Mathcad in Column Design

Mathcad in Column Design.
xmcd
prepared by Djoni Simanta
Column Design
Type of columns :
1. Axially loaded columns
e=
Mu
Pu
=0
2. Eccentric columns
e=
Mu
Pu
2.1. Short columns (without P- and P-)

Pu M u
2.2. Long (slender) columns (with P- and P- or P- only)
Pu M c = ns M ns s M s
Pu M c = ns M ns
or
1. Axially Loaded Columns

Safety Provision
Pu Pn.max
where
Pu
= axial load column
Pn.max
= design axial strength
for tied columns
Pn.max = 0.80.0.85 f'c Ag Ast fy Ast
with
= 0.65
for spirally reinforced columns
Pn.max = 0.85. 0.85 f'c Ag Ast fy Ast
with
where
Ag
Ast
= 0.70
= area of gross section

= area of steel reinforcements
Ag Ast = Ac
is an area of concrete section
page 1
Mathcad in Column Design.xmcd
Tie arrangements
For tied columns
diameter of tie
spacing of tie
d bs = 10 mm
for
d b 32 mm
d bs = 13 mm
for
d b 32 mm
s = min 48 d bs 16 d b b
For spirally columns
Column Steel Ratio
diameter of spiral
d bsp 10 mm
clear spacing
10 mm s 75 mm
Ast
g =
= 1% 8%
Ag
page 2
Determination of Concrete Section

Pu
0.8
Ag =
0.85 fc 1 g fy g
Determination of Steel Area

Pu
0.8
Ast =
0.85 fc Ag
0.85 fc fy
Example 1
Tributary Area
B 4 m
Slab thickness
t 120 mm
Beam B1
b 1 250 mm
h 1 500 mm
Beam B2
b 2 200 mm
h 2 350 mm
LL 3
Live load for Lab
L 6m
kN
2
m
Materials
f'c 25 MPa
fy 400 MPa
Loads on Slab
Cover 50 mm 22
kN
3
m
Ceiling 0.4
kN
2
1.1
kN
2
Slab 120 mm 25
kN
3
Mechanical 0.2
kN
2
kN
2
page 3
kN
2
m
kN
2
m
LL 3
Partition 1
DL Cover Slab Ceiling Mechanical Partition 5.7
kN
Live Load Reduction

2
AT B L 24 m
Tributary area
for Interior Column
KLL 4
2
AI KLL AT 96 m
Influenced area
LL 0.25
Live Load Reduction Factor
4.572
0.717
AI
2
kN
LL0 LL LL 2.15
2
m
Reduced Live Load
Load of Wall
Brick 2.5
kN
2
m
Load on Column
PD.slab DL B L 136.8 kN
PL.slab LL0 B L 51.597 kN
kN
PB1 b 1 h 1 t 25
L 14.25 kN
3
m
kN
PB2 b 2 h 2 t 25
B 4.6 kN
3
m
Pwall.1 Brick 3.5 m h 1 L 45 kN

Pwall.2 Brick 3.5 m h 2 B 31.5 kN
number of floors
n 6
PD PD.slab PB1 PB2 Pwall.1 Pwall.2 1.05 n 1462.545 kN

PL PL.slab n 309.583 kN
Note
SW = ( 5% 7%) PD
Pu 1.2 PD 1.68PL 2275.154 kN
page 4
Determination of column section

g 0.03
assume
k=
300
500
0.6
0.65
Pu
0.8
Ag
0.13416 m
0.85 f'c 1 g fy g
Ag
k
472.864 mm
b k h 283.718 mm
h Ceil( h 50 mm) 500 mm
b Ceil( b 50 mm) 300 mm
Determination of Steel Area

Pu
Ast
use
0.8
0.85 f'c Ag
0.85 f'c fy
6
( 20 mm)
3136.094 mm
( 16mm)
3091.327 mm
Stirrups
main bars
d b 20 mm
Stirrup diameter
d bs 10 mm
Spacing of tie
s min 16 d b 48 d bs b 300 mm
page 5
Ag b h 0.15 m
2. Short Column
Safety provision
Pu Pn
M u Mn
Equilibrium in Forces
a = 1 c
Pn = Cc Cs T = 0.85 f'c a b A's f's As fs
Equilibrium in moments
a
h
h
h
M n = Pn e = Cc Cs d' T d
2
2 2
2
a
h
h
h
M n = 0.85 f'c a b A's f's d' As fs d
2
2 2
2
Condition of strain compatibility

s
u
's
u
dc
c
c d'
Unknown = 5
s = u
's = u
dc
c
c d'
c
fs = Es u
dc
c
f's = Es 's = Es u
c d'
c
a As A's fs f's
Equations = 4
plus
page 6
2 condition of strain compatibility
Case of symetrical columns:
As = A's
Case of unsymetrical columns:
fs = fy
A. Interaction Diagram for Column Strength
B. Determination of Steel Area

Given :
M u Pu b x h f'c fy
Find :
As = A's
Answer :
As = AsN( a) = AsM( a)
Pu
AsN( a) =
0.85 f'c a b
f's fs
Mu
AsM ( a) =
a
h
0.85 f'c a b
2 2
h
h
f's d' fs d
2
2
f's( a) = Es u
fs( a) = Es u
c d'
c
dc
c
fy
fy
page 7
Example 2
cover 40 mm
b 300 mm
Concrete dimension
Steel reinforcements
As 5
h 500 mm
( 19 mm)
d b 19 mm
d bs 10 mm
1.418 10 mm
A's As 1.418 10 mm
db
d' cover d bs
59.5 mm
2
d h d' 440.5 mm
Materials
f'c 25 MPa
fy 400 MPa
d t d
u 0.003 Es 200000 MPa
Solution
Case of axially loaded column
2
Ag b h 0.15 m
Ast As A's 2.835 10
0.65
Pn.max 0.80.85 f'c Ag Ast fy Ast 2.216 10 kN
Pn.max 0.80.85 f'c Ag Ast fy Ast 3.409 10 kN
Case of Eccentric column

f'c
28
MPa
0.85 0.85
1 min 0.85 0.05
7
fs( a) min Es u
d c( a)
( a)
t u
fy
c( a)
c( a)
f's( a) min Es u
a
1
c( a) d'
c( a)
fy
d t c( a)
c( a)
1.45 250 t
0.9
3
max0.65 min
Pn ( a) min( a) 0.85 f'c a b A's f's( a) As fs( a) Pn.max
Mn ( a) ( a) 0.85 f'c a b
A's f's( a) d' As fs( a) d

2
2
page 8
Nominal Strength
Pn ( a) min 0.85 f'c a b A's f's( a) As fs( a) Pn.max
a
h
h
h
M n ( a) 0.85 f'c a b A's f's( a) d' As fs( a) d
2
2 2
2
Interaction Diagram
a 0
h
100
3500
Pn( a)
3500
2916.667
2916.667
2333.333
2333.333
1750
1750
kN
Pn( a)
kN
1166.667
1166.667
583.333
583.333
100
200
Mn( a) M n( a)
kN m kN m
page 9
300
400
Example 3
Determination of steel area
Required strength
Pu 1152.27 kN
Concrete dimension
b 250 mm
Materials
f'c 25 MPa
M u 112.64 kN m
h 400 mm
fy 400 MPa
d b 16 mm
Concrete cover to main bars
d bs 10 mm
cover 40 mm
db
cc cover d bs
58 mm
2
Solution
Location of steel re-bars
d' cc 58 mm
d h cc 342 mm
d t d

5
Ag b h 1 10 mm
Pu
0.85 f'c Ag
0.8
Ast
0.65
0.85 f'c fy
240.01 mm
Case of eccentric column

f'c
28
MPa
0.85 0.85
1 min 0.85 0.05
7
fs( a) min Es u
d c( a)
f's( a) min Es u
c( a) d'
c( a)
( a)
t u
c( a)
fy
fy
d t c( a)
c( a)
1.45 250 t
0.9
3
max0.65 min
page 10
c( a)
a
1
Pu
AsN( a)
Mu
0.85 f'c a b
( a)
AsM ( a)
f's( a) fs( a)
Direct Method
Given
a
h
0.85 f'c a b
( a)
2 2
h
h
f's( a) d' fs( a) d
2
2
a 200 mm
AsN( a) AsM( a) = 0.0 mm
hasil Find( a)
a hasil
3
AsN( a) 1.159 10 mm
As
AsN( a) AsM ( a)
2
n bars Ceil n bars 1
n bars
a 261.1999601 mm
As
d 2
b
4
n bars 6
page 11
AsM ( a) 1.159 10 mm
n bars 5.765
C. Case Distributed Reinforcements
Equilibrium in forces
n
Pn = Cc
As if s i
T = 0.85f'c a b
i
i 1
i 1
n
a
h
M n = Pn e = Cc
2 2
i 1
n
a
h
M n = 0.85 f'c a b
2 2
i 1
T d h
i i
2

A f d
s i s i i
s i
d c
=
d c
s i
d c
u
= Es = Es
s i
s i
page 12
Example 4
Checking for Column Strength
Required strength
Pu 13994.6 kN
M u 157.53 kN m
Materials
f'c 35 MPa
fy 400 MPa
d b 32 mm
d bs 10 mm
Determination of concrete section
0.65

g 0.04
assume
Pu
0.8
Ag
6.04 10 mm
0.85 f'c 1 g fy g
k 1
Column section ratio

Ag
h 777.152 mm
b k h 777.152 mm
h Ceil( h 50 mm) 800 mm b Ceil( b 50 mm) 800 mm

5
Ag b h 6.4 10 mm
Pu
0.85 f'c Ag
0.8
Ast
0.85 f'c fy
Steel area
n bars
Ast
d b
spacing
db
cc cover d bs
2
2
Ast 21263.17976 mm
n bars 26.439
800 mm cc 2
7
95.429 mm
Distribution of reinforcements
32
32
32
32
Bars
32
32
32
32
32 32 32 32 32 32 32
32
32
mm
32
32
Number of reinf row
32
32
n cols( Bars) 8
0 32
32 32 32 32 32 32
page 13
n bars Ceil n bars 2 28
Interaction Diagram for Column Strength

origin = 1
Steel area
As0
Bars
4
i 1 n
Ast
As
i
As0
As
Ast 22518.936141 mm
Location of reinforcement rows

db
cc cover d bs
2
cc 66 mm
h 2 d
d cc 66 mm
1
i 2 n
d d
i
n1
95.429 mm
i 1
reverse ( d ) ( 0.734 0.639 0.543 0.448 0.352 0.257 0.161 0.066 ) m

d t max( d ) 734 mm
Pn.max 0.8 0.85 f'c Ag Ast fy Ast
Pn.max 14236.3707752 kN

f'c
28
MPa
0.85 0.8
1 min 0.85 0.05
7
d c( a)
fs( i a)
s u
c( a)
sign s min Es s fy
( a)
t u
d t c( a)
c( a)
1.45 250 t
0.9
3
max0.65 min
page 14
c( a)
a
1
Pn ( a) min( a) 0.85 f'c a b
h
100
Asi fs( i a) Pn.max
i 1
Mn ( a) ( a) 0.85 f'c a b
a 0 mm
i 1
A f ( i a) d
si s
i
15000
15000
10000
10000
Pn( a)
Pu
kN
kN
5000
5000
1000
2000
Mn( a)
kN m
Pu 13994.6 kN
3000
Mu
kN m
M u 157.53 kN m
page 15
0
4000
Main Points of Column Interaction Diagram for "Manual Calculations"

i 1 n
1. Point 1
P 0.65 0.8 0.85 f'c Ag Ast fy Ast

1
P 14236.3707752 kN
1
M 0 kN m
2. Point 2
Assume a=0.9 h
a 0.9 h
Given
P = ( a) 0.85 f'c a b
a Find( a)
P 1.424 10 N
1
fs( i a) Asi
i 1
a if ( a h h a)
a 671.299 mm
Find Moment:
Steel
s c d
i
0.003
c
Ms Fs d
Fs fs( i a) As
i
i
d
i
mm
fs( i a)
s
i
MPa
Fs
kN
Ms
kN m
66
0.00278
-400
-2.574103
859.58
161.429
0.0024619
-400
-643.398
153.496
256.857
0.0021438
-400
-643.398
92.098
352.286
0.0018257
-348.105
-559.925
26.716
447.714
0.0015076
-279.87
-450.17
-21.48
543.143
0.0011895
-211.636
-340.415
-48.728
638.571
0.0008714
-143.402
-230.661
-55.029
734
0.0005533
-75.167
-483.624
-161.53
Mst
Ms
Mst 845.12371 kN m
i 1
Concrete
Total
a
h
Mc 0.85 f'c a b
2 2
M ( a) ( Mc Mst)
2
M 1217.6085 kN m
2
P min( a) 0.85 f'c a b

2
Mc 1028.120137 kN m
i 1
page 16
Fs Pn.max
P 14236 kN
2
3. Point 3
t 0
c d t
a 1 c
Find Moment:
Steel
s c d
i
0.003
Ms Fs d
Fs fs( i a) As
i
i
d
i
mm
fs( i a)
s
i
MPa
Fs
kN
Ms
kN m
66
0.0027302
-400
-2.574103
859.58
161.429
0.0023402
-400
-643.398
153.496
256.857
0.0019502
-390.035
-627.37
89.803
352.286
0.0015601
-312.028
-501.896
23.948
447.714
0.0011701
-234.021
-376.422
-17.961
543.143
0.0007801
-156.014
-250.948
-35.921
638.571
0.00039
-78.007
-125.474
-29.934
734
Mst
Ms
Mst 1043.01088 kN m
i 1
a
h
Mc 0.85 f'c a b
2
2
Concrete
Total
M ( a) ( Mc Mst)
3
M 1644.493 kN m
3

3
Mc 1486.978304 kN m
Fs Pn.max
i 1
P 12398 kN
3
4. Point 4
t 0.5
fy
dt
a 1 u
t u
Es
a 440.4 mm
Find Moment:
Steel
s c d
i
0.003
Ms Fs d
i
Fs fs( i a) As
i
i
2
page 17
a
1
d
i
mm
fs( i a)
s
i
Fs
MPa
kN
Ms
kN m
66
0.0026403
-400
-2.574103
859.58
161.429
0.0021203
-400
-643.398
153.496
256.857
0.0016002
-320.047
-514.794
73.689
352.286
0.0010802
-216.037
-347.495
16.58
447.714
0.0005601
-112.028
-180.197
-8.598
543.143
0.0000401
-8.019
-12.898
-1.846
638.571
-0.00048
95.991
154.401
36.836
200
1.287103
429.79
734
-0.001
n
Mst
Ms
Mst 1559.52723 kN m
i 1
a
h
Mc 0.85 f'c a b
2 2
Concrete
Total
M ( a) ( Mc Mst)
4
M 2238.6679 kN m
4

4
Mc 1884.577296 kN m
Fs Pn.max
i 1
P 8653 kN
4
5. Point 5
fy
dt
a 1 u
t u
Es
Find Moment:
Steel
s c d
i
0.003
Ms Fs d
i
d
i
mm
Fs fs( i a) As
i
i
2
fs( i a)
s
i
MPa
Fs
kN
Ms
kN m
66
0.0026403
-400
-2.574103
859.58
161.429
0.0021203
-380.07
-611.341
145.848
256.857
0.0016002
-250.058
-402.218
57.575
352.286
0.0010802
-120.047
-193.095
9.213
447.714
0.0005601
9.965
16.029
0.765
543.143
0.0000401
139.977
225.152
32.229
638.571
-0.00048
269.988
434.275
103.606
734
-0.001
400
2.574103
859.58
page 18
Mst
Ms
Mst 2068.39565 kN m
i 1
a
h
Mc 0.85 f'c a b
2
2
Concrete
Total
M ( a) ( Mc Mst)
M 2564.4726 kN m

5
Mc 1876.946749 kN m
Fs Pn.max
i 1
P 5796 kN
5
6. Point 6.
dt
a 1 u
t u
t 0.005
a 220.2 mm
Find Moment:
Steel
s c d
i
0.003
Ms Fs d
i
d
i
mm
Fs fs( i a) As
i
i
c
i
2
fs( i a)
s
i
MPa
Fs
kN
Ms
kN m
66
0.0026403
-400
-2.574103
859.58
161.429
0.0021203
-248.112
-399.087
95.211
256.857
0.0016002
-40.093
-64.49
9.231
352.286
0.0010802
167.925
270.107
-12.888
447.714
0.0005601
375.944
604.704
28.853
543.143
0.0000401
400
643.398
92.098
638.571
-0.00048
400
643.398
153.496
400
2.574103
859.58
734
-0.001
n
Mst
Ms
Mst 2085.16136 kN m
i 1
Concrete
Total
a
h
Mc 0.85 f'c a b
2 2
M ( a) ( Mc Mst)
6
Mc 1519.296324 kN m
M 3244.0119 kN m
6
P min ( a) 0.85 f'c a b

Fs Pn.max
6
i
i 1
page 19
P 3188 kN
6
P 0.0000000 kN
7. Point
Assume a=0.2 h
a 0.2 h
a 0.16 m
Given
P = ( ( a) ) 0.85 f'c a b
fs( i a) Asi
i 1
a Find( a) 0.136 m a if ( a h h a)
a 0.14 m
Find Moment:
Steel
s c d
i
0.003
Ms Fs d
i
d
i
mm
Fs fs( i a) As
i
i
2
fs( i a)
s
i
MPa
Fs
kN
Ms
kN m
66
0.0026403
-366.835
-2.36103
788.31
161.429
0.0021203
-29.704
-47.779
11.399
256.857
0.0016002
307.426
494.494
-70.783
352.286
0.0010802
400
643.398
-30.699
447.714
0.0005601
400
643.398
30.699
543.143
0.0000401
400
643.398
92.098
638.571
-0.00048
400
643.398
153.496
400
2.574103
859.58
734
-0.001
n
Mst
Ms
Mst 1834.09951 kN m
i 1
Concrete
Total
a
h
Mc 0.85 f'c a b
2 2
M ( a) ( Mc Mst)
7
M 2617.1065 kN m
7

7
Mc 1073.796619 kN m
i 1
page 20
Fs Pn.max
P 0 kN
7
j 1 7
a 0
h
100
1.5 10
1 10
1.5 10
1 10
Pj
Pn( a)
kN
kN
3
5 10
5 10
0
0
1 10
2 10
Mj
kN m
3 10
Mn( a)
kN m
page 21
4 10
0
3
5 10
D. Design of Circular Columns
Synmbols
ns
= number of re-bars
Dc
Ds
= column diameter
= diameter of re-bar circle
Location of steel re-bar

Dc
Ds
rc =
rs =
2
2
s i
2
ns
(i 1)
page 22
d i = rc rs cos
s i
Depth of compression concrete
rc a
rc
= acos
Area and centroid of compression concrete
1
1
2
Asector = x Radius x Arch = x rc x rc 2 = rc
2
2
x1 =
r
3 c
sin( )
1
1
2
Atriangle = x Base x Height = .x 2 rc sin( ) x rc cos( ) = rc sin( ) cos( )
2
2
x2 =
r cos( )
3 c
2
Ac = Asegment = Asector Atriangle = rc ( sin( ) . cos( ) )

xc =
xc =
Asector x Atriangle x
1
2
Ac
2 rc
3
sin( )
2
3
rc
sin( ) sin( ) cos( )
sin( ) cos( )
sin( ) cos( )
Equilibrium in forces
ns
Pn = Cc
ns
T = 0.85 f'c Ac
i
i 1
As if s i
i 1
ns
M n = Pn e = Cc x c
i 1
ns
M n = 0.85 f'c Ac x c
i 1
Dc

Ti d i
2

As i f s i di rc
s i
d c
=
d c
f
= Es = Es u
s i
s i
with
c
page 23
s i
fy
Example 5
Required Strength
Pu 3437.31 kN
Materials
f'c 20 MPa
M u 42.53 kN m
fy 400 MPa
d b 22 mm cover 40 mm
Solution
0.7
Determination of concrete dimension

g 0.02
Assume
Pu
0.85
Ag
234265.6770737 mm
0.85 f'c 1 g fy g
Ag
Dc Ceil
50 mm 550 mm

Pu
Ast
0.85
0.85 f'c Ag
0.85 f'c fy
Ag
As0
s
4
Ds
ns
2
2
237582.9444277 mm
4.538 10 mm
Ds
14
100 mm
db
Ds Dc cover d bs
2 428 mm
2
d b
Dc
n s ceil
2
2
380.133 mm
Ast n s As0 5.322 10 mm
96.043 mm
Interaction Diagram for column strength
Pn.max 0.85 0.85 f'c Ag Ast fy Ast 3615.923083 kN u 0.003
f'c
28
MPa
0.85 0.85
1 min 0.85 0.05
7
i 1 n s
2
s
( i 1)
i
ns
d
i
Dc
2
d t max( d ) 489 mm
page 24
Ds
2
c( a)
cos s
a
1
Es 200000 MPa
d c( a)
fs( i a)
s u
( a)
c( a)
sign s min Es s fy
t u
d t c( a)
c( a)
1.7 200 t
0.9
3
max0.7 min
Dc
rc
2
rc a
rc
( a) acos
x c( a)
2
3
sin( ( a) )
rc
( a) sin( ( a) ) cos( ( a) )
Ac( a) rc ( ( a) sin( ( a) ) cos( ( a) ) )

ns
Pn ( a) min ( a) 0.85 f'c Ac( a)

As0 fs( i a) Pn.max
i 1
ns
Mn ( a) ( a) 0.85 f'c Ac( a) x c( a)

As0 fs( i a) d i rc
i 1
a 0
Dc
100
Dc
4 10
3 10
2 10
4 10
3 10
Pn( a)
2 10
kN
Pu
kN
1 10
1 10
100
200
Mn( a)
kN m
page 25
300
Mu
kN m
0
400
3. Long (Slender) Columns
page 26
Stability Index
Q=
where
Pu0
Vu Lc
Pu Vu
= total vertical force and story shear
0
Lc
= relative deflection between column ends
Q 0.05
: Frame is nonsway (braced)
Q 0.05
: Frame is sway (unbraced)
= center-to-center length of column
Slenderness of column
The column is short, if
in nonsway frame
k ns Lu
r
k s Lu
in sway frame
M1
M2
min 34 12
40
22
Ratio M1 /M2 is considered positive if the member is bent in single curvature

and negative for double curvature
page 27
where
M 1 = min M A M B
M 2 = max M A M B
= minimum and maximum moments at the ends of column

Lu
= unsupported length of column
page 28
= radius of gyration
I Ag
= moment of inertia and area of column section
= effective length factor
r=
Ag
k = k A B
A B = degree of end restraint (release)
EIc

Lc
EIb

Lb
=1
: column is fixed
= 10
: column is pinned
Moment of inertia for Frame Analysis
Ig
for column
Ic = 0.70Ig
for beam
Ib = 0.35 Ig
= moment of inertia of gross section
page 29
Determination of Effective Length Factor

Way 1. Using Graph
page 30
Way 2. Using equations

For braced frame:
2
A B
A
B

k

4
2
k ns
tan
kns
For unbraced frames:

A B
36
6 A B
2 tan
2 kns = 1
kns
ks
tan
ks
Way 3. Using approximate relations

In nonsway frames:
k ns = 0.7 0.05 A B 1.0

k ns = 0.85 0.05 min 1.0
min = min A B
In sway frames:
Case
m 2
ks =
20 m
20
1 m
m 2
k s = 0.9 1 m
Case of column is hinged at one end
k s = 2.0 0.3
is the value in the restrained end
page 31
Moment Magnification Procedure

a. Moment Magification on Non Sway Frame
M c = M 2 ns M 2min ns
where
M 2min = Pu ( 15mm 0.03 h )
Moment magnification factor

Cm
ns =
1
Euler's critical load
Pu
1.0
0.75 Pcns
2
Pcns =
EI =
or
EI =
EI
kns Lu
0.2 Ec Ig Es Ise
1 dns
0.4 Ec Ig
dns =
1 dns
Coefficient
Cm = 0.6 0.4
M1
M2
1.2 PD
Pu
0.4
Ratio M1 /M2 is considered positive if the member is bent in single curvature

and negative for double curvature
page 32
Example 6
Non Sway Column

PD
Pu 6402 kN
PL
Required strength
M A 77.75 kN m
Length of column
4273.41 kN
796.25 kN
M B 122.68 kN m
Lc 7.8 m
Upper and lower columns
ba

ha
L
a
600 mm
600 mm
3.6 m
bb

hb
L
b
650 mm
650 mm
1.5 m
ba1

ha1
L
a1
300 mm
500 mm
6 m
ba2

ha2
L
a2
300 mm
500 mm
6 m
bb1
hb1
L
b1
300 mm
500 mm
6 m
bb2
hb2
L
b2
300 mm
500 mm
6 m
Upper and lower beams
Materials
f'c 30 MPa
fy 400 MPa
Solution
Determination of concrete dimension
0.65
assume
g 0.03
Pu
0.8
Ag
3.351 10 mm
0.85 f'c 1 g fy g
Proportion of column section

h
Ag
k
578.917 mm
k=
b
h
600
600
b k h 578.917 mm
h Ceil( h 50 mm) 600 mm

b Ceil( b 50 mm) 600 mm
b 600 mm

h 600
page 33
origin = 1
Determination of steel area
5
Ag b h 3.6 10 mm
d b 25 mm
Pu
0.85 f'c Ag
0.80
3
2
Ast
8.362 10 mm
0.85 f'c fy
Ast
1
4
25
25
25
Bars
25
25
25
n s rows As
25 25 25 25 25
0
0 25
25
mm
25
25
25
25 25 25 25
As0
Bars
i 1 cols As0
Ast
ns 6
As
Ast
Ag
h cc 2
s
0.095 m
ns 1
d1 d1
i
As0
i 1
0.027
62.5
157.5
252.5
d
mm
347.5
442.5
537.5
d d1
Slenderness of column
stability index
Radius of Gyration
No Lateral Load
Q 0
r
173.205 mm
12
Modulus of elasticity
kN
wc 24
3
m
wc
Ec 44 MPa
kN
m3
page 34
1.5
As As1
2
cc cover d bs
62.5 mm
2
i 2 n s
As1
i
Ast 9817.477 mm
db
d1 cc
1
d b
17.035
2
f'c
MPa
2.834 10 MPa
Degree of end restraint

At point A
3
Ia1 0.35
Ica 0.7
Ia2 0.35
12
b a h a
La
Ec Ia1
La1
La1 6 m
12
La2 6 m
Lc 7.8 m
Ec Ic
Lc
Ec Ia2
b a2 h a2
b h
Ic 0.7
12
La 3.6 m
12
Ec Ica
A
b a1 h a1
8.418
La2
At point B
3
Ib1 0.35
Icb 0.7
Lb1 6 m
12
bb hb
Lb
Ec Ib1
Lb1
Ib2 0.35
b b2 h b2
12
Lb2 6 m
Lb 1.5 m
12
Ec Icb
B
b b1 h b1
Ec Ic
Lc
Ec Ib2
21.699
Lb2
Effective length factor
k ns A B
f (k)
A B
4
A
B
k

1
2
k

tan
k
2
2 k
tan
2 k
k 0.5001
k root( f ( k ) k )
k
Checking for long column
M 1
MA MB
MA
if
MB
otherwise
k ns k ns A B 0.969
M 2
page 35
MA MB
MB
if
MA
otherwise
Curve 2
If column is bent in bent in single curvature, M 1 , the smaller of top and bot second order
magnified moment is to be taken as positive. Otherwise, M 1 is to be taken as negative.
Ratio if Curve = 1
Lu Lc
k ns Lu
r
M1
M2
M2
M1
Ratio 0.634
max h a1 h a2 max h b1 h b2
40.834
The_column
7.3 m
min( 34 12 Ratio 40) 40
"is short" if
k ns Lu
r
M1
M2
min 34 12
40
"is long" otherwise

The_column "is long"
Case of long column

dns
1.2 PD
Pu
b h
0.801
Ig
12
EI
0.4 Ec Ig
1 dns
Pcns
EI
k ns Lu
13409.868891 kN
Cm max( 0.6 0.4 Ratio 0.4) 0.4
ns max
Cm
Pu
0.75 Pcns
1 1.101
M 2.min Pu ( 15 mm 0.03 h ) 211.266 kN m

M c
ns max M2 M2.min if The_column = "is long"

max M 2 M 2.min otherwise
M c 232.509 kN m
page 36
Interaction diagram for column strength

c( a)
a
1
d t max( d ) 537.5 mm

f'c
28
MPa
0.85 0.836
1 min 0.85 0.05
7
d c( a)
fs( i a)
s u
c( a)
sign s min Es s fy
( a)
t u
d t c( a)
c( a)
1.45 250 t
0.9
3
max0.65 min
page 37
Pn.max 6685.4554793 kN
ns
Pn ( a) min ( a) 0.85 f'c a b

A
f
(
i
a
)
si s
n.max
i 1
ns
h
a
Mn ( a) ( a) 0.85 f'c a b
2 2
i 1
a 0 mm
h
100
A f ( i a) d h
si s
i
6 10
Pn( a)
kN
4 10
Pu
kN
3
2 10
0
0
1 10
500
Mn( a)
kN m
page 38
Mc
kN m
b. Moment Magnification-Sway Frames

The magnified sway moments are added to the unmagnified nonsway moments M ns
at each end of the column:
M 1 = M 1ns s M 1s
M 2 = M 2ns s M 2s
The nonsway moments and the sway moments M s are computed using a first-order
elastic analysis
Calculation of sMs
The code provides two different methods to compute the magnified sway moments sMs
a. Approximate second-order analysis

1
s =
1
1Q
Q=stability index for a story
Q=
Puo
Vus Lc
If s exceed 1.5, s shall be calculated using second-order analysis or
b. Approximate magnifier method

1
s =
1
1
Pu
Pcs
0.75
where
Pu
= summation of all the factored vertical loads in a story

2
Pcs
= summation of the critical buckling loads for

all sway-resisting columns in a story
k s = effective length factor for sway column, greater than 1,0
page 39
Pcs =
EI
ks Lu
Example 7 Moment Magnification Method

1. Design Information
Geometry:
Width along X:
Reinforcement:
b h
Ix
12
b 450 mm Width along Y:

4-D32, All sides Equal
Clear height:
Ix 3417187500 mm
h 450 mm Ag b h
Ag 202500 mm
d b 32 mm
Ix
Ag
r 129.904 mm
lu 5 m
Concrete:
f'c 35 MPa
wc
Ec 44 MPa
kN
m3
kN
wc 24
3
m
Reinforcing Steel:
fy 400 MPa
1.5
f'c
MPa
30605.787688 MPa
Es 200000 MPa
2. Loading Information
Load
Type
Dead Load, D
Axial
Load
PD 1690 kN
Bending Moments
(Top & Bottom)
Sustained
Load Ratio
M D.top 43.5 kN m
StD 0.635
M D.bot 73.25 kN m
Live Load, L
PL 623 kN
M L.top 27.2 kN m
StL 0
M L.bot 48.8 kN m
Wind Load
PW 0 kN
M W.top 68 kN m
M W.bot 68 kN m
Column Load:
Pu 1.2 PD 0.5 PL 1.6 PW
Pu 2.34 10 kN
page 40
StW 0
Factor end moments

due to loads that cause no
appreciable sidesway
Factored end moments
due to loads that cause
appreciable sideway
Factored total end
moments
M ns.top 1.2 M D.top 0.5 M L.top
M ns.top 65.8 kN m
M ns.bot 1.2 M D.bot 0.5 M L.bot
M ns.bot 112.3 kN m
M s.top 1.6 M W.top
M s.top 108.8 kN m
M s.bot 1.6 M W.bot
M s.bot 108.8 kN m
M u.top.1st M ns.top M s.top
M u.top.1st 174.6 kN m
M u.bot.1st M ns.bot M s.bot
M u.bot.1st 221.1 kN m
Story Loads for all columns:
Assume an exterior column load of two-third the interior column load, a corner column load of
one-third the interior column load.
The total factored vertical story load
2
1
Pu 14Pu 18 Pu 4 Pu
3
3
Pu 63946.333333 kN
3. Determination column designation as sway/non sway and slenderness considerations

Determine kns (nonsway frame) and ks (sway frame) from the alignment charts
[ACI 318 Fig 10.10.1.1. (a) and (b) respectively.
Relatif Stiff of Beams EIb/L
4
k b 4.067 10 kN m k be 0.35 k b 1.423 10 kN m

For a 5 m
k c1
For a 3.4 m
0.7 Ix Ec
k c2
lu
0.7 Ix Ec
3.4 m
k c1 1.464 10 kN m
4
k c2 2.153 10 kN m
page 41
k c1 k c2
B A
2 k be
A 1.271
For braced frame:

Given
try
A B
4
k ns 0.51
k ns
A B
2
k
1

tan
kns
k ns Find k ns

2 tan
2 k ns
=1
kns
k ns 0.819
For unbraced frames:

Given
try
k s 1.1
2
A B 36
k
=
6 A B
ks
tan
k s Find k s
ks
k s 1.478
k s lu
Check
56.898 greater than 22, long column
4. Moment maginification at ends of compression member (Sway)
Ise 2
EIs
2 d b
4
h 2 cc
2
7
Ise 8.495 10 mm
0.2 Ec Ix Es Ise
1 ds
ds 0 No sustained Lateral
Shear
EIs 3.791 10 kN m
2
Critical Load
Pcs
EIs
ks lu
2
Pcs 14 Pcs 22 Pcs
3
Pcs 6.848 10 kN
5
Pcs 1.963 10 kN
page 42
s max
1
Pu
0.75 Pcs
s 1.768
Magnify column moments M 1 and M2 due to second order effects at the ends:
M u.top.second M ns.top s M s.top
M u.top.second 258.13 kN m
M u.bot.second M ns.bot s M s.bot
M u.bot.second 304.63 kN m
Set M2 to the larger of the absolute value of top and bot second order magnified moments
M 2.2nd max M u.top.second M u.bot.second

M 1.2nd min M u.top.second M u.bot.second
M 2.2nd 304.63 kN m
M 1.2nd 258.13 kN m
Determine the first order factored moment, M 2first at the end at which the larger second order
moment, M2second acts.
Mu.top.second
M 1.1st if M u.top.second
M 2.1st if
M u.top.1st
M u.bot.second M u.top.1st M u.bot.1st
M 2.1st 221.1 kN m
M u.bot.second M u.bot.1st
M 1.1st 174.6 kN m
The ratio of second order moments to first order moments after moment magnification
at column ends (sway effect) is
M 2.2nd
M 2.1st
M 1.2nd
1.378
M 1.1st
1.478 greater than 1.4, revise the section
5. Moment magnification along length of compression member (nonsway)

continue to magnify column moments per aci 10.10.6 for second order effects along
the length of member as required by aci 10.10.2.2
3
Pu.st 1.2 PD StD
Pu.st 1.288 10 kN
Pu.st
dns min
1
Pu
4
dns 0.55
0.2 Ec Ix Es Ise
1 dns
EIns 2.445 10 kN m
EIns
Pcns
EIns
kns lu
page 43
Pcns 1.44 10 kN
Determine and select whether the column is bent in single (1) or

double (2) curvature due to second order moments
Curve 1
M 1.2nd if Curve = 1 M 1.2nd M 1.2nd
Cm 0.6 0.4
M 1.2nd
M 1.2nd 258.13 kN m
Cm 0.939
M 2.2nd
Set C m to 1 if M2 , or M1 and M2 are equal to zero
M 1.2nd
M 2.2nd
Cm if M 2.2nd = 0 0 0.6 0.4

Cm 0.939
Pu
1 0.75 P
cns
Cm
ns max 1
Cm max Cm 0.4
M min Pu ( 15 mm 0.03 h )
ns 1.19853
M min 66.676 kN m
Final Moment
M c ns max M 2.2nd M min

Check
Mc
max M 2.1st M min
1.651
6. Check column strength Interaction Diagram

Distribution of reinforcements
Rebars
Number of reinf
columns
32 32 mm
32 32
n cols( Rebars) 2
page 44
Cm min Cm 1
M c 365.108 kN m
should not exceed 1.40
Interaction Diagram for Column Strength
0.65
Steel area
As0
Rebars
i 1 n
4
i
Aa
i
As0
Ast
Aa
Ast 3216.990877 mm
Location of reinforcement rows

initialize to zero
db
cc cover d bs
2
cc 66 mm
h 2 d
d cc 66 mm
1
i 2 n
d
d d
i
n1
318 mm
0 mm

0
d 0.066 m
1
i 1
0.066 m d max( d )
t
0.384
d t 384 mm
Pn.max 3752.0422536 kN

f'c
28
MPa
1 min 0.85 0.05

0.85 0.8
7
d c( a)
fs( i a)
s u
c( a)
sign s min Es s fy
( a)
t u
d t c( a)
c( a)
1.45 250 t
0.9
3
max0.65 min
page 45
c( a)
a
1
Pn ( a) min( a) 0.85 f'c a b
Mn ( a) ( a) 0.85 f'c a b
a 0 mm
h
100
Asi fs( i a) Pn.max
i 1
i 1
A f ( i a) d
si s
i
5000
5000
4000
4000
3000
3000
Pn( a)
Pu
kN
kN
2000
2000
1000
1000
100
200
300
Mn( a)
kN m
Pu 2339.5 kN
0
500
400
Mc
kN m
M c 365.108 kN m
Given
h
100
Pu = min( a) 0.85 f'c a b

a Find( a)
Asi fs( i a) Pn.max
i 1
a 0.203 m
Mn Mn ( a) 371.079 kN m
greater than
REVISE TheSection
page 46
M c 365.108 kN m
Example 8
Material Data
f'c 30 MPa
Ec 4700
fy 400 MPa
Column Dimension
Beam Dimension
f'c
MPa
MPa
Ec 2.574 10 MPa
cover 40 mm
Es 200000 MPa
b 350 mm
h 450 mm
8D16
d b 16 mm
d bs 10 mm
Floor Beams
b bf 300 mm h bf 500 mm
Roof Beams
b br 300 mm
h br 450 mm
1-st Order Analysis Result in COL-1:
a. For Wind from Left (1,2D+0,5L+1,6W)

Pu1 ( 1.2 368720.8 0.5 188116.2 1.6 4342.847) N
M ns.top.left [ 1.2 ( 31871.21) 0.5 ( 20288.17) ] N m
M ns.bot.left [ 1.2 ( 15872.84) 0.5 ( 10103.1 ) ] N m
Pu1 529.5745048 kN
M ns.top.left 48.39 kN m
M ns.bot.left 24.099 kN m
M s.top.left 1.6 3607.705 N m 5.77233 kN m

M s.bot.left 1.6 ( 8757.81 ) N m 14.0125 kN m
b. For Wind from right (1,2D+0,5L-1,6W)
Pu2 ( 1.2 368720.8 0.5 188116.2 1.6 4342.847) N
Pu2 543.4716152 kN
M ns.top.right [ 1.2 ( 31871.21) 0.5 ( 20288.17) ] N m M ns.top.right 48.39 kN m

M ns.bot.right [ 1.2 ( 15872.84) 0.5 ( 10103.1 ) ] N m
M s.top.right 1.6 ( 3607.705) N m 5.77233 kN m
M s.bot.right 1.6 ( 8757.81 ) N m 14.0125 kN m
page 47
M ns.bot.right 24.099 kN m
5
4
Lc m
4
4

9600
7200
Vu
N
4800
2400
2054374
1501864
Pu
N
959560
417256
1.36
1.27
o
mm
0.93
0.58
1. Direct P- Analysis
i 1 4
Pu o
Q
i
Vu Lc
i
s
i
1
1Q
0.0582073
1.0618047
Q 2
0.066228
s 2
1.0709253
0.0464787
1.0487443
0.0252092
1.0258612
2. Magnify Moments, 2nd order Moments

2.1. For Wind from Left (1.2D+0.5L+1.6W)
Pu1 529.575 kN
M u.top M ns.top.left M s.top.left 42.617209 kN m
M u.bot M ns.bot.left M s.bot.left 10.086 kN m
M u.top.second M ns.top.left s M s.top.left
1
M u.bot.second M ns.bot.left s M s.bot.left

1
M 2.second max M u.top.second M u.bot.second
M 1.second min M u.top.second M u.bot.second
page 48
M 2.second 42.2604517 kN m
M 1.second 9.22 kN m
Mu.top.second
M 1.first if M u.top.second
M 2.first if
M u.bot.second M u.top M u.bot

M u.bot.second M u.bot M u.top
M 2.first 42.61721 kN m
M 1.first 10.086 kN m
M 2.second
M 2.first
M 1.second
0.992
M 1.first
0.914
less than 1.4, the method is acceptable
Moment magnification along length of compression member (nonsway)

At point A
Ib 0.35
b bf h bf
b h
Lb 7 m
12
Ic 0.7
12
Lc Lc
Ec Ic
Lc
Ec Ib
Lb
2.381
B 1
Effective length factor
k ns A B
f (k)
A B
4
k
1
tan
A B
2
2 k
tan
1
2 k

k 0.5001
k root( f ( k ) k )
dns min
1.2 368720.8 N
Pu1
k ns k ns A B 0.821
k
1
dns 0.836
page 49
db
cc cover d bs
2
d 2
2
b h
Ise 2 3
cc
4 2
EIns
0.2 Ec Ic Es Ise
1 dns
EIns 8.885 10 kN mm
Pcns
EIns
kns Lc1
Pcns 5.201 10 kN

Curve 1
M 1.second if Curve = 1 M 1.second M 1.second

Cm 0.6 0.4
M 1.second
Cm 0.687
M 2.second
M 1.second
M 2.second
Cm if M 2.second = 0 0 0.6 0.4

Cm 0.687
Pu1
1 0.75 P
cns
Cm
ns max 1
Cm max Cm 0.4
Cm min Cm 1
ns 1
M min Pu1 ( 15 mm 0.03 h )
M min 15.093 kN m
Final Moment
M c1 ns max M 2.second M min

Check
M c1
max M 2.first M min
M c1 42.2604517 kN m
0.992 should not exceed 1.40
page 50
2.2. For Wind from Right (1.2D+0.5L-1.6W)

Pu2 543.472 kN
M u.top M ns.top.right M s.top.right 54.162 kN m

M u.bot M ns.bot.right M s.bot.right 38.111 kN m
M u.top.second M ns.top.right s M s.top.right
1
M u.bot.second M ns.bot.right s M s.bot.right

1
M 2.second max M u.top.second M u.bot.second
M 2.second 54.5186223 kN m
M 1.second min M u.top.second M u.bot.second
Mu.top.second
M 1.first if M u.top.second
M 2.first if
M u.bot.second M u.top M u.bot

M u.bot.second M u.bot M u.top
M 2.first 54.16186 kN m
M 1.first 38.111 kN m
M 2.second
M 2.first
1.007
M 1.second
M 1.first
1.023
less than 1.4, the method is acceptable
Moment magnification along length of compression member (nonsway)

1.2 368720.8 N
dns min
1
Pu1
EIns
0.2 Ec Ic Es Ise
1 dns
dns 0.836
Pcns
k ns Lc
EIns 8.885 10 kN mm
EIns
d 2
2
b h
Ise 2 3
c c
4 2
Pcns 5200.825458 kN
page 51

Curve 1
M 1.second if Curve = 1 M 1.second M 1.second

Cm 0.6 0.4
M 1.second
Cm 0.886
M 2.second
M 1.second
M 2.second
Cm if M 2.second = 0 0 0.6 0.4

Cm 0.886
Pu1
1 0.75 P
cns
Cm
ns max 1
Cm max Cm 0.4
Cm min Cm 1
ns 1.025
M min Pu2 ( 15 mm 0.03 h )
M min 15.489 kN m
Final Moment
M c2 ns max M 2.second M min

Check
M c2
max M 2.first M min
M c2 55.8902036 kN m
1.032 should not exceed 1.40
page 52
Check with Interaction Diagram

5
Ag b h 1.575 10 mm
Ast
Ag
As0
i 2 n s
As0
n s rows As0
d d
i
Tul
i 1
Ast
ns 3
i 1 cols As0
As Aa
0.01
u 0.003
db
cc cover d bs
58 mm
2
d b 16 mm
16 16 16
Tul 16 0 16 mm
16 16 16
Aa
i
0.65
As
d cc
1
0.058
d 0.225 m
0.392
Ast 1.608 10 mm
h cc 2
s
0.167 m
ns 1
d t max( d ) 392 mm
f'c
28
MPa
a
1 min 0.85 0.05

0.85 0.836 c( a)
7
1

f'c
28
MPa
0.85 0.836
1 min 0.85 0.05
7
d c( a)
fs( i a)
s u
c( a)
sign s min Es s fy
( a)
t u
d t c( a)
c( a)
1.45 250 t
0.9
3
max0.65 min
page 53
Pn.max 2401.6884017 kN
ns
Pn ( a) min ( a) 0.85 f'c a b

Asi fs( i a) Pn.max
i 1
ns
h
a
A f ( i a) d
Mn ( a) ( a) 0.85 f'c a b
si s
i
2 2
i 1
a 0 mm
h
100
3 10
2 10
3 10
Pn( a)
2 10
kN
Pu2
Pu1
kN
kN
3
1 10
1 10
100
Mn( a)
kN m
200
M c1
M c2
kN m kN m
The Section is Adequate
page 54
0
300
Biaxial Bending of Column

Biaxial bending of columns occurs when the loading causes bending simultaneously about
both principal axes.
Biaxial Interaction Strength

A uniaxial interaction diagram defines the load-moment strength along a single plane of a
section under an axial load P and a uniaxial moment M. The biaxial bending resistance of an
axially loaded column can be represented schematically as a surface formed by a series of
uniaxial interaction curves drawn radially from P axis.
page 55
A. Bresler Reciprocal Load Method

This method approximate the ordinate 1/Pn on the surface S 2 (1/P n , ex, ey) by a corresponding
ordinate 1/P'n on the plane S'2 ehich is defined by the characteristic points A, B and C, as
indicated :
page 56
The general expression for axial load strength for any values of ex and ey is as follows:
1
Pn
P'n
1
Pox
1
Poy
1
Po
Rearranging variables yields:
Pn =
where
1 1 1
P
ox Poy Po
for
Pu
= Pn 0.1 f'c Ag
0.65
Pox = Maximum uniaxial load strength of the column with a moment of M nx=Pn .ey
Poy = Maximum uniaxial load strength of the column with a moment of M ny=Pn .ex
Po = maximum axial load strength with no applied moments
B. Bresler Load Contour Method
In this method, the surface S 3 (Pn , Mnx, Mny) is aproximated by a family of curves corresponding
to constant values of P n . These curves may be regarded as "load contours"
on error
page 57
The general expression for these curves can be approximated by a nondimensional interaction
equation of the form:
Mnx
Mny
M M = 1.0
nox
noy
when M nx and Mny are the nominal biaxial moment strength in the direction of the x and y axes,
respectively. The moment M nox is the nominal uniaxial moment strength about the x-axis, and
Mnoy is the nominal uniaxial moment strength about the y-axis.
The values of the exponents and are a function of the amount, distribution and location of
reinforcement, the dimensions of the columns, and the strength and elastic properties of the steel
and concrete.
Bresler indicates that it is reasonably accurate to assume that =
Mnx
Mny
M M = 1.0
nox
noy
Bresler indicated that, typically, varied from 1.15 to 1.55, which a value 1.5 being resonably
accurate for most square and rectangular sections having uniformly distributed reinforcement.
With set at unity, the interaction equation becomes linear:
Mnx Mny
M M = 1.0
nox noy
This equation as shown in figure above, would always yield conservative results since it
underestimates the column capacity, especially for high axial loads or low percentages of
reinforcement.
Pu
It should only be used when
= Pn 0.1 f'c Ag
page 58
C. PCA Load Contour Method

The PCA approach described below was developed as an extension of the the Bresler Load
Contour Method.
A typical Bresler Load Contour for a certain P n is shown above. In the PCA Method, point B
is defined such that the nominal biaxial moment strengths M nx and Mny at this point are the
same ratio as the uniaxial moment strengths M nox and Mnoy. Therefore, at point B
Mnx
Mny
Mnox
Mnoy
log( 0.5)
log( )
page 59
log( 0.5)
Mnx
Mnox
log( )
log( 0.5)
Mny
Mnoy
page 60
log( )
= 1.0
Bilinear Approximation of Nondimensionalized Load Contour
Mnx
ny
1.0 for
Mnox Mnoy
Mny
Mnx
Mny
Mnox
Mny
Mnx
1.0 for
Mnoy
Mnx
Mnoy
Mnox
Mnoy
Mnox
Manual Design Procedure for Rectangular Sections

1. Choose the value of at 0.65 and Given P u , Mcx and Mcy
2. Calculate an approximate equivalent uniaxial momen strength Mnox or Mnoy
M nx =
M cx
0.65
M ny =
M cy
0.65
Pu
Pn =
0.65
If Mny/Mnx greater than b/h

b 1
M noy = M nx
Mny
h
If Mny/Mnx is less than b/h,
h 1
M nox = M nx M ny
b
3. Design the section and reinforcement for equivalent uniaxial bending M nox or Mnoy
with corresponding axial load, P n.
4. Verify the section chosen by any one of the three methods
page 61
Example 9: Biaxial Circular Column Analysis

Diameter
Dc 500 mm
d bs 10 mm
cover 40 mm
Pu 300 kN
Solution
f'c 25 MPa
Ag 0.25 Dc
M ux 120 kN m
Because of Circular Column
d b
4
Es 200000 MPa
0.7
2
M u
380.133 mm
n s 8 d b 22 mm
M uy 100 kN m
db
Ds Dc cover d bs
2
2
As0
fy 380 MPa
Ds
M ux M uy
148.44 mm
ns
M u 156.205 kN m
Ast n s As0
Interaction Diagram for column strength
u 0.003
f'c
28
MPa
0.85 0.85
1 min 0.85 0.05
7
i 1 n s
2
s
( i 1)
i
ns
Dc
Ds
2
c( a)
Es 200000 MPa
cos s
d t max( d ) 439 mm
d c( a)
fs( i a)
s u
( a)
c( a)
sign s min Es s fy
t u
d t c( a)
c( a)
1.7 200 t
0.9
3
max0.7 min
Dc
rc
2
rc a
rc
( a) acos
x c( a)
2
3
rc
Ac( a) rc ( ( a) sin( ( a) ) cos( ( a) ) )
page 62
sin( ( a) )
( a) sin( ( a) ) cos( ( a) )
ns
Pn ( a) min ( a) 0.85 f'c Ac( a)

As0 fs( i a) Pn.max
i 1
ns
Mn ( a) ( a) 0.85 f'c Ac( a) x c( a)

As0 fs( i a) d i rc
i 1
a 0
Dc
100
Dc
4 10
4 10
3500
3 10
2 10
3 10
Pn( a)
2 10
Pu
kN
kN
1 10
1 10
100
200
Mn( a)
kN m
page 63
Mu
kN m
0
300
Example 10.
ORIGIN 1
Loading and Material Data
0.65
u 0.003
f'c 30 MPa
fy 400 MPa
Es 200000MPa
M cx 20 kN m M cy 25 kN m cover 40 mm
Pu 650 kN
greater than
b 400 mm
P 0.1 f'c b h
h b
P 312 kN
Column Data
n 8
2
Ag b h 160000 mm
d b 16 mm
db
cc cover d bs
58 mm
2
d b 16 mm
16 16 16
Tul 16 0 16 mm
16 16 16
X- Axis
0
d 0 mm

0
As0
d bs 10 mm
Tul
4
i 1 cols As0
n sx rows As0
i 2 n sx
n sx 3
d d
i
i 1
d cc
1
sx
d 200 mm

342
i 1 n sx
Ax
i
h cc 2
sx
0.142 m
n sx 1
58
i
As0
Ast
n sy 3
d tx max( d ) 342 mm
Ast
Ast 1608.495 mm
Ax
Ag
Y- Axis
n sy cols As0
j 2 n sy
z z
j
j 1
z cc
1
sy
b cc 2
sy
0.142 m
n sy 1
58
z 200 mm
A T
s0
Ast
Ay
zty max( z) 342 mm

342
j 1 n sy
Ay
j
0.01
Ast 1608.495 mm
f'c
28
MPa
0.85 1 0.836
1 min 0.85 0.05
7
page 64
Ast
Ag
0.01
Po 0.85 f'c Ag Ast Ast fy 0.65 0.8
Po 2434.8384017 kN
X- Axis
a
cx ( a)
fsx ( i a)
s u
d cx ( a)
i
x ( a)
tx u
cx ( a)
sign s min Es s fy
fsy ( j a)
1.45 250 tx
0.9
3
max0.65 min
a
1
s u
cx ( a)
Y- Axis
cy ( a)
d tx cx ( a)
z cy ( a)
j
y ( a)
ty u
cy ( a)
sign s min Es s fy
zty cy ( a)
cx ( a)
1.45 250 ty
0.9
3
max0.65 min
Use "Bressler Reciprocal Load Method"
Po 0.65 0.8 0.85 f'c b h Ast Ast fy
Po 2434.838 kN
X-axis
Mnx M cx
Given
a
h
1.5
Mnx 20 kN m
a 0.267 m
nsx
h
a
Mnx = x ( a) 0.85 f'c a b
2 2
i 1
a Find( a)
A f ( i a) d
x i sx
i
a 394.692 mm
from interaction diagram

nsx
Pox min x ( a) 0.85 f'c a b

Ax i fsx( i a) Po
i 1
page 65
Pox 2434.838 kN
Y-axis
Mny M cy
Given
a
Mny 25 kN m
a 0.267 m
1.5
nsy
b
a
A f ( j a) z
Mny = y ( a) 0.85 f'c a b
yj sy
j
2 2
j1
a Find( a)
a 390.961 mm
from interaction diagram

nsy
P
Poy min y ( a) 0.85 f'c a b
A
f
(
j
a
)
yj sy
o
j1
Pno
1
1
Pox
1
Poy
Poy 2434.838 kN
Pno 2434.838 kN greater than
Pu 650 kN
Po
Pu
RatioReciprocal
Pno
page 66
RatioReciprocal 0.267
spColumn Result
Mcy
51.34 deg
Mcx
Pu
RatioReciprocal
0.267
Pno
atan
P ( k N)
(Pmax)
(Pmax)
3000
2000
1000
1
-16 0
-120
-80
-40
40
80
120
M (51) ( k Nm)
(Pmin)
(Pmin)
-1000
"Bressler Load Contour Method"

Due to a lack of available data, a conservative value of 1.0 is chosen.
Although Pn less than o.1. f` c .Ag, the necessary calculation will be carried out for example
purpose. Since the section is symetrical, Mnox is equal to M noy
Given
a
h
100
a 4 mm
nsx
Pu = min 0.85 f'c a b

Ax i fsx( i a) Po a Find( a)
i 1
a 87.356 mm
nsx
h
a
A f ( i a) d
Mnox x ( a) 0.85 f'c a b
x i sx
i
2 2
i 1
Mnox 176.782 kN m Mnoy Mnox symetrical section with symetrical reinf.
page 67
ratiobressler
Mnx
Mnox
Mny
ratiobressler 0.255
Mnoy
200
My ( k Nm)
100
1
-20 0
-10 0
Mx ( k Nm)
100
-100
-200
P = 650 k N
page 68
200
"PCA Load Contour Method"

Pox
Vx
Ag f'c
aksen
kanan
Poy
Vy
Ag f'c
Ast fy
Ag f'c
0.02 if n 4
0 otherwise
0.545 0.35 ( 0.5 q) 2 m if q 0.5

0.485 0.03 m otherwise
aksen 0.592
if Vx 0.25
V Vx
aksen 0.2
V 0.25
0.85 q
otherwise
if Vy 0.25
V Vx
aksen 0.2
V 0.25
0.85 q
otherwise
V Vy
aksen ( 0.85 0.5 q ) ( 0.25 V)
kiri
kanan 0.644
if Vy 0.25
V Vy
aksen 0.2
V 0.25
0.85 q
otherwise
if Vx 0.25
V Vx
aksen ( 0.85 0.5 q ) ( 0.25 V)
otherwise
V Vy
aksen 0.2
V 0.25
0.85 q
kiri 0.644
page 69
m0
Calculate

kanan if Vx Vy
0.644
kiri
Check Capacity Ratio
ratioPCA
Mnx
M
nox
log( 0.5)
log( )
Mny
M
noy
log( 0.5)
log( )
ratioPCA 0.078
spColumn Results
200
My ( k Nm)
100
1
-20 0
-10 0
Mx ( k Nm)
100
-100
-200
P = 650 k N
page 70
200

Mathcad in Column Design

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Mathcad in Column Design

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Mathcad in Column Design.

prepared by Djoni Simanta

2.1. Short columns (without P- and P-)

1. Axially Loaded Columns

= axial load column

= design axial strength

for tied columns

Pn.max = 0.80.0.85 f'c Ag Ast fy Ast

for spirally reinforced columns

Pn.max = 0.85. 0.85 f'c Ag Ast fy Ast

= area of gross section

is an area of concrete section