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ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
Photocatalysis using nanoparticles have potential applications in optical devices like Organic LEDs, Solar energy
conservation (Solar cells), Water treatment using UV rays
and environmental pollution treatment etc.1 Compared
with other semiconductor nanostructures, ZnO have been
studied extensively over the last decades due to their
unique physical and chemical properties. ZnO is one of the
most widely used photocatalytic metal-oxide nanostructured semiconductors with a wide band gap of 3.2 eV and
a large exciton binding energy of 60 meV.2 It is an intrinsically n-type semiconductor of wurtzite structure and has a
good chemical, thermal and catalytic stability at room temperature. Due to these properties, ZnO is widely applied in
various applications in optical devices,3 transistors,4 piezoelectric devices,5 6 gas sensor,7 8 mechanical devices,9 UV
detectors10 11 and photoluminescence devices.12
However, photocatalytic efficiency of pure semiconducting nanomaterial is very low due to the fast recombination
of photo-generated electron hole pair and the inability to
utilize visible light due to the large wide band gap. Therefore, considerable efforts have been made for the development of a photocatalytic system that can be more active
in visible light (>400 nm).13 To date, many approaches
2169-429X/2014/3/001/007
including (i) functionalization of ZnO with photosensitizes that absorbs UV light, (ii) doping with metals and
(iii) doping with non metals have been applied to enhance
the photocatalytic activity of semiconductors like ZnO.14
Doping and making composite with metals are widely
studied ways of enhancing the photocatalytic activity of
metal oxide semiconductor. The interaction of metal with
semiconductor improves the electrical and optical properties due to the shifting of the Fermi level and the formation of a Schottky barrier for trapped electrons has
earlier been reported.15 These trapped electrons are transferred to the dye, which are further degraded through
the hydroxyl and super hydroxyl radicals generated by
UV illuminator.16 Therefore, the photocatalytic activity of
metal-semiconductor shows significant enhancement compare to pure ZnO.
Noble metal such as (Ag and Au) shows unique electron
storage and light absorption properties.17 Compared with
all other metal-semiconductor nanostructures, Ag/ZnO
nanocomposites have drawn particular attention, not only
because ZnO nanostructures can be easily prepared by
a series of simple methods,1821 but also that silver displays the most efficient plasmon resonance in the visible
region among all metals by virtue of its favorable frequency dependence of the real and imaginary parts of
the dielectric function.22 ZnO nanorods with noble metals
shows improved electrical, optical, magnetic and chemical properties.23 Ag nanoparticles have lots of peculiar and
exciting physical chemical and catalytic properties that are
different from massive silver. Therefore, incorporation of
doi:10.1166/mat.2014.1192
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Herein, ZnO nanoplates were synthesized by chemical method and Ag nanoparticles were grafted on ZnO
nanoplates surface by sonochemical method. The formation of the nanocomposites was investigated using
X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). Optical properties of
the nanocomposite were investigated using Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and UV-Visible spectroscopy
(UV-Vis). FESEM investigation confirms that the nanoplates were uniformly distributed and Ag nanoparticles
were grafted on the surface on ZnO nanoplates. The photocatalytic activity of Ag/ZnO nanocomposites was
evaluated in terms of their efficiency of the photo excitation of methyl orange dye (MeO) under UV illuminator.
A photo excitation of Ag/ZnO showed enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to pure ZnO Nanoplates. This
enhanced UV activity of Ag/ZnO nanocomposite makes it a potential candidate for optoelectronic devices for
Solar Energy conservation, water splitting and Light Emitting devices etc.
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3. CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES
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Fig. 2. FESEM micrograph (A)(D) ZnO Nanoplates with sparsely grafted Ag nanoparticle. (E) EDX mapping evaluation of the synthesized nanoparticle with presence Zn, O, Ag.
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O
2
(2)
h +
OH OH
h +
+ H2O OH + H
(1)
(3)
+
(4)
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Fig. 5. (a) Shows the mechanism of the photocatalysis. (b) Shows the
structure of methyl orange.
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6. CONCLUSION
In summary, a simple method was developed to synthesize Ag/ZnO nanocomposite and their photocatalytic activities were evaluated by the degradation of Methyl Orange
(MeO) under UV light irradiation. The grafting of Ag
nanoparticles was found to be enhanced the photocatalytic
activity compared to bare ZnO Nanoplates. The enhanced
photocatalytic activity of Ag/ZnO nanocomposite is due
to the behavior of Ag nanoparticles as a sink for electrons from the electron hole pair generated by irradiation
in metal-oxide semiconductor material. The XRD results
reveals that the grafting of Ag nanoparticles does not affect
the crystalline of the ZnO Nanoplates but the morphology
of the nanocomposites varied with the increased amount
of Ag. Optical properties of Ag/ZnO nanocomposites were
improved compared to the pure ZnO Nanoplates. The
optical properties of Ag nanoparticles on ZnO surfaces
were investigated by varying the concentration of Ag. The
amount of Ag content was found to control the absorption
band due to the surface plasmon resonance effect. From
the Photo luminescence and absorption spectra it is concluded that at 10 mM concentration of Ag the composite
film shows best optical properties.
is always sharp and intense compare to the nanocomposite. For pure Ag the absorbance peak at 420 nm which
corresponds to the surface plasma resonance effect. The
position and broadening of the peak depends on the size
of the metal and the semiconductor.
The aim of the grafting of Ag nanoparticles on ZnO
nanoplates is to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency in
the visible region. After the grafting of silver nanoparticles, new broad peaks at around 380 nm, 395 nm
and 440 nm appears in all samples containing Ag with
molar ratio of 2.5 mM, 5 mM and 10 mM respectively
(Fig. 7(b)), which corresponds to the surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles.33 In comparison to the narrow absorption peak of pure ZnO Nanoplates, the observed
broad bands are evidence of strong interactions between
ZnO and silver nanoparticles. After the grafting of Ag
nanoparticles the peaks were shifted towards the visible
range compared to the pure ZnO nanoplates. These results
suggested that the grafting of silver nanoparticles helps to
reduce the band gap. The results indicated that for 10 mM
concentration of Ag a broad peak appears at 430 nm. The
absorption at 430 nm originates with a good incorporation
of small size Ag nanoparticles (few nm) in ZnO matrix.111
From the absorption curve it was concluded that at 10 mM
concentration surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is maximum, which is a good agreement with PL results.
6
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