofkm'Nnf df]afOn
dd{t tyf laqmL s]Gb|, g'jfsf]6 . zAbsf] cy{ yfxf geP klg dL7f]
nfUof] zAbsf] ld7f; . pRrf/0f dfw'o{ . 8f]sf]df ;fu xNnfpFb} a]Rg
lxF8\b}l5g\ Pp6L cfdf . kf]v/fsf] nfdfrf}/ k'u]h:tf] nfU5 .
ylGsPsf], lalu|Psf] a;df n]v]sf] x]/]F e}/jL oftfoft ;]jf . cl3
hfFb}5' d . bflxg] /x]5 dlGb/ . k9]F z]ifz}of s[i0fgf/fo0f dlGb/ .
dlGb/leq} Ogf/ . kfgL tfGb}, k"hf ub}{, emf]qmfpFb} dfG5]x . 5g\ klg
5}gg\ klg dfG5] .
;'t]sf] vf6h:t} /x]5 af/ ahf/, ndtGg k;fl/Psf] .
tlGsPsf], lkmFlhg ghfg]sf] . l;w} u'8'8' s'b]h:tf] ahf/ . 5]pdf
pleP/ x]/]F . k"j{klZrd y'k|} 5 vfnL hldg . Totf x]b}{ x]/]sf] 5}g
ahf/n] . Psf]xf]/f] cufl8 tlGsPsf] b]lvG5 . ;a}nfO{ /f]8d} k;n
yfk]/ a:g] /x/ eP/ xf] ls < ev{/ Psb'O{ 3/ /f]8 5f]8]/ leqkl
ag]sf, aGb} u/]sf /x]5g\ . kxf8 / jghnn] kx/f lbPsf] af/
ahf/ ;'Gb/ nfUof] . 3'Dbf3'Db} g'jfsf]6] d]/f k"j{ljBfyL{xnfO{
;lDemPF . s]zj kf08] . hgs nf]xgL . s]bf/ yklnof . lji0f' u'/fufO{
. zflGt/fd . cln k/ g'jfsf]6 cfbz{ ax'd'vL SofDk; af/, :yflkt
@)$@
k9]F
.
ljBfyL{xsf]
cfphfp
lyof] . eL8 xf]Og . zfGt jftfj/0f . xf]xNnf k6Ss} 5}g .
ToxfFFlg/ k9]F k~rsGof sDo'lg6L xl:k6n . 8fF8flt/ x]/]F .
pQ/blIf0f ;'t]sf] af/ ahf/nfO{ k\vf xlDslbFb} lyP y'Dsfy'Dsfdf
plePsf xl/of vx . cfh pb\3f6g x'g] k|fOd a}sf] zfvf
ejg;Dd k'u]/ kmls{PF . PSn} lxF8\b}5' . vsf] km]bdf x]/]F . n]v]sf]
/x]5 nf]stflGqs rf}tf/L . To;sf] ;Fu} /x]5 k|f~hn Ao'l6kfn{/ .
Ao'l6kfn{/sf] gfd k|f~hn /fVg] k'/]tnfO{ wGojfb lbF+b} eg]F slt
/fd|f] gfd

xf]6nleq k:g'cl3 pleP/ ahf/lt/ x]/]F . ;fgf7"nf 3/x

oyfjt\ nfu] . p:t} t xf] lj/f6gu/, e}/xjf, w/fg clg af/ ahf/
. af/ ahf/sf] /f]8 eg] w]/} 7"nf] b]v]F . c ahf/ s'\ln k/]sf, of]
eg] tgSs tlGsP/ ;'t]sf] . a'9fgLns07 dlGb/df ;'t]sf afsf]
3fF6Lsf] km"nsf] dfnf af/ ahf/ . rf/kfFr a} v'ln;s]sf . v'Nb}
c klg . dfG5] zfGt 5g\ . njfOvjfOdf pR5[\vntf k6Ss}
b]lvF+b}g . ;x/ eP/ klg kl/j]z u|fdL0f 5 . sn]h k9\g] s]6fs]6Ldf
cfw'lgstfsf] uGw kl;;s]sf] 5}g . k|frLg cfWoflTds uGw afFsL g}
5 eGg] s'/f ahf/leq ag]sf dlGb/xn] ;"lrt u5{g\ .
!@ ah] pb\3f6g ug]{, clxn] ( dfq} aHb}5 . glhs} 5 w'Gr] .
k'u]/ cfpg] < eGg'eof] dfdf>Ln] . ;a}n] Ps} :j/df eGof}F x'G5,
hfg]hfg] .
xfd|f b'O{j6f uf8L af6f] nfu] . a'9L xfFSg] . d ;Fu} . t];}{t];}{,
;8s};8s hfFb}5f}F . bflxg] kxf8, ufpF, 3/, ufO{uf]7 . b]a|] aUb}5
vf]nf] . gfd yfxf 5}g dnfO{ . d kfgL x]/]/ dVv 5' . u]v'{ vf]nf .
k'n cfof] . uof] . ;lsof] . Ps}l5gcl3 lyof] k'n . clxn] 5}g . xfdL
6f9f k'lu;s]sf 5f}F . hLjg klg t o:t} xf]nf 5 . 5}g . 5}g t/ 5
. af6fdf n]v]sf] 5 cufl8 sHj] . s] eg]sf], a'lemgF . sHj] n]v]sf]
w]/} 7fpFdf b]v]F d}n] . ;Dd ;8sdf x'OFlsFbfx'OFlsFb} a]qfjtL ahf/
cfof] . ToxfF k'n /x]5 . k'n t/]/ kfl/ uof}F . glhs} /x]5 /;'jfsf]
;fgf] ahf/ . leQfdf n]v]sf] b]v]F sfsfsf] xf]6n, nx/]kf}jf !,
/;'jf . sfsfsf] xf]6n glhs}sf] k;ndf df5f lsGof}F . c;fWo} dxFuf]
. 7f8f]vf]nfsf] df5f /]
ToxLF clns tn u]6 /x]5 . k9]F pQ/uofwfd, /fddlGb/
k|j]zf/ . dlGb/ x]g{ dg nfUof] . uof}F . aGb /x]5 . dlGb/glhs}
PSn} a;]sf /x]5g\ Pshgf ;fw' . kfgLlt/ b]vfpFb} pgn] eg] oxfF
tLg ufsf] ;d 5 . ?b|dtL, lqz"nL, a]qfjtL . oL tLgsf]
;d:ynnfO{ ;[li6, l:ylt, ;+xf/sf] PsLs/0f klg dfG5g\ oxfFsf
dfG5]x . cf:yf efuL/yL . cw{gUg ef]skLl8t afafnfO{ Ps
5fssf] Joj:yf ul/lbPF k};f lbP/ .

125

126

nx/]kf}jfaf6 ljb'/lt/ kmls{b}5f}F xfdL . ;8s jfl/kfl/, tndfly

tf]/Laf/L . wfgv]t . xl/of] jg . r/fr'?Lsf] lr/la/ . rf}tf/f] .
vf]N;f] . nx/fkx/f . x]bf{ ef]hk'/sf psfnLcf]/fnL s'b]h:tf] nfU5
. P3f/ alh;s]sf] x'G5 . xtf/xtf/ a}lt/ nfU5f}F .
ljb'/ gkf . af/ ahf/ ;drf]ssf] Pp6f 3/df rxnkxn 5
. Ps tnfdfly a} . aflx/af6 kmnfd] eof . tndfly ub}{
sd{rf/L . cfFugdf 6fFu]sf] kfn . vfg]s'/f cf];fb}{5g\ . cfpFb}5g\ .
hfFb}5g\ . lhNnf:t/Lo g]tf . sd{rf/L . ;}lgs . kqsf/ . Jofkf/L .
uGodfGo . ;a} cfO;s] .
jQmf Ps M g'jfsf]6 lhNnf g]kfnnfO{ !$ c~rn / &%
lhNnfdf ljefhg ug'{k"j{ klZrd ! g+= cGtu{t lyof] . kl5
;Nofgsf]6 / w'sf]{6 wflbdf k/] . sflnsf]6 /;'jfdf kof] . c 5
sf]6 -g'jfsf]6, a]nsf]6, dfnfsf]6, Kof;fsf]6, l;dnsf]6, e}/jsf]6_
o;} lhNnfdf 5g\ . uf]kfnj+zsf zf;ssf] kfnfb]lv g} gjsf]6 gfd
/xFb} cfPsf] lyof] .
jQmf b'O{ M k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g'jfsf]6 lht]kl5 sf7df8f}F
pkTosf klg lhTg ;lhnf] xf];\ eg]/ ToxfFsf] h:t} oxfFsf] 7fpFsf
gfd klg /fv] . OGb|rf]s, c;g, ;"o{ljgfos, a|Xd6f]n, OGb|fo0fL,
a|Xdfo0fL, zf]efeujtL cflb, h'g gfdx cfh;Dd klg oxfF
oyfjt} 5g\ .
tfnLsf] u8u8fx6sf aLrdf k|fOd sdl;{on a}sf r]o/Dofg
>L /fh]Gb|bf; >]i7n] l/ag sf6]/ cfO;f}F zfvfsf] pb\3f6\g ug'{eof]
.
yfKnfdf 8fF8fkfvf, kfpdf lgd{n lqz"nL, b]xdf k|fs[lts
3g36f, 3fF6Ldf km"nsf] dfnf -af/ ahf/_ . ;zQm P]ltxfl;s
sfnv08 g'jfsf]6 Soflnkmf]lg{of .

-@)&) kmfu'g @ ut] . 9sfnafsf] rf}/f;Ldf wflb k'Ubfsf] pkh ._

9sfnafsf] rf}/f;Ldf wflb

sf7df8f}+sf] d]/f] 3/cufl8 x'g] 5}gg\ vlgpF, sfa|f], s'6\ld/f] / 6fFsLsf vx . 6f6\gfdf
v;Lafv|f s/fpg] 5}gg\ . ufO{e};Lsf] uf]7 x'g] 5}g . cfFugaf6 k/ dfly lxpFsf y'k|f b]lvg]
5}gg\ .
5'g x'Gg eg]/ l8nd'lg dg afFw]/ a:g] cfkmGtx sxfF kfOPnfg\ / <

k'/]t u'? lzj 9sfnsf afsf] rf}/f;L 5 /] lgDtf] cfpFb}5 .

wflb hfg'k5{ xf]nf eg]sL lyOg\ /lZdn] . wflb x]g{] /x/ lyof]
dnfO{ klg . ldn]sf] lyPg . ===== sfo{qmddf kfNg'x'g lgdGq0ff
ub{5', OGb|sdn 9sfn eGg] sf8{ xft nfUof] . s] vf]H5;\ sfgf <
cfFvf] . hfg] g} lgwf] uof}F .
@)&) kmfu'g ! ut] af6f] nfUof}F . /lZdn] uf8L xfFlsg\ . efGhL
ljBf / ;Hhg nD;fn kl5 a;] . d cl3 . ;'OFlsof] uf8L . dn]v'
k'Ubf tLg 3G6f nfu]5 . af6fdf k9]F wflb lhNnf :jfut ub{5 .
nf} hf, gd:t] kf] e]l6of] . psfnf], t];f{], kxf8, kfvf, jg, 3/}3/
x]bf{x]b}{ s'OFSs 3'd]sf] !* lsnf]ld6/ af6f] t yfx} gkfO{sg ;lsP5 .
xfdL wflba]F;L ahf/leq kl;;s]]5f}F . x]b}{ hfFb}5f}F . k9\5' . k'5f/
dfeml;/fg ahf/ . gf}nf] nfUof] . cGtsf ahf/df o;/L 5'6\ofPsf]
b]v]sf], ;'g]sf] lyOgF .
lhNnf cbfntdf cfgf] uf8L yGSofP/ csf]{ alnof] uf8Ldf
hfFb}5f}}F psfnf] . xfdL hfg] 7fpFsf] gfd s] xf] ;Hhg < uf8Ldf slt
a]/
nfU5 < pgn] Ps} ;f;df eg] d'/nLeGHof uf= lj= ;=,
lgufnkfgL &, xl6of xf] . ToxfF k'Ug Ps 3G6fhlt nfU5 . cfh t
d]/} 3/ emu/] * df a:g'k5{ . ef]ln laxfg dfdf3/df hfg] . d}n]
x'G5 eg]F .

127

128

kLr gu/]sf] vfN8fv'N8L af6f] . u/]sf 7fpFdf klg cfn' tf5]sf]

h:tf] ;8s . 3fF;, v, kfvf], hn, 3/x ;a} /fd|f] eGg] ls
g/fd|f] . Tof] k/ tn b]lvg] v]t ePsf] 7fpFsf] gfd s] xf] <
;'gvfgL . ;'gh:tf kx]nf wfg w]/} kmNg] eP/ To;f] eg]sf] xf]nf
s'lGg . /fdrGb| nD;fn lrg]sf] 5 < 3/ stf xf] < d]/f ;fyL x'g\
. gfd ;'g]sf] 5' . kfNkfeGHofdf 3/ 5 /] pgsf] .
/lZdnfO{ ;f]w]+ wflb ahf/ s:tf] nfUof] < elgg\ /fd|f]
. 3'd]s} 5}g, s] eg'g\ dfnf nfP/ l7 plePsf] cUnf] dfG5] wflb
ahf/ . dfly lxdfnaf6 aUb} em/]/ d}bfgdf k'u]sf] gbL wflb ahf/
. ahf/df 5g\ k|foM hf]l8Psf demf}nf 3/ . 5}g kmf]xf]/ . 5}g ;kmf .
;f]emf, zfGt, pbfQ dfG5] . 8f]sf], 9fs/, wf]qmf], y'G;] af]s]/ ahf/df
tndfly lxF8\b} e]l6G5g\ 6f]kL / bf}/f clg ;f8L / rf]nLx . k/k/
kfvfleQfdf klg l;d]G6]8 cUnf, lrl6Sssf 3/ b]lvG5g\ .
ahf/eGbf klg 8Nnf kmf]/]sf] af/L, hf]t]sf] v]t, s'n];f], 8fF8fkfvf
dnfO{ dg kof] .
olt /fd|f] ahf/nfO{ s'g gbLn] 3]/]sf] xf]nf < dfly kxf8af6
cf];L vf]nf aUb} ahf/;Dd cfOk'U5 . ToxfF yf]kn gbL 5 . cf];L /
yf]kn b'j}sf] kfgLn] wflb ahf/nfO{ kl/qmdf u/]sf] 5 eG5g\ .
;Hhgn] eg] . uf8L /f]Sg'xf];\ . ca stf lg < d"naf6f] xf]Og,
leq nfuf}F . Tot} x'OFlsof] uf8L . ;fFem kg{kg{ yfn]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnLn] eTsfpg kfPsf], s] rflxof] EjfsEjfsL eTsfP/ agfPsf]
uf8L s'b\g] n}a'] af6f]af6 hfFb}5f}F . k'luP5 . uf8LnfO{ /f]s]/ labf
lbof}F . kmls{of] . Ps}l5gdf cfOk'Uof] ;Hhgsf] 3/ .
d'/nLeGHof uf= lj= ;= j8f g+= * emu/] . afns[i0f
nD;fnsf] 3/dflysf] af/Ldf k'u]/ lxF8\b}5f}F . efn's's'/ cfP/ ;'Fb}5 .
a'?sa'?s plk|mFb}5 . cfFugdf 6]Sof}F . hf8f] 5 . leq a;f}F eGg'eof]
;HhgsL cfdfn] .
klxn]sf] rf}sf] . clxn] ;DofP/ dem]/L agfPsf] 7fpFdf
cf]5\ofPsf] u'Gb|Ldf a;]sf 5f}F xfdL tLghgf . ljBf, d / /lZd .
;Hhg aflx/leq ub}{5g\ .

b"w ls lrof < b"w} 7Ls . nD;fnafn] s'F9] a;fP . r'nfdf

cfuf] afn]s} lyof] . bfp/f lyP . b"w plDng yfNof] . xfd|f dlxnf
8f8'n] b"w rnfpFb} eGb}5g\ slt dL7f] af:gf 7"nf7"nf
lunf;el/ b"w cfof] . km'km' ub{} lkof}F . cxf, slt dL7f] 3/}sf]
sfpnL
kfSof]
.
;fu
cf]lN;of] . 3/sf] ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf] aGb ePsf] /x]5 . s/fxLdf 7]psf]
c8\ofPkl5 w"jfF kf; wof] . eft vfFb} d}n] ;fw]F xfdL a;]sf] of]
7fpFnfO{ s] eG5g\ < dem]/L . ufu|LcDvf]/f /fVg] 7fpFnfO{ lg <
cfF6L . df]xL s]df kfg'{x'G5 < 7]sLdf . ;a} 5 < 5 lg dbfgL,
g]tL ;a} 5 . cu]g' 5}g t < lyof] . k'of}F . clxn] 5}g . xfd|f
cufl8 cDvf]/fdf kfgL cfof] . ;dfof}F . aflx/ lgl:sof}F . r'7\tfr'7\t}
cfFugcl3lNt/ b]v]F lrl6Sssf] ;fgf] 3/ . of] s] 3/ < afv|fsf] vf]/
. ;'Tg] ls < x'G5 . stf lg < wG;f/df . s] xf] wG;f/ <
ef]hk'/lt/ dtfg eG5g\ lg 3/;Fu} hf]l8Psf] csf]{ 3/ . wG;f/df
klg lemlnldnL aQL /x]5 . cf]5\ofgdf klN6Fb} dfly x]/]F . ;]tf] l6gsf]
5fgf] l6lnSs 5 . kjtL ;'Gb/L 5fgf] /ftel/ dnfO{ ?Fu]/ al;/xL .
pHofnf] eof] . nl8Pnf, lrlKnPnf eGb} tnfdflyaf6 tn em/]F
. ToxLF wf/f] jftftf aUb} lyof] . gf3]F . uf]7df 3fF; vfFb} lyP
j:t'x . s/fpFb} lyP afv|f . ;femf /x]5 rkL{ . l;d]G6]8 agfPsf] .
uPF . k;]F . lgl:sPF . bfFt dfb}5g\ cfFugdf xfd|f cfdfx . d klg
uPF . plePF . 3/d'lg af/L . af/Ldf 6'KkL 7f8f] kf/]/ a;]sf
snsnfpFbf d'nf . ToxLF 5 Pp6f uf]ne]8fsf] af]6 . af/Ld'lg
l6g5fg] / 9'f5fg] 3/x 5g\ . k|To]s 3/sf] s/];fdf gf\nfkft]
xl/of] /fof]sf] ;fu b]lvG5 . s/fpFb}5g\ afv|fsf kf7f DofFDofF .
e'St}5 sfn] s's'/ . 3/dflysf] uf8L s'b\g] af6fdf lxF8\b}5g\ dfG5]
k}bn .
d x]b}{5' af/Llt/ . hf]t]/ vg]sf] ?vf] /ftdf6] af/Ldf luv]{ 9'f
5g\ . eG5' oxfF cGg leofpg t ls;fgxnfO{ d'l:sn k5{
xf]nf af/Lsf] l8ndf plePsf vlgpFsf v dlt/ x]b}{ xlNnFb}5g\ .
cUnf s'6\ld/fsf ;'l/nf v l7 plePsf 5g\ . sfa|f]sf] v dlt/
x]b}{ dl:sFb}5 .

129

130

otf x]bf{x]b}{ d]/f] cfFvfdf lb\nf kf] kmgkmgL cfof] . d]/f]

3/d'lgsf] a8x/sf] kf6f] af/L . Tof]d'lg d"naf6f] . d"naf6f]df
eGHoflt/af6 k9]/ xfdL 3/ lkmb{}5f}F . dfly cfFugaf6 xfdLlt/ x]b}{
cfdf ;f/f];f/f] eGg'x'G5 P s]6fx lsg v]ln/xG5f} < rfF8f]
cfcf] . vfhf ;]nfO;Sof] .
emf]nf;f]nf af]Sg'k/]g . Hofg k'ofpg kfP eof] . d}n] nf}/f]
vf]h]/ 6]s]F . nD;fnsf] 3/af6 9sfnafsf] lgDtf]3/lt/ hfg af6f]
nfUof}F . slt ;do nfUnf < ufpFn]nfO{ !%@) ldg]6 . xfdLnfO{
Ps 3G6f . psfnf] r9\b}5f}F . hg}k"l0f{dfdf xftdf afFWg] 8f]/f]h:tf]
gsRr/f] af6f] . 7d7d . s'OFSs . km6fkm6 . :jfF:jfF . hfFb}5f}F .
cfof] < ca !% ldg]6 . o:tf !% ldg]6 t sltslt g lrof g
gf:tf
j/kLkn . df}nf] . ds}af/L . x]b}{, 6]St}, cl;gkl;g x'Fb}
aNnaNn k'Uof}F .
Wjhfktfsf / j}lbs dGqf]Rrf/0f ;'g]/ 3/ 7Dofpg a]/ nfu]g
. afn] d]/f] 3/df 7"nf7"nf k"hfkf7 u/fpFbf klg o;/L g} e]nf x'Gy]
l5d]sLx . kml/of dfly ;'s]{sf cfd}x . gfsdf l;ufgsf nTsf
af]s]sf e'/fx . afFafF ub}{ ufO{e};L . /f8Ldfly a;]/ xft xNnfpFb}
u/]sf 6'KkLjfnfx . ;kSs asf]{ cf]8]/ otfptf ub}{ sfd ul//x]sf
a'xf/Lx . sfd ;3fpFb} l5d]sLx . xfd|f ;a}lt/sf ufpFx o:t}
t xf]nfg\ sfh]{df
rf}/f;L ug]{ afnfO{ lrg]sf] lyOgF . o1d08kdf a;]sf] b]v]/
afcfdf b'j}nfO{ lrg]F . sfd u/f}F xfdL kfx'gf . 5]p6'Kkf] yfxf 5}g .
u'Gb|Ldfly a;]sf] 5, a;]sf] 5 . slt a:g] < ;Hhg, lxF8 . 8'nfpm
ltd|f] ufpF . x'G5 . lgl:sof}F .
3/dflysf] 8fF8fdf k'ofP/ eg] of] sf]68fF8f xf] . of] dlGb/
alg;s]sf] 5}g . of] kfgL6\ofL xf] . tn wf]pFvf]nfaf6 kDk u/]/
dfly r9fPsf] kfgL . oxfFaf6 lxdfn b]lvG5 . t/ cfh x':;'
nfu]sfn] 5]lsPsf] 5 . pM k/ b]lvg] :s'n r08]Zj/L pRr df= lj=
xf] . ToxfF d}n] b;;Dd k9]F . cfhef]ln b; hf]8 b'O{;Dd k9fO x'G5 .

Tof] k/ b]lvg] hn ePsf] y'Dsf]nfO{ lgufn]kfgLsf] y'Dsf] eG5g\ .

ToxfF Hjfnfd'vL dfO{sf] dlGb/ 5 . x]g{ hfg] < hfg] eg]/ xfdL
rf/hgf Totf nfUof}F .
xfd|f] ufO8 eGb}5 of] ufpFnfO{ xl6ofufpF eG5g\ . oxfF
g]jf/ a:tL 5 . pgLx klg g]kfnL af]N5g\ . x]/]F . Tof] ufpF
ufpFh:t} nfUof] . l7dL jf eQmk'/sf] g]jf/a:tLh:tf] lyPg .
j/kLkn ePsf] rf}tf/f] cfof] . xfd|flt/ zlgaf/ k"hf x'GYof] . oxfF
ubf{ /x]g5g\ eg]F dgdg} . clns k/ t];}{t];}{ uof}F . ufO8 pjfr
of] u'?xsf] a:tL xf] . o;nfO{ sfkmnkfgL ufpF eG5g\ . wgL g
ul/a, ;Dd 5g\ dfG5] . v]tL u5{g\, afFR5g\ . xfdL lxF8\b} u/]sf] of]
u'?ufpF xf] . k;n 5 < 5 . Jofkf/ klg ubf{ /x]5g\ < xf] .
:s'ndf s]6fs]6LnfO{ k7fpF5g\ < cfhef]ln hDd} 3/af6 :s'n
k7fpF5g\ gfgLx . rf}tf/fdf a;]/ lrof dufof}F . lkof}F .
clxn] HjfnfdfO{sf] hnsf] 3'D6f] cf]9]sf] dlGb/lt/ nfUb}5f}+ .
psfnf] ;'? eof] . tn}b]lv 9'f 5fk]sf] /x]5 . dfly k'Ug si6 / lgs}
;do nfUof] . dlGb/df tGg]/L zfSo k'hf/L lxF8\g} nfu]sf /x]5g\ .
xfdLnfO{ b]v]/ /f]lsP . s'/fsfgLkl5 pgn] ;'gfP plxn] 9'faf6
b"w cfPsfn] oxfF HjfnfdfO{ 5g\ eg]/ pg}sf] dlGb/ agfPsf] xf] .
k'/fgf] 9'f] 5}g . sf7 5 . 7"nf] 3G6f lyof] . rf]/L eof] . ;o
d'/Lhlt cfpg] u'7L 5 . of] hn ;a} u'7Ls} xf] . bfh'efO vns
xfdL kfn}kfnf] k"hf u5f}{+ .
kmls{b}5f}+ xfdL . d clns cl3 uP/ dfly 8Dd a;]sf]
hnlt/ x]5'{ . slt ;'Gb/ sfgg ljxu ufog . 5}gg\ dfG5] . 5g\
slnnf, tGg]/L / a"9f vx . k|s[ltsf] cj0f{gLo ;'Gb/tf .
cnf}lss sf]dntf . l5/la/] dfG5]sf] hLjg slxNo} aGg ;s]g
ks[lts]f k|fs[lts dw'df; . 3/lt/ kmls{b}5f}F . ;f]w]F of] ofDd
cUnf] xl/of] vsf] gfd s] xf] < ltb' . o;sf] kmn dL7f] x'G5 .
;fgfdf xfdLn] w]/} vfPsf lyof}F .
3/ k'Uof}F . k"hf eO/x]sf] 5 . 3/cufl8 cfFug . cfFugd'lg
af/L . af/Ldf 6';'Ss a;]sf 5g\ ^& hgf nf]Ug]dfG5] / :jf:gLdfG5]

131

132

. o;}nfO{ eG5g\ xf]nf j0f{e]b . rf}sfd'lg a;]sf ;ft}hgf 6'n'6'n'

x]l//x]sf lyP k"hf u/]lt/ . d pgLxnfO{ k9\g vf]H5' . csf{sf]
wd{sd{df grNg] eP lsg cfPsf xf]nfg\ oL ;Tkfqx < ufpF cflv/
xf] g} ufpF oxfF 5'tc5't x'g] t/ hf] h:tf] eP klg Psn] csf{nfO{
;3fpg}kg]{ .

x'Gg eg]/ l8nd'lg dg afFw]/ a:g] cfkmGtx sxfF kfOPnfg\ /

d"nf, 3fF;kft, af6f]3f6f] ;lDemFbf;lDemFb} lgl:sof}F . uf8L e]l6of] .
r9\of}F . ca ;// .

t'nfbfg M
t'nfbfg ug]{ a]nf eof] . ljjfxsf] z'ed'x"t{h:tf] . xf]Og, of]
gf}nf] . dfrsf vfFafh:tf] rf]s ePsf] b'O{ vfFaf b'O{lt/ uf8]sf 5g\ .
tL vfFafsf] rf]s]df alnof] anf]h:tf] sf7 t]:of{Psf] 5 . Tof] t];f]{]
anf]sf] ckf]lh6 kf/]/ sk8f a]/]/ agfPsf] kx]+nf] 8f]/L 5 df]6f],
em'G8\ofPsf] . xf], ToxL sk8fsf]] 8f]/Ldf csf]{ ;f]emf] sf7 l5/fOPsf]
5 . ToxL sf7sf] 6'Kkf]df Psflt/ dfG5] a:g] / csf]{lt/ k};f hf]Vg]
t'nf] /fv]sf 5g\ . a]nf eof] . em'G8\ofP . dfG5] a:g]lt/ a;] a'9faf
rf}/f;Ljif]{ . csf]{ 6'Kkfdf k};}k};f em'G8\ofP . w'dwfd;Fu z\v306
ah] . afel/sf] k};f hf]lvof] . hf]lvPsf] k};f bfg ug]{ /] of] ;a}
j}lbs ljlwcg';f/ ePsf] /] d Psl5g emf]qmfPF . s] xf] of] t'nfbfg
< clgjfo{ st{Jo jf b]xfGt/ ;'vk|flKt dfu{ lgdf{0f < d, p, af,
cfd}, l8nd'lg a:g] dfG5] ;a} t dnf{g\ lg Ps lbg k};fsf] km'lt{
egf}+ eg] Tolt w]/} k};f ePh:tf klg nfUb}gg\ af . cGwljZjf;,
wfld{s ckftf, cGwf]kgn] cfR5flbt d'/nLeGHofs} klxnf] j}lbs
of] t'nfbfgnfO{ s]jn cfTdt'li6 lrGtg 7fg]+ d}n] .
ef]ln laxfg /lZdn] lkq[jt\ afnfO{ uR5]cg';f/ kq+k'ikd\ ul/g\
. d}n] pgnfO{ 5f]PF . labf eP/ lgl:sof}F . tn ;Nn]8fF8f
lgufnkfgL;Dd lxF8]kl5 dfq} uf8L e]l6g] /x]5 . cf]/fnf] af6f] emb}{5'
. wQ]/L ufpF 5f]8]/ stf nfu]sf] dg} lvGg eof] . sf7df8f}Fsf]
hLjg ;Dem]/ cf} l;l/ eof] . w"jfF, w"nf], kfgLsf] cefj, aQL
ufoa, rf]/L, 8s}tL, /]k . o:t}o:t} .
sf7df8f}Fsf] d]/f] 3/cufl8 x'g] 5}gg\ vlgpF, sfa|f], s'6\ld/f] /
6fFsLsf vx . 6f6\gfdf v;Lafv|f s/fpg] 5}gg\ . ufO{e}F;Lsf]
uf]7 x'g] 5}g . cfFugaf6 k/ dfly lxpFsf y'k|f b]lvg] 5}gg\ . 5'g'
133

134

-@)&! kmfu'g & ut] dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] bfdglt/ 8'Ng hfFbf b]v]sf]
nfnLu'/fF;sf] dgf]/d b[Zo_

nfnLu'/fF;
l8nd'lgdfly 9sdSs /ft} km'n]sf nfnLu'/fF;sf] jglt/ x]bf{x]b}{ d]/f] xif{ dflQof] . pd
nlof] . cfFvf cflQP . nfnLu'/fF; dleq uf, uf]bfj/L] / sfj]nLsf] kfgL ag]/ aUg yfNof]
;nn .

/lZdsf] 5]pdf uP/ eg]F lxhf] lbgel/ kfgL kof] . bfdgdf

lxpF k/]sf] 5 /] x]g{ hfg] xf]Og < lsg < lxpFsf 8Nnf,
lxdfR5flbt d]3dfnf, ufpFsf] dgdf]xs ;f}Gbo{ x]g{ lg tkfO{+nfO{
bfdg hfg] dg 5 eg] hfcf}F, t/ d klg u9LdfO{ hfG5' . hfGgF eGg
kfOGg lg x'G5 . hfg] lg a"9fa"9L dfq} s] hfg] c6\g]hlt c
klg /fv] x'Gg / < x'G5 . Joj:yf u/ g . ;f]lw/xg'k5{ /
xfdL kfFrhgf bfdglt/ nfUofF}F . sflndf6L 5f]8\bf To:t} !@
hlt ah]sf] x'g'k5{ lbpF;f]sf] . vfFb}ulkmFb} hfFbfhfFb} yfx} gkfO{sg
gf}la;] k'luP5 . sf/ /f]lsg\ /lZdn] . lrof vfofF}F . bfp/fdf ksfPsf]
dL7f] . psfnf] nfUof}F . s'OFSs 3'D5 zLtn] lgy|'Ss} leh]sf] ;8s .
sfGnfdf xl/of] aG;f] 5 . l8nd'lgdfly xlNnFb}5 vlgpFsf] v .
kmfkm' 3/ cfpF5, hfG5 . uf8L rNbf ofq'nfO{ eft v'jfpg] ;fgf
ahf/ cfpF5g\ . tL klg x/fpF5g\ . z"Go 5 ahf/ . 5}gg\ uf8L .
aHb}g xg{ . g ;fOsn, g l/S;f, g dfG5]sf] eL8 . d:t lgb|fdf
jf/jf/ ;'t]sf] h:tf] nfU5 ahf/ . lgbfpg] dfG5] lgb|fd} eP klg
lglZrGt x'G5 . t/ oxfFsf ufpFn]nfO{ ul/aL / cefjn] etetL
kf]n]sf] xf]nf eGg] c8\sn sf6\5' . lar/f ufpFn]x s] xf]nfg\ /
lglZrGt
x]bf{x]b}{ ;]t} 9sdSs km'n]sf] cf?sf] af]6 cfof] . o:t} af]6
kfNkfdf b]Vtf /dfPsf] lyPF . clxn] peGbf of] emg\ ;f}Gbo{k"0f{ 5 .
x]/]/ gc3fOg] slt /fd|f] b[Zo g 6f]Sg', g af]Sg' 5f8\g}kof]
135

j[If;f}Gbo{ . oyfjt\ uO/Xof}F . dfly 5 jg . tn 5 af/L . aLrsf]

;8s ?dfn lgrf]/]/ ev{/ k'5]h:tf] lr;f] 5 . ToxL ;8sdf #$
hgf gfgLx 8fnLdf / xftdf nfnLu'/fF; af]s]/ plePsf b]v]F .
xft}n] uf8Llt/ O;f/f ub}{ eg] lsGg';\ g, !% ?Kk] dfq} eP x'G5
. kmls{+bf lsgf}Fnf eGb} uO/Xof}F xfdL . o:tf nfnLu'/fF;] gfgLx
xfdLn] af6fdf w]/} e]6\of}F . lsGg eg] lsg]gf}F .
hfFbfhFfb} eO t uof] ;fFem bfdg} xf] of] . stf a:g], s'g
xf]6ndf a:g] xf]nf eGb} lyof}F . ToxLF plePsf] Pshgf eb| k'?ifn]
eGof] kfgf]/df xf]6n /fd|f] 5 . ;'ljwf klg 5 . ot} a:g'xf];\ .
uf8L oxLF /fv] x'G5 . xfdL /flt x]/rfx u5f}{ . xf]6n cln tn 5 .
x'G5 t eg]/ lxF8\of+}F . pm cl3 . xfdL kl5 . b'O{ kfOnf
lxF8\g]lalQs} ;]tf lxpFsf 8Nnf b]v]F e'OFdf . vd'lgsf] leQfdf klg
lxpF hd]sf] /x]5 . xftdf lnPF . lr;f]n] s6Ss} sf6\of] xft .
vaf6 tktk v:t}5 kfgL, zLt, cfF;' .
;f]wF+] Tof] v < plQ; . p lg < sk'/ . Vj} t xf]6n
< pM k/, tn b]Vg'ePg < b]Vg t b]v]F efO . xfdL Tolt 6f9f
hfFb}gf}F eg]/ kmgSs kmls{of}F . hf8f]n] sfDb}5 lhp . gl/;fO{ p;n]
eGof] dg gnfu] xfd|f]df ghfg'xf];\ . dfly bfdg ahf/df ;8sd}
hf]l8Psf xf]6nx 5g\ . ToxLF a;] x'G5 . x'G5 eGb} p;nfO{ lrof
vfg] k};f lbP/ psfnf] nfUof}F . ;8s}sf] lxdlzv/ xf]6ndf sf]7f
vfnL /x]5g\ . o:t} xf] . oxLF a;f}F . rN5 . Ps /ft t xf] eg]/
ToxLF
a:g
sf]7f
lnof}F . To;} a]nf aQL afNbf an]g . aQL 5}g . nf} hf . s] ug]{
eGb} lyof}F . em'n'Ss em'lNsof] aQL . vfglkg oyfjt\ . lr;f]lr;f]
;'snf klg k"j{jt\ . /ft laTof] .
bfdgdf Ps laxfg M
k|s[ltsf] pBfg . g]kfnsf] uf}/j ;'nlnt cfsfz . emdemd
hLjg . cnf}lss kxf8L b[Zo . z'e| lxdnx/f . bfdg .
136

dsjfgk'/ lhNnf . bfdg . lxdlzv/ xf]6n . 5t . pHofnf]

eO;s]sf] 5 . k"j{ kmls{P/ PSn} /ldtf x]b}{5' d . em'lNsg} cfF6]sf 5g\
3fd .
km';km'; emb}{5 t';f/f] . d'lg ndtGg ;'t]sf] 5 e/v/ g'xfPsf]
;8s . z"Go . s'2} 5}gg\ uf8Lx . Psb'O{hgf cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ub}{5g\ .
xf]6nsf] leQfdf 6F;fP/ /fv]sf] xfd|f] uf8L lxdd"R5{gfn] jf t';f/f]sf]
clj/n :vngn] ;]t} km'n]sf] a"9f] ePsf] 5 . cfsfzaf6 clxn] klg
tktk emb}{5 t';f/f] . glhs} b]lvG5 l/Qf] 3/h:tf] k|x/L rf}sL .
5fk|fxaf6 p8\b}5 w"jfF .
g xf]rf g cUnf vx Psf]xf]/f] dlt/ x]l//x]sf 5g\ . gf}nf]
7fg] xf]nfg\ dnfO{ . xf]6n] efO cfOk'u]5 ToxfF . ;f]w]F tL vsf]
s] gfd xf] < v;'{ . of] hftsf vx affl6f x'G5g\ . kmn]snfO{
sfd nfUb}gg\ . tn xf]6n snaf/L / /fh' xf]6n b]lvG5 . /f]8sf]
l;d]G6]8 af]8{df n]v]sf] k9\5' bfdg, prfO @$** ld6/ . 3'd]/
x]5'{ pAhfp x'g] vfnsf] hldg k6Ss} b]lVtgF . psfnf] r9\b} u/]sf]
rp/df zLtn] cnlnPh:tf nfU5g\ u0f]zlk|o b"afx . b"af] dfq}
xf]Og, v;'{sf v, 3fF;kft ;a} hf8f]n] c/l/Ph:tf] nfU5 . zLt
emb{}5 la:tf/} . lxpF / t';f/f] dfq} kmNg], aflngfnL gx'g] of] 7fpFdf
a:g] ;fdfGo dfG5]sf] hLjg s:tf] xf]nf ;lDemFbf klg ;gGg x'G5 .
k/af6 afN6Ldf b"w lnP/ otf cfpFb}5 ufpFn] . xf]6nsf] efF8fdf b"w
vGofP/ r'/f]6sf] ;sf]{ tfGb} 9'Ss x'g] xf]nf pm .
tftf] kfgL vfP/ x]6f}8flt/ emg{ yfNof}F . Psflaxfg} hn}hn,
8fF8fkfvf x]b}{ jgleqaf6 csf{n] rnfPsf] uf8Ldf hfg kfpFbf Sof
dhf emg\ ;'g;fg af6f]df sf]OnL / nf6f]sf];]/f]sf kf/fkf/fsf uLt
;'Gbf sltslt lbn v'; . cUnf ;Nnfsf vx xlNnFb}5g\ . xfjf
lr;f] 5 . hf8f] 5}g . xfjfn] sGofpFb} d';f/]h:tf] eO/x]5 z/L/ .
nfnLu'/fF; xftdf lnPsf e'/f . 7"nf] vf\u|]df kTs/ af]s]/ tn hfFb}
u/]sf b'O{ cfdfx . e''St} xfdLnfO{ v]2} s's'/ . 8fF8}el/ jg .
8/nfUbf eL/kfvfdf s'OFSs 3'd]sf] kfgL . lrNnf] ;8s . lrof vfg]
< ljBf . vfg] ;a} . uf8Laf6 aflx/ lgl:sof}F .

h'Fu]sf] lrofk;n M
lrofk;nleq k:of}F . r'nfdfly s/fxLdf a;fn]sf] afSnf]
t/jfnf b"w b]v]/ c;nL 7fpFdf cfOk'luof] h:tf] nfUof] . d t b"w
vfG5' elgg\ /lZdn] . cfof] . vfOg\ . PSn} vfg] < eGb} d}n] klg
dfu]F . dL7f] . lrof eg] ;a}n] vfof}F . o:tf] kf] lrof t of] 7fpFnfO{
s] eG5g\ < nfld8fF8f . Kn]g PlS;8]G6 ePsf] 7fpF xf] < xf] .
c gf:tfkfgLsf] Joj:yf ug{ yfn] . d lxF8]/ clns k/ k'u]F . PSn}
.
tn jg . dfly jg . jgglhs} kfvf] af/L . af/Ldf eTs]sf] 3/
. l8ndf plePF . tn kfv}el/ cUnf, xl/of, ofDd v 5g\ . xf],
ToxL jgsf] aLrdf xl/of] rf]nf] / xl/o} ;f8L ;]6 ldnfP/ nufPsL,
lgwf/df 7"nf] /ftf] 6Lsf nufPsL, ee{/fpFbL, /fd|L s]6L b]v]F . jgleq
PSn} pleg] oL sf] x'g\, cndNn kb}{ km]l/ Tof] 6Lsflt/ x]/]F . xf]Og kf]
/x]5 s]6Lsf] lgwf/sf] 6Lsf . Tof] t nfnLu'/fF;sf] Ps em'Kkf] /x]5 .
af6}df 6';'Ss a;]/ tLgj6f 6sn] hF'u]af;Fu lrof ksfOdfUb}5g\
h:tf] b]lvG5 . a]Grdf a;]sf] ;fgf] s]6fn] dlt/ Psf]xf]/f] x]l//Xof] .
d
;fx'gLnfO{
k};f
lbFb}
lyPF . d}n] klg km'Rr]nfO{ x]/]F . p;sf cfFvf s]ljlw rlDsnf c;fWo}
rnfv aRrf o;n] s]xL u5{ eGb} ;f]w]F slt eof} < gf} jif{ .
sltdf k9\5f} < cIf/ lrg]s} 5}g . :s'n hfGgF . xfd|f] lzIff

137

138

nfnLu'/fF; M
cf]/fnf] emb}{5f}F kmgkmgL 3'd]sf] ;8s};8s . zLt emb}{5 .
r/f]d';f] 5}g . ;'g;fg . cfFvf lrlDnP/ rnfP klg csf]{ uf8Ldf
g7f]lsg] . csf]{ uf8L eP kf] 7f]lsGYof] xfd|f] lghL ;8s .
;'Ts]/LnfO{ t]n 3;]h:tf] xf]Og, ev{/ g'xfP/ wf/faflx/ cfPsL
dlxnfsf] gk'5]sf] skfnh:tf] ;8s .
pM u'/fF; b]lvof] . /f]s g uf8L . x]/f}F . ef], gx]g]{ . ToxfF
Pp6f dfq} nfnLu'/fF; 5 . s'bfPsf] 5, s'bfPsf] 5 uf8L . pgn]
s'bfPsf] uf8LeGbf cem a];/L d]/f] dg s'2}5 . nfnLu'/fF;;F+u gfl/P/
ll;Ss xfF;]sf] kmf]6f] lvRg gkfpFbf ySsySs nfU5 .

pM, pM u'/fF;, /f]s g . ef]ef], kl5 x]/fF}nf eGb} s'bfO/xlG5g\

. lgdf]7gfdf]7, sRofss'r's kf/]/ uf8LnfO{ w'hfw'hf agfcf}F h:tf]
nfU5 .
pM pM, kfv}el/ nfnLu'/fF;}nfnLu'/fF; . ca t /f]s g x'G5
t x'G5 eGb} /f]lsg\ uf8L . aflx/ lgl:sof}F .
l8ndf pleP/ ;8sdflysf] ljzfn hnlt/ x]b}{5' d .
hnel/ 9sdSs km'n]sf nfnLu'/fF;n] jg} /ftf] b]lvG5 . tL
nfnLu'/fF;sf em'Kkfdf e/v/ pbfPsf tGg]/L ;"o{ d8fl/O{ cfgGb
lnO/x]sf 5g\ . nfnLu'/fF;sf zf]efodfg ;'Gb/ em'Kkf b]v]/ b k5'{
d.
kl5lNt/ kmlsPF . nfnLu'/fF;sf] 8fF8}el/sf] ;f}Gbo{kfg ubf{ub{}
8Dd} c3fPF d . slt dhfsf] b[Zo d}n] s] kf] ;Tsd{ u/]sf] lyPF /
olt dgefjg b[Zo x]g{ kfPF 5Ss 5' d .
l8nd'lgdfly 9sdSs /ft} km'n]sf y'k|} nfnLu'/fF;sf v .
k|s[lts b[Zo x]bf{x]b}{ d]/f] xif{ dflQof] . pd nlof] . cfFvf cflQP .
nfnLu'/fF; uf, uf]bfj/L / sfj]nLsf] kfgL eP/ dleq au]sf] aUo}
ug{ yfNof] .
af]s]/ sf7df8f}F nuf}F, s'lxG5 . gnuf}F, dg dfGb} dfGb}g .
ysys . nfnLu'/fF; ;'g]sf] lyPF . of] g]kfnsf] /fli6\o km"n xf] eGg]
k9]sf]
klg
lyPF . t/ cfhhlt w]/} nfnLu'/fF; Ps} 7fpFdf pleP/ x]g{ kfPsf]
lyOgF . hnsf] 8fF8fdf pleP/ cfFvfn] b]v]hlt tn / dflysf
jgel/ 9sdSs km'n]sf nfnLu'/fF; b]Vtf dg} rdrdfof] . b kof] .
o;sf] dxQf dxfg\ 5 . b[Zo ;f}Gbo{ cb\e't 5 . g]tf,
cleg]tf, hgtf ;a}nfO{ nfnLu'/fF;n] g]kfn lrgfpg ;lhnf] kf/]sf]
5 . d nfnLu'/fF;sf] b]zdf hlGdPsf] xF' . slt uj{ x'G5 af]Nbf
u'/fF;ufyf ufpFbfufpFb} xfdL t x]6f}8f kf] k'lu;s]5f}F . ca t
xfj} cs}{ . 6f]sf}F6f]sf}F, af]sf}Faf]sf}F, x]l//x"F nfUg] nfnLu'/fF; 5}g oxfF
.

RjfOF` rk ksfPsf] b]lvG5 s/fxLdf . l/S;f, 7]nf, 6]Dkf]

s'2}5g\ . kf]n]/ ds} a]Rt}5 h]7f] bfO . ;a}nfO{ xtf/f] 5 . s'b]sf 5g\,
s'b]sf 5g\ . clns cl3;Dd dfly 8fF8fdf, jgdf, ufpFdf s;}nfO{
xtf/ lyPg . oxfF s]ljlw r6f/f] ;a}sf rfsdf cfuf]n] kf]n]sf] kf]
5 ls <
;f]w]F ca u9LdfO{ hfg] < elgg\ hfgF] lg TolQsf nflu
t cfPsL . sf/ nfUof] lxF8\g . clns k/;Dd xfOj]df ;nn uof}F .
6flkmsn] /f]St} eGof] cfh l;d/f aGb 5 . v'Nb}g xf]nf . cs}{
af6f] hfg'xf];\ .
/lZd l/;fOg\ ;w}F aGb . ca s;/L hfg] < km]l/ elgg\
oxfF;Dd cfOof] . guP/ s] ug]{ < hfg}knf{ . h;f]t;f] uOPnf lg
aln M
kyn}of hfg] ;8s 5f]8]/ csf]{ w"n]af6f]af6 xfdL af/f
lhNnfleq k:of}F . st} u|fj]n, st} lkr, st} s]xL g s]xL . o:tf]
af6f] eGb} d'/d'l/Fb} xfFSt}l5g\ /lZd sf/ . ;8s5]pd} a;]/ v]Nb}5g\
s]6fs]6L . ;8sd} lsnf] 7f]s]/ afFw]sf ufO{uf]?, afv|fkf7f, e}F;L/fFuf
rb}{5g\ . dlxnfx cfFugdf a;]/ wfg lgkmGb}5g\ . 3/glhs}
xlNnFb}5g\ s]/fsf kft . Eofu'tfx 6\jf/{6\jf/{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . :s'n]
s]6fs]6L 6fO{df ;lhP/ cfpFb}5g\ . 3/sf] cfFugdf a;]/ skfn sf]b}{
x'g'x'G5 a'9Lcfdf . v]taf/L, ahf/, gx/nfO{ hxfFsf] txLF 5f]8\b},
hfFbfhfFb} xfdL u9LdfO{sf] dlGb/df k'u]5f}F .
jl/kl/ v]taf/L . v]tdf, af/Ldf nxnx afnL . glhs} 3/x .
cfpFb}5g\ / hfFb}5g\ dfG5] . htftt} b]lvG5g\ uf8Lx . xf], ToxLF
;Dd d}bfgeGbf cUnf] agfPsf] e"efu 5 . cUnf] kf/]sf] Tof] 7fpFdf
9'f 5fk]sf] 5 . aLrdf b'O{ dlGb/ 5g\ . gofF clg k'/fgf] . b'j}
u9LdfO{sf dlGb/ x'g\ /] k"hfcr{gf xF'b}5 ToxfF . glhs} 5g\
bfgkfqx . v'nf 5 7fpF . glhsglhs} 5g\ cUnfcUnf uf5Lx .
dlGb/sf] k5fl8 5 7"nf] kf]v/L . kfgL klg 5 ToxfF . jftfj/0f zfGt,
tkf]do, lglj{sf/ nfU5 . cr{gf ;s]/ aflx/ cfof}F .

139

140

km"nsf] k};f lbFb} km"njfnLnfO{ ;f]w]F of]k6s oxfF slt /fFuf

sfl6P < P xh'/, cf7 xhf/ /fFufsf] aln lbP eG5g\ . 6fpsf]hlt
pM Tof] vfN8f]df k'/] . lhp 7]s]bf/n] nu] .
cf7 xhf/ /fFufsf] aln ;'g]/ em; ePF . xfdL kmls{of}+ .

-@)^* k'; dlxgfdf uf]vf{ b/af/ x]g{ uf]vf{ k'Ubfsf] cg'e"lt xf] of] lgofqf ._

uf]vf{sf] l7d';/fdf
dgdg eg]+ uf]vf{sf 9'f / jgsf] aLdf x'g}k5{ . geP ;S5g\ .
==== ljlrq k|s[lt . cnf}lss nLnf . dw'df; . l7d';/f .

uf]vf{ hfg}kg]{ t xf]Og, hfg dg nfUof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx

clg afa'/fd e/fO{n] 3r3RofP Totf hfg . uf]vf{ hGdynf],
cgfdgu/df 3/ ePsf c\u|]hL ;flxTosf k|fWofks ;Ltf/fd
clwsf/Lsf]df k'u]F . ;f]w]F s]s] 5 x]g}{kg]{ uf]vf{df <
sf7af6 d'\lngdf emg]{ . cfFa'v}l/gLaf6 uf]vf{ nfUbf b/f}bLdf
cfDa'jfsf] k'n 5 . Tof] tg]{ . !)!@ lsnf]ld6/ k/ s'Fj/u'7L 5 . x]g]{
. af6f] kLr 5 . #% lsnf]ld6/hlt xf]nf . k'u]/ xf]6n la;f}gLdf a:g]
. ahf/}df 5g\ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] b/af/, kf]v/L, /fd zfxsf]
rf}tf/f], sflnsf b/af/ -dlGb/_, uf]/vgfy b/af/ / uf]vf{ b/af/ .
b/af/af6 dgf:n' r'nL / af}4 lxdfnsf] dgdf]xs b[Zo x]g{ kfOG5 .
t/ laxfg} k'Ug'k5{ . o:t}o:t} t xf]
clwsf/L ufO8a's lbdfudf af]s]/ d / /lZd, gjLg / /hgL
j}B lgl:sof}F 3/af6 . laxfg * ah]lt/ cfFa'v}l/gL k'Uof}F . ca
uf]vf{lt/ s'2}5 xfd|f] /ftf] uf8L . s'bfpFb}l5g\ /lZd . x]b}{5' d .
psfnf] r9\b}5 uf8L . yfx} glbO{ kxf8sf ltn:dL d':sfgsf] lbJo
bz{g eof] . sfFr} 6f]sf}F6f]sf}F nfUg] jgkfvf . ofpFsL/Lsf]
ofpFofpF .
5}gg\ ;8ssf j/k/ dfG5] . uf8Lsf] 7]nd7]n klg 5}g . 5g\
dfG5] t/ 5}gg\ h:tf] . lxF8\b}5g\ uf8L t/ 5}gg\ h:tf] . kmfu'gdf
klg zLt k/]sf leQfx . lkml//L j/kLkn . tn wfgv]t . dfly
kfvf]af/L . dfG5]sf gLnf cf]7 eGb} lyP xfdL klg lklN;Ps} 5f}F .
la:s'g ;'sfPsf] dfGb|f]h:tf], lbgel/ sf]bfnf] vg]/ ndnGg ;'t]sf]
141

142

ls;fgh:tf] b]v]F uf]vf{ ahf/ tnaf6 . uf]vf{ ahf/nfO{ tfKn]h'

ahf/ egf}F ls tfg;]g ahf/ . cndlnPF . lemlnldnL, ndtGg
k;fl/Psf] uf]vf{ ahf/ . uf]vf{sf] kf]v/Lyf]s ahf/sf] 5ftLdf 6]Sg
kfpFbf cf}wL v';L eP/ u'8'8' s'2}5g\ xfd|f kfpx . dgx .
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ahf/ slt zfGt slt g/d slt xflb{s
slt sdgLo of}jgsf] pNnf;n] dft]sL /d0fLsf] pR5\jf;eGbf
cem ;'ulGwt nfU5 ahf/sf] ;'uGw . af6f] af]N5 stf lxF8\of}
sf7df8f}Fjf;Lx xf] <
d eG5' PsLs/0fsf] kf7 l;Sg cfpFb}5' . l;+xb/af/ 6'qmf
6'qmf eP/ hftLotfsf] xf]nL v]Nb}5 . d eg] Pstfsf] dGq u|x0f ug{
otf cfpFb}5' . ahf/sf r/fxn] 8fF8fsf] y'Dsfdf plePsf]
b/af/lt/ b]vfP/ Tot} nfu eg] . uf8LnfO{ psfnf]lt/ s'bfpg yfNof}F
. s'2}5 uf8L . x]b{}5' d . 7f8f] ahf/ . lsg glkmFlhPsf] xf]nf xfd|f
kxf8] ahf/ o:t} x'g\ . vfFbaf/L, tfKn]h', ef]hk'/, kfNkf ;a} o:t}
t x'g\ k6Ss} lkmFlhg ghfGg] . c ahf/h:t} /x]5 uf]vf{ ahf/
klg . nfdf] afF; ;'t]h:tf] ahf/ . rf}8f ahf/ kfg{ ldNb}g ls <
xf]6n la;f}gL stf 5 < pM ToxL xf] . Tot} nfufF} .
vfgf;fgf vfcf}F, clg b/af/ x]g{ hfcf}F . x'Gg eg]F d}n] . s] x]g]{ <
s]xL t 5}g b/af/ x]/f}F . cfh} kmsf}{+ eGg] hjfkm cfof] . aflemg
yfn] s'/f . hfg] sf]xL . a:g] sf]xL . cGTodf cfh} lkmg]{ lgwf] eof] .
ahf/}ahf/ psfnf] nfUg yfNof}F . ;Ltf/fd ;/n] b/af/;Dd
uf8L hfFb}g eGg'ePsf] lyof] . ;f]wf}F ;8s alg kf] xfNof] ls bfO
b/af/;Dd uf8L hfG5 < hfG5 . st} of] uf8L t km:t}g <
km:t}g . /fd|f] af6f] 5 . clnslt 3'Dg'k5{ . dhfn] hfG5 . lxF8\g'
gkg]{ ;'g]/ b kb}{ dflylt/ nfUof}F . psfnf] . 9'flt/ x]/]F . x]/fx]/
eof] . af]lnrfnL k6Ss} ePg . w]/} 9'fvfgL w]/}lt/ b]v]kl5 uf]vf{sf
9'fn]
d]/f]
dg
tfg] . bD:ofOnf] psfnf] . af6fdf st} 9'f 5fk]sf] . st} g5fk]sf] .
v]t, af/L, jg . vf]N;fvf]N;L . af6}df yrSs a;]sf 5fk|] 3/k;n
x]b}{ uO/Xof}F . 6'Kkfdf b]lvof] b/af/ 3/ . 6fpsfsf] skfndfly
7l8Psf] 6'kLh:tf] r'lnPsf] b/af/ y'Dsfdf y'k'Ss a;]sf] b]Vtf

/dfOnf] nfUof] . af6f]d'lg 5'} Pp6f 7"nf] xf]6n b]v]F . dfg]gg\ a:g
ToxfF ;fyLxn] . 8n/ tfGg] p2]Zon] ag]sf] Tof] xf]6n ltl/lemDs] g}
lyof] . dfly 9'fsf v'8\lsnf b]v]F . eg]F ca t dfly r9\b}g xf]nf
uf8L . r9\b}g . vfnL rp/df uf8L /fVof}F . o;} a]nf Pp6f dfG5]
cfP/ eGof] of] d]/f] hUuf xf] . hfg';\, d uf8L x]l/lbG5' . x]/]/
lbg'xf]nf . dgdg} eg]F o;n] kfls{ rfh{ lng vf]h]sf] xf]nf .
x'G5, x]l/lbgf];\, rfF8} kmls{G5f}F eGb} psfnf] nfUof}F . b'O{ kf6f
gf3]kl5 5fk]sf] 9'fsf v'8\lsnf e]l6P . ca eg] ;fFRr} psfnf] .
;fFRr}sf] b/af/lt/ plSnFb}5f}F . :jfF:jfF . xtf/
xtf/ . leq k:of}F .
k"hf xF'b} /x]5 ;fdfGo . eL8deL8 /x]g5 . of] uf]/vgfysf]
dlGb/ xf] s;}n] eGof] . d}n] aflx/af6} 9f]u]F . k};f r9fPF . uf]vf{
b/af/ s'g xf] < oxL xf] . leq hfg kfOG5 < e'OFtnfdf x]g{
kfOG5, t/ x]g]{h:tf] s]xL 5}g . tnfdfly sd{rf/L a:y], cr]n 5}gg\
. aGb 5 . eof]eof] . uf]/vsfnL dlGb/ stf 5 < pM ToxLF .
ptfaf6 emg'{;\ . uof}F . 9f]Uof}F . kmls{of}F . glhs}sf] ;Qndf hf]uL
afaf /f]6 ksfpFb} /x]5g\ tfO{df . of] s] xf] < ef]u nufpg] kSjfGg
. slxn] lbg'x'G5 < Ps ah] . vfg gkfOg] /x]5 eGb} 3'Dg yfNof}F .
d]/f k}tfnf lxF8\b}5g\ . d]/f] dg k}tfnfeGbf cl3cl3 s'2}5 .
of] y'Ds] l9:sf] . p a]nfsf] /fhwfgL . s;/L lgdf{0f eof] xf]nf
< slt nfUof] xf]nf vr{ < s:tf lyP sflnu9 < xfjfn] c8\g} g;Sg]]
8fF8fdf s;/L c8\ofP xf]nfg\ oqf] 3/ < d]/f] dgleq cg]sf}F s'/f
skbL{ v]n]sf v]No} 5g\ . em/]/ uf8L ePsf] 7fpFdf cfOk'Uof}F . cfh}
5f]8\g] uf]vf{ < xf], cfh} hfg] . emb}{5f}F cfPs} af6f]af6 . x]b}{5' d .
b/af/sf] l;/fgb]lv xfdL lxF8\b} u/]sf] af6f]dfly;Dd jg}jg 5 .
jgnfO{ 9'fsf] kvf{nn] 3]/]sf] 5 . ;'l/nf] ofDd v . ;w}F
al;/x"Fh:tf] 7fpF . dgdg} eg]+ uf]vf{sf 9'f / jgsf] aLdf x'g}k5{
. geP ;S5g\ .

143

144

l7d';/f M

k|frLg b/af/sf] rds 5f]8]/ ahf/leq k:of}F . ahf/ t'?Gt}

;lsof] . cf]/fnf] emb}{5f}F . ef]s nfu]sf] 5 . vfg] 7fpF x]b{}5f}F . af6}df
cUnf] ofDd ;dLsf] v b]lvG5 . km]bdf 9'f 5fk]sf] 5 . oxLF
a;]/ ef]s e]6fpg] xf]Og < xf], xf] . cf]ln{of}F . la;fof}F . 9'fdfly
uP/
a:of}F . vfg]s'/fsf kf]sf km's] . efu nfu] . dSof{pFb}5f}F .
d j/k/ x]b}{5' . 8f]sfleq l/Qf] ufu|L xNnfpFb} k/af6 Pp6L
gfgL xfdL a;]lt/ cfpFb}l5g\ . d h'?Ss p7]F . glhs} uP/ ;f]w]F
of] 7fpFsf] gfd s] xf]nf < ;Nofgwf/f, l7d';/f . oxfF kfgLkFw]/f] 5
< 5 . tn b]lvPsf] v]t}v]t ePsf] 7fpFnfO{ s] eG5g\ < u}/Lv]t .
d'v vfnL 5}g d]/f] . vfPsf] 5, vfPsf] 5 . cfFvf emg\ vfnL
5}gg\ . x]/]sf] 5, x]/]sf] 5 . d sflnbf; / ef/jLsf] ;flxlTos
ofqfdf kmgkmgL 3'Db}5' . ljlrq k|s[lt . cnf}lss nLnf . dw'df; .
l7d';/f . d]/f] cl3lNt/sf] l8nd'lg s]/fsf] yfd lz/df Ps 3/L s]/f
af]s]/ gofF b'nxLh:tf] 6fpsf] em'sfP/ plePsf] 5 . clns k/ tLvf
sfF8f ePsf] xfQL;f/ PSn} pleP/ l7d';/fsf] ;'/Iff ub{}5 . cUnf]
lrnfpg]sf] v xfdLlt/ x]/]/ s]s] vfFb}5f} < eg]/ ;f]4}5 . ldn]/
a:g'k5{ eGg] s'/f l;sfpFb}5g\ plgpF3f/L . slt /fd|f] v]t lb\nfsf]
a8x/] AofF;Lh:tf] . kfNkfsf] df8Lh:tf] . xf]Og, k"/} dw];h:tf] .
vfO;s]/ af6f] nfUof}F . lyof] ahf/ t/ ;'t]sf] . ;8sj/k/sf
3/, af/Lsf] aG;f], sfGnf, v, ufO{j:t', uf]7, 6f6\gf ;a} 3'/3'/ 3'b{}
jfFjfF u/]/ lgbfPh:tf] nfU5 . slt xf} ;'g;fg klg 5sfndf
lgbfpg] ahf/, a:tLnfO{ d ;d:ofu|:t, cefjkLl8t, lgd'vf
hgtfsf] c/l/Psf] hLjg 7fG5' . p7\g] / ;'Tg] s'/f ubf{ sf7df8f}F
slxNo} ;'Tb}g . xNn}xNnf . oxLF x'G5 sf6df/ . 7u7fu . n'6kf6 .
n5f/k5f/ . d afFr]sf], db}{ afFr]sf] ;x/ sf7df8f}F . ufpFn]xsf]
:jl0f{d kl/sNkgf sf7df8f}F . vf]O, pt} a:g] ls ufpF k:g] < /fd|f]
ls g/fd|f] <
ptf k"j{sf] ef]hk'/, Onfd, tfKn]h' klg uf]vf{h:t} 7'OF+ls 7'OF
sGb} ;'t]sf] e]6]sf] 5' . lbpF;} /ft kfg]{ u|fdL0f ;x/x . dfly jg,

tn gbL, aLrdf v]taf/L . aflngfnL . kjg sNnf]n . slxn] ;"o{n],

slxn] rGb|dfn] Ps6s x]l//xg] . d]/f] 3/, d]/f] ufpF, d]/f] lgZ5n
xf6ahf/ 5}g otf . uf]]vf{ ahf/ lgbfPsf] xf] ls < dfbs kbfy{
;]jg u/]/ nlPsf] xf] ls ef]s, zf]s / /f]un] lgrf]l/Psf] jf
c/l/Psf] xf] < k6Ss} b]lvgF xfF;]sf] . rfp/L k/]sf ufnfx .
hLjgsf] k"0f{lj/fd . 5\ofs6] lhGbuL . ;f; km]g]{ dfG5]x .

145

146

kGr/ M
cfFa'v}l/gL k'Uof}F . Hofx}, uf8Lsf] 6fo/ kGr/ eP5 ;'g;fg
7fpFdf Psb'O{ 5fk|f 5g\ . dfG5] 5}gg\ . ;f]w]F 6fo/df xfjf xfNg]
7fpF stf 5 < aGbLk'/ ahf/df dfq} kfOG5 . slt 6f9f 5 <
glhs} 5 . sl:;P/ uof}F . k'Uof}F . lbof}F . 6fo/sf e'F8L vf]nvfn
u/]/ 6fn6'nsf] sfd ;'? eof] . pxL t xf] d]/f] sfd x]g{ yfn]F j/k/
.
d'Ggf df]6/ js{;k . xf]6n Pe/]:6 PG8 nh . aGbLk'/ ahf/,
8'\d|]rf]s, tgx'F . o:t} y'k} s'/f n]v]sf af]8{x lyP . k9]F . clxn] c
w]/} gfd lal;{PF . cl3lNt/ aUb}5 b"w]vf]nf] . gfgL Tof] vf]nfsf] gfd
s] xf] < ;f]w]F . elgg\ r'FbLvf]nf . xfd|f] sf7df8f}Fsf] 6's'rf xf]Og
of] . c;fWo} lgd{n kfgL b]lvG5 . cN5L gnfu] em/]/ lkpg ldNg]
kfgL . vfgeGbf x]g{ /f}l;Fb}5' d . ;Fu} cl3lNt/ 9f8 hf]8]/ plePsf
5g\ j/kLkn . kfl/ ndtGg ;'t]sf] 5 kLr;8s . Tof] ;8s stf
hfG5 < eG;f/lt/ . Totf 5}g jg . ;x/sf] sf]nfxnb]lv 8/fP/
cGoq} uPsf] xf]nf hn . af/Ldf 5g\ dnsf y'k|f . kf]y|f v .
sf]bfsf gn .
yf]/} ;'v / w]/} b'Mv ef]Ug tof/ 5 aGbLk'/ . xNnf, xf]xNnf,
xNn}xNnf aGbLk'/sf] afFRg] axfgf xf]nf .
lxF8\of}F .

-uf]
uf]vf{sf] dgsfdgf dlGb/df nfvaQL afNg] /hgLsf] lgDtf] dfGg
@)&! df3 @# ut] ToxfF k'Ubf b]v]sf b[Zodf cfwfl/t xf] of] lgofqf ._

dgsfdgf lrGtg
k|s[ltsf] lgod t gfg kfOGg afa' tndfly, dflytn t eO/xG5 ;'vdf dflQg] /
b'Mvdf cflQg] s;}n] klg slxNo} klg ug'{ x'Gg . g;Sg] zlQmljxLgnfO{ ;Sg]
zlQm;DkGGgxn] o;/L g} ;+;f/el/ 5\ofSs} kfl//x]sf 5g\ .

nfOg M
xfdL uf8Laf6 lgl:sP/ s]ansf/sf] l6s6 sf6\g nfOgdf
plePsf 5f}F . s'F8'nf] 5 dfG5]sf] . dfG5]dfG5] . eL8 . v'f 6]Sg]
7fpF 5}g . p;} t eL8 . emg\ cfh zlgaf/ . s] rflxof]
sf7df8f}Faf6 glhs} 5 dgsfdgf . s]ansf/sf] Joj:yfn] emg}
;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . ;w}F cf]Ol/G5g\ dfG5] . dfG5]sf] eL8 x]bf{ t
ufpFdf klg k};f kmNg yfn]h:tf] nfU5 . otf ;x/df k};fsf] af]6 5
eg] ptf ufpFdf k|s[ltsf] cdf]3 a|Xdf:q 5 .
psfnf] M
Pp6f ;nfO{sf] afleq xfdL rf/hgf a;]sf 5f}F . psfnf]df
cfgGb;Fu hfFb}5 s]ansf/ . x]b{}5' d . d]/f] dgdf ;lNsFb}5 bfjfgn
. x'gx'gfpFb}5 cfFwLa]x/L . pl5lb}5 w"ds]t' . st} s]xL eO kf] xfNg]
xf] ls < s]ansf/sf] /Hh'dfu{d'lg ;'t]sf] b]lvG5 lqz"nL . cdf]3,
cj0f{gLo, cljrlnt lqz"nLhn oyfjt\ 5 . xfdL psfnf] r9\b}5f}F .
d}n] lbbL;Fu} a;]sL sfG5L ;fnL hggLnfO{ eg]F slt dfly
x]/]sL, tn x]/ g tn x]bf{ slt dhf cfpF5 . af]6la?jf, kfgL
gf}nf]h:tf] kf] nfU5 t ef]ef], x]g{'k/]sf] 5}g tn eGb} pgn] d'G6f]
a6fl/g\ . pgsf >Ldfg\ lbg]zn] eg] 8/fPsf] h:tf] 5 .
cfgf] d'G6f] tn kmsf{P/ d}n] rf/}lt/ x]/]F . dflyaf6 x]bf{
e'OFsf cUnfcUnf af]6la?jfx klg ;fgf rgdt] gfgLh:tf kf]
147

148

b]lvFbf /x]5g\ . slt gLnf] kfgL 8/fPsf] deGbf cem gLnf] .

8fF8fkfvf
xfdL;Fu}
s'2}5g\ . k===/ df===ly cfsfzdf r/Ss rls{Psf 5g\ ;"o{ . sf];Fu
afb} To;/L /lGsPsf xf]nfg\ 3fd d Psf]xf]/f] tn x]b}{5' . dgdf
k|r08 cfj]ux cfPsf cfo} 5g\ . :jKgnf]s, sNkgfnf]s, ;'vnf]s .
clxn] psfnf] r9\bfr9\b} h] klg x'g ;S5 . lah'nL aGb eP/ xfdL
t'Gb|' em'lG8/x]sf x'g ;S5f}F . xf]Og, s/]G6 ;6{ eP/ v/fgL x'g} kf] s]
a]/
p8gv6]nf]df psfnf] r9\b} u/]sf] d, pm jf c g} dfG5]
ofnaf6 EjfSs e'OFdf emg{ ;S5 . d/] t s'/} vQd . db}{g pm .
vsf xfFufdf c8\lsG5 . cwd/f] p;nfO{ e'OFdf emf5{g\ . pm cr]t
eP/ k[YjLdf ;'lt/xG5 . oxL x'g s] a]/ v;]sf] cr]t k|f0fLdf
cg]sf}F ;f]rx cfpg ;S5g\ . d s;/L lsg tn em/]F < Tolt
dflyaf6 v;]/ klg lsg w'sw'sL afFsL 5 < km':; ;f; uPs} eP lg
x'g] Psb'O{ lbg ;'FSs;'FSs uy]{ xf]nfg\ cfkmGtx .
cw{a]xf]; d]/f] cGt{bodf Tolta]/} Pp6f emnemnfsf/ Hof]lt
k|j]z uof] . Hof]lt eG5 g;'t\ . p7\ . sfd u/\ . ;Tsd{ . ;Tsd{
uh'/df xf]Og, dfgjLo j]bgfdf ;dflxt x'g'k5{ . ;f]Rtf;f]Rt} em;
ePF .
/lZdn] elgg\ lsg 6f]nfPsf] < ukm ug'{;\ g 3}F6f] km'6]/
kf]lvPsf] kfgLh:tf] 5tf5'Nn eP/ d klg c;Fu} ukm r'6\g yfn+]F .
xf, xf, xf .
k/sf] jgleq 8f]/]6f] af6f] b]v]F . s'g} lbg 5f]/L ljef, d / /lZd
Tof] af6f]af6 kl;gf r'xfpFb} lxF8]sf lyof}F -s]ansf/ aGb ePsfn]_ .
;'Gtnf vfFb} ufpF rxf/]sf lyof}F . To;/L dfly k'Ug rf/ 3G6f nfu]sf]
lyof] . Totf x]bf{x]b}{ cf]ln{g] 7fpF kf] cfOk'u]5 .
;nfO{af6 sfF6L em/]h:tf] aflx/ lgl:sof}F . t];}{t];}{ lxF8\of}F .
v'8\lsnf r9\of}F . 8f]sfel/el/ a]Rg /fv]sf ;'Gtnf x]of}F .
dlGb/glhs}sf] xf]6ndf sf]7f lnof}F . /ft latfof}F .
149

rfFk M
eof] laxfg . dlGb/df klg s'v'/f af:5g\ / < af;] . rfF8}
p7\g] ;Nnfx . p7\of}F . sd{s[To ;Sof+F . nfvaQL afNg ;3fpg'k5{
eGb} uof}F . o;f] x]/]F . uh3] 5 nfOg . nfOgsf] 5]p stf 5 eGb}
rfFksf] vdfly;Dd k'u]F . cf]xf] slt dfly, slt dfly nfOg .
nfOgdf plePsf] eb| k'?ifnfO{ ;f]w]F nfOg slt ah] nfUg'ePsf]
< Ps ah] /flt ., nfOg nfu]/ leq k:g] s'/f c/dlof] . luhf]lnof}F
xfdL . leq guO{ cr{gf ;Sg] lgwf] eof] . c aQLdf t]n xfNg yfn]
. d 3'Dg .
clxn] 5\of5' pHofnf] eO;s]sf] 5 . d]/f] cufl8 ofDd
cUnf] v 5 . v xf]Og of], dlGb/sf] 5ftf . 3fdkfgL 5]Sg] .
;'j0f{5q . ;f]w]F dxfzo, of] v slt k'/fgf] < To:t} tLg ;o
krf; jif{eGbf k'/fgf] xf] . of] dlGb/sf] :yfkgf x'g'eGbf klxn]b]lv g}
of] v lyof] eG5g\ eGg]x . eg]F k|s[ltaf6 ;+/lIft 5 cWofTd
.
j[4 M
d ;]nfPsf] km"nkftLsf] y'k|f] cl3lNt/ pleP/ rfFksf] v
x]b}{5' . d]/f] d'lGt/af6 l;F9L r9]/ psfnf] plSnFb}5 a"9f] dfG5] . d}nf]
sf]6 . gff v'f . Kjfn k/]sf] sldh . sfFwdf emf]nf . km';|f]gLnf]
cg'xf/ . pm k/ uP/ 9'fdfly yrSs a:of] . dfu]g . lbPgg\ .
glhs} uPF . sfDb} lyP p;sf cf}Fnf . uf]hLdf xft xfn]F .
Pp6f gf]6 cfof] . lems]F . lbPF . x]l//Xof] . d}n] klg x]/]F . x]bf{x]b{}
p;sf] z/L/af6 Xjf:;} /S;L ugfof] . x'G5 lsg dfG5] tGgd <
k/]jf M
zlgaf/ cfh . eL8deL8 5 dfG5]sf] . 3fd em'Ns]sf 5}gg\ .
lah'nLsf] tf/df 6]s]/ nfOg} a;]sf k/]jfx 3'b{}5g\ . lsg plePsf
ls a;]sf k/]jfx < vfg]s'/f dfUg < hLjgbz{g l;sfpg < cf;]
k/]jf . lg/fz dfG5] . lg/fz k/]jf . cf;] dfG5] . ;fFrf] s'/f
vf]tNg'kbf{ dfG5] cf;] k|f0fL xf] . pm s]s]g kfpFnf eg]/ oxfF;Dd
150

cfOk'u]sf] 5 . To;}n] otf cfPsf ;a} dfG5] cf;] x'g\ . k/]jfdf

afFRg] cfzfafx]s c s] kf] xf]nf / <
k/]jf lgdf]7]/ t// /ut r9fpg] dfgjsf] bfgjLo s[To
;lDemFbf lbSs nfU5 .
awzfnf M
d rfFksf] vd'lg dlGb/k5fl8 plePsf] 5' . d]/f] d'lg
awzfnf
5 . e'OFdf, leQfdf, j/k/ /ut}/ut 5 . /Qm/l~ht xltof/x b]Vtf
cf l;l/ x'G5 . x]/f}Fgx]/f}F bf]dg x'Fbfx'Fb} cfFvf d]/f Tot} k5{g\ .
6'kL lzvf kf/]sf], d}nf] s5f8 km]/]sf] k'8\s] dfG5]n] af]sfsf
k5fl8sf b'O{ v'f ;dfof] . p;sL -a"9L g} x'g'k5{_ n] af]sf]nfO{ kfgL
5sL{ . af]sfn]] lhp xNnfpFb} cf tGsfof] . dlGb/lt/, vlt/,
dfG5]lt/ clg dlt/ 6'n'6'n' x]l//Xof] . d}n] klg Psf]xf]/f] pmlt/} x]/]F .
x]bf{x]b}{ d klg pxL -af]s}_ ag]F . d]/f] ub{gdf 5\ofSs} kfg{ dfq} afFsL
5.
d5{ . df5{g\ . ;lsG5' eg]/ d cflQPF . y'?? sfd]F . af, cfdf,
:jf:gL, 5f]/f, 5f]/L, Oi6ldq ;a}nfO{ Ps}k6s ;lDemPF . cfFvfaf6
tktk cfF;' emg{ yfn] . arfpg sf]xL cfPg . p;n] ub{gdf 5\ofSs
sLn] xfGof] . :jfxf . af]sf] v'f] xNnfpFb}5 . xf]Og, d]/f] 3fF6L / lhp
5'lof] . e'OFel/ /ut 5 . d v'f xNnfpFb}5' . 56kl6Fb}5' .
g;Sg] zlQmljxLgnfO{ ;Sg] zlQm;DkGgxn] o;/L g}
;+;f/el/ 5\ofSs kfl//xG5g\ .
du/ M
d dlGb/glhs} nfvaQL afNg] 7fpFlg/ plePsf] 5' . wdfwd 5
. /hgL, hggL, /lZd aQL afNb}5g\ . aln;s]sf] 5}g . ;f]w]F oxfF
k'hf/L sf] x'G5 < du/ . c x'Fb}gg\ < cxF . lsg < o;af/]
otflt/ Pp6f ls+jbGtL 5 . 5f]6f] u/]/ eGg';\ t xfdL klg hfgf}F
pxfFn] o;/L ;'gfpg'eof] .
151

uf]vf{sf /fhf /fd zfxsL /fgL nLnfjtLsf w]/} ;';f/]x du/

lyP . /fd zfx d/] . /fgL ;tL hfg tof/ eOg\ . pgL lrtfdf r9\g
nfUbf du/x w]/} /f]Os/fO ug{ yfn] . pgLxsf] cj:yf b]v]/
lrtfdfly r9]sL nLnfjtLn] elgg\ d clxn] ;tL hfG5' . zf]s
gu/ . kl5 oxL 7fpFdf d s'g} g s'g} kdf cfpg]5' . ;f] a]nf
ltdLxn] g} d]/f] ;]jf ug]{5f} .
sfnfGt/df du/xn] dgsfdgfb]jLsf] vf]h u/] . 7fpF kQf
nufP . Tof] a]nfb]lv g} pgLx dfq} k'hf/L x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .
b[ZolaDa M
clxn] d dlGb/glhs}sf] a/G8fdf pleP/ rf/}lt/ x]b{}5' .
b"/b[li6 . d w]/} dfly 5' . 6'Kkf]df kf] /x]5 b]jL3/ . t===n b]lvG5
lqz"nL . 8fF8fkfvf lgGofp/f nfU5g\ . k/sf] 8fF8fsf] cUnf] vdf
ev{/ d8fl/Fb}5g\ ;"o{ . To:tf] 8/nfUbf] 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkf]df klg PSn}
a;]sf] b]lvG5 3/ . PSnf] Tof] 3/sf dfG5]sf] hLjg s;/L rNbf] xf]
gbLdfly 8fF8fd'lg ndtGg ;'t]sf] b]lvG5 v]t . Tolt v]tdf kmn]sf]
wfg s;n] slt vfg] <
hfg] a]nf eof], rfF8f] ug{';\ elgg\ /lZdn] . w]/} lsg]sf] /x]5
;'Gtnf . dnfO{ af]Sg wf}wf} kof] . clxn] xfdL s]ansf/sf]
:6];glt/ emb}{5f}F .
s]ansf/af6 embf{ M
tn emb}{5f}F xfdL . r9\g' / cf]ln{g' qmlds s'/f eP klg embf{
d lvGg eO/x]sf] 5' . r9]sf] r9\o} x'g kfP kf] ;f]R5' ;+;f/df d
dfq} eml//x]sf] 5}g . 7"nf7"nf pknlAw xfl;n ug]{, k|ult /
pGgltsf] lzv/df k'Ug] dxfdgfxn] klg s'g} g s'g} lbg emg{}k5{ .
tn / dfly cyjf emg'{ / plSng' ;f]r dfq xf] . oyf;do, oyfqmd,
oyfjt\ of] eO/xG5 .
xfdL ulkmFb} a;]sf 5f}F . s'b]sf] s'b]s} 5 s]ansf/ . emb}{5
tnlt/ . s]ansf/ dfq} xf]Og, jg, 8fF8fkfvf, y'Dsfy'DsL, eL/kx/f
;a} emb{}5g\ . d emg{ xf]Og plSng vf]H5' . ldNbf] /x]g5 . emg{] a]nf
emg}{kg]{, plSng] a]nf plSng}kg]{ . a]nf cyf{t\ ;do .
152

lqz"nLsf] lgd{n gLnf] kfgL, jgsf nxnx xl/of ;'l/nf v,

gfRt} pl8/x]sf r/fr'?L, cfsfzdf r/Ss rls{Psf] 3fd . ;a}n]
Ps} :j/df Ps}k6s dnfO{ eg] k|s[ltsf] lgod gfg kfOGg afa'
dflytn, tndfly t eO/xG5 . ;'vdf dflQg] / b'Mvdf cflQg]
s;}n] slxNo} ug'{ x'Gg . s]ansf/sf] :6];g cfOk'u]5 . aflx/
lgl:sof}F .

-@)^( kmfu'g @) ut] /lZd / d a'6jn uof}F . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLz

ldq gf/fo0f bfxfnsf] Sjf6{/df a:of}F . 8'Nof}F . a'6jn pkTosfsf] rf/}lt/
/d0fLo
nxnx jg b]v]F . ToxL cnf}lss jgn] n]vfof] of] lgofqf ._

dnw'g a'6jn
cl/Fufn] w"jfFw"nf]n] k6Ss} 5'Fb}g a'6jnnfO{ . eL/, s'gf, 8fF8f, kfvf, vf]N;fvf]N;Ldf plePsf
kx/]bf/ vn] /ftlbg sfFwdf aGb's af]s]/ x]/rfx ul//xG5g\ . 5 au/ . 5}g pi0ftf . 5}gg\
;a} wgL . 5g\ wgL k|s[ltsf . cfgGbn], ;'vn], cdgr}gn] nk|mSs} leh]sf] a'6jn b]v]/ dfly,
cem dfly, emg\ dfly a;]sf] cb[Zo zlQm lbg}lkR5] l/;n] d'd{l/Fb} eG5 /] dfgjnf]ssf
dfG5] xfdLnfO{ ;'vL eG5g\ . a'6jnsf hgtfhlt ;'vL s] x'GYof}+ / xfdL cxf], ujf]{Ggt :ju{
. a'6jn .

ldq gf/fo0f bfxfn k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnsf] GofofwLz eO{

ToxfF uPkl5 o;k6seGbf klxn] klg Psb'O{k6s ToxfF k'u]sf] 5' .
Sjf6{/df a;]sf] 5' . vfPsf] 5' . ;'t]sf] 5' . lbpF;f] PSn} 5tdf uP/
8fF8fkfvf, jghn dlRrO{dlRrO{ x]/]sf] 5' .
hndf hGd]sf], vfPsf], v]n]sf], x's]{sf] d hn b]]v]kl5 x'?Ss}
x'G5' . klxn] uf];fOFs'08 hfFbf af6f]df b]v]sf] ljzfn jgn] klg o;/L
g} kf]n]sf] lyof] . Tof] lxF8\bflxF8\b} b]v]sf] jg . of] a'6jn] jg t
laxfg}b]lv a]n's};Dd x]l//xG5' . jg x]bf{x]b}{ km'? eP/ plk|mG5 d]/f]
dg . dflydfly 8fF8fdf xnSs a9]sf snsnfpFbf v ePsf] jg
153

sfggcf/If s]ljlw /fd|f] lrl6Ss k/]sL csf{sL t?gL :jf:gLh:tf]

. x]g{ dfq} ldNg] Tof] klg glhs}af6 xf]Og 6f9}af6 . cfFvf lemDSofP
t x'GYof] a'em] kf] vn]
;"o{ c:tfpg] a]nf, pbfpg] a]nf d}n] /S;Ln] dflQPsf] kfb/L
ag]/ jglt/ x]/]sf] 5' . slt :jflbnf] jgdlb/f /ftel/ lkO/x"Fh:tf]
. PSn} laxfg lxF8\b} dgdf]xg kfs{ k'u]/ jfl/kfl/ x]bf{ t emg} s'6's'6'
vfG5 dg, xl/of] ;d'b|h:tf] 8fF8fkfvf b]v]/ . otf v . ptf v .
v}vsf] aLrdf hlGdPsf] a'6jn ;x/ . ;fFRr} a'6jnjf;L
efUodfgL x'g\ . 1fg wg bf}nt ;Lk kl/jf/ g;f
v]neGbf stf xf] stf pu| ;'vs/ x'G5 8fF8fdflysf] xl/of] jg .
Ps lbg a]n'sf gLtf >Ldfg\sf] 3/df vfg hfFbf 5taf6
b]v]sf] jgn] e't'Ss} eP/ eg]sf] lyPF olt /fd|f] klg x'Fbf] /x]5 jg
;lDemFbf km'Rr] nfU5 sf7df8f}F pkTosf . ;fgf] 5 a'6jn pkTosf
t/ lsg olt 7"nf] olt ;'Gb/ . olt zfGt . olt lg/fld; jbgx
. cfgGbn] sqmSs x''G5' af]6la?jf ;lDemFbf . 3'ldgF jgdf . ldn]g .
3'Dg}kYof]{ nfU5 clxn] . 3'd]/ kf] s] g} n5f/kf6f] nufpg]y]F /
3'Dg]n] cfFvfn] x]5{ . hnhn ef}Ftfl/Fbf 8'Ng]xsf] cGt{bo x'G5
g} eGg] klg 5}g lg x]g{ cfFvf xf]Og bo=rflxG5 . cl:t
a'9fgLns07sf] ljkZogf s]Gb|df Wofg ubf{ub}{ dfly b]v]F xl/of] hn
. km'Q} s'b]/ cfof] a'6jn .
pkTosf . vfN8f] . 6'kLh:tf xnSs a9]sf v . ;'Gb/
a'6jnsf] clt ;f}Do, zfnLg, df}g sfggn] /ftlbg lrdf]l6/xG5
dnfO{ . d jgnfO{ sfGtf;lDdtof]kb]zo'h] eG5' . cyf{t\ jg
lk|otdfh:t} x'G5 .
k'Uof] xf]nf nf6f vsf] k|z+;f . k'u]g . 8'Nb}5' a'6jn ahf/ .
af6f 5]psf snsnfpFbf j/kLknn] r;Ss 3f]R5 . km'Q} lb\nf k'U5'
. zlgaf/ cfdfn] km]bdf w"k, bLk, g}j]B r9fPsf xfd|f j/kLkn
s:tf eP xf]nfg\ df;] ls 5g\
cl/Fufn] w"jfFw"nf]n] k6Ss} 5'Fb}g a'6jnnfO{ . eL/, s'gf, 8fF8f,
kfvf, vf]N;fvf]N;Ldf plePsf kx/]bf/ vn] /ftlbg sfFwdf aGb's
154

af]s]/ x]/rfx ul//xG5g\ . 5 au/ . 5}g pi0ftf . 5}gg\ ;a} wgL .

5g\ wgL k|s[ltsf . cfgGbn], ;'vn], cdgr}gn] nk|mSs} leh]sf]
a'6jn b]v]/ dfly, cem dfly, emg\ dfly a;]sf] cb[Zo zlQm
lbg}lkR5]
l/;n]
d'd{l/Fb}
eG5
/] dfgjnf]ssf dfG5] xfdLnfO{ ;'vL eG5g\ . a'6jnsf hgtfhlt
;'vL s] x'GYof}+ xfdL cxf], ujf]{Ggt a'6jn .
c p7]s} lyPgg\ . p7]F . stf hfg] < dflylt/ dlg{ jfs
ug{'kof] eg]/ PSn} lgl:sPF . ;'t]sf] 3/aflx/ cyf{t\ cbfntsf]
u]6df aGb's af]s]sf l;kfxL lyP . v'n]s} lyPg . ;fgf] 9f]sfaf6 km'Q
aflx/ cfPF . ;8s};8s psfnf] hfFb}5' . s]ljlw /f}l;P/ a9]sf
j/kLkn x]b}{ kfOnf rfNb}5' .
pBf]ujfl0fHo ;\3 a'6jnsf] 3/df Jofofd x'Fb} lyof] . bflxg]
df]l8PF . km]l/ j/kLkn . s] j/kLknsf] ;x/ t xf]Og of] <
9lNsFb} lx8\bf j/k/ x]g{ dhf cfpFbf] /x]5 . Dof/fy'gdf s'b\g]n]
sxfF x]g{ kfpF5 / olt ;'Gb/ k|s[lt cgf}7f] . la5} leGg k|s[lt
a'6jnsf] . xf] / k|s[lt < 8fF8fsfF8f, bxrf]s, kfvfkv]/f htftt}
xl/o}xl/of] b]Vbf ;[li6rqm g} xl/of] xf] egf}FegfF} nfU5 . dfofn'
z[nf . vv{/] hLjg . cTo'Rr /d0fLotf .
Pp6f rf]s . tLgkl kLr . aLrdf ;fgf] kfs{ . kfs{df v .
a:g] kmnfd] kmn}Frf . sf]nfxnljxLg kl/j]z . p3f/} /x]5 ;fgf] Tof]
kmnfd] u]6 . leq k;] !@ hgf dfG5] . a;]sf clg Jofofd ub}{ .
a]Grdf uP/ a;]F .
d]/f cufl8 plePsf] dfG5] Psf]xf]/f] d}lt/ x]l//x]sf] b]v]F . lrg]
lrg]h:tf] nfU5 . sf] xf] of] < a]:;/L x]/]F . P, xfd|f af kf] /x]5g\ .
dgdf]xg af . zfnLg JolQmTj . lhpFbf]df b]v]eGbf cem g/d,
d'nfod, sf]dn . kmut\ ;flns . gd:t] u/f}F < x'Gg . ;flnsn]
gd:t] kmsf{pGg . sd/]8 gd:sf/ x} eg]F dgdg} . Tof] a]Graf6
j/k/, tndfly b]v]sf] k|fs[lts /d0fLotfn] e't'Ss} kfof] dnfO{ .
ltnf]Qdf kfs{ M
155

d, /lZd / ljBf ltx'gt/sf/L / kmnkm"n lsGg cbfnt

kl/;/af6 aflx/ lgl:sof}F . l/S;f lng] < d . ef] rflxGg, glhs}
5 . ljBf . Psl5gkl5 ;f]w]F of] 7fpFsf] gfd s] < ahf/
nfOg . ljBf . k'u]5f}F . ltx'gt/sf/L cflb vf]Hb} emf]nf xNnfpFb}
8'Nb}5f}F . tfdf kfOG5 < /lZd . kfOG5 . ljBf . Knfl:6ssf]
Ps efF8f] cldnf] kfNkfnL tfdf efF8};d]t lslgg\ /lZdn] . ljBfn]
yl/yl/ t/sf/Ln] emf]nf el/g\ . cDas / s]/fn] d]/f] klg emf]nf
el/of] . lb\nfsf] xf68fF8fdf zlgaf/ emf]nf xNnfpFb} tndfly
u/]h:tf] nfU5 . ToxfF cfdf;Fu . oxfF /lZd;Fu . e'OFdf Ps k|sf/sf]
OF6f
5fk]sf]
5
.
;'Gb/
ahf/
.
5g\
dfG5] . 5}g eL8 . 5 ;a} . kxf8]dlw;] lvlqldqL . df5fdf;',
sfa|f], s/]nf, ds} . ;6/ clg l6g5fg] k;nx . /fd|f] ahf/ .
emf]nf af]s]/ hfFb} lyPF . ToxLF ;fgf] kfs{ b]v]F . sf]nfxndf
d'l:snn] afFr]sf] k'8\s] vf]nf];Fu} Ps cFh'nLsf] au}Frf . ltnf]Qdf
eg]sf] t :ju{sL ;'Gb/ cK;/fsf] gfd xf] . km]l/ k9]F . nf]Eofpg]
zAbrog . zAb;f}Gbo{ . pRrf/0f ld7f; . kfs{leq x]/]F aflx/}af6 .
Psb'O{ v . km"n . b"af] . e"ld . olQ . 5}g s]xL . 5 ;a} .
xlNnFb}5g\ ltnf]Qdfsf k|]dL vx .
km"naf/L kfs{ M
w]/} 5}g lbg a'6jn a:g] . /lZd / ljBfnfO{ ;f]w]F 3'Dg hfg]
ahf/lt/ < Ps} :j/df kmls{of] cfh @$ kmfu'g @)^(, g]kfn
aGb . stf hfg] ef], xfdL ghfg] . 3'Dg] dg eP PSn} uP x'G5 .
b]z vfO{ z]if ePsf] of] lb\nfnL a'6jn 3'Dg lsg 8/fpFYof] PSn}
cfjf; If]qaf6 /f]8df lgl:sPF . u]6}df Pp6f l/S;f /f]lsof] . hfg] <
stf < km"naf/L kfs{ . x'G5 . slt lg < w]/} lnGgF, krf; dfq}
. r9f}F < x'G5 . dgdg} eg]F aGbsf lbgdf klg ;:tf] e]l6of]
l/S;f . PSn} hfFb}5' . tfGb}5 l/S;f dnfO{ . ;x/ ;lsPkl5sf]
;'g;fg af6f]df b'O{ bfgf ;'Gtnf lsg]F . tf5\t} lyPF . p;n] b]vfof]
pM
ToxL
xf]
kfs{
.
/f]Sof]
.
cf]ln{PF . lt/]F . lxF8]F . yfKnfdf gfRt}5g\ tftf ;"o{ .
156

u]6dfly x]/]F . n]v]sf] /x]5 /fh]Gb| :d[ltdf lgld{t k|j]zf/ .

sf] < lsg < s;n] < dnfO{ s] dtna hfFb}5' d . So'l/of] k;n]
k;NgLx dlt/ x]b}{ 3'6'3'6' y's lgNb} lyP . s] lsGy]F, lslggF .
psfnfdf 9'f 5fk]/ v'8\lsnf agfPsf] /x]5 . s'lNrFb} r9\g yfn]F .
ef/tsf] dg;f dlGb/df p8gv6f]n]af6 cf]ln{P/ psfnf] plSnPh:tf]
nfUof] . 9'] v'8\lsnf ;lsP . ca afv|f lxF8\g]h:tf] cK7\of/f] af6f]
cfof] . l9:sf], ;Dd, psfnf] x'Fb} km'Q} l8ndfly k'u]5' .
af6fdfly n]]v]sf] 5 lhNnf ;}lgs af]8{, km"naf/L $ . d
tnsf] t];f]{ af6}af6f] hfFb}5' . ofDd cUnf vsf] km]bdf /fv]sf
v'b|f k;n s6]kl5 cfof] dl0fd's'Gb ;]g pBfg, km"naf/L kfs{ . ;Dd
7fpFdf 9'f 5fk]sf] 5 . dfG5]sf] cfjthfjt 5 . cln k/ 5g\
la;fPsf afxgx . glhs} 5g\ k;nx . nfUg] k|j]zz'Ns . u]6}df
em'lG8Psf] /x]5 . x]/]F . sfpG6/df uP/ lt/]F . dfq aL; ?lkofF
Pshgfsf] .
7"nf], cUnf] u]6af6 leq k;]F . u]6}dfly n]v]sf] /x]5 o;sf]
pb\3f6g @)%& df dfwj g]kfnn] u/]sf] xf] . ca d 7\ofDd} kfs{leq
5' . bflxg] /]:6'/]G6sf] cfFug . 6]a'n . skaf6 k'tk't afkm p8\b}5 .
5g\ dfG5] . a:t}lgl:sFb} . 5}g eL8 . dw'/ jftf{ emf/ .
leq ;fgf] kfs{ cfof], a'4kfs{ . kfs{df PSn} 6f]nfO/x]sf 5g\
a'4 . g]kfnsf] lz/f]e"if0f . cfnfl/s tfh . ToxLF /x]5 dbgcfl>t
afl6sf . ;fgf], r'6'Ss . aUb}5 kfgL . 5\jfnfnf, vtt xf]Og ;nn,
l/dl/d . dfly clg k/sf ;]8xdf lkslgs dgfpFb}5g\ /f};]
dg'jfx . aLraLrdf plePsf cUnf vx sf] cfof] gf}nf] eg]/
dlt/ x]b}{5g\ .
cufl8 sf]7] uf8]{g 5 . To;leq nfOg nfu]/ df}g a;]sf
;flnsx Psf]xf]/f] dlt/ x]b}{5g\ . lrg]lrg]h:tf] nfU5 . gfd k9\5'
/fdflky]s; . uf}td a'4 . phL/l;+x yfkf . bz/y rGb .
rf]saxfb'/ u'? . ofbj cfnf]s . a;L/ ldofF . dfofb]jL . dl0fd's'Gb
;]g . nvg yfkf, eLdbQ kGt, tf/fklt e/fO{, ;"o{k|;fb l3ld/],
hLj/fh cfl>t . clns dfly aHb}5 dfbn . ToxfF n]v]sf] k9\5'

Ps
d'7L
zLtn
5xf/L .
sf6\t}, 5f]8fpFb}, kvfNb}5g\ dlxnf . v]Nb}5g\ k'?if . glhs},
clns cUnf] 7fpFdf 5 kf]v/L . 6Gg} kfgL . l6nlkn . aLrdf 5 k'n
. k'naf6 jf/kf/ ub}{5g\ e'/fx . kfgLP]gfdf x]b}{5 cfgf] cg'xf/
lra]
r/f] . kf}8]n ;dfh n]v]sf] ;]8df uP/ a;] Ps x'n dfG5] . pM Tof]
kfgL6\ofL 7"nf] 5 . aGb} /x]5 . v'8\lsnfdf s'lNrFb} dflylt/ hfFb}5' .
jg . kftnf cUnf v . st} ofDd . dfly k]/ jg . o; kfs{sf]
d"n tj k|s[ltk|bQ dgf]/d ;f}Gbo{ g} /x]5 h:tf] nfUof] . s[lqd
gUg, k|fs[t, :jtM:km"t{ ;f}Gbo{k'~h . l8nd'lg, clns tn /f};]x
v]Nb}5g\ /f]6]kL . ToxLF 5g\ kmfkm' k/fn5fg] 5fk|f . klZrd] 7fF6L .
k"j]{nL 6fF8Lh:tf . 5fg' k/fnsf] . leq tn a:g] rf}tf/f]rf}tf/L .
x]b}{, kmls{b} hgfj/sf] h]nlg/ k'u]5' . h]nhLjg hgfj/ jf
dfG5] hf]sf]xLsf] si6s/ g} x'G5 . yl/yl/ r/fr'?L /f]O/x]sf b]v]F
leq . pGd'Qm p8\g gkfPsf]df lar/fx slt s'l07t xf]nfg\ .
gLnufO{ Tot} PSn} otfaf6 ptf lxF8\b} lyO{ . ToxfFsf k|f0fLdWo]
g]kfnL do"/ / rfOlgh d';f cf}wL dg k/] . b'j} k|f0fLnfO{ olt
glhs}af6 x]g]{ cj;/ kfPs} lyOgF d}n] . clxn] d kfs{leqsf]
dlGb/If]qdf 5' . dlGb/ . 306, Wjhfktfsf, lqz"n, cjL/ o:t}o:t} .
r/fsf] h:t} ufO{a:t'sf] klg s}bvfgf /x]5 dlGb/5]j}df . of] v'nf
h]nleq ;fx} yf]/} b]v]F k|f0fL .
dlGb/cufl8sf] 9'] kvf{ndf a;]/ ;'Gtnf tf5\t} dgdg} ;f]R5'
ev{/ @)%& ;fndf pb\3fl6t kfs{ /fd|f] kf] /x]5 lgs} sfd
eO;s]5 . x'Fb} klg /x]5 . jf} d]/f] dg ef/tsf] cxdbfafbsf]
sfFs/Lof n]s;fO6 kfs{ k'U5 . Tof] x]/L of] t s]xL xf]Og . 7\ofDd
cfgf] ufnfdf cfkm}Fn] 7f]St} eG5' cfgf] ;Gtfg g/fd|f], csf]
/fd|f] x'G5 / st} k/ gLnufO{ ;fyL gkfP/ afFafF s/fpFb} PSn} s'2}
lyof] . kmls{PF .

157

158

phL/l;+x kfs{ M
ToxfFaf6 kmls{P/ u]6 e]6]F hfFbfsf] . km"njfnL /fd|L ;fx'gLnfO{
;f]w]F phL/l;+x kfs{ stf k5{ < /fd|f slnnf cf}Fnfn] b]vfpFb}
pgn] elgg\ pM, ToxL xf] . glhs} /x]5 . rsf{] 3fd . s] l/S;f
lng] k}bn n'v'/n'v'/ hfFb}5' . ;'g;fg /f]8df kl;gf aufpFb} s'2}5
l/S;f . 7]nfel/ b]lvG5 a]Rg 3'dfpFb} u/]sf ;'Gtnf . Ps}l5gdf cfof]
kfs{ . ;8s}af6 b]v]F tnsf] kfs{ . /f]8}df hf]8]/ agfPsf] OF6]
v'8\lsnfaf6 tn em/]F .
t];}{t];}{ Psl5g ToxfF lxF8]kl5 e]6 eof] ofDd k/]sf] tGg]/L
kLkn j[If;Fu bflxg]kl . b]a|] af/ af/]sf] . af/df ;'sfPsf n'uf .
v]Nb} s]6fs]6L . d';ndfgsf] a:tLh:tf] . kLkn ePlt/ kx]nf] wf]tL
km]/]sf 6'kLjfnx pu|fO/x]sf b]lvG5g\ . cgf}7f] . lxGb" /
d';ndfgsf] qmL8f:ynh:tf] nfUof] Tof] 7fpF .
;f]w]F stf 5 phL/l;+x kfs{ < eg] ptfaf6 hfg';\ .
e]l6G5 . oxfFsf] u]6 aGb 5 . t];}{ kmls{PF . kmgSs df]l8PF . clnslt
lxF8]F . u]6df em'lG8Psf] /x]5 ;fFrf] . Kjfnjfnf u]6 . aflx/}af6 x]/]F
leqsf] b[Zo . leq b]lvG5 dlGb/ . z"Go . 5}gg\ dfG5] . w]/} hldg .
y'k|} 5fk|f5fk|L . vfnL 7fpFdf bf}l8Fb}5g\ s]6fs]6L . s'2}5g\ sfnf
;'Fu'/x . ;a}lt/ kmf]xf]/ . 5}g xl/ofnL . Pp6f a'9f] kLkn ;sL
g;sL xlNnFb}5 . o;nfO{ lsg kfs{ eg]sf] xf]nf j/fx cfjf; If]q
jf phf8 lgw{g a:tL gfd /fv] kf] /fd|f] x'GYof] ls uDb} OF6]
v'8\lsnfdf s'lNrFb} ;8sdf lgl:sPF .
eG5g\ gfy] v . eG5' ;a} xf] v . emnemnfsf/ Hof]lt
a'6jn . ;a} 5 . clnslt klg 5}g .
cfsfzHof]ltgf/fo0fL . ljzfn bfpGg]sf] jg . jg}el/ d[u,
xl/0f, h/fof], v/fof], af3, efn' . Tof] jgaf6 ;a} k|f0fL a'6jndf
k;] . tL dfG5] ag] . dfG5] aGg g;s]sfx v ag] . af]6la?jf,
3fF;kft s]s] eP s]s] . k|s[ltlt/ x]bf{x]b}{ ;a} d[tfTdfx v}v
ePsf] kf] b]Vg yfn]+ . gvf]Hg'xf];\ :ju{ . gvf]Hg'xf];\ b]jwfd . ;a}
b]jb]jL oxLFsf 8fF8fsfF8f / xl/of jghnleq ;w}+ gflr/x]sf x'G5g\

. dnw'g ePsf] b]jnf]s xf] a'6jn . k|To]s vdf cd[t x'G5

ch/cd/ agfpg] .

159

160

-@)^( kmfu'gdf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] k/LIff ;~rfng ug{

kfNkf k'Ubf d}n] 8\ofDd} 7f]s]sf] lgofqf ._

w"h{l6 qmL8f:yn
w"h{l6 qmL8f:yn 8fF8fx atf;], s}nfz, >Lgu/ . gf}gL ;]tf lxdfnx wf}nflu/L, df5fk'R5],
6's'r] . cf:yflaDa eujtL, gf/fo0f / e}/j . cGge08f/ df8L, dbgkf]v/f / k|ef; . lgd{nf
sfnLu08sL / l/8L . k|]dk|tLs /fgLdxn . cfly{s cefjn] k];f 5f]8\g ljjz s'dfnx . ef]sn]
k]6 a6fl/Psf / Gsf] df/df k/]sf lgd'vf hgtf . cTo'Rr, cj0f{gLo, dgf]/d k|fs[lts snf .
o:t}o:t} /x]5 kfNkf .

hf]/wf/fdf vfhf vfofF} . ;a} dL7f] . a6's / r'sfpgL gf}nf]

nfUof] . k"j{df oL b'j} kl/sf/ aGb}gg\ . xf]6ncufl8sf rf/j6f
wf/faf6 unn kfgL eml//x]sf] lyof] . tL wf/fnfO{ ldNg] eP d
vNtLdf xfn]/ sf7df8f}F n}hfGy]F . uf8Ldf a:tfa:t} af]8{df n]v]sf]
k9]F pQd vfhf3/, hf]/wf/f .
at{' ahf/af6 psfnf] hfFbf sNof0f kf}jf k'luFbf] /x]5 .
ToxfFaf6 tn 8Dd ;'t]sf] df8LkmfF6 b]v]F . dgn] lzj e/fO{ ;lDemof]
. xfdL lhNnf cbfnt kfNkfleq kl;;s]5f}F . klxnf] ofqf olQ .
bf];|f]k6s To;} ;fn lq= lj= sf] k/LIff ;~rfng ug{ a;af6
ToxfF k'u]F . Ps xKtf a;]F . ToxLF e]6 eof] lbg]zdfg dn]uf];Fu . pt}
/x]5 pgsf] 3/ . kf6g SofDk;df ;Fu} . d dfgljsLtkm{sf], pgL
Joj:yfkgtkm{sf ;xfos SofDk; k|d'v . 3'dfP . 3'd]F . b]vfP . x]/]F .
;'gfP . ;'g]F . w"h{l6 qmL8f:yn, cf:yfs]Gb|, ;'s;'sfpFbf] kfNkf .

k'Ub} k'lugF . k'u]kl5 Ps} jif{ b'O{k6s k'u]F kfNkf . @)^(

;fndf klxnf]k6s lghL uf8Ldf hfg kfOof] . tfg;]g rf/ 3G6f
a;]/ kms]{sf] lyPF . Tof]k6s a'6jn kfNkfsf] af6f] o;/L
l5rf]lnPsf] lyof] M
r9\of}F uf8Ldf . 5f]8\of}F a'6jn . gf}nf]gf}nf] . k"j{sf] d . of]
kof] klZrd . kfNkf af]8{/df em'lG8Psf] af]8{df k9]F l;4afaf
dlGb/ kGb]xL, a'6jn kfFr . lrl8ofvfgf . To;sf] kfl/ k9]F
l;4afaf wfd, bf]efg, kfNkf .
uf8Laf6 lgl:sP/ ;fyLx ;' ug{ yfn] . d ;8ssf] l8ndf
pleP/ x]b}{5' . tn aUb}5 ltgfp gbL . vf]nf]h:t} . dflydfly;Dd
3g3f]/sf] k]]/ jg b]lvG5 . 3/, a:tL, dfG5], ufpF s]xL b]lvGg .
tdtdfOnf] kxf8sf] y'Dsf] dfq} 5 . 6'Kkfdf xfFl;/x]sf 5g\ 3fd .
3fdsf bfFt slt /fd|f
l8naf6 leQflt/ kmls{PF . leQf]af6 emb}{5 kfgL . vf]N;f],
5fFuf], vx/] s]xL xf]Og of] . ;\nf], lgd{n kfgL emb}{5 . oxL kfgLn]
k|f0fLsf] ef]s d]6fPsf] xf]nf . ;[li6ljwfgsf] ;f}Gbo{ a9fPsf] xf]nf .
s]ljlw cUnf] xf} kxf8sf] y'Dsf] x]bf{ cfwfplw dfq} b]lvG5 .
lrqljlrq b[Zo . 5 klg . 5}g klg . s] eg]/ g;f]Wg'xf];\ .
;f]Wg] sf] tkfO{+ < pQ/ lbg] d sf] < zfGt, ;f}Do oyfjt\ dgf]/d
kfNkfnL k|s[lt b]v]/ x'?Ss} ePF d .

atf;]8fF8f] M
;fOG; SofDk;k5fl8sf] 7"nf] gff] rp/df klN6P/ /ldtf
x]b}{5fF} lbg]z / d . 6fpsfdf ;]tf km]6f u'y]sf lxdfnx b]lvG5g\ .
5\of5' b]lvg] tL lxdfnxsf] gfd pgL e// ;'gfpF5g\ .
wf}nflu/L, 6's'r], gLnlu/L, cGgk"0ff{ Ps, b'O{, tLg / rf/, lxdr'nL,
df5fk'R5], ndh', 6fs'/f . olt gfd;Dd ;lDemPF . c gfd csf]{
sfgaf6 p8] e'/{ . clns k/ a}F;n] dflQPsf /l;s s]6fs]6L
ulkmFb}5g\, gfRt}5g\, vfFb}5g\ . lkslgs xf]nf .
cf}Fnfn] b]vfpFb} pgn] eg] Tof] /fgL3f6sf] vf]r xf] . ptfsf]
du/ / a:ofn ufpF xf] . ToxfF b]lvg] sd]/f] kf]t]sf ;]tf 3/n] d]/f]
dg s'6's'6' vfof] . ;'tL;'tL eg]5' cfsfz / wtL{sf aLrdf
plePsf] of] 8fF8f] t ;fFRr} k|s[ltsf] cfjf; If]q kf] /x]5
lxF8\b} >Lgu/ 8fF8fdf k'Uof}F . cfof] u]6 . k};f nfU5 < nfUb}g
. 9'f 5fk]sf] af6}af6f] hfFb}5fF} . jgleq sfG5fsfG5L 8'Nb}5g\ . sd
dfG5] . v w]/} . lxF8\b} af6fdflysf] :tDedf n]v]sf] k9]F k~rfot
/hthoGtL @)!&@)$@, ko{6sLo ;f+:s[lts gu/L, xfd|f] tfg;]g .

161

162

cf]l;nf] jgdf n8\b}k8\b} em'lSsP/ l;:g' ;dfTb} dfly aGb}

u/]sf] Eo' 6fj/df k'Uof}F . r9]/ l;/fgdf uof}F . lbg]z eG5g\ nf}
x]g'{;\ tfg;]g clg 8fF8fkfvf . ;a} b]lvG5 oxfFaf6 . 7fpFsf
gfdx kmnfSg';\ . n ;'Gg';\ . rl08eGHof, kf]v/fyf]s, a:ofn /
augf; ufpF, df8L, dbgkf]v/f, 3f]/aG8f, w"jfF3f6, lrl9kfgL . d}n]
klg lal;{;s]F gfd eg]/ pgL r'k nfu] . Tof] xl:k6n, pM h]n eGb}
b]vfpFb} lyP pgL . ;'Gb} lyPF d . ufpFsf l6g5fg] kljq d73/xn]
Psk6s dnfO{ d'd'If' agfP .
embf{emb}{ k9]F >Lgu/ kl/n]os jg . ToxLF lyof] a'4d"lt{ .
;fgf] au}Frfdf lxF8fpFb} pgn] ld;g xl:k6ndflysf] kfvfdf k'ofP .
ToxfF lrof lkP/ 3/lt/ nfUof}F . >Lgu/sf] afSnf] jg, ljljw e"b[Zo,
gogfle/fd lxdfnx, dxneGbf /fd|f ufpFn] 3/x, 8fF8fkfvf,
vf]r ;lDemFbf;lDemFb} e';'Ss} lgbfP5' .
s}nfzgu/ M
eGb}5g\ of] k'/fgf] 8fF8f] xf] . klxn] oxfF vkft lyPgg\ .
km' p8]sf] kfvf] lyof] . kl5 olQsf] xl/of]kl/of] kf/] hgtfn] . cr]n
;+/If0f klg u5{g\ . kfNkfaf6 u'NdL, tD3f;, c3f{vfFrL, afUn' hfg]
af6f] oxL lyof] /]
bLks >]i7sf] k;ndf lrof lkpFb} sflnhsf s'/f u/]/
glhs}sf] l;l4ljgfos dlGb/lt/ nfUof}F . af6fdf pgn] e'Ns] / s'?
vf]nfaf6 kfNkfdf vfg]kfgL NofPsf] syf ;'gfP . jgd'lg,
ahf/dflysf] k'/fgf] dlGb/ eP tfklg lrGtsxsf] bz{gdf gofF g}
lyof] . kl/qmdf ;s]/ 7'6]kLkn rf]s k'Uof}F . embf{emb}{ k9]F k
klAns gd'gf df= lj=, @))$, kfNkf . 7f8f] cf]/fnf] emb}{5f}F . kfgL
aUb}5 . l;lnQ . h'?Ss . n8\g'xf]nf, la:tf/f] lxF8\g';\ . x'G5 .
dbgkf]v/f M
df8L, dbgkf]v/f, k|ef;lt/ t uOPg lg ;/ hfg';\ . clxn]
uP/ kmls{g EofOG5 . a;kfs{af6 a; hfG5 . xtf/xtf/ h]/L /
lrofsf] k};f lt/]/ d a;kfs{lt/ nfu]F laxfg} .
163

a; r9]F . gofF kf6Lsf] k|j]zdfu{glhs} cf]ln{PF . gofF 7fpF . ca

stf hfg] < dbgkf]v/flt/ l5b}{ /x]5 Pp6f k|fOe]6 uf8L . ln6
lbof] . r9]F . cf]/fNof] . cf]ln{PF . ToxL /x]5 dbgkf]v/f ufpF . zf/bf
p= df= lj= sf] cUnf] 3/ . gf}nf] dlt/ x]b}{5 . glhs} 5 x'nfs3/ .
ptf 5 sf]N8 :6f]/ . dbgkf]v/f gd'gf uflj; ejg ToxLF pleP/
d';'d';' xfFl;/x]sf] 5 . kmfkm' 3/ 5g\ . 5}gg\ w]/} dfG5] . 9sdSs
km'n]/ uhSs a;]sf] tGg]/L PSnf] cf?sf] af]6 . rfFbL lxdfndf
laxfgsf] ;"o{sf] k|sfz . atf;sf] df}g :j/ ;'lgg] . cxf
dbgkf]v/f .
glhs}sf] lrofk;ndf k;]+ . dfu]+ . lbof] . vfFb} ;f]w]+ s]s] 5
of] ufpFdf < zf/bf, bds8f, l/e/ EofnL tLg pRr df= lj= 5g\
oxfF . o;sf ;a} j8fdf :s'n 5g\ . df08Jo sn]h oxLF 5 .
To;nfO{ k|lti7fg agfpg sl:;Fb}5g\ ufpFn]x . sf]sn]8fF8fsf]
l;/fgdf
du/xsf]
a:tL
5 . tn km]bdf sfdL, bd}, ;fsL{x a:5g\ . To; 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkfdf
pleP/ x]of] eg] 5\of} b]lvG5 lxdfn . x]g{ w]/} dfG5] cfpF5g\ . eL8
nfU5 . ufpFdf ufpFn]n] g} ;fd'bflos /]l8of] rnfPsf 5g\ . oxfF
ckfxnfO{ sfd l;sfpg] :s'n 5 . k|foM k|To]s 3/df kfgL ;ng
ug]{ Joj:yf 5 jiff{tsf] . kfgL gx'Fbf ToxLF kfgL rnfpF5g\ . oxfF
lnrL, sfutL, h'gf/, ;'Gtnfh:tf y'k|} kmnkm"n n6/Dd} kmN5g\ .
ls;fgx ;ng u/]sf] kfgLn] t/sf/L kmnfpF5g\ . klxn]eGbf wgL
eO;Sof] of] ufpF . To;}n] t o;nfO{ gd'gf uflj; eG5g\ lg
uf8L cfof] . hfcf}F x} eGb} lxF8]F d . r9]F . uf8Ln] dnfO{
n'lDagL d]l8sn sn]hsf] u]6df 5f]l8lbof] . xl:k6nsf] km'8sf]6df
lrof lkP/ af6f] nfu]F .
cd/gf/fo0f dlGb/ M
xf]6naf6 kmf]g u/]/ Psflaxfg} dn]uf]nfO{ af]nfPF . cfpg'eof] .
dlGb/ n}hfg] < x'G5 . xf]6naf6 t];f]{ clg 7f8f] cf]/fnf] emb}{
dlGb/sf] glhs} k'u]5f}F .
164

lzjdlGb/df cf/fwgf x'Fb}5 . ToxLF pd|]sf] kfgLsf] wf/f] emb}{5 .

wf/f]dfly kf]v/L 5 . jl/kl/ cUnf v 5g\ . ToxLF 5 7"nf] km"naf/L .
rf/ xfthlt df]6f] 9'fsf] kvf{nn] dlGb/ 3]/]sf] 5 . pgL eG5g\
Tof] vNn'ssf] af]6 xf] . To;sf] kmn dL7f] x'G5 . vdf a]l/Psf]
nx/fnfO{ e'6's eG5g\ . tL rd]/f x'g\ . lbgel/ ;'T5g\ . /fte/ hfu}
x'G5g\ .
hfFb}5f}F . x]b}{5' d . dlGb/sf] cfFugdf v/]6f] xftdf lnP/
a9fb}{5g\ cfdL{sf hjfgx . 3'b}{5g\ k/]jf . df}g 5 gu/f .
lji0f'kfb'sfglhs}sf] 6x/fdf :j:yfgL syfjfrg x'Fb}5 . dlGb/j/k/
x]b}{, 8'Nb}, ulkmFb} ToxfFaf6 lgl:sof}F .
;fgf] vf]N;f]dfly ag]sf] Psgfn] b'O{tn] 3/lt/ b]vfpFb} pgn]
eg] of] 3/ s}bLxn] Ps} lbgdf agfPsf] xf] /] . oxfF h]/L aG5 .
c;fWo} dL7f] . vfg]x eG5g\ olt dL7f] h]/L t g]kfnd} aGb}g cGt
. vfg] < d}n] eg]F tfQftf] h]/L t vfg}k5{ . uof}F . a:of}F . dufof}F
. vfofF} . xf], cgkfd/Ls} /x]5 h]/L . af6f] lxF8\bflxF8\b} of] dlGb/
ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf] 5 eg]/ ;'gfP .
/0fphL/]Zj/L dlGb/ M
of] xf] 6S;f/ ahf/sf] ;j{dfGo, ;j{k"Ho dlGb/ . s0f]{n
phL/l;+x yfkfn] lj= ;+= !*&& c;f/ !( ut] :yfkgf u/]sf] . pgL
hLtk'/u9Lsf] o'4df hfg'k"j{ ;fgf] lyof] /] of] dlGb/ . d}n] o'4df
lht]F eg] o;f]o;f] u5'{ eg]/ pgn] efsn u/]sf lyP /] o'4df
ljhoL ePkl5 pg}n] olt /fd|f] dlGb/ agfPsf x'g\ eG5g\ k'/fgf
dfG5]x . oxfF efb| s[i0f gjdLsf lbg x/]s jif{ /yofqf x'G5 .
zfGt
dlGb/
.
czfGt
dfG5]
.
cgGt
OR5f . k"0f{tfsf] pTs6 sfdgf .
w/dkfgL uflj;df M
ahf/af6 km'Q lgl:sP/ yf]/} lxF8]kl5 ;lsof] ahf/ . ca
cf]/fnf] cfof] . emb}{5f}F n'?n'? dn]uf] / d . cf]/fnf]kl5 t];f]{ . uf8L
165

s'b\g] af6f] . t/ kLr 5}g . gfgLx, b"wbxL af]Sg]x cfpFb}5g\ .

;a}lt/ ;Nnfsf] af]6 b]lvG5 rf]ef/dfly t lxF8\b} 5}gf}F <
of] xf]nf\bL xf] . du/ efiffdf xf]nf\bL eg]sf] kfgL 5 ToxfF
eGg] a'g'k5{ . pM Tof] pRr df= lj= xf] . clns k/ wf/f] b]Vof}F .
l8ndfly ;dL -:jfdL_ sf] ofDd v 5 . tn /fd|f ufpFn] 3/
b]lvG5g\ . tLdWo] s'g} 3/sf] af]8{df n]v]sf] k9]F du/ft /fHo
;ldltsf] sfof{no dfcf]jfbL . af6f]dflysf] /fd|f] 3/lt/ b]vfpFb}
pgn] eg] Tof] u'?hL kf08]sf] 3/ xf] . nv]6] . clxn] To;df gu/
:jf:Yos]Gb| 5 . xfdL ;]t]kf]v/Ldf k'Uof}F . ;x/sf] 5]psf] ;fgf] ufpF
. dhfsf] 7fpF . cUnf] . k/ tn x]l//x"Fh:tf] kfvf] . vkft, 3/,
s6]/f, ufO{a:t', afv|fkf7f . v} s]s] kf] x]g]{ xf]
tnsf lrNnf, ;]tf, l6ldSssf 3/lt/ cf}Fnfn] b]vfpFb} pgL
eG5g\ Tof] l3ld/]ufpF xf] . ToxfF xfd|f ;/ s]zj l3ld/] / pgsf
w]/} bfh'efOxsf] 3/ 5 . :s'n ePsf] Tof] 7fpFnfO{ e"t8fF8f eG5g\
. ;]t]kf]v/Ld} plePsf 5f}F xfdL . pgL otfplt b]vfpFb} eG5g\
Gsfndf w]/} cfF;' aUof] oxfF . y'k|} dfl/P . EjfSs . ofDd .
:jfxf . slxn] ;]gfn], slxn] hnjf;Ln] . ;w}F r]k'jfdf kg]{ nf6f,
;f]emf, lgd'vf ufpFn]x . kmls{of}F .
:jKgnf]s l/8L M
tfg;]gaf6 l/8L;Dd hfg Pshgfsf] Ps ;o tL; ?lkofF
ef8f /x]5 . d cfh PSn} 5' . l6s6 sf6]F . r9]F . a;]F . lxF8\of] uf8L
7d7d . t];f]{ . 7f8f] cf]/fnf] . s'OFSs . eL/kfvf 8'Nb} s'2}5 a;
cNnf/] s]6f] h:tf] . dl/Pnf eGg] 8/ .
lxGb"xsf] cf:yf:yn . :jKg;f]kfg . sfnLu08sLsf]
tL/glhs}sf] a;kfs{df xfd|f] a; cl8of] . cf]ln{of}F . ;a} lxF8\g yfn] .
d klg rf/}lt/ x]b}{ hfFb}5' . glhs} b]lvlG5g\ lgd{nf sfnLu08sL .
gLnuf, lxdz'e|f efuL/yL .
l/8Lvf]nfsf] eFufnf]df afF;sf] k'n /x]5 . To;}af6 kfl/ hfFbf
/x]5g\ dfG5] . k'ndf a;]/ tLgj6L o'jtLx n'uf w'Fb} lyP . glhs}
166

b]lvGy] ofDd cf7b;j6f j/kLkn . k'ndfly l;lgQ k/]sf kxf8]

3/x b]lvG5g\ . afn'jfdf s'2} ufO{nfO{ uef{wfg u/fpFb}5 sfnf] uf]?
. ToxLF 5 ??If]q v]nd}bfg . u]6glhs} k'u]F . 5fk|]k;nxdf sf/f]af/
eO/x]sf] 5 . lsga]rsf] . 9'fsf] l;F9Ldf r9]/ dfly k'u]F .
k9]F ??If]q wfd, l/8L, kfNkf . lznfdf clt ePsf
ljleGg b]jtfsf gfd . 3'Db}5', x]b}{5' . ;kmf o1d08k /fd|f] nfUof] .
ToxfFsf u'? gj/fh;Fu kl/ro eof] . pgL dnfO{ 3'dfpg yfn] . of]
ufoqL a|Xdro{ dlGb/ xf] . oxfF ;+:s[t u'?s'nd\ ??If]q c3]{nL 5
. gf}hgf j6's 5g\ u'?s'ndf . pgLx b'O{ 3G6f sd{sf08 k9\5g\ .
dlGb/dfly b]lvPsf 5fk|f Tolt a]nf dnfO{ c;fWo} ;'Gb/ nfu] .
;'Gb/tf eGg' g} dgsf] zLtntf xf]Og / < oxfF vfg]a:g] Joj:yf
5 . cfh Ps /ft oxLF a:g'xf];\ eGb} lyP pgL . 38L x]/]F . kfNkf
lkmg{ EofOg] ;do /x]5 . hfG5' eg]/ lxF8] . aflx/ cfFugdf b'O{hgf
j6'sx efF8f dfb} lyP .
;fo+ ;do, ;GWofsfn . lgd{nf sfnLu08sLsf] lsgf/df uPF .
b]j, lkt[, cltlyC0f t ltg}{k5{ lxGb"wdf{g'ofoLxn] . lkt[xsf
gfddf dfgl;s >f4 u/]F . C0fd'Qm ePsf] cg'e"lt eof] . xtf/xtf/
kmls{PF . a; r9]F .
/fgLdxn M
Totf hfg] a; gf/fo0fyfgaf6 hfFbf] /x]5 . d 5' PSn} . hLk
kf/fsf] km'Rr] a;df c 5g\ . lbpF;f] tLg ah]lt/ uPF . ToxfF k'u]/
l6s6 sf6]F . a;]F . lxF8\of] . cfsfz l/;fP/ sfnf]d}nf] b]lvGYof] . lsg
l/;fPsf] xf]nf d csf{sf] k|]dufyf ;'Gg hfFb}5' eg]/ t xf]Og < k'Ubf
7\ofSs} rf/ tL; aHof] .
ca d af6f]sf] syf ;'gfpF5' . can cyf{t\ v8\uzdz]/n] OF6f
kf]n]sf] 7fpF;Dd t Tolt si6 ePg . 8fF8fsfF8f x]b}{, lrNnf 3/sf]
df]xgLdf /Gylgb}, cf]/fnf], 7f8f] cf]/fnf], t];f]{ x'Fb} tn;Dd k'Uof}F .
cK7\of/f] ePg . u8\ofu'8' ub}{5 cfsfz . cf]/fnf] emb}{5 uf8L /
af}wf kf]v/fyf]ssf j8fxsf] kfgL aUbf l;lnQ lrlKnG5 uf8L .
8fOe/nfO{ slt si6 eof] xf]nf d]/f] 5ftL 9's9's u5{ . pM Tof]
167

klx/f]df dfG5] n8]sf] lyof] . Tof] 7"nf] 9'fdf cf]/fnf] lxF8\g g;s]sfn]
w'?w'? xfQL /f]Psf] lyof] /] To;}n] Tof] 9'fnfO{ xfQL /f]Psf] 9'f]
eG5g\ . ;Fu} a:g]xsf o:tf s'/f d]/f sfgdf u'lGh/xG5g\ . dfly
jg . tn vf]nf] . 7f8f] cf]/fnf] af6f] . lrKnf] . kmls{g ldNb}g . x'OF
ls x'OF bGbgfP/ s'2}5 uf8L . d / d]/f] dfgl;s cft cfkm}F
a'g'xf];\ . a/f\bLsf] hnsNnf]nn] cem} eo yKt}5 . kf}g] ;q
lsnf]ld6/sf] Tof] qf;b sRrL af6f] ;lDemFbf cfh klg d]/f] cf
l;l/ u5{ . s7}, k'u]5f}F . u08sLlsgf/sf] vfnL 7fpFdf yrSs a:of]
afv||] uf8L . cf]ln{of}F .
k/ df}g aUb}l5g\ gLngogf sfnLu08sL . dfly b]lvG5
/fgLdxn . dxndfly jg}jg 5 . 7f8f] 8fF8f] . j/k/ b]lvGg 3/ .
glhs} kfFr;ftj6f 6x/f . k;n . leQfdf 8/nfUbf] eL/ . cgsG6f/
Tof] 7fpFdf tf; v]Nb}5g\, lrof lkpFb}5g\ . xlNnFb}5g\ s]/fsf kftx
. cfF;' emf/f}Fnf h:tf] ub}{5 cfsfz .
;fxf] s/fof] 8fOe/ kfgL knf{knf{h:tf] 5 . kof] eg] ;ft
lbg kmls{g ;lsFb}g . xfdL cfwf 3G6fdf kmls{G5f}F . 3'Dg] eP 3'd]/
cfpgf];\ . a:g 8/ nfUof] PSn} . cfwf 3G6fdf s] stf slt x]g]{
u'8'8' s'b]/ u08sLlsgf/df k'u]F . g]qkfbk|Iffng u/]F . cleif]s lnPF
. xftdf kfgL lnP/ c~h'nLbfg u/]F . kmls{PF . s'b]F . v8\uzdz]/n]
>LdtL t]hs'df/Lb]jLsf] gfddf agfPsf] b/af/lt/ x]bf{x]b}{ tfhdxn
k'u]sf] cg'e"lt eof] . p:t}p:t} nfUof] . tfg;]g ahf/af6 !#
lsnf]ld6/ pQ/df cjl:yt o;sf] If]qkmn %!%)@ /f]kgL 5 /]
;f;} gkm]/L 9'] v'8\lsnfaf6 dfly plSnPF . dxndf rf}aL; sf]7f
5g\ /] 3'Dg EofOPg . 3'd]h:tf] u/]F . b'O{ kf]v/L, au}Frf, 3f]8fta]nf
/ elQmgLx a:g] 3/ x]/]F . o:t} t xf]nf lg kmls{{PF . uf8L :6f6{
eO;s]sf] lyof] .
lkmbf{ M
uf8L u?f] kfg{ wdfwd 9\jf9\jf ub}{ 7"nf7"nf 9'f /fVt}5g\
leq . d 5]pdf a;]F . lxF8\of] uf8L . s'2}5 lrKn] psfnf]df . l;lnQ
lrlKnP/ kn{Ss klN6of] eg] To;kl5sf] s'/f sNkgf klg ug{ dg
168

nfUb}g . 9's9's ub}{ cflQG5 dg . can k'u]5f}F kQ} gkfO{ . a:g] ls

hfg] bf]dg eof] . uf8L eg] ToxLF ylGsof] . nf}hf, k/]g laTof;
lxF8]/ tfg;]g k'Ug'kg]{ . afa}, dl/G5 xf]nf ofDd} kof] /ft . xftdf
dw'/f] nfO6 dfq} 5 d;Fu .
ToxLFsf] j/sf] vd'lg sfFwdf ?s:ofs af]s]sf kbdaxfb'/
/fgf du/ e]l6P . PSn} pgL . d klg PSn} . pgn] eg] d
k'ofpF5' ;/nfO{, 8/fpg'kb}{g . la:tf/f] lxF8f}F . k'luG5 . Ps8]9
3G6f nfUnf .
ca ;'Gg';\ /f}/j g/sofqf . Ps}l5gdf 8\ofd8'd cFWof/f] eof] .
3/, jg, af/L, v]t, cfsfz, 8fF8fkfvf ;a} Ps . z"GonfO{ lrb}{
s/fO/x]sf 5g\ ofpFsL/Lx ofOF ls ofOF . lknlkn] nfO6n] s]
b]lvGYof] af6f] afv|f rb}{ 8'Ng] af6f] . ;fx} ;fgf] . 7f8f] psfnf] .
af6}df 5 k]/sf] jg . km'Q lglSnP/ EjfSs xfg] eg] < dg km]l/
eG5 of] o'4sfn xf]Og . km'OF ls km'OF psfnf] r9\5g\ kbd . d
eofseofs x'G5' . s'bf}F eG5', s] ;Sg' 8]9 3G6f s'2f Pshgf
klg dg'jf e]l6Pgg\ af6fdf . d nnf6df lbJo rIf' wf/0f u/]/
nf]ssf] cFWof/f]nfO{ lrb}{ tfg;]gsf] d':sfg x]g{ s'2}5' psfnf]df, hxfF
w"h{l6 qmL8f u5{g\ .
a]nfa]nf kbdn] dnfO{ g/sofqfnfO{ ;'vs/ agfpFb} pgn] lax]
ug'{k"j{ k|]ldsf;Fu u/]sf k|]dsxfgL ;'gfP/ unn x;fpFy] . sGb},
n8\b}, p7\b}, :jfF:jfF ub}{ b'O{ 3G6fkl5 u|Lg lxn xf]6ndf k'u]F .
cw{d'lbt gog M
lqe'jg ax'd'vL SofDk; tfg;]g a;kfs{dfly /x]5 . j/k/
kfNkf lhNnf cbfnt, xf]6n czf]s, kfNkf /f]6/L Sna, /f0ffn] /f]k]sf
!)* nx/] kLknsf af]6 cflb /x]5g\ . SofDk;sf] kmnfd] u]6af6
leq k;]F . u]6}cufl8 cUnf] kx]nf] b/af/h:tf] SofDk; ejg /x]5 .
SofDk; ejgsf] l;/fgsf] tnfdf cfFvf k/] . cw{d'lbtgogf zf]8ifL
kjtLx Psf]xf]/f] dlt/} 6'n'6'n' x]b}{5g\ . t?gLx dnfO{ lsg
o;/L x]5{g\ < d 5Ss k/]F . sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f]w]F sf] x'g\ tL gfgLx
169

< Psl5g af]n]gg\ . d';'d';' xfFl;/x] . km]l/ eg]F eGg'xf];\ g, Tolt

/fd|f gfgLx sf] x'g\ <
tL o'jtLx o'jtL xf]Ogg\ . dfq snfsf/sf] l;h{gf xf] .
:jKg;'Gb/LxnfO{ /f0ffsfnLg lbJo snf 7fGg'xf];\ . gfgLx /fd|f
5g\ . lrl6Ss . hlt x]of], x]/f}Fx]/f}F nfU5 . / nufpFbf ldn]g /],
geP t ll;Ss xfF;]s}h:tf] b]lvGYof] /] a'hf{df ;flns ag]/
y]lRrPsf tL afx o'jtLn] d]]/f] dg sf]tg{;Dd sf]t/] . olt ;'Gb/
x'G5 / x:tlgld{t snf < ToxLF b]v]F un}rL km"n . kfNkfel/ kfOFbf]
/x]5 . lb\nfdf x'Gg of] km"n . sf7df8f}Faf6 nv]l6Psf u'?hL vns
kf08]n] agfPsf] lghL lgjf; xfn lqe'jg ax'd'vL SofDk;sf] tLg
;o /f]kgL /x]5 hDdfhDdL hUuf .
3f]/aG8f ufpF M
tfg;]g ahf/glhs} 3f]/aG8f ufpFdf k'Uof}F . s] ufpF, ;fgf]
;x/} t xf]Og of] < ;8sdfly du/ufpF . ;8sd'lg s'dfnufpF .
;8sd'lg
nfUof}F . plSngeGbf emg}{ t ;lhnf] xf]nf af/Lsf l8nsf] af6f]
emb}{5f}F . af/Lsf u/fdf, sfGnfdf, w"nf]df v]Nb} lyP gfgLx gfsel/
l;ufg
af]s]/ . emf]k8L w]/} lyP . lkn/jfnf 3/ kmfkm' . :ki6} yfxf x'GYof],
of] 3/sf] sf]xL g sf]xL t ljb]z uPs} 5 .
tn ulx/f]df /x]5 3/ . km' p8]sf], Psb'O{ 3fF;sf v
ePsf] /ftdf6], 6f/af/L gf3]/ pgsf]df k'Uof}F . cyf{t\ xfdL k|]daxfb'/
s'dfnsf] cfFugdf a;]/ pgL;Fu ulkmFb}5f}F . pgn] s'dfn k];f 5f]8]/
7]Ssfkf ug{ yfn]5g\ . eG5g\ rNb}g of] k];f . ;a}n] 5f]8] . d
klg 5f]8\5' . df6fsf ;fdfg agfpg} ufxf] . agfP klg s;}n] lsGb}g
. ;a}lt/ Knfl:6sn] 9f]n ahfO;Sof] . ufpFn] ;a} cr]n sfd vf]Hg
;x/ k:g yfn]sf 5g\ .
x]b}{5', ;'Gb} klg 5' d . yf\u|fdf 5g\ ds}sf em'Qf . gfsdf
a'nfsL nufPsL s'dfngL cfdf leqaflx/ ub}{ x'g'x'G5 . uf]a/n]
l;lgQ lnk]sf] 5 k/fn5fg] 3/sf] leQf] / bnfg . ToxLF 5 ds}sf
170

9f]8sf] y'k|f] . s'v'/f af:t}5g\ . afF;sf kftx xlNnFb}5g\ . pM efn]

af:of] s'v'/L sfF .
vf]Gb|fsf s'v'/f, 6\ofS6/sf] efF8fs'F8f agfpg NofPsf] sfnf]
df6f], df}g ;fsL, k6'sfleqsf] v'k]{6f] xfd|f s'/f ;'Gb} lyP . xfdL
lxF8\g} cfF6]sf lyof}F . xnuf]? s/fP afF, afF .
l8ndfly plSnP/ ;8slt/ lxF8\b}5f}F . af6f]df a;]/ tf;
v]Nb}5g\ afx . unn kfgL aUg] wf/fdf kfgL yfKt}l5g\ sIff b;df
k9\g] df5fk'R5] uf]/L s'dfnk'qL lx:;L k/]sL ;'Gb/L gfgL . 6Lsf
s'dfnsf] k;nleq k;]/ lrofgf:tf uof}F . 7f8f] kLr ;8sdf
hfFb}5fF} . of] ;8s agfpg d2t u/]sf] x'gfn] pg}sf] gfdaf6 o;nfO{
/fd]Zj/ dfu{ gfds/0f u/]sf] /]
kfNkf e}/j M
tfg;]g ahf/af6 e}/jyfg a;df tL; ldg]6 . krf; ?lkofF
dfq . dn]uf] / d a;leq k:of}F . lxF8\of] . x]b}{5' d . ;8sd'lg
bD:ofOnf]
kfvf] . ;8sdfly kfvf] ePsf] ;fgf] ufpF . d]/f] 3/ufpFh:t}
8fF8fkfvf, 3'ofg, afv|fkf7f, 6fFsL . pgn] dfly b]vfpFb} eg]
ToxfF r'/f}6]sf] a:tL 5 . ;8sd'lgsf] aGbLkf]v/f xf] . klxn]klxn]
e}/jyfg hfFbf kfNkfnLx lxF8]/} hfGy] . 3/}df /f]6 ksfP/ nfGy] .
afhfufhf;lxt ofqf x'GYof] . k"hf ubf{ n6n6 5'6\ofpFy] . cr]n
dgk/L
5
.
k'Uof}F
.
cf]ln{of}F .
9'f 5fk]sf] v'8\lsnfaf6 r9\b}5f}F dfly . bfofFafofF k;n . w]/}
/f]6k;n . sfnf s/fxL . e'Ss p7]sf] /f]6 . /f]6sf] c8{/ uof}F .
gag'Gh]n 9'fdf a:of}F . d tnsf] ahf/lt/ x]b}{5' . ahf/sf 3/x
k|foM clt k|frLg b]lvG5g\ . glhs} 5 zfGt jg . df}g . ;Too'usf]
s'g} ufpFh:tf] nfU5 ahf/ . l8nd'lg xlNnFb}5 xl/of] aG;f] . d:t
lgb|fdf 3'b}{5 ahf/ . 9'f xfg]/ p7fpmF h:tf] nfU5 . ldNb}g .
ef]uljnf; / w"Tof{OFsf] xfjf k6Ss} grn]sf] of] ahf/nfO{ cf/fd;Fu
;'Tg} lbg'k5{ eGg] nfUof] km]l/ . dfG5] / 3/sf cg'xf/ Ps} .
171

xftdf /f]6sf] emf]nf em'G8\ofpFb} dfly k'Uof}F . w]/} eL8 lyPg .

leq k:of}F . ;a}sf xftdf /f]6sf emf]nf 5g\ . Pshgf eb|k'?ifnfO{
;f]w]F e}/jaf/] dnfO{ k6Ss} 1fg 5}g . s]xL hfgsf/L lbg'x'G5 ls
< x'G5 .
e}/jyfgdf sgkmf tLg k'hf/L, rf/ sd{rf/L / Pshgf
sfdbf/ a:5g\ . dlxgfdf Ps nfv vr{ x'G5 . eQmxn] e}/jsf]
d"n d"lt{sf] bz{g ug{ kfpFb}gg\ . k'hf/Ln] nu]/ r9fOlbG5g\ . oxfF
cv08 w'gL / cv08 aQL aN5 . Pl;ofs} 7"nf] xf] eG5g\ Tof]
lqz"nnfO{ . dl0fd's'Gb ;]gsf] b/af/ glhs} -k'0f]sf]6df_ 5 . pTvgg
ub}{5g\ . dlGb/k"j{ l;nf\yf]s, klZrd xf/yf]s, pQ/ gf/fo0fyf]s /
blIf0f sf/yf]s 5g\ . 6S;f/sf] klg pTvgg x'Fb}5 . emb}{5f}F . 9'fdf
8f]sf] c8\ofP/ a]Rg /fv]sf dL7f 7"nf ;'Gtnf emf]nfel/ af]s]/ /f]8df
lgl:sof}F .
6'Fl8v]n kl/qmdf M
/fhf jL/]Gb|, nvgl;+x, z\vw/ wfVjfsf tLg ;flnsnfO{
kLknsf] af]6d'lg a:t} u/ x} eg]/ 6'Fl8v]nleq k:of}F . eL8 5 rgf
r6k6]sf] . rp/df dfG5] g} dfG5] . hfFbfhfFb} gu/kflnsfsf]
u]6}cufl8sf] rf}/df km'Q} p8\nf h:tf] 7"nf] s?jf b]v]F . kfNkfnL
lrgf]
eGb}
kmf]6f
lvRt}
lyP
dfG5] . pQ/sf] rf}tf/fdf a;]/ kfl/ x]/]F . 6nSs 6lNsg] ;]tf 3/
slt dhfsf
cf]/fnf] emof}F . klxn] kf}jf3/ ePsf 7fpFdf cr]n ;]g pRr
df= lj= /x]5 . x]b}{ emb}{5f}F . ToxLF /x]5 cd/ljgfos / a6'se}/j
dlGb/ . hf]l8Oxfn] xftsf b; cf}Fnf d]/f . 8fF8fd'lg ljzfn eL/ 5 .
eL/d'lg
ufpF . l;lnQ lrlKnof] eg] EjfSs} tn . hLjg :jfxf . 8/fpFb}
lxF8\b}5' . pgn] eg] Tof] cfdL{ Aof/]s, pM df8L kmfF6, ;Fu}sf]
dbgkf]v/f xf] . P, P ub}{, la/fnfn] nv]6]sf] d";f] x'Fb} hfFb}5' .
plePsf a]nf t===n b]vfpFb} eg] Tof] h};L rf}kf/L xf] . ToxLF 5
kl08tk'q 8f= uf]ljGb g]kfnsf] 3/ . -pgL xfd|f] kf6g SofDk;df
172

cy{zf:q k9fpF5g\ . /];df lht]/ k|fWofks / 8fS6/ klg eO;s] ._

Tof] kfNkf sf/fuf/ xf] eg]/ cf}Fnfn] b]vfP . ;f]w]F w]/} xf]nfg\ s}bL
< s'lGg
kx/] 8f]/]6f] af6f]af6 kfl/ b]lvPsf af6f], jg, ufpF x]b}{ psfnf]
r9]/ km]l/ ;flns] kLknaf]6lg/ k'Uof}F . e|d0f ;dfKt .
zLtnkf6L M
zLtnkf6L cyf{t\ b/afl/ofxn] ahf/df xfjf vfg] kf6L .
/f0ffzf;sn] pbL{ ug]{ 7fpF . ahf/aLrsf] rf]s . rf]ssf] Ps 5]pdf
cgf}7f] nfUg] k'/fgf] 7"nf] kmnfdsf] wf/f] 5 . kfgL tfGb}5g\ . kf6Lsf]
csf]{klsf] kvf{ndfly cGbfhL rf/ lkm6 nfdf] 8]9b'O{ lkm6 rf}8fO
ePsf] 8'F9 t]:of{Psf] 5 . Tof] p a]nfsf cfd hgtfnfO{ kfgL v'jfpg]
efF8f] xf] /] cfhsf] lk|mh . d @)^( kmfu'g !) ut] ;fFemlt/ PSn}
k'u]sf] lyPF . Tof] lbg eLDjn PsfbzL /x]5 . kf6Lglhs} dlGb/ 5 .
To;sf] dfly n]v]sf] 5 eLd;]g dxf/fh dlGb/ . To;}cufl8
kf6Lglhs} cfuf] afn]/ w'gL hufpFb}5g\ . em'?Dd 5g\ dfG5] . w"jfFn]
kL/f eP cfFvf . kmls{{PF .
kfNkf b/af/ M
zLtnkf6L5]psf] blIf0f 9f]sfdf 5f}F . 9f]sfsf kmAn]6fdf
kmnfdsf gsbn] lsn}lsnf 7f]s]sf] of] u]6 OlG8of 3'Dbf cfu/f
kmf]6{df b]v]sf] sf7sf] u]6eGbf klg dfDkfsf] nfU5 . df]6f], cUnf],
sfnf] . leq k:of}F . ToxLF glhs} /x]5 v8\u:tDe . o;nfO{
ljho:tDe klg eG5g\ /] o:tf :tDex b/af/sf rf/} ;'/df 5g\
/]
hg/n k|tfkzDz]/n] lj= ;+= !(*# df agfPsf] of] b/af/
@)^* df3 !( ut] p8fP qmflGtsf/Lxn] . o;nfO{ k"j{jt\ agfpg
^ s/f]8 #% nfv *^ xhf/ % ;o vr{ ul/g]5 . o:tf] n]v]sf] k9]F
af]8{df .
173

leq b/af/sf] gjlgdf{0fsf] sfd tLj|tfsf ;fy cl3 al9/x]sf]

/x]5 . e";, r'gf, /ftf OF6f, sf7 b'?:t k'/fg} . uf/f], ofn, 9f]sf
cflb klg . otfplt Psl5g rSs/ sf6]/ aflx/ lgl:sof}F k"jL{
u]6af6 . b/af/cufl8 dvg6f]ndf ndtGg ;'t]sf] kLr ;8s
xfdLnfO{ ctLtsf] eofgs o'4syf ;'gfpFb} lyof] . nf6f, ;f]emf,
lgd'vf hgtf dfl/Psf], ad k8\lsPsf], nf; pl5lPsf] .
xfF;sf] kfNkfnL 5f]Onf k;nleq k:of}F vfhf vfg . /fhf
5f]Onf .
kfNkf 1fg M
klxn] kfNkfdf dd hf]v]/ a]Ry] /] . kfNkf gf/fo0fyfgsf]
hlQsf] h]/L g]kfnd} cGoq aGb}g /] . kfNkfsf] ufpFsf 3/ klg
;x/df h:t} em'?Dd} x'Fbf /x]5g\ . e'6'ssf] kft g]jf/hfltnfO{ >f4df
clgjfo{ rflxG5 /] vNn'ssf] vd'lg kfgL pld|G5 eGg] oxfF
hgljZjf; /x]5 . ;x/af6 ufpFdf a; a]n'sf dfq} hfg] / laxfg
dfq} kmls{g] ubf]{ /x]5 . tfg;]gaf6 ufpF hfg] sRrL df]6/af6f y'k|}
vg]5g\ . hfg Hofg dfof dfg'{kg]{ . c pkfo 5}g . hfg}kof] . d}n]
lsGbf tfg;]g ahf/df w]/} df]ndf]nfO ePsf] kfOgF . g/d Jofkf/L .
tfg;]g ahf/ 3'Dbf ;f8Ldf, rf]nf]df, of6of6] rKkndf,
k5\of}/fdf, 6'kL aflx/ lg:s]sf] 6f]kLdf, ef]6f] / s5f8df,
8f]sfgfDnfdf lxF8\b} u/]sf w]/} afcfdf b]v]F .
w"h{l6 qmL8f:yn 8fF8fx atf;], s}nfz, >Lgu/ . gf}gL
;]tf lxdfnx wf}nflu/L, df5fk'R5], 6's'r] . cf:yflaDa
eujtL, gf/fo0f / e}/j . cGge08f/ df8L, dbgkf]v/f / k|ef; .
lgd{nf sfnLu08sL / l/8L . k|]dk|tLs /fgLdxn . cfly{s cefjn]
k];f
5f]8\g
ljjz
s'dfnx . ef]sn] k]6 a6fl/Psf / Gsf] df/df k/]sf lgd'vf
hgtf . cTo'Rr, cj0f{gLo, dgf]/d k|fs[lts snf . o:t}o:t} /x]5
kfNkf .

174

-sf7df8f}F a'6jn @)^( df3 !* . a'6jn :ju{f/L !( . Ko'7fgsf]

:ju{f/L k'u]kl5 ToxfFsf] o1zfnf, uf}zfnf, u'kmf clg cgGt k|fs[lts b[Zo
b]v]kl5
n]Vg}kof] . n]v]F kn]6L df/]/ of] lgofqf ._

;'j0f{k'/ ;f}Gbo{
;'gsf] ;x/ . ltn:dL l/dlemd . cGt/z"GonfO{ el/k"0f{ kfg]{ pRr lzv/ . hLjg / hLjg]t/
nf]ssf] tfQftf] cGt/ :kz{ . lr;f] y'Dsf] . kxf8 . Gofgf] lrGtg . ;'j{0fk'/ 8fF8f] . :ju{f/L
.

gf/fo0f clg pxfFxsf gofF ;DwL, ;lDwgL, d / /lZd;lxt

5hgf Ko'7fg lhNnfsf] vfn uflj;df kg]{ :ju{f/L hfg a'6jnaf6
k|fOe]6 uf8Ldf lgl:sof}F . k'Uof}F . aL; 3G6f ToxfF a:of}F . x]of}F .
8'Nof}F . vfof}F, lkof}F, kmls{of}F . af6f]df / ToxfF cGt:k{z{ u/]sf cf/f]x
cj/f]xxnfO{ d}n] o; lgofqfdf 5tf5'Nn kfg]{ hdsf]{ u/]sf] 5' .
nfx'/]5fk kx/f] M
gf}l;]af6 c3f{vfFrLsf] ;'kfb]p/fnLlt/ hfFb}5f}F . psfnf] af6f] .
jfl/kfl/ ;a}lt/ ofk'Nn] jg, nSsf sfG5fsf] h'NkmLh:tf] . ;8sdf
s'2}5 uf8L xfd|f], afv|f s'b]h:tf] . dgdg eG5' g]kfnsf]
>L;DklQ h] eg] klg jg} xf] . /fof]sf] ;fusf] snsnfpFbf] 8's'h:tf]
jg . 6kSs l6k]/ s'6'Ss 6f]sfF}h:tf] . kfvf] klg d'lQmgfysf]
kx/f]h:tf] 5}g . aG;f], s'6\ld/f], vlgpF h:tf 3fF; l8n}el/ b]lvG5 .
;8ssf] 5]pdf plePsf] Pp6f s]6f] b]v]F psfnf]df . p;nfO{
x]/]F . zfGt, ;f}Do, lgikfk nfUof] pm . pm xf]Og, p;sf d}nf n'ufn]
dl;t
eg] otf :s'ndf o:t} n'uf x'G5g\ . /fd|} 5f}F xf]Og t xfdL <

175

176

d s]6f]lt/ x]b}{ ef]hk'/, lj/f6gu/, emfkflt/sf p;sf ;djoL

s]6f;Fu bfFHg vf]H5' . slt uxf}F s]6f] . nKkg5Kkg, n6/k6/ ghfGg]
uf}k|f0fL . 7u7fu hfg]s} 5}g nfUg] .
clns dfly;Dddf rf/ s]6f b]v]F . d}nfw}nf . lgikfk . lgMr]i6
. emf]nf eGy] pgLx :s'n hfFb}5g\ . 38L x]/]F . gf} aHb}5 . clns
k/ k'Uof}F . ToxfF !@!# s]6fs]6Lsf] ;d"x 6\jfNn k/]/ xfd|f] uf8LnfO{
x]b}{ lyof] . d}n] pgLxnfO{ x]/]F . s]6fh:t} s]6Lx klg lvGg dg
lnPsf
b]v]F . vfcf}Fvfcf}F, nfcf}Fnfcf}Fsf] a]nfdf klg lsg olt w]/} dnLg
cg'xf/ < ud]F afcfdfn] xkf/] ls < k]6el/ vfg} lbPgg\ ls <
/fd/p; eGg] s'g r/fsf] gfd xf] yfx} kf] 5}g ls <
kLr t/ 7f8f] psfnf]df hfFb}5f}F . ToxLF st} k9]F jf0fuf
pb\ud:yn . jf0fuf zAbn] lgdf]7\of] dnfO{ . lrof vfg uf8Laf6
cf]ln{of}F . ;fOgaf]8{ k9]F :6f/ xf]6n PG8 nh, 6f7 %,
c3f{vfFrL .
lrl6Ss, ck6'8]6, tLgrf/tn] Pp6f 3/ . ;Fu} csf]{ lrq]
5fk|f] . 5fk|fdf kfSt} df;'sf] kl/sf/ . bfOsf] gfd s] < ufaxfb'/
/f0ff . df;' slt laS5 < ;/b/ @% lsnf] lbgdf . Xjf/Xjf/
af:gf cfO/x]sf] 5 . vfg gx'g] . vfPgf}F . y's lgNof}F . lrof eg]
lkof}F . nfUof}F af6f] .
ljBfn] cf}Fnfn] b]vfpFb} elgg\ pM ToxL xf] ;'kfBf}/fnL
dlGb/, b]lvof] . d}n] x]/]F k/, jfl/kfl/ blN;g9'fn] 3]/]/ plePsf]
Bf}/fnL zfGt 5 .
/lZdn] ;f]lwg\ gf/fo0fhL kx/fdf nfx'/] 5 eg]sf] xf]Og <
v} t < kx/fsf] lglZrt 7fpFlt/ b]vfpFb} pxfFn] eGg'eof] ToxfF
/fd|/L x]g'{xf];\ . 7\ofSs} emf]nf af]s]sf] b]lvG5 . ;a}n] Totf x]of}F .
xf], b'?:t nfx'/] 5fk 5 kx/fdf . kmf]6f lvr] Sofd]/f af]Sg]xn] . d
x]b}{ lyPF . csf]{ 6f]nL xfd|f] glhs} cfP/ Totf x]b}{ s'/f ug{ yfNof] .
177

cfpg] dfG5] cfgf ;fyLx;Fu eGb}5 plxn] Pp6f dfG5]

;'kfBf}/fnLdf cfP5 . dnfO{ nfx'/] u/fOBf}, d ltdLnfO{ af]sf] lbG5'
eg]5 . geGb} pm nfx'/] eP5 . ljb]zaf6 kmls{P5 . ;'kfBf}/fnLsf]
glhs}af6 d"naf6f] 5f8]/ 5f]6f] af6f] vf]Hb} eL/}eL/ 3/lt/ nfu]5 .
b]jLn] yfxf kfO5g\ . eu'jf dg'jfnfO{ RofKk ;dft]/ 8\ofDd kx/fdf
7f]ls5g\ . pm ToxLF 7x/} eP5 . kx/fdf 6fFl;Psf] nfx'/]sf] d[t z/L/
clxn] klg oyfjt\ 5 eGg] hg>'lt 5 . d}n] pgLxsf s'/f ;'g]F .
t];}{t];}{ clnslt uPkl5 ;'kfBf}/fnL dlGb/cufl8 k'Uof}F .
cf]ln{of}F . x]b}{5' d . dlGb/ kl/;/df 5 ;fgf] ahf/ . 5fk|] 3/ . Ps
b'O{ /fd|f . ufpFsf] ahf/ . yf]/} dfG5] . w]/} cfjZostf . kLr ;8s .
emb}{, plSnFb} uf8Lx . dlGb/sf cufl8k5fl8 cUnfcUnf rfg}
rfg ePsf ;fFRr}sf e';lt3|] sfnf kxf8x . tn kfgLsf] vf]nf] .
vf]r . ;8s}df hf]l8P/ plePsf] Bf}/fnL . Psb'O{ k'hf/L . k"hf
cf/fwgf . zfGt 3fd . lvGg k|s[lt . l6g5fg] 5fk|f 5kSs} .
cfpFb}5g\ . emb}{5g\ ufO{, uf]?, ax/, afv|f, kf7f . xfd|f] ;d"x
dlGb/leq k:of] . :j]R5f cf/fwgf . kmls{of}F . o:t} eof] ;'kfBf}/fnL
lgdUg ofqf .
a8\8fF8fdf M
xfdL Ko'7fgsf] a8\8fF8fsf] ;fgf] ahf/df cfOk'u]sf 5f}F . ;do
To:t} rf/ ah] . cf]ln{of}F uf8Laf6 . lrof vfg] < d . x'G5 .
gf/fo0f . n';'n';' lrofbf]sfgleq k:of}F . slt sk < 5hgf 5f}F .
c < ef] rflxGg .
xftdf gfDnf] xNnfpFb} Pp6f el/of leq k:of] . k;nsf]
;fx'lt/ kmls{P/ p;n] eGof] oxfF s];sf] r/f]d';f] 5}g . d
;'g]/
5Ss
k/]F . c lrof tfGb} lyP . xtf/xtf/ ;s]/ k;naflx/ lgl:sPF .
d]/f cufl8 ofDd k/]sf] cUnf] kLknsf] af]6 PSn} pleP/ dlt/ x]b}{
lyof] . p;nfO{ d gf}nf] nfu]F ls <
d]/f cufl8 clns tn afb{nLdf em'lG8Psf] af]8{df k9]F
Pdfcf]jfbL sfof{no . lrofsf] nfOgdf l8ndfly /x]5 Pdfn] ufpF
178

sld6L sfof{no . sfu|];sf] klg t xf]nf lg eg]/ cfFvf 3'dfPF .

/}g5 . ToxLF /x]5 P]/fjtL Pu|f] ;]G6/ . P]/fjtL zAb dg kof] .
8'Nb}5' . dxsf l8Aafx, crf/sf afx, df; clg d:ofdsf
8fnfx rf/}lt/ b]lvG5g\ . 9fs/sf 9fs/, 8fnfsf 8fnf, sf6]sf
l;f v'ls{Psf, 6k/Ldf /fv]sf cb'jf b]lvG5g\ . s]ljlw a];f/, kftnf
rfgf, af]sf}Faf]sf}F nfUg] . ;'Gtnf / h'gf/ b]v]F af;L .
;d:ofn] lylrPsf egf}F ls ;Eo egf}F, ;a} Jofkf/L jf cfdf,
lbbL, alxgL df}g 5g\ . t8se8sljxLg 8fF8f]n] r6Ss r'F8\of] d]/f]
dg . zfGt kx/f]eGbf cem zfGt dfG5]x . jfl/ jg . kfl/ jg .
s'ns'n] kfgLsf] vf]r / dfly ;fgf] plePsf] ahf/ dg kof] . cem
dg kof] a8\8fF8f zAb . xfd|flt/ of] zAb ;'lgGg .
;'j0f{k'/sf] psfnf] M
efn'jfaf6 a8\8fF8f x'Fb} xfdL :ju{f/L hfg] tnsf] u]6df
k'Uof}F . ;lsof] ;8s . cfOk'Uof] < d}n] ;f]w]F . c;nL af6f] ca
;'? x'G5 . rf}w lsnf]ld6/ sRrL ;8s . gf/fo0f .
u]6leq x'Fb}, 8fF8fkfvf l5rf]Nb}, lgd'vf 3/cfFuglt/ x]b}{ xfd|f]
uf8L psfnf] plSng yfNof] . af/L, v, ;fdfGo 8fF8f] 5f]8\b}
uO/Xof}F . d}n] psfnfdf lxF8\b} u/]sf] d[To' b]v]F . kl08tn] ;'gfPsf
syf e// cfP dgleq . cfkm}Fn] cfkm}FnfO{ ;Demfpg yfn]F tFnfO{
s;}n] unxTofP/ k7fPsf] xf]Og . cfkm}F s]s] g e]6f}Fnf eg]/ bf}l8O;\
lsg sfD5;\ n'un'u
xf], d cfkm}F uPsf] x'F ToxfF . d'G6\ofP/ k7fPsf] xf]Og . /x/ .
dfG5]h:tf] plePsf] 5 kj{t . k}tfnf, 3'F8f, lt3|f, k]6, 5ftL, sfFw,
lrpF8f], d'v, gfs x'Fb} 6'KkLdf k'U5 ;8s . ldn]g ls 3/h:tf] 5
kxf8 . kmgkmgL 3'D5 af6f] . y]lug} ckxQ] . lk/fld8 udg .
ah|ofgL bz{gdfu{ .
ca cfpg'xf];\ . d af6f]sf] oyfy{;Fu oxfFsf] kl/ro u/fpF5' .
gcflQg'xf];\ . tLg 3'DtL, ;ft 3'DtL ;'g]s} xf] . of] 3'DtL t xhf/f}+
sf] kf] 5 t x} ;'OF ls ;'OF hfFb}5 uf8L . s'OF ls s'OF 3'd]sf] 5
af6f] . af6fdf st}st} 9'f e]l6G5g\ cfkm}F pd|]sf . ;a} df6] af6f] .

lunf] df6f] . km/fs 5}g af6f] . d'l:snn] Pp6f uf8L l5g]{ .

ofnaf6 x]bf{ 8/ nfU5 . wsws u5{ d'6' . n'un'u sfD5 z/L/ .
5}gg\ s'b]sf uf8L . xfd|f] PSnf] uf8L tGg]/L s]6f]h:t} s'2}5 8fF8fdf .
jg . xf]Og jg . kf]y|] v b]lvG5 . alnof] leQf] klg sdhf]/
nfU5 . km:s] 5 df6f] . clnslt uof], s'OFSs 3'D5 af6f] . l;lnQ
klN6P/ tn} k'luPnf eGg] 8/ . To:tf 8fF8fkfvfdf klg 3/ 5g\ .
xf]nfg\ lgd'vf dfG5]sf dfgl;s dxnx . 5 af/L . 5}g j}ej . 5
k|fs[lts wgf9\otf . ltn:dL ;f}Gbo{ b[Zo . /Qmljls/0f .
6'Kkf]df uf8L /f]lsof] . ToxfF ;DofPsf]] d}bfg /x]5 . rf/kfFr
3/ . rf/}lt/ jg . xfdL sf]xL 3f]8fdf, sf]xL k}bn af6f] nfUof}F .
uf8Laf6 cf]ln{P/ la:tf/f] k}bn lxF8\bf kRrL; ldg]6 nfUbf] /x]5 .
9'f 5fk]sf] 5 af6f] . bflxg]b]a|] n]sfnL 8Nn] v 5g\ . lvofp6] 5
kfvf] . dflyaf6 emb}{, plSnFb}5g\ dfG5] . dfly tLgrf/ 3/ b]lvP
tn}af6 .
ToxLF xf] < d . xf], ToxLF xf] :ju{f/L . klxn] b'O{tn]
wd{zfnf cfof] . s'g} eQmnfO{ b]jf/L u'?n] cfzLjf{b lbP . p;n]
y'k|} wg sdfof] . kl5 cf1fcg';f/ of] wd{zfnf agfPsf] ls+jbGtL
/x]5 . 5f]8\of}F . csf]{ wd{zfnf cfof] . 5f]8\of}F .
kmfkm' 3/ tn . tL sd{rf/Lsf /] ca csf]{ 9'], v'8\lsn]
af6f] cfof] . r9\b}5f}F . lr;f] . dflysf] k|j]zf/leq k:of}F . n]sfnL
vx sf] cfof] < eg]/ xfdLlt/ x]b}{ lyP . cfR5', slt lr;f] xfjf

xfdL;Fu xfd|f] z/L/ / cfTdf lyof] . b'j} s'/f xfdLn]

:ju{f/Ldf ;dlk{t uof}+ . csf] lhDdf t d s;/L lnpFm d}n]
cfgf ;a} s'/f la;fpFb} eg]+ ef]ln kmls{G5' ls kmls{GgF, s] yfxf
k|s[ltk'q d k|s[ltd} ljnLg x'g kfpmF . d]/f ;a} k|nf]egx x/fpmg\ .
d lg/xf/ dfgj agf}+ . d cfkm}+ d/f}+ eGb}5' ls afFrf}+ eGb}5' .
a'lemgF .

179

180

kfx'gf3/ M

k|j]zf/leq l5g]{lalQs} e]l6P 3fddf a;]sf *!) a|fXd0fx .

klx/gn] 7f]s'jf uYof]{ oL a|fXd0f} x'g\ . xfdL;Fu} x'g'x'GYof] gf/fo0fhL .
pxfFsf] GofofwLz kl/rokl5 tLdWo]sf] k|d'vn] xfdLnfO{ wd{zfnfdf
k'ofP/ cf/fd u/fpg s;}nfO{ cxfof] . pm cl3 . xfdL kl5 .
Pstn], Psgfn] nfdf] 3/sf] cfFugdf k'u]/ pleof}F . p;n] sf]7f
vf]Nof] . leq k:of}F . Ps sf]7fdf rf/ a]8 . l;/s, 8;gf, sDan
;a} kof{Kt . Tof] lbg kfx'gf /}g5g\ . xfdLn] tLg sf]7f kfof}F .
Psdf Ps hf]8L . 6\jfOn]6, afy?d, kNnf] 5]pdf 5'} .
ufO8 pjfr M
cFWof/f] eO;Sg} cfF6]sf] 5 . pm 3'dfpFb} eGb}5 . xfdL ;'Gb}5f}F .
x]b}{5f}F . lxF8\b}5f}F . of] o1zfnf xf] . of] k"hf:yn xf] . oxfF lzjsf]
cf/fwgf x'G5 . of] u'? / lziosf] ;dflw:yn xf] . d"n o1zfnfdf
rt'ik|x/ xf]d cgj/t x'G5 . oxfF ef/taf6 k|foM jif}{lbg ofqLx
cfO/xG5g\ . Psl5gkl5 ef]hg x'G5 . To;kl5 o1ofuflb x'G5 .
uP/ lj>fd ug'{xf];\ . d af]nfpg cfpF5' . pm uof] .
cfsfzdf tf/f M
8Dd} kof] ;fFem . /ft} kof] . 8'Nb}5f}F . slxNo} cfOgk'u]sf]
8fF8fdf 5f}F . h"g emndNn nfu]sf] 5 . 5 pHofnf] h"gsf] . 5}g
pHofnf] lah'nLsf] . ulkmFb} kfvf]af/Ldf kfOnf ;fb}{5f}F . d}n]
cfsfzlt/ x]/]F . dfly cfsfzaf6 y'k|} tf/fx dlt/ x]b}{ lyP . d
lb\nf k'u]F .
d\l;/sf] lbg . xfd|f] k}/] v]t . la6f nufO;Stf a]n'sfsf] gf}
aHof] . wf]qmf]el/ wfg xfn]/ gfDnf] ldnfpFb} d}n] cfsfzlt/ x]/]F .
cfhh:t} y'k|} tf/fn] dnfO{ luHofpFb} eg]sf lyP ;fgf] dfG5] 7"nf]
wf]qmf] af]Sg ;S5;\ s] t xfdL tnaf6 jgdflysf] j/kLkn
rf}tf/f]df cfOk'Uof}F . ef/L la;fof}F . rf}tf/fdf a;]/ ysfO dfb}{ d}n]
km]l/ cfsfzlt/ x]/]F . cxf, Sof dhfsf] h"g xf] of] :ju{f/L . t/
of]eGbf klg dxf:ju{f/L lyof] lb\nf . pkm\
181

sf]7fdf uP/ a:of}F . /d/d n]s nfu]5 dnfO{ . s:tf]s:tf]

lg;fl:;Ph:tf] eof] . s;}nfO{ elggF . cfFugdf klg lr;f] lyof] .
afy?d vfnL . lr;f] sd . ToxfF uP/ skfneflt u/]F b; ldg]6 .
n]s;]s Rjf} x/fof] .
ef]hg M
efG;f tof/ 5 . kfNg'xf];\ . u|x0f ug'{xf];\ . s;}n] cfP/ eGof]
. kl5 nfUof}F p;sf] . k'Uof}F . aflx/} wf/f] vf]n]/ wf]of}F . leq k:of}F .
cFWof/f]df dw'/f] aQL aNb} lyof] . xfdL cf7hgf . sf7sf] lk/f .
lk/fhlt g} cUnf] sf7s} 6]an . s?jfdf kfgL . l/Qf] lunf; ! .
l/Qf] srf}/f ! . yfnL ! . wf]tL km]/]sf] a|fXd0fn] afN6Laf6 eft,
bfn, t/sf/L vGofP . vfg yfNof}F . dL7f] . vfnL lunf;df afSnf]
bxL vGofP . emg\ dL7f] .
d xl/f/ k'u]F . Psk6s xl/f/sf] ;]jf cf>dsf] n;'gKofh
gePsf] krf; ?lkofFsf] yfnL vfO;s]kl5 r'7\t} eg]sf] lyPF clg
k'ik k|sDk df n]v]sf] lyPF olt dL7f] n;'gKofh gePsf] vfgf
vfPs} lyOgF d}n] . TolQs} t xf]Og . To:t} nfUof] :ju{f/Lsf] ef]hg
. slt dL7f] hf8f]n] dfq} t xf]Og xf]nf ;s]/ lgl:sof}F . sf]7fdf
Psl5g ylGsofF} .
cf/tL M
s;}n] sf]7fdf 9s9SofP/ eGof] cf/tL x'Fb}5 . kfNg'xf];\ .
xtf/xtf/ uof}F . ;xof]uLn] b]vfPsf] 7fpFdf uP/ a:of}F . x]b}{5' d .
x'Fb}5 cf/tL . ;fgf] 5 s'6L . k0f{s'6L g} t xf]Og, To:t}To:t} nfU5
. 6Gg} 5g\ dfG5] . w"jfF 5 . Hof]lt k|;|j0f x'Fb}5 . cJofxt ult .
lg/Gt/tf . hLjg o:t} t xf]nf k/Dk/f, zf:q, bz{g, cWofTd,
cfTdlrGtg, t[i0ffljt[i0ff .
zog M
k6Ss} hf8f] ePg . 3/df h:t} lgb|f kof] . olt w]/} Joj:yf
ePkl5 hf8f]sf afa'sf] s] lktfd xfdLnfO{ lr:ofpg]
182

ufO{uf]7 M
e'se's] pHofnf]df p7]F . hf8f] . g'xfpg] s;/L < eGb} lyPF .
g'xfP/ kmls{b} /x]5g\ . tftf]kfgL . luh/ . P x}, o:tf] cgsG6f/
7fpFdf klg olt w]/} ;'ljwf 5\of5' pHofnf] eof] . 3'df}F Psl5g
eGb} lgl:sof}F .
kfx'gf3/glhs} uf]uGw 3'Db} lyof] . Tot} hfg dg nfUof] . uPF
PSn} . tuf/f] nfu]sf] lyof] . leq} lyP uf];Gtltx . k'u]/ x]b}{5' d .
j/} 5g\ ;fyLx . ufO{sf] ayfg 5 . d]/f cufl8 ;fgf afR5fafR5L
em8\sfb}{ cfdfsf] b"w r':t}5g\ . ;fgf] kmfFrf] . ;fgf] z/L/ . t/ lx:;L
k/]sf ufO{x . ;a} b"w r':t} lyPgg\ . ;a}sf 6fd'lg ;Gtfg klg
lyPgg\ . b[Zo /dfOnf] lyof] . yf/f ufO{ sd{ 7f]St} 3fF; vfFb} lyP .
Toltsf ufO{dWo] Pp6f ;fF9] lyof] hu/;]7 . h'/f] xNnfpFb} p;n] dg
k/fPsf] 7fpFdf ;'Fb} plk|mFb} lyof] . tl;{b} lyP slnnf afR5Lx .
eg]F of] ;fF9] t s[i0fhL g} kf] xf] ls < tLg ;o krf; ufO{sf] Ps
dfq gsr/f] ;fF9] .
glhs} plePsf] dfG5]nfO{ ;f]w]F oL ufO{n] w]/} b"w lbG5g\ <
eGof] lbGgg\ . oL nf]sn x'g\ . lognfO{ xfdL rf]qm] ufO{ eG5fF} .
h;L{ ufO{ ;Xofg{ oxfF rsf]{ x'G5 . w]/} ufO{ 5g\ . b"w k'U5 . km]l/
p;}n]
eGof] oxfF cfpg] ofqLn] oL ufO{nfO{ v'jfpg g'g / kL7f] NofpF5g\
. Tof] klg y'k|} x'G5 . lsg g'g / kL7f] < cf:yf, ljZjf;, k|rng .
x]l//x]sf] 5' . tLg ;ohlt gafFw]sf ufO{x 6x/fleq} Ps}
7fpFdf vfFlbP/ a;]sf 5g\ . clns tn t/ 6x/faflx/ krf;hlt
5g\ . ;fob tL eg] yf/f xf]nfg\ . ;fF9] ;'Fb}5 . nfD6f r':t}5g\
afR5fafR5L . cfdfx 3fF; vfFb}5g\ . 3fd nfu]sf] 5}g . l;/l;/
rNb}5 lr;f] atf; . x]bf{x]b}{ dgdg} eg]F dfG5]nfO{ klg uf]7df
ufO{a:t' h:t} Ps} 7fpFdf /fv] s:tf] x'GYof] . d]/f cfFvfn] cuDo
1fg u/] . cGtd{gn] ;[li6af]w uof] . ToxfFaf6 lxF8\of}F .
kfvf] / u'kmf M
183

3'Dg] xf]Og < /lZd . 3'Dg] . ljBf . psfnf] nfUof}F .

ufO{nfO{ g'g v'jfpg] 7"nf] 8'F9 /x]5 . g'gsf l9sf 6nSs 6lNsFb} lyP
. vfPg5g\ . cufl8 7"nf] kfgL6\ofL b]v]F . kfgL6\ofLdfly cfdL{
SofDk . cfdL{n] eGof] dfly gcfpg'xf];\ . tn}af6 af6f] 5 .
xfdLnfO{ cfdL{ SofDk lsg rflxof] olt dL7f] k|s[ltsf] d':sfg
5Fbf5Fb}
t];}{t];}{ hfFb}5f}F . jl/kl/ jg . kftnf] . df]6f cUnf v .
ofDd xf]Og . s]ljlw cUnf] /x]5 Tof] kxf8 tn stf xf] stf
cgsG6f/ b]lvG5 . vf]r, v]t, a:tL 5 ToxfF . 5]p nfu]/ f{xF8\bf kfl/
xl/of] v]t b]v]F . Tof] 7fpFsf] gfd xfdLdWo] s;}nfO{ yfxf /x]g5 .
u'kmf stf 5 < clnslt hfg'xf];\ . vdf P/f] b]lvG5 .
glhs} 5 . plSnof}F . nl8Pnfnl8Pnf eof] t/ nl8gF . k'Uof}F . 7"nf]
6fj/d'lg /x]5 k|frLg k|fs[lts u'kmf . kmf]6f lvRof}F . leq k:g] <
ef] gk:g] . cFWof/f] 5 . s] xf]nf /
kmls{b}5f}F . Pp6f vdf 9sdSs km'n]sf] /x]5 nfnLu'/fF;
glhs} . ljBf / /lZd s'b]/ uP . /dfP . lsl6slsl6s kmf]6f lvr] .
clns tn emof}F . x]b}{5' d . ljzfn kj{tsf] lzv/df plePsf /x]5f}F
xfdL . 8/nfUbf] . l;lnQ lrlKnP :jfxf . hLjgnLnf ;dfKt . lemFuf]
gc8\g] af6f]df ufO{a:t' 8'nfpFb}5g\ dfG5] .
cxf, slt dhfn] km"n km'n]sf] /fof]af/L . /fof]sf] 9sdSs km"n
b]Vtf d km'Q lb\nf k'u]/ s6]/fd'lgsf] ;fu l6Kg yfN5' . r}tdf .
o1zfnf M
lrof lbFb} p;n] eGof] o1 ;'? eof] . lrof lkP/ hfg'xf];\ .
xtf/xtf/ ;s]/ ToxfF uof}F . j]bsf dGqx d'vl/t x'Fb}5g\ . cWofTd
h'?sh'?s p7]/ dfG5]nfO{ k/nf]slt/ x'gx'gfP/ v]2}5 . efjftLt
dfG5] cem dflyNnf v'8\lsnf r9\b}5 . g b'Mv, g ;'v . lrGdo
dfG5] lrbfsf/ dl0fd's'6 emnemnfP/ p2fd ultdf k|jflxt x'Fb}5 .
kfgLh:tf]
s'2}5
dfG5] . sxfF ldl;g vf]h]sf] xf], d hflGbgF . /dfPsf dfG5]sf] xif{
184

b]v]/ d klg xlif{t, ;Dk"l/t / em';L kfyL x'G5' cGgsf], P]Zjo{sf],

lrbfsf;sf] .
aLrdf 7"nf] ulx/f] o1zfnf . jl/kl/ ;fgf c rf/ o1s'08 .
x'Fb}5 xf]d . k9\b}5g\ j6'sx . z'4 pRrf/0f . slnnf j6'sxnfO{
j}lbs lzIffdf k|jL0f agfPh:tf] nfU5 . :jfxf . s] :jfxf < hLjg .
lrGtg . si6 . xif{ . pNnf; . lhhLljiff . x'f/lrq . cb[Zo 5ljsf]
sf/ b]v]F d}n] ToxfF . clrGTo, czf]Ro, h;nfO{ xfdL lglj{sf/ xf]tf
eG5f}F .
u'Gb|Ldfly 5]/fdf a;]sf 5fF} xfdL . cfuf]sf] /fk / w"jfF
cfO/x]sf]
5 . sd]/f] / /ftf] df6f]n] lnk]sf] leQf] . uf]a/ kf]t]sf] e'OF . WjfF;f]
nfu]/ sfn} ePsf vfFaf . cfF6df /fv]sf] cDvf]/f . d'v dfq} b]vfP/
uf8]sf] tfdfsf] k'/fgf] ofDkf] . htftt} w"jfF / WjfF;f] . ;fgf7"nf
306x . sfnf] gf\nf] . cf]5\ofPsf sf7sf kmn]s . leQfsf] Kjfndf
nfO6 /fv]sf] . 7\ofSs} d]/f] 3/ . afsf] k"hfsf]7fh:tf] . uf]7df afFafF
s/fpFb} afR5fafR5L .
cleif]s M
csf]{ 7fpFdf k'ofof] . uof}F . cleif]s x'Fb} lyof] .
:jl:tjfrg;Fu} cleif]s lnof}+ . Tof] kfgL g} lyof] . ;fdfGo kfgLh:t}
. ufnfdf kfgLsf yf]kf kbf{ Tolt a]nf pNsf cg'e"t u/]+ . lsg o:tf]
< Ps} s'/f cj:yfcg';f/ leGg x'g] /x]5 . cf;jdf, cleif]sdf,
t[liftsf] 3fF6Ldf, d[To'z}ofdf kfgLsf leGg k x'g] /x]5g\ . ToxfFsf]
Ps yf]kf kfgLn] dfG5] lblUjhoL ;d|f6 kf] aGg] /x]5 . lgl:sof}F .
kf6Lh:tf] 3/df k'ofP/ p;n] a;fof] . a:of}F . dfG5] w]/} . a:g] 7fpF
7"nf] . s'/f, k|jrg, kf7 ;a} x'Fb} lyof] . ToxL /x]5 :j]R5fbfg ug]{
7fpF . OR5fcg';f/ OR5f k"/f uof}F . ef]hg tof/ eof] . x'G5 .
uof}F . vfg a:of}F . cn] s] u/] s'lGg d}n] tLgk6s yk]F bxL .
cxf, ;'j0f{k'/sf] bxL slt dL7f]
sf]7flt/ hfFb}5fF} . af6}df 3/ aGb}5 . 9'f af]St}5g\ . tLghgf
a|fXd0f j6'sx v/]6f] nfpFb}5g\ . 5]paf6 uof}F . d}n] ;f]w]F oxfF
185

a9fg]{ sfd klg afx'gs]6fn] g} u5{g\ < p;n] eGof] ;a} sfd
afx'gnfO{ g} nufOG5 . afx'g ge]6] cn] u5{g\ . efG;fdf ksfpg],
kl:sg], dfg] ;a} afx'g b]Vg'ePg <
:ju{f/Laf/] n]lvPsf] k':ts vf]Hb} SoflG6gdf uof}F . oxfF eft
vfg kfOG5 < kfOG5 . slt < e/e]6 ;Q/L . rN5 < jif{df
b;aL; lbg sd x'G5g\ dfG5] . geP ;w}F Kofs . of] SoflG6g
s;n] rnfPsf] < ;+:yfn] . vfg]s'/f ;flTjs x'G5 . z'4 lg/fld; .
Ps ;o lt/]/ d}n] -k'0oe"ld :ju{f/L_ k':ts lsg]F .
P]ltxfl;s tYo M
:ju{f/L cf>dsf] :yfkgf >L afntk:jL dxfk|e' x+;fgGb
lu/Laf6 lj= ;+= !(%@ df ePsf] xf] . pxfFsf] hGd lj= ;+= !(!^ df
/f]Nkfsf] ?D6Ldf ePsf] lyof] . lsg :ju{f/L If]q g} <
o1e"ldsf kdf ljVoft ePsfn] .
j]bJof;n] o1 u/]sf] 7fpF ePsfn] .
kfFr kf08jn] oxLF tk:of u/]/ :ju{ k|:yfg u/]sfn] .
a|Xdfn] oxLF zlQm ;~ro u/L nf]ssf] ;[li6 u/]sfn] .
Clifd'lghgsf] tkf]If]q ePsfn] .
:ju{f/ ePsfn] . OToflb .
jt{dfg cj:yf M
ufO{uf]?, afR5fafR5L rf/ ;ob]lv kfFr ;o;Dd 5g\ eg]
ufO{ dfq} tLg ;o krf; 5g\ . ;fw', ;Gt, a|fXd0f b'O{ ;o 5g\ eg]
sd{rf/L Ps ;o 5g\ . o; cf>ddf s'g} g s'g} kdf cfl>t x'g]
cfl>t hg b; xhf/ 5g\ . cxf]/fq o1 ug]{ a|fXd0f rf}aL; 5g\ eg]
k9\g] j6'sxsf] ;\Vof c;L 5 . cfo;|f]t o;sf] bfgbftJo d'Vo
xf] . bfb]pv'/Ldf b; xhf/ lj3feGbf w]/} hUuf 5 . -/fd|/L
ef]urng ug{ kfPsf] 5}g ._ cf>dj/k/ klg y'k|} hldg 5 . k|To]s
lbg 8]9 ;oeGbf w]/} dfG5]nfO{ vfgf kfS5 . cf>dn] ;:tf]df vfgf
v'jfpg] SoflG6g vf]n]sf] 5 . cf>dd'lg k'ln; rf}sL / dfly cfdL{
SofDk 5 . cf>d kl/;/ ;fx} k'/fgf] 5 . gofF 3/ 5}gg\ eg] x'G5 .
186

cltly cfjf;u[x cyjf wd{zfnf gofF l;d]G6]8 Pstn] 5 . oxfF

tftf]lr;f] kfgLsf] Joj:yf 5 . cf>daflx/ k;n 6fOksf s]xL 3/
5g\ k'/fgf .
-;fef/ k'0oe"ld :ju{f/Laf6_

-d]/f] ldNg] ;fyL /fd >]i7 . @)&) r}q !* df gkms{g] u/L uof] . of] HofgnfO{
kg'{ kL/ kof] . tdtdfpFb} n]Vg a;]F . eof] ls ePg lgofqf <
p;nfO{ ;lDemP/ cem} a]nfa]nfdf c/dlG5 dg ._

/fdsf] ;a}sf] ofqf

d, xh'/, ;j} . slxn] stf slxn] stf . lg/Gt/ e|d0f . clglZrt ofqf . hGd, hLjg, d[To' .

laxfg ;ft ah] g'xfpFb} lyPF . kmf]gsf] 3G6L aHof] . p7fPF .

laxfg kfFr tL;df cn hfg'eof] . cG6LxnfO{ ;DxfNg wf}wf}
eO/x]sf] 5 . xh'/x rfF8} cfpg'kof] . aflx/ lg:s]/ /lZdnfO{ eg]F
/fd uP5 . rfF8f] u/ . eQmk'/ xl:k6ndf hfg'kof] . lha|f]
lgsfNb} elgg\ nf}hf .
/lZd uf8L xfFSt}l5g\ . d, d dfq} 5' . ;fyL 5 d]/f] dg .
w8\lsFb}5 . cflQFb}5 . eSsflgFb}5' . xf] / pm d/]sf] < xf]Og xf]nf d
ToxfF k'Ugf;fy lvl;Ss xfF:t} eGg]5 bfO dnfO{ s]xL ePsf] 5}g
. cflQP/ s]6fs]6Ln] laTyfdf tkfO{+nfO{ kmf]g u/]5g\ . km]l/ ;f]R5'
pm o;} wtL{df eP dnfO{ lsg kmf]g u/]sf] t < xf]Og, uof] . kSs}
uof] pm . cl:ts} lbg 8fS6/n] a]nf eof], h]h] ug{'5 ug'{ elg;s]sf]
lyof] . o;/L ;+j]bgfsf] dem]/Ldf emf]qmfpFbfemf]qmfpFb} xfdL eQmk'/
xl:k6ndf k''Uof}F . sf]7fleq k:of}F . pm ;'t]sf] lyof] ndtGg .
d}n] p;nfO{ af]nfPF . af]n]g . alDsPsf] xf] ls, ulDsPsf] xf]
ls, 7fn' klN6Psf] kf] xf] ls hlt af]nfP klg cxF, af]Nb} af]n]g /fd
. of] HofgnfO{ kg'{ kL/ kof] . 6\jfNn k/]/ Psf]xf]/f] dlt/ x]l//xG5 .
pm gaf]n]sf] b]Vtf emgSs l/; p7\5 . xsf/f}F, ufnL u/f}F, s'6f}F, cxF,
k6Ss} s]xL ug{ ;lQmgF d . p;}n] lhTof] . pxL 7"nf] . k|f0f} gePsf]
:y"nz/L/ s;/L af]nf];\ . lar/f] ;f]emf] Onfd] eb| k'?ifnfO{
nlu;s]5g\ . dfly . df====ly . cem dfly . emg\ dfly .

187

188

o;f]p;f] u/] . s'bfP . cfo{3f6 k'ofP . rf/ gDa/sf] lrtfdf

;'tfP . ;'Tof] /fd . lrk{6 bfp/f NofP/ glhs} /fv] . p;}dfly y'kf/]
. h] u/] klg af]Nb}g . ;f]emf] pm . slt ;f]emf] . d eP o:tf] crfSnL
gu/ eGbf] x'F . eGg] dfq} xf], d gfy]n] s] kf] uy]{+ x'Fnf /
k/fwLg dfG5] . dg{ afFRg c:jtGq . emf]:g] /] p;nfO{ kf]Ng]
/] 89fpg] /] s] ck/fw u/]sf] 5 / p;n] < cfuf] lbg tDtof/
lyP p;sf bfh'x . 5f]/Lxn] dfg]gg\ . 5f]/Lxn] g} d]/f] sfd
ug\ . d c cfkmGtsf] C0fL aGg rfxGgF . Ps lbg p;n] d;Fu
of]
s'/f
u/]sf]
lyof] . 5f]/Lx ;f/f, g]xf / /]jfn] bfuaQL lbg] eP . lbP . d}n]
pgLxsf] cu|udgf]Gd'v of] ;f]rsf] k|z+;f u/]F . xf] t, 5f]/Lxn]
afa'nfO{ bfuaQL lbg lsg gx'g] d 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ ;dfg 7fG5'
;a} sfddf . Xjf/Xjf/L aNb}5 pm . slt kf]Nbf] xf] cfuf] lgefpg
vf]H5' . ldNb}g . x]bf{x]b}{, cfF;' k'5\tfk'5\t} ;lsof] pm . nLg eof]
cfuf]df . xf], t ;a}n] Ps g Ps lbg o;/L g} nLg x'g'k5{ .
x/fpg'k5{ . tjljb\x o;}nfO{ a|XdnLg x'g' eG5g\ Sof/ z/L/
v/fgL x'G5 . cfTdf afFR5, db{}g, 89\b}g, v/fgL x'Gg eG5g\ xfd|f
wd{zf:qx .
v}, kTofpg] ls gkTofpg] < 5FbfvfFbfsf] z/L/df cfuf] emf];]/
89fpg], v/fgL kfg]{ . km]l/ pm hlGdG5 eg]/ s;/L ljZjf; ug]{ <
k'gh{Gd x'G5x'Gg, yfxf 5}g . /fdsf] kfly{j z/L/ hn]/ :jfxf eof] .
s] km]l/ kms]{/ pm d;Fu ukm ug{ cfpF5 eGg] d ljZjf; u/f}F <
;lStgF . d]/f] ef}ltsjfbL ;f]rn] o;f] ug{ lbFb}g . xfd|f] lxGb"wd{zf:q
n]V5 z/L/leqsf] cfTdfsf] k'gh{Gd x'G5 .
clxn] d kz'kltdf 5' . ;fFem ;ft aHb}5 . of] ;GWofsfnLg
cf/tLsf] ;do xf] . a|Xdgfncufl8, afudtLkfl/ . x'Fb}5 cf/tL .
gfRt}5g\ o'jfo'jtL . yKk8L 7f]St}5g\ j[4j[4f . elQmdo ;Lt
k|ltWjlgt x'Fb}5 . nf}lss ;'vvf]h / cnf}lss ;'vk|fKTo]R5f x]b}{5' d
.

clxn] a|Xdgfn;Fu}sf] Pp6f lrtfdf Xjf/Xjf/L cfuf] aNb}5 .

s's'/ ?Fb}s/fpFb}5g\ . dfG5]sf] cfphfp eO/x]sf] 5 . rf/}lt/
pHofnf] 5 . pHofnf] kfz'kt If]q . Hof]ltljxLg sf7df8f}F . dlGb/
j/k/ s'b\b}5g\ afFb/ . ef]s g esf/L, zf]s g ;'tf{ .
d]/f cfFvf a|Xdgfndf 7f]lsG5g\ . cfh} laxfg t xf], oxL
a|Xdgfndf ;'tfPsf] lyof] /fdnfO{ . dfly lz/, tn hndf kfp
/fv]/ ;'t]sf] k|f0fljxLg p;nfO{ c kl/jf/hgn] h:t} d}n] klg
d'vdf ufhn /flvlbPF . klxn] d}n] lbPsf] h] klg vfGYof] pm . cfh
p;n] kfgL klg lgn]g . x'g ;S5 dnfO{ lrg]g . lrgf];\ klg s;/L
d
dTo{nf]sdf
g}
5' . p;sf] kfly{j z/L/ dfq oxfF 5 . k|f0fkv]? pl8;Sof] . 5}g .
xf]Og, p8\of] k|f0f . uof] . lghL{j eof] z/L/ . olt;Dd t tkfO{+
xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 . ca eGg';\, k|f0f stf p8\of] < k"j{, klZrd,
pQ/, blIf0f, tn, dfly, aLrdf . cfsfz, kftfn d pQ/ vf]H5' .
dfG5] 5}g . pQ/ emg} 5}g .
csf]{ lbg lqmof3/df k'u]F . x]/]F . P, kmf]6f] v:g cfF6]5 . 3r]8 .
slt 5]pdf /fv]sf] < eg]F d}n] . piffn] ldnfOg\ . yrSs al;g\
rf]vf] cf]5\ofgdf . d cnUu 5]j}df a;]sf] 5' . dlt/ 6'n'6'n' x]b}{5
/fd . P xf]Og, dnfO{ x]g]{ t lghL{j kmf]6f] dfq} xf] . pm xf]Og . z/L/
v/fgL kf/]F . kmf]6f] vf]kLdf /fv]sf 5g\ . vf]kLsf] b]pt} eof] t pm <
Sofyf]lns wd{d08nLsf] wd{lzIff eG5 z/L/ d5{ . ;lsG5
. cfTdf eg] z/L/;Fusf] k'gld{ng kv]{/ k/d]Zj/sf cufl8 ljz]if
lg0f{o jf Gofo kv]{/ a:5 . ljz]if lg0f{o b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ -s_
:ju{sf] cfgGbdf k|j]z jf z'4Ls/0fkl5 ToxfF k|j]z, -v_ g/ssf]
cgGt b08 ef]ufO . -wd{lzIff @)%.@)&** ._
d]/f] efO /fdsf] cfTdf sxfF s] ub}{ xf]nf < lv:6n] p;sf]
cfTdfnfO{ s] lg0f{o ;'gfP xf]nfg\ < :ju{df nu]/ ;jf]{Rr cfgGbsf]
cj:yfdf /fv]sf xf]nfg\ ls < eGb} kf] 5g\ ls db]lv b"/ xf]pm
>flktx xf] cgGt clUgdf hfpm . p;n] s] kf] lauf/ u/]sf] lyof]
/ 7u]g . rf]/]g . df/]g . n'6]g . olQ xf], p/]G7]pnf] lyof] pm d;Fu

189

190

a:tf . ;w}F /dfOnf] ul//xg'kg]{ . g lkpg], g lknfpg] . s;}sf]

lrof]rrf]{ gug]{ . zfGt . pbfQ . l:ytk|1 /fd kSs} lv|:6sf] Gofo
;'g]kl5 :ju{ hfg] eofsf v'8\lsnf 6]Sg yfNof] xf]nf . emg]{ t s'/}
5}g .
x]b}{5' d . lqmof 3/sf] @( g+= sf]7f . d]/f] b]a|] piff / bflxg]
5f]/Lxsf] cf]5\ofg 5 . d 6f9} a;]sf] 5' . b'O{ cf]5\ofgsf] dfemdf
b/fhsf] t];|f] tf;Ldf xfdLlt/ kmsf{P/ /fv]sf] 5 /fdsf] kmf]6f], ;a}n]
b]Vg] u/L . xfFl; kf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 kmf]6f] . c s'/f ub}{5g\ . d
kmf]6f]lt/ x]b}{5' . Totf x]bf{x]b}{ d t jfDd} ctLtsf] kf]v/Ldf kf]
kf}8L
v]Ng
yfn]5' .
aQL; ;fnlt/} x'g'k5{ . afuahf/ . afa' /fhjfxssf] 3/ .
z/b]j SofDk;cl3 . pm / d sf]7f vf]Hb} ToxfF k'Uof}F . vfnL /x]5 .
pm Pp6fdf, d csf]{df . kl/ro eof] . a:tfa:t} glhs x'g yfNof}F .
x'Fbfx'Fb} a'OFundf efG;fsf]7f lnof}F . pm PSn} . d emg\ PSn} . b'j}
cljjflxt lyof}F . vfg, a:g, /dfpg, v]Ng, xfF:g, xF;fpg b'j} geO{
gx'g] . dfof kf] nfUg yfn]5 .
o:t} t xf] hLjg . rflxG5 ;fyL . ;xof]u ug]{ . ;Demfpg] .
jLt/fu lyof] /fd . g ]if, g O{iof{, g nf]e . of}lus k'?if lyof] pm .
k|flKtck|flKt, ;'vb'Mv ;a} a/fa/ . kmf]6f]lt/ x]b}{ ;f]R5' sxfF s]
ub}{5 pm x]g{ hfg kfP x'GYof] .
pm / d emG8} b; jif{ Tof] 3/df ;Fu} a:of}F . k];f gldNg] . dg
ldNg] . s'g} ltxf/ . sf}8faf/] k6Ss} yfxf lyPg, 5}g dnfO{ . pm
hfGbf] /x]5 v]Ng . eGof] bfO df]xgsf] sf]7fdf sf}8f xfGb}5g\ .
hfcfF} . d cfgfsfgL ub}{ lyPF . tfGb} p;n] dnfO{ ToxfF k'ofof] .
tkfO{+ krf; lgsfNg';\, d krf; lgsfN5' . RofFv] yfkf}F . d}n]
krf;sf] gf]6 lems]/ lbPF . yfKof] . alNemof] . yfKof] . km]l/ alNemof] .
ubf{ub}{ Ps xhf/ krf; eP5 . sf]7fdf cfP/ cfwfcfwf afF8\of}F .
Tof] a]nfh:t} lhTg RofFv] t yflk/x]sf] 5}g < yfKg k};f rlfxof] .

lemSg xft rflxof] . ;f]Rg dg rflxof] . lar/f;Fu s]xL 5}g . s;/L

v]Nbf] xf] v]Ng klg lal;{of] xf]nf .
P, pm t lghL{j eO;Sof] . d t ;hLj} 7fGb}5' . p;sf] kmf]6f]
cem} dlt/} x]l//x]sf] 5 . lsg x]/]sf] < d ;f]W5' kmf]6f]nfO{ . eGbf] xf]
bfO piff / 5f]/LxnfO{ ;DemfOlbg';\ bfgwd{, t8se8sdf w]/}
vr{ gu/ eg]/ . d 5}g wtL{df . d]/f] gfddf lsg vr{ ug'{kg]{
dnfO{ ca s;}n] s]xL lbg ;Qm}g . lnGgF, kfpFlbgF . ctLtsf] d]/f]
sd{ dfq} d;F+u x'g]5 . sd{ vfG5' . sd{ ef]U5' .
cfh PSn} hfG5' eGb} 3/af6 lgl:sPF . uf}zfnfdf cf]ln{PF .
k|x/L rf}sLaf6 emb}{5' cf]/fnf] . jgsfnLdf s'2}5g\ afFb/ . dlt/
x]b}{5 9]8' . emNofF:; cfpF5 l;fk'/sf] d':tkmf ahf/ . ahf/j/k/
3'dlkm/ ug]{ d';ndfgx . d]/f] /fd d';ndfg t ag]g bf/L kfNg],
h'Fuf sf6\g] . s'tf{kfOhfdfsf] cUnf] dfG5] . xfd|f] pN6f] . sf] ;'N6f] <
pgLx ls xfdL < hutk|l;4 O:nfd wd{ lxGb"wd{;Fu;Fu} s'd hf]8]/
plePsf] cf:yf ljls/0f xf] . Ps]Zj/jfbL ljZjf;, cNnfx . dfq
cNnfx . pgLx dfG5g\ k|f0fLnfO{ cNnfxn] clUgk/LIff ug{
hLjgbfg lbPsf] x'G5 . cNnfxn] lbPsf] cf1f kfngf ug]{ k|f0fLn]
hGgt -:ju{_ k|fKt ub{5 . cf1f kfngf gug]{ Jolerf/Ln] hxGgd g/s_ sf] oftgf ef]Ug'k5{ .
dflytn . :ju{g/s . b'Mv;'v . p:t} t 5g\ lg ;a} wd{x
dof{bf kfngf . lgodljlgod . st{Jofst{Joaf]w . cfM, lsg
rflxof] wd{ < hlGdg c:jtGq dfG5] . dg{ emg\ c:jtGq . v}
:jtGqtf < k/fwLg k|f0fL .
d k'Ug} cfF6]F sf]/f a;]sf] 7fpFlg/ . hfg}kg]{ xf] / < lsg hfFb}5'
d < nf]sdof{bf kfngf ub}{5' ls efOsf] ;Demgfdf s'2}5' < h] xf];\ .
ca
k'U5' . P cNnfx d]/f] /fdn] wtL{df /x'Gh]n ltd|f] cf1f kfngf u/]s}
lyof] . 5nsk6 u/]g . p;n] ltd|f] wd{ :jLsf/ u/]/ dl:hbdl:hb
k|fy{gf ub}{ lxF8]g, t/ p;n] ;w}F ltd|f kljq cf1fxsf] kfngf u/]sf]
lyof] . d ljZjf; u5'{ cNnfxn] /fdnfO{ hGgt lbg]5g\ .

191

192

cfh /ftel/ ;Demgfdf cfO/Xof] /fd . . sf]N6] kmls{P/

pHofnf] kf/]F . P, cfh 5 lbg eO;s]5 . s]s] ub}{5g\ s]6fs]6L
eGb} lgl:sPF . lx8]F . r9]F . k'u]F lqmof3/df . pxL sf]7f . pxL kmf]6f] .
pg} ;fdfg . pg} dfG5] . kmfkm' c . ;Dj]bgfn] eSsflgPsf
cg'xf/x . lsg emf]qmfPsf logLx < P lk08kfgLdf ljZjf; ug]{
dxfg'efjx k/nf]s / k'gh{Gd eg]sf] sNkgf dfq} xf] . hGd /
d[To'nfO{
qmdfut
qmd
7fGg'k5{ . ljsf;jfbL l;4fGtcg';f/ dfgj;dfhsf] ljsf; ePsf]
s'/fdf zf 5}g . dfG5]df cfg'j+lzs k|efj / k'Vof}{nL ;+:sf/ 89]/
v/fgL eP klg /lx/xG5 . Tof] s'g} a]nf k|fKt b]xdf km'Q p7]/ km0ff
p7fpF5 ;k{n] em}F . o:t}o:tf y'k|} s'/f dgdf cfpF5g\ . v/fgL eP/
;lsPsf] /fdnfO{ clxn] vf]Hb}5' d . 5 / pm < dfS;{jfbL kl08tn]
eg]h:t} v/fgL eof] pm . km' ubf{ p8\g] v/fgL . 5}g p;sf] cl:tTj
. h;n] h] eg] klg d]/f] dg dfGb} dfGb}g . pm kz'kltlt/} nv/nv/
8'Nb} x'g'k5{ . cfpg] kf] xf] ls cfgf] lqmof x]g{
;ftf}+ lbg M
d lqmofsf]7fdf 5' . piff / /]jf eft ksfpFb}5g\ . c dfG5]
klg 5g\ . yd{;af6 lems]/ ;f;"cfdfn] lrof lbg'eof] . lrof lkpFb}
k/, dfly y'k'Ss a;]sf] /fdnfO{ x]5'{ . pm klg vfGYof] ls < s]
vfGYof] eP kf] vfg' b]v]e]6] t h]h] vfg dfu] klg lbg] lyPF .
x]g]{ kmf]6f] kof] . vfG5 / kmf]6fn] < lrof vfFbfvfFb} d t afuahf/
kf] k'u]5' .
:jf} ctLt cfof] . aQL;t]QL; ;fnlt/sf] s'g} laxfg . d,
/fd, Gof= gf/fo0f bfxfn, Gof= zDe' v8\sf, k|f= dfwj ltldlN;gf
glhs}sf] /fdbfOsf] lrofk;ndf lrof lkpFb} lyof}F . k;NgL
efph"nfO{ EofO{gEofO{ lyof] . Tof] a]nf ToxfF w]/} 3/ lyPgg\ .
z/b]j / /Tgkfs{sf] aLrdf Psb'O{ 3/ dfq lyP . ;a} vfnLvfnL
. lrofsf] 3'6\sf] lgNb} d}n] ukm lgsfn]F] k;ncl3sf] of] hUuf
/f]kgLsf] b; xhf/df a]Rt}5 afa' /fhjfxsn] . lsg g /fd . eGof]
klxn] lax] u/f}F, 3/hd a;fcf}F clg lsgf}Fnf . k};} lyPg xfdL;Fu
193

. dlxgfsf] b'O{ ;o krf; tna lyof] zfvf clws[tsf] . d]/f] klg .

Tof] k;ndf ;w}F hfGYof}F xfdL . ulkmFb} vfGYof}F . xfdLdWo] sf]xL
GofofwLz 5g\ . sf]xL k|f]km];/ . sf]xL l/6fo8{ eO;s] . tLdWo]
hLjgaf6 l/6fo8{ eP/ /ftlbg cf/fd ug]{ klxnf] dfG5] t /fd} xf]nf
. P, s] xf] hLjg < 3ftk|lt3ft7Ss/ .
cf7f}+ lbg M
cfh klg ;bfem}F uhSs k/]/ a;]sf] 5 /fd . pm Psf]xf]/f]
x]l//xG5 dnfO{ . p;sf cufl8 a;]/ c'/ vfFb}5' d . Psb'O{ bfgf
p;nfO{ klg lbpmFlbpmF nfU5 . em; x'G5' . kmf]6f]n] c'/ vfFb}g
Sof/] sxfF xf]nf lar/f] /fd Ps}k6s cg]sfF} s'/f v]N5g\ dgdf .
lxhf] dfq} Ps]8]dLaf6 ev{/} lgsfn]sf] rfjf{s bz{g k9]sf] lyPF
. rfjf{s bz{g;Fu d}n] p;nfO{ bfFHg vf]h]F . ldn]g . dfu]/, rf]/]/,
l/g u/]/, sdfP/ h;/L x'G5 df]h u/ . jt{dfg ;To xf] . e"t laTof]
. eljio s;}n] b]v]s} 5}g . :ju{sf] rfxgfn] jt{dfgdf b'Mv ug]{
dfG5] k6d"v{ xf] . eG5 rfjf{s bz{g . p;n] wd{ u/]g, b]lvgF . kfk
u/]g, yfxf kfOgF . wd{ / kfkOt/sf] klg nf]s x'G5 . xf], Tof] nf]ssf]
ofqL lyof] /fd . p;sf alni6 e'hf, kfp clg lrGtgn] slxNo} s'g}
bz{gsf] k'R5/ ;dft]sf] ;'OFsf];Dd kfPsf] lyOgF d}n] .
5}g k};f . 5}g . r'k . zfGt . pm ;'lt/xGYof] . 5 k};f,
t8se8s uYof]{ . bfO hfpmF lrof lkpg, vfhf vfg, 8'Ng, l;g]df
x]g{ . o:t}o:t}} . p;n] df]h ug{ ;fx' sf9]/ k};f vf]h]g . k};f x'Fbf
k/dfy{k|flKtsf nflu bfgwd{ ug]{ eg]/ ;fFr]g . gvf]Hg], g;fFRg] . x'Fbf
d'L v'nf kfg]{ . gx'Fbf lgGofp/f] d'v nfpg] . vf]O s'g bz{gleq k5{
o:tf] dfG5] < To:t} lyof] /fd . /ft kof] . 3/lt/ nfu]F .

b;f}+ lbg M
p;n] dnfO{ x]of] . d}n] x]l/gF . cfFvf lrDd u/]F . k5\ofpg
5f]8]g dnfO{ . cfFvfaf6 dgdf k'Uof] pm . ;f]Wof] lsg dlt/
gx/]sf] < s] egf}F, egfF} . jfFs rNof] . eg]F rf]nf p8]sf
194

ltdL;Fu s] af]Ng' d s] eGb}5' p;sf] rf]nf t p8]s} 5}g . 5 ot}

st} . 3'Db}5 . 8'Nb}5 . dfly jf tn hfg g;s]/ d[tfTdfx
Oxnf]sdf 3'ld/xG5g\ of] nf]sjf0fL xf] . s] /fdsf] cfTdf klg
xfd|} jl/kl/ 5 / < 5}g5}g . p;sf] cfTdfn] kSs} klg Pp6f af6f]
;dflt;s]sf] x'g'k5{ .
cfTdf / d[tfTdfsf] s'/f ubf{ jfdlrGtsxsf] ;j{dfGo
bz{gnfO{ d}n] dfGg}k5{ . olb o;f] xf] eg] d}n] /fdsf] cfTdfsf
af/]df o;/L 3f]lTng} gkg]{ . pm t :jfxf eO;Sof] lg k|f0fL
k|s[ltsf] k'~h xf] . :jtM x'g] kbfy{xsf] ;+of]un] of] hlGdG5 /
:jtM ljno x'G5 . kfkk'0o, :ju{g/ssf] cl:tTj g} 5}g . hGd /
d[To' lgoldt k|lqmof xf] . clxn] d;Fu /fd 5}g . 5 jfdbz{g . k
xf]Og ;f/ .
pm sf\u|]; ePg . jfddfuL{ klg ag]g . lj/f]w klg u/]g
s;}sf] . lyof] s] t pm < s] ;a}n] s]xL x'g}k5{ / < gx'g] slt 5g\
slt xf], o:t} gx'g] lyof] pm . gx'g] p;nfO{ d c;fWo} x'g] 7fG5' .
s'g} klg bz{gsf] kl5 gnfu]/ cfg} bz{gdf afFRg] k|f0fL dnfO{ dg
k5{ . hf] :j]R5fsf] hLjg afFR5, pm ;'vL x'G5 . 5 df]h u/ . 5}g
r'k nfu . o;f] eGg] :jtGq lrGts pGd'Qm kG5L;/x x'G5 .
cfh afxf}F . laxfg k'Uof}F . lar/f] /fd dnfO{ g} klv{/x]sf] /x]5
. 6\jfNn k/]/ x]l//Xof] dnfO{ . af]n]g . af]nfOgF klg . af]Ng t dg
lyof] . s] af]Ng' / kmf]6f];Fu 5 d'v . af]Nb}g . af]Nb} af]Nb}g /fdsf]
cg's[lt, k|ltlaDa . 5fof5lj oxfF 5, z/L/ 89\of] . xfd|f] ;gftg
lxGb"bz{g
eG5 ef}lts z/L/ 89]/ e:d eP klg cfTdf slxNo} 89\b}g . ;w}+
hLljt /lx/xG5 . dfq k kl/jt{g x'G5 .
5fGbf]Uof]klgifb\ eG5 d[To' / hGdsf aLrdf kfFr cfx'lt
x'G5g\ . cyjf d/]kl5 kfFr cfx'ltsf] qmd kf/ u/]/ dfq} cfTdfn]
hGd lnG5 . d/0ff]k/fGt d[t dfgjsf] cfTdf klxn] otfplt
ef}+tfl/G5 clg lk08f]TkGg z/L/d'Qm ;"Id b]xsf] t}h; nf]sdf udg
u/]/ t}h; k wf/0f ub{5 . of] k|yd cfx'lt xf] . d t'ngf u5'{ .

/fdnfO{ 5f]/Lxn] lk08kfgL u/] . cfh clGtd lbg xf] . cjZo klg
p;n] t}h; k lnof] xf]nf . ltLo cfx'ltdf d[tfTdfn] d]3df k|j]z
u/]/ kfgLsf] k wf/0f u5{ . t];|f] cfx'lt eg]sf] jiff{f/f kfgLsf]
cGgdf k|j]z xf] . rf}yf] cfx'lt cGgaf6 jLo{k wf/0f xf] . kfFrf}+
cfx'ltdf jLo{n] dft[ue{u[xdf k|j]z u/]/ e|'0fk wf/0f ub{5 .
olt a]nf /fdsf] cfTdf sxfF s] ub}{5 < t]hk wf/0f uof]
u/]g < kfgL eof] ePg < cGgdf k:of] k;]g < jLo{ aGof] ag]g <
e|'0f eof] ePg < P /fd d lrlGtt 5' . s:tf] 5 < s] eof} < a];}
t5<
dnfdLx cfkmGtx wd{k'?ifx cfpFb}, vfFb}, hfFb}5g\ .
d klg vfg hfg] nfOgdf 5' . dg}dg eg]F /fd vfg hfcf}F g
hfG5' klg eGb}g . hfGg klg eGb}g . P, lsg gaf]n]sf] < eG5' d .
af]Nb} af]Nb}g . emNofF:; ePF . /fd 5}g . sf];Fu s'/f ub}{5' < cfh
p;}sf] afxf}F lbg, z'4zflGt . Kn]6df d}n] vL/ xfn]F . pm c;fWo} dg
k/fpFYof] vL/ . v} s;/L vfg lbg] p;nfO{ P /fd cfOh g ;Fu}
vfcf}F vL/ . dL7f] /x]5 . pm eG5 d vL/ dfq} vfGgF . k'/L, ;]n,
/f]6L, lhn]aL / 6df6/sf] crf/ klg rflxG5 dnfO{ . dL7f] nfU5 .
xflnlbg vf]H5' . 5}g pm . d lhNn k5'{ . s;nfO{ v'jfpg] < s] xf] <
s] x'Fb}5 dnfO{ < wtL{df a;]/ wtL{Ot/df uPsf] /fdnfO{ v'jfpg
vf]Hb}5' .
vfO;s]/ lqmofsf]7fdf uPF . p;sf] kmf]6f] 8fnf]df /fv]5g\ .
aflx/ b]lvgF . lar/f] /fd ca 8fnf]leq jf st} leQfdf em'lG8g]
eP5 . >LdtL / 5f]/Lx p;nfO{ ;lDemg]5g\ . ;Dem]/ dfq} u'hf/f
rNb}g . ef]lnb]lv o:tf] x'g]5 . OlGhlgo/ 5f]/L clkm; . k|fWofks
piff SofDk; . g]xf 8fS6/ aGg l;fk'/ . /]jf sLlt{k'/ df:6;{ ug{ .
/fd leQfdf PSn} . t]/f 5f]/Lx / >LdtLn] PSn} 5f]8] . cfOh d;Fu
ukm u/fF}, 3'df}F eG5' d . Ps;'/] eP5 pm . af]Nb}g .
l;4k'?if eof} ltdL . ltdL l;4 xf} . sf] xf] t l;4k'?if <
lgisfd sfd ug]{, d[To'b]lv g8/fpg], l:y/dlt, xQkQ gdflQg],
gcflQg] of]u:y dxfk'?if l;4 xf] . k9]gf} ltdLn] uLtf .

195

196

afuahf/df ;Fu} a:tf g ltdLn] uLtf kN6fof}, g d}n] . cs}{ Wofpg

lyof] Tof] a]nf . zf]s g ef]s . s]sf] lahL, s]sf] lahL . km';{b} gx'g]
s'g} a]nf klg .
d d]/f] /fdnfO{ /fd agfpg ;lQmgF . lsgls pm O{Zj/ lyPg .
O{Zj/ / dfG5]sf aLrdf 3'ld/xg] dWodfuL{ ;Tk'?if lyof] pm .
nf]sb]lv dfly, O{Zj/nf]sb]lv tn dudu af:gf 5b}{ dudufO/xg]
dgf]/d Onfd] km"n /fd . nf]ssf nf}lss k|lqmofdf /Dg] hf]uL
l;4k'?if x'Gg . pm ef]uL x'G5 . nf}lss k'?if lgln{Kt, lgisfd eP/
afFR5 eg] pm cnf}lss x'G5 . ;'vb'Mv, jf;gfaf6 dfly p7]sf] d]/f]
/fd lgln{Kt l;4afaf lyof] .
lxhf] ;lsof] z'4zflGt, dnfdLef]h, lk08kfgL, bfg, tk{0f .
cfh pm uPsf] t]xf}F lbg eof] . sxfF 5 /fd < v'nb'nL eO/xG5
dgdf . k|f]l6g lk08xsf] cl:tTjsf] k dfq} lyof] /fd . ef]Ug}kb}{g
t p;n] sd{kmn < ;zlt x'G5 dg . O:nfd / lqml:rog b'j} wd{
sd{cg';f/sf] kmn ef]Ug] s'/f :jLsf/ u5{g\ . /fd|f] sd{, ;'vnf]s .
g/fd|f] sd{, b'Mvnf]s . dfly jf tn . rfjf{sx k|fKt hLjgdf
h;/L klg ;'v ef]u u/ . z/L/ e:d ePkl5 ;a} ;lsG5 eG5g\ .
of] klg gkTof eG5 d]/f] dg . cfg} dg;Fu cfkm}F ;f]W5' p;f] eP
d]/f] /fd sxfF 5 t < of1jNSof]klgifb\n] eg]h:t} kfFr cfx'ltsf]
3grSs/df rSs/fO/xsf] t 5}g <
olt a]nf d lj1fg k|of]uzfnf sLlt{k'/sf] xnleq 5' .
7]nd7]n, eL8 5 . kl;g}kl;gf . kfZrfTo j}1flgsxn] k"jL{o
bz{gsf] hGdd[To' l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{} l/;r{ ug{ yfn]sf] xhf/f}F
jif{ lat]kl5 aNnaNn cfgf] cg';Gwfgdf ;kmntf kfP5g\ d/]sf
k|f0fLsf] cfTdf jf r]tgf jf x+;n] csf]{ k lnG5 . Tof] k h] klg
x'g ;S5 . dfG5] . kz' . sL/f . km6\of\u|f . wgL . ul/a cflb .
dg]{sf cfkmGtxn] d/]sf] cfgf] dfG5]n] s'g k lnof], sxfF
s] ub}{5, l;g]df x]/]h:t} k|of]uzfnfdf x]g{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]5g\ .
o;sf nflu j}1flgs ljlgod k"/f ug{'kg]{ /x]5 .

3fF6L tGsfP/ x]b}{5' kbf{df . /fdnfO{ vf]Hb}5' . pm t

gjljjflxtf ;'Gb/Lsf] uef{zodf e|'0f kf] eO;s]5 .

197

198

ejt' ;Aa dnd\ .

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