A18 - Exp and Log Fcns VJ

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman
Lecture 19
(IMath, UPD)
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Outline
Real Exponents
Exponential Functions
Equations involving Exponential Expressions
Logarithmic Functions
(IMath, UPD)
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Real Exponents
recall: definition and properties of rational exponents
(IMath, UPD)
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Real Exponents

In particular, if a > 1 and p, q
(IMath, UPD)
Q with p < q,
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Real Exponents

(IMath, UPD)
Q with p < q, then ap < aq .
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Real Exponents

Ex. 23 < 24 ,
(IMath, UPD)
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Real Exponents

Ex. 23 < 24 , 31 > 32 ,
(IMath, UPD)
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Real Exponents

Ex. 23 < 24 , 31 > 32 , 51.3 < 51.32
(IMath, UPD)
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Real Exponents

Ex. 23 < 24 , 31 > 32 , 51.3 < 51.32
2?
(IMath, UPD)
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Real Exponents

Ex. 23 < 24 , 31 > 32 , 51.3 < 51.32
2?
We want to define 2
(IMath, UPD)
such that the property described above holds.
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Real Exponents
Note that 2 1.41421359.... If 2 2 is to be defined such that properties

of exponents would hold, then:
(IMath, UPD)
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Real Exponents

21 < 2
2,
(IMath, UPD)
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Real Exponents

21 < 2
2,
21.4 < 2
(IMath, UPD)
2,
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Real Exponents

21 < 2
2,
21.4 < 2
(IMath, UPD)
2,
21.41 < 2
2,
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Real Exponents

21 < 2
2,
21.4 < 2
(IMath, UPD)
2,
21.41 < 2
2,
21.414 < 2
2,
...
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Real Exponents

21 < 2
2,
21.4 < 2
2,
21.41 < 2
2,
21.414 < 2
2,
...
At the same time,

22 > 2 2 ,
(IMath, UPD)
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Real Exponents

21 < 2
2,
21.4 < 2
2,
21.41 < 2
2,
21.414 < 2
2,
...
At the same time,

22 > 2 2 , 21.5 > 2 2 ,
(IMath, UPD)
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Real Exponents

21 < 2
2,
21.4 < 2
2,
21.41 < 2
2,
21.414 < 2
2,
...
At the same time,
22 > 2 2 , 21.5 > 2 2 , 21.42 > 2 2 ,
(IMath, UPD)
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Real Exponents

21 < 2
2,
21.4 < 2
2,
21.41 < 2
2,
21.414 < 2
2,
...
At the same time,
22 > 2 2 , 21.5 > 2 2 , 21.42 > 2 2 , 21.415 > 2 2 , ...
(IMath, UPD)
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Real Exponents
Strictly speaking (though we will not dwell on this),
(IMath, UPD)
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Real Exponents
Definition
If a > 1 and r
(IMath, UPD)
R, ar is defined as the least upper bound of

{aq | q r, q Q}.
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Real Exponents
Definition
If a > 1 and r
R, ar is defined as the least upper bound of

{aq | q r, q Q}.
Definition
If 0 < a < 1 and r
(IMath, UPD)
R, ar is defined as the greatest lower bound of

{aq | q r, q Q}.
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Properties of Real Exponents

Theorem
Let a, b, x, y
1
ax
R and a, b > 0,
is a unique real number
2 a0 = 1
3 if a = 1, then ax = 1
4 ax =
1
ax
5 laws of real exponents

1
2
3
axxay = ax+y
a
= axy
ay x
(ab) = ax bx
(IMath, UPD)
a x
4
ax
bx
(ax ) = axy
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Theorem
Example:
(IMath, UPD)
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Theorem
6 if a > 1 with x < y then ax < ay
Example:
(IMath, UPD)
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Theorem
Example:
(6) 2 < 3 and 42 < 43
(IMath, UPD)
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Theorem
7 if 0 < a < 1 with x < y then ax > ay
Example:
(6) 2 < 3 and 42 < 43
(IMath, UPD)
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Theorem
7 if 0 < a < 1 with x < y then ax > ay
Example:
(6) 2 < 3 and 42 < 43
1 2 1 3
(7) 2 < 3 but
>
2
2
(IMath, UPD)
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Definition
If b > 0, b 6= 1, the exponential function with base b is defined by
f (x) = bx
for every x
R.
(IMath, UPD)
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Definition
If b > 0, b 6= 1, the exponential function with base b is defined by
f (x) = bx
for every x
R.
Examples:
(1) f (x) = 2x
(2) f (x) =
(3) f (x) =

1 x
2
x
1
(4) g(x) = x2 and h(x) = (x 3) 3 are not exponential functions
(IMath, UPD)
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Graphs of Exponential Functions
(IMath, UPD)
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Graphs of Exponential Functions
The graphs above will be used as representatives of exponential functions

with base b > 1 and with base 0 < b < 1
(IMath, UPD)
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Let b > 0, b 6= 1 and f be the exponential function with base b.
(IMath, UPD)
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1. dom f =
(IMath, UPD)
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1. dom f =
(IMath, UPD)
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1. dom f =
2. ran f =
(IMath, UPD)
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1. dom f =
2. ran f = (0, +)
(IMath, UPD)
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1. dom f =
2. ran f = (0, +)
3. y-int:
(IMath, UPD)
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1. dom f =
2. ran f = (0, +)
3. y-int: 1
(IMath, UPD)
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1. dom f =
2. ran f = (0, +)
3. y-int: 1
4. x-int:
(IMath, UPD)
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1. dom f =
2. ran f = (0, +)
3. y-int: 1
4. x-int: none
(IMath, UPD)
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(IMath, UPD)
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5. If b > 1 and x1 < x2 , then bx1 < bx2 .
(IMath, UPD)
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5. If b > 1 and x1 < x2 , then bx1 < bx2 . That is, f is an increasing
function.
(IMath, UPD)
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function.
6. If 0 < b < 1 and x1 < x2 , then bx1 > bx2 .
(IMath, UPD)
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function.
6. If 0 < b < 1 and x1 < x2 , then bx1 > bx2 . That is, f is a decreasing
function.
(IMath, UPD)
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function.
function.
7. If x1 6= x2 , then bx1 6= bx2 .
(IMath, UPD)
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function.
function.
7. If x1 6= x2 , then bx1 6= bx2 . That is, f is one-to-one.
(IMath, UPD)
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The Natural Exponential Function

The Number e
e = 2.718281828459045...
(IMath, UPD)
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The Natural Exponential Function

The Number e
e = 2.718281828459045...
Definition
The natural exponential function is the exponential function with base e:
f (x) = ex .
(IMath, UPD)
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Let b > 0, b 6= 1.
(IMath, UPD)
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Let b > 0, b 6= 1.
Given br = bs , use the fact that exponential functions are one-to-one to
conclude that r = s.
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
53x = 57x2
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
53x = 57x2
Solution: Since the bases are the same, the exponents must be equal:
3x = 7x 2
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
53x = 57x2
3x = 7x 2
2
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
53x = 57x2
3x = 7x 2
2 = 4x
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
53x = 57x2
3x = 7x 2
2 = 4x
1
x=
2
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
4t = 46t
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
4t = 46t
Solution:
t2 = 6 t
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
4t = 46t
Solution:
t2 = 6 t
t2 + t 6
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
4t = 46t
Solution:
t2 = 6 t
t2 + t 6 = 0
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
4t = 46t
Solution:
t2 = 6 t
t2 + t 6 = 0
(t + 3)
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
4t = 46t
Solution:
t2 = 6 t
t2 + t 6 = 0
(t + 3)(t 2)
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
4t = 46t
Solution:
t2 = 6 t
t2 + t 6 = 0
(t + 3)(t 2) = 0
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
4t = 46t
Solution:
t2 = 6 t
t2 + t 6 = 0
(t + 3)(t 2) = 0
t = 3 or
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
4t = 46t
Solution:
t2 = 6 t
t2 + t 6 = 0
(t + 3)(t 2) = 0
t = 3 or t = 2
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
3z = 9z+5
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
3z = 9z+5
Solution:
Express in terms of the same base:
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
3z = 9z+5
Solution:
3z
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
3z = 9z+5
Solution:
z+5
3z = (32 )
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
3z = 9z+5
Solution:
z+5
3z = (32 )
3z
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
3z = 9z+5
Solution:
z+5
3z = (32 )
3z = 32z+10
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
3z = 9z+5
Solution:
z+5
3z = (32 )
3z = 32z+10
z
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
3z = 9z+5
Solution:
z+5
3z = (32 )
3z = 32z+10
z = 2z + 10
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
3z = 9z+5
Solution:
z+5
3z = (32 )
3z = 32z+10
z = 2z + 10
z = 10
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
459x =
(IMath, UPD)
1
8x2
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Example.
459x =
1
8x2
Solution:
2
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
459x =
1
8x2
Solution:
22(59x)
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
459x =
1
8x2
Solution:
22(59x) = 2
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
459x =
1
8x2
Solution:
22(59x) = 23(x2)
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
459x =
1
8x2
Solution:
22(59x) = 23(x2)
2(5 9x) = 3(x 2)
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
459x =
1
8x2
Solution:
22(59x) = 23(x2)
2(5 9x) = 3(x 2)
10 18x = 3x + 6
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
459x =
1
8x2
Solution:
22(59x) = 23(x2)
2(5 9x) = 3(x 2)
10 18x = 3x + 6
4 = 15x
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
459x =
1
8x2
Solution:
22(59x) = 23(x2)
2(5 9x) = 3(x 2)
10 18x = 3x + 6
4 = 15x
4
x=
15
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
9x + 2 (3x ) 3 = 0
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
9x + 2 (3x ) 3 = 0
Solution:
3
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
9x + 2 (3x ) 3 = 0
Solution:
32x
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
9x + 2 (3x ) 3 = 0
Solution:
32x + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
9x + 2 (3x ) 3 = 0
Solution:
32x + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
(3x )2
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
9x + 2 (3x ) 3 = 0
Solution:
32x + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
(3x )2 + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
9x + 2 (3x ) 3 = 0
Solution:
32x + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
(3x )2 + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
(IMath, UPD)
Let y = 3x
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Example.
9x + 2 (3x ) 3 = 0
Solution:
32x + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
(3x )2 + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
Let y = 3x
y 2 + 2y 3 = 0
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
9x + 2 (3x ) 3 = 0
Solution:
32x + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
(3x )2 + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
Let y = 3x
y 2 + 2y 3 = 0
(y 1)(y + 3) = 0
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
9x + 2 (3x ) 3 = 0
Solution:
32x + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
(3x )2 + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
Let y = 3x
y 2 + 2y 3 = 0
(y 1)(y + 3) = 0
y = 1 or y = 3
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
9x + 2 (3x ) 3 = 0
Solution:
32x + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
(3x )2 + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
Let y = 3x
y 2 + 2y 3 = 0
(y 1)(y + 3) = 0
y = 1 or y = 3
3x = 1 or 3x = 3
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
9x + 2 (3x ) 3 = 0
Solution:
32x + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
(3x )2 + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
Let y = 3x
y 2 + 2y 3 = 0
(y 1)(y + 3) = 0
y = 1 or y = 3
3x = 1 or 3x = 3
3x = 1
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
9x + 2 (3x ) 3 = 0
Solution:
32x + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
(3x )2 + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
Let y = 3x
y 2 + 2y 3 = 0
(y 1)(y + 3) = 0
y = 1 or y = 3
3x = 1 or 3x = 3
3x = 1 x = 0
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
9x + 2 (3x ) 3 = 0
Solution:
32x + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
(3x )2 + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
Let y = 3x
y 2 + 2y 3 = 0
(y 1)(y + 3) = 0
y = 1 or y = 3
3x = 1 or 3x = 3
3x = 1 x = 0
3x = 3
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
9x + 2 (3x ) 3 = 0
Solution:
32x + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
(3x )2 + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
Let y = 3x
y 2 + 2y 3 = 0
(y 1)(y + 3) = 0
y = 1 or y = 3
3x = 1 or 3x = 3
3x = 1 x = 0
3x = 3 has no solution since 3x > 0
(IMath, UPD)
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Example.
9x + 2 (3x ) 3 = 0
Solution:
32x + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
(3x )2 + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
Let y = 3x
y 2 + 2y 3 = 0
(y 1)(y + 3) = 0
y = 1 or y = 3
3x = 1 or 3x = 3
3x = 1 x = 0
3x = 3 has no solution since 3x > 0
x=0
(IMath, UPD)
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Logarithms
Definition
Let b such that b > 0 and b 6= 1. If by = x then y is called the

logarithm of x to the base b, denoted y = logb x.
(IMath, UPD)
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Logarithms
Definition

Examples: Let a
R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
(1) log4 16 =
(IMath, UPD)
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Logarithms
Definition

Examples: Let a
R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
(1) log4 16 =2
(IMath, UPD)
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Logarithms
Definition

Examples: Let a
R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
(1) log4 16 =2 because 42 = 16
(IMath, UPD)
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Logarithms
Definition

Examples: Let a
R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
(1) log4 16 =2 because 42 = 16

1
(2) log5 125
=
(IMath, UPD)
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Logarithms
Definition

Examples: Let a
R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
(1) log4 16 =2 because 42 = 16

1
(2) log5 125
= 3
(IMath, UPD)
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Logarithms
Definition

Examples: Let a
R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
(1) log4 16 =2 because 42 = 16

1
(2) log5 125
= 3 because
1
3
5 = 125
(IMath, UPD)
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Logarithms
Definition

Examples: Let a
R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
(1) log4 16 =2 because 42 = 16

1
(2) log5 125
= 3 because
1
3
5 = 125
(3) log 1 81 =
3
(IMath, UPD)
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Logarithms
Definition

Examples: Let a
R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
(1) log4 16 =2 because 42 = 16

1
(2) log5 125
= 3 because
1
3
5 = 125
(3) log 1 81 = 4
3
(IMath, UPD)
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Logarithms
Definition

Examples: Let a
R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
(1) log4 16 =2 because 42 = 16

1
(2) log5 125
= 3 because
1
3
5 = 125
(3) log 1 81 = 4 because

1 4
3
= 81
(IMath, UPD)
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Logarithms
Definition

Examples: Let a
R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
(1) log4 16 =2 because 42 = 16

1
(2) log5 125
= 3 because
1
3
5 = 125

1 4
3
= 81
(4) loga 1 =
(IMath, UPD)
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Logarithms
Definition

Examples: Let a
R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
(1) log4 16 =2 because 42 = 16

1
(2) log5 125
= 3 because
1
3
5 = 125

1 4
3
= 81
(4) loga 1 = 0
(IMath, UPD)
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Logarithms
Definition

Examples: Let a
R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
(1) log4 16 =2 because 42 = 16

1
(2) log5 125
= 3 because
1
3
5 = 125

1 4
3
= 81
(4) loga 1 = 0 since a0 = 1
(IMath, UPD)
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Logarithms
Definition

Examples: Let a
R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
(1) log4 16 =2 because 42 = 16

1
(2) log5 125
= 3 because
1
3
5 = 125
3
(IMath, UPD)

1 4
3
= 81
(4) loga 1 = 0 since a0 = 1

(5) loga a =
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Logarithms
Definition

Examples: Let a
R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
(1) log4 16 =2 because 42 = 16

1
(2) log5 125
= 3 because
1
3
5 = 125
3
(IMath, UPD)

1 4
3
= 81
(4) loga 1 = 0 since a0 = 1

(5) loga a = 1
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Logarithms
Definition

Examples: Let a
R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
(1) log4 16 =2 because 42 = 16

1
(2) log5 125
= 3 because
1
3
5 = 125
3
(IMath, UPD)

1 4
3
= 81
(4) loga 1 = 0 since a0 = 1

(5) loga a = 1 since a1 = a
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Computing the Inverse of the Exponential Function
Let b
R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1.
For f (x) = bx , solve for f 1 (x).
(IMath, UPD)
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Let b
For f (x) = bx , solve for f 1 (x). Interchanging x and y, we have
(IMath, UPD)
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Let b

x = by
(IMath, UPD)
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Let b

x = by
m
logb x = y
(IMath, UPD)
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Let b

x = by
m
logb x = y
Thus,
f 1 (x) = logb x
(IMath, UPD)
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Definition
Let b
R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1. The function

f (x) = logb x
is called the logarithmic function to the base b.
(IMath, UPD)
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Definition
Let b

f (x) = logb x

Notes:
1 The logarithmic function to the base b and exponential function with
base b are inverse functions of each other.
(IMath, UPD)
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Definition
Let b

f (x) = logb x

Notes:
2 The domain of f (x) = logb x is
(IMath, UPD)
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Definition
Let b

f (x) = logb x

Notes:
2 The domain of f (x) = logb x is (0, +).
(IMath, UPD)
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Definition
Let b

f (x) = logb x

Notes:
2 The domain of f (x) = logb x is (0, +). Its range is
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
21 / 29
Definition
Let b

f (x) = logb x

Notes:
(IMath, UPD)
R.
Lec. 19
21 / 29
Definition
Let b

f (x) = logb x

Notes:
3 logb
(bx )
R.
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
21 / 29
Definition
Let b

f (x) = logb x

Notes:
3 logb
(bx )
= x for all x
(IMath, UPD)
R.
Lec. 19
21 / 29
Definition
Let b

f (x) = logb x

Notes:
3 logb
4
(bx )
blogb x
= x for all x
R.
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
21 / 29
Definition
Let b

f (x) = logb x

Notes:
3 logb
4
(bx )
blogb x
= x for all x
R.
= x for all x (0, +)
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
21 / 29
b>1
(0, 1)
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
22 / 29
b>1
(0, 1)
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
22 / 29
b>1
(0, 1)
(1, 0)
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
22 / 29
0<b<1
(0, 1)
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
22 / 29
0<b<1
(0, 1)
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
22 / 29
0<b<1
(0, 1)
(1, 0)
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
22 / 29
b>1
(1, 0)
0<b<1
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
22 / 29
b>1
(1, 0)
0<b<1
Notes:
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
22 / 29
b>1
(1, 0)
0<b<1
Notes:
5 x-int: 1
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
22 / 29
b>1
(1, 0)
0<b<1
Notes:
5 x-int: 1
6 y-int: none
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
22 / 29
b>1
(1, 0)
0<b<1
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
23 / 29
b>1
(1, 0)
0<b<1
Notes:
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
23 / 29
b>1
(1, 0)
0<b<1
Notes:
7 If b > 1, it is an increasing function. Moreover, it is positive when
x > 1 and negative when 0 < x < 1.
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
23 / 29
b>1
(1, 0)
0<b<1
Notes:
7 If b > 1, it is an increasing function. Moreover, it is positive when
x > 1 and negative when 0 < x < 1.
8 If 0 < b < 1, it is a decreasing function. Moreover, it is negative when
x > 1 and positive when 0 < x < 1.
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
23 / 29
Common and Natural Logarithms
Definition
Let x
R such that x > 0.
The common logarithm of x, denoted log x, is

log x = log10 x.
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
24 / 29
Definition
Let x
R such that x > 0.
The common logarithm of x, denoted log x, is

log x = log10 x.
The natural logarithm of x, denoted ln x, is

ln x = loge x.
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
24 / 29
Examples:
(1) log 100 =
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
25 / 29
Examples:
(1) log 100 = 2
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
25 / 29
Examples:
(1) log 100 = 2
1
=
(2) log
1000
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
25 / 29
Examples:
(1) log 100 = 2
1
= 3
(2) log
1000
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
25 / 29
Examples:
(1) log 100 = 2
1
= 3
(2) log
1000
(IMath, UPD)
(3) ln
e=
Lec. 19
25 / 29
Examples:
(1) log 100 = 2
1
= 3
(2) log
1000
(IMath, UPD)
(3) ln
e=
1
3
Lec. 19
25 / 29
Examples:
(1) log 100 = 2
1
= 3
(2) log
1000
(IMath, UPD)
(3) ln
(4) ln
e=
1
3
1
=
e
Lec. 19
25 / 29
Examples:
(1) log 100 = 2
1
= 3
(2) log
1000
(IMath, UPD)
(3) ln
(4) ln
e=
1
3
1
= 1
e
Lec. 19
25 / 29
Common and Natural Logarithmic Functions

Definition
Let x
R with x > 0.
The common logarithmic function is defined by f (x) = log x.
The natural logarithmic function is defined by f (x) = ln x.
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
26 / 29

Definition
Let x
R with x > 0.
Note: The domain of the common and natural logarithmic function is
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
26 / 29

Definition
Let x
R with x > 0.
Note: The domain of the common and natural logarithmic function is (0, +)
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
26 / 29

Definition
Let x
R with x > 0.
Note: The domain of the common and natural logarithmic function is (0, +)
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
26 / 29
log 10x
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
27 / 29
log 10x = x for every x
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
27 / 29
10log x
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
27 / 29
10log x
= x for every x (0, +)
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
27 / 29
10log x
ln ex
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
27 / 29
10log x
ln ex
= x for every x
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
27 / 29
10log x
ln ex
eln x
= x for every x
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
27 / 29
10log x
ln ex
= x for every x
eln x
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
27 / 29
Some Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic

Functions
Exponential growth and decay
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
28 / 29

Functions

Compound interest
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
28 / 29

Functions

Compound interest
Acidity of chemical substances
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
28 / 29

Functions

Compound interest
Acidity of chemical substances
Richter scale
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
28 / 29
Exercises:
Solve for x
1
64
23x =
31x = 92x
25x+2 =
1
1251x
2
16x 1 8x1 =
22x+1
4x
= 24
Find the domain and range of f (x) = log5 (x + 2) + 3
(IMath, UPD)
Lec. 19
29 / 29

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Equations involving Exponential Expressions

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

recall: definition and properties of rational exponents

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

recall: definition and properties of rational exponents

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

recall: definition and properties of rational exponents

Q with p < q, then ap < aq .

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

recall: definition and properties of rational exponents

Q with p < q, then ap < aq .

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

recall: definition and properties of rational exponents

Q with p < q, then ap < aq .

Ex. 23 < 24 , 31 > 32 ,

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

recall: definition and properties of rational exponents

Q with p < q, then ap < aq .

Ex. 23 < 24 , 31 > 32 , 51.3 < 51.32

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

recall: definition and properties of rational exponents

Q with p < q, then ap < aq .

Ex. 23 < 24 , 31 > 32 , 51.3 < 51.32

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

recall: definition and properties of rational exponents

Q with p < q, then ap < aq .

Ex. 23 < 24 , 31 > 32 , 51.3 < 51.32

such that the property described above holds.

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Note that 2 1.41421359.... If 2 2 is to be defined such that properties

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Note that 2 1.41421359.... If 2 2 is to be defined such that properties

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Note that 2 1.41421359.... If 2 2 is to be defined such that properties

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Note that 2 1.41421359.... If 2 2 is to be defined such that properties

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Note that 2 1.41421359.... If 2 2 is to be defined such that properties

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Note that 2 1.41421359.... If 2 2 is to be defined such that properties

At the same time,

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Note that 2 1.41421359.... If 2 2 is to be defined such that properties

At the same time,

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Note that 2 1.41421359.... If 2 2 is to be defined such that properties

At the same time,

22 > 2 2 , 21.5 > 2 2 , 21.42 > 2 2 ,

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Note that 2 1.41421359.... If 2 2 is to be defined such that properties

At the same time,

22 > 2 2 , 21.5 > 2 2 , 21.42 > 2 2 , 21.415 > 2 2 , ...

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Strictly speaking (though we will not dwell on this),

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Strictly speaking (though we will not dwell on this),

R, ar is defined as the least upper bound of

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Strictly speaking (though we will not dwell on this),

R, ar is defined as the least upper bound of

R, ar is defined as the greatest lower bound of