The Steam Turbine (Prime Mover)

Working Principles
High pressure steam is fed to the turbine and passes along the machine axis
through multiple rows of alternately fixed and moving blades. From the steam
inlet port of the turbine towards the exhaust point, the blades and the turbine
cavity are progressively larger to allow for the expansion of the steam.
The stationary blades act as nozzles in which the steam expands and
emerges at an increased speed but lower pressure. (Bernoulli's conservation
of energy principle - Kinetic energy increases as pressure energy falls). As
the steam impacts on the moving blades it imparts some of its kinetic energy
to the moving blades.
There are two basic steam turbine types, impulse turbines and reaction
turbines, whose blades are designed control the speed, direction and
pressure of the steam as is passes through the turbine.

Impulse Turbines
The steam jets are directed at the turbine's bucket shaped rotor blades
where the pressure exerted by the jets causes the rotor to rotate and the
velocity of the steam to reduce as it imparts its kinetic energy to the
blades. The blades in turn change change the direction of flow of the
steam however its pressure remains constant as it passes through the
rotor blades since the cross section of the chamber between the blades is

constant. Impulse turbines are therefore also known as constant pressure

turbines.
The next series of fixed blades reverses the direction of the steam before
it passes to the second row of moving blades.

Reaction Turbines
The rotor blades of the reaction turbine are shaped more like aerofoils,
arranged such that the cross section of the chambers formed between the
fixed blades diminishes from the inlet side towards the exhaust side of the
blades. The chambers between the rotor blades essentially form nozzles
so that as the steam progresses through the chambers its velocity
increases while at the same time its pressure decreases, just as in the
nozzles formed by the fixed blades. Thus the pressure decreases in both
the fixed and moving blades. As the steam emerges in a jet from between
the rotor blades, it creates a reactive force on the blades which in turn
creates the turning moment on the turbine rotor, just as in Hero's steam
engine. (Newton's Third Law - For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction)

http://www.mpoweruk.com/steam_turbines.htm

High pressure turbine: The high pressure (HP) turbine (see Figure 1) is the first main engine turbine
to receive steam from the main steam system. It is designed to efficiently extract work out of high
pressure steam. The HP turbine is a pressure-velocity compounded, single axial flow, noncondensing impulse turbine.

1.

Type of compounding: (menunjukan stage byk wheel/)Pressure-velocity describes the type

of compounding. This refers to the use of blading which causes a series of pressure drops
and a series of velocity drops.

2.

Type and division of steam flow: Single axial flow simply means the steam flows in only one
direction parallel to the axis of the turbine rotor. Steam enters the forward end of the turbine
and exhausts through the after end of the turbine. On a dual flow turbine the steam enters in
the center of the turbine rotor and flows both forward and aft simultaneously.

3.

Exhausting condition: The HP turbine exhausts into the crossover pipe which directs the
steam into the low pressure turbine. This exhausting condition causes the HP turbine to be a
non-condensing turbine.

4.

Type of blading: The type of blading used on the HP turbine is impulse blading because it
extracts more work from the high pressure steam than reaction blading. Impulse blading is in
the shape of a half moon. As steam impacts the moving blade, it pushes the blade forward.
This impact causes the steam to lose velocity without losing pressure. In order to efficiently
extract the maximum amount of work out of the steam, two different types of impulse stages
are used. The Curtis stage is the first stage of the HP turbine. The Curtis stage is designed to
initially extract a large amount of work out of the steam as it enters the turbine. The remaining
stages of the HP turbine are Rateau stages.

http://www.massengineers.com/steam_turbines%20design.htm

steam flow loading. The centrifugal force

bila area tinggi p rndah velocity lalu