Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prof H S Shankar
Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Email: hss@iitb.ac.in
APPLICATIONS OF SBT
Sewage treatment
Industrial wastewater treatment,
Industrial air purification
Municipal
p solid waste Processingg
Commercial production of Soil
Animal House waste processing
H i l waste treatment
Hospital
Process Chemistry
Respiration
(CH2ONxPySzKy)n + nO2 + nH2O = nCO2 + 2nH2O + Mineral (N,
(N P,
P S,
S K) + Energy
(1)
Photosynthesis
nCO2 + 2nH2O + Minerals (N,P, S,K) + Sunlight =
[CH2ONxPySzKy]n + nO2 + nH2O (Photosynthesis)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Nitrogen Fixation
( in soil)
(in water)
Acidogenesis
4C3H7O2NS
S + 8H
8 20 = 4CH
4C 3COOH
COO + 4CO2 + 4NH
4 3 + 4H
4 2S + 8H
8 + + 8e
8 -
(5)
Methanogenesis
(6)
(7)
Mineral weathering
(8)
(9)
Nitrification
(10)
(11)
Denitrification
4NO3- + 2H2O + energy = 2N2 + 5O2 + 4OH NO2- + NH4+ = N2 + H2O + energy
(12a)
(12b)
CO2 in the
Atmosphere
750
6
110
90
(1-10 y)
Photosynthesis
Respiration
50
Plants
500
Animals
100-150
CO2 Dissolved
4,000
Live 1-5
15
(50 y)
(2 y)
(0.2 y)
Dead Organics in
(1 y)
Soil
50
Fossil
Fuels
4,000
18
50 - 65
Dead Organics
Reserve in Soil
1,576
Quantities in 1015g
(300 y)
1 Water
1.
2. Land
Source: Global Carbon Cycle , Meili, 1995, Encyclopedia of Environmental Biology, Vol.1, Academy
press, 1995, pp.235-248
Elements of SBT
Media
Culture
SBT
Plantation
Additives
Recycle (vr )
Reactor
5. Waste water
C1
Discharge (vf )
C2
Plant
R
Renovation
ti
off wastewater
t
t ffrom ttoilet,
il t b
bath,
th wash,
h kit
kitchen
h
etc. for a handicapped rehabilitation centre
Typical
yp
Sketch of Plant
Influent
Effluent
pH
H
6 8 - 7.1
6.8
71
73
7.3
SS (mg/l)
78 - 293
9.0
DO (mg/l)
ND - 2.8
28
42
4.2
COD (mg/l)
186 - 360
14.1
BOD (mg/l)
64 - 130
4.4
Turbidity (NTU)
46 - 148
0.4
1030 - 1786
644.1
9.3 - 3.4
0.9
g )
TKN ((mg/l)
11.2 - 23.1
1.6
Orthophosphate-P (mg/l)
0.47 - 3.44
0.05
TDIS ((mg/l)
g )
Ammoniacal-N (mg/l)
20
COD
mg/l
18
SS
DO
BOD
A
Ammonical-N
i lN
pH
H
18
16
16
14
14
12
12
pH
10
10
0
J
June
J l
July
A
August
t
S t b
September
O t b
October
N
November
b
D
December
b
Total coliform
Fecal coliform
Influent
Effluent
Influent
Effluent
CFU/
100 ml
CFU/
100 ml
CFU/
100 ml
CFU/
100 ml
J
Jun
110
55
July
4.4x104
2.5x103
A
Aug
8.2x103
3.5x103
Sep
O t
Oct
3.5x108
to
1.5x1010
7.9x103
1.7x104
1.7x106
to
1.45x107
3.3x103
1.3x103
Nov
1.5x104
1.1x103
Dec
3.7x104
1.9x103
Avg
2.6x104
1.5x103
Coliform Removal
Total coliform
fecal coliform
Coliform
m (CFU/100
0 ml)
1.0E+09
1.0E+08
1.0E+07
1.0E
07
1.0E+06
1.0E+05
1 0E+04
1.0E+04
1.0E+03
1.0E+02
1 0E+01
1.0E+01
Inf luent
E0
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
E6
E7
R e c y c l i ng ( hr )
Nitrogen Removal
Process
COD
(mg/l)
NH4-N
(mg/l)
NO2-N
(mg/l)
NO3-N
(mg/l)
I f
Inf
Eff
I f
Inf
Eff
I f
Inf
Eff
I f
Inf
IA
250
80
43
0.1
IB
137
9.4
25
2.9
0.1
0.0
IIA
250
80
43.5
0.1
IIB
102
3.5
15
2.2
0.05
0.0
IIIA
250
80
43.5
0.1
IIIB
170
15
33
3.8
0.04
0.0
Total Nitrogen
(mg/l)
Eff Inf
I f
2
43
0.7 27.1
3
43.5
0.7 18.0
2
43.5
0.5 35.0
Eff
11.1
3.6
12.1
2.9
10.1
4.3
Iron Removal
Initial
iron
(mg/l)
5.0
Residual
iron
(mg/l)
0.128
EC (S/cm) pH
Total
dissolved
solids (mg/l)
113
170
7.45
5.0
0.09
111
168
7.36
50
5.0
0 08
0.08
110
163
7 28
7.28
5.0
0.07
109
162
7.20
5.0
0.06
109
162
7.12
Arsenic Removal
Initial
Arsenic
(g/l)
Initial Phosphate
(mg/l)
Residual
As(V) g/l
Residual
Arsenic
Phosphate Removal
mg/l
%
300
0.31
98.3
300
0.28
98.3
300
0 30
0.30
98 6
98.6
300
0.26
98.3
300
0.27
98.6
300
0 26
0.26
98 6
98.6
Other Offerings ?
Multistage Operation
4
2.5 m
2.5 m
Collection Tank
Feed Tank
Plant
100 m
ROAD
ORGANIC
10 m
RESIDUE
PROCESSING
2
Loading Rows
4
6
RO
OAD
5m
ROAD
R
Raw organics
1m
Underdrain
Semi-processed
organics
38
39
ROAD
10 m
5m
300 m
AIR PURIFICATION
Makeup
Sewage/Waste water
Treated Air
SCRUBBER
SBT
REACTOR
PUMP
Air
Treated Water
F other
For
th uses
Thank You
Patents
US Patent No: 6890438 " Process for treatment of organic wastes"
H.S.Shankar, B.R.Patnaik, U.S.Bhawalkar, issued 10 May 2005
US Patent No 7604742 B2 Soil Conditioning products from organic
waste H.S.Shankar, B.R.Patnaik,U.S.Bhawalkar, issued October 2009
Indian patent no 203425 " Process for Water and waste waterwaste
water renovation " , H.S.Shankar,B.R.Patnaik,U.S.Bhawalkar , issued 12
December 2006
Indian patent no 203744 Process for treating organicsolid wastes,
Patnaik, B.R., Bhawalkar, U.S., Shankar, H.S., issued 8 January 2007
BOD < 10
COD < 60
BOD < 10
COD < 60
14
1.4
55
5.5
Area (ha) **
0.15
0.60
Process Power
P
P
( kWH/1000 Lit)
0 02
0.02
0 02
0.02
Capacity (MLD)
Comparison
p
of Power Consumption
p
Process
k h/1000 gallons
kWh/1000
ll
SBT **
Activated sludge Process*
Membrane
M b
Bi
Bioreactor*
t *
0.12
2.00
55.00
00
2.00
3.00
*Aquatic
*A
ti environment
i
t
**terrestrial environment
OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
Moving
g Bed Bio Reactor
Sequencing Batch Reactor
Fluidized Aerobic Bioreactor
Membrane Bioreactor
A ti t d Sl
Activated
Sludge
d P
Process
Oxidation Pond
Upflow Sludge Blanket Bioreactor
Recent Publications
Kadam,AM,Ojha,Goldie.,Nemade,P.D.,Shankar,H.S(2009).Waste water
treatment using laterite based constructed soil filter, Ecological
Engineering 35(7) 1051
1051-1061
1061
Nemade,P.D.,Kadam,A.M.,Shankar,H.S.(2009),Remediation of aresenic
and iron contaminated ground water using novel constructed soil filter
system, Ecological Engineering , 35, 1152-1157
,
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
,
Kadam,A.M.,Oza,G.H.,Nemade,P.D.,Dutta,S.,Shankar,H.S.,Shankar,H.S
.(2008) Municipal waste water treatment using novel constructed soil
filter system,Chemosphere,975-981
Kadam,A.M.,Oza,G.H.,Nemade,P.D.,Shankar,H.S.,Shankar,H.S.(2008)
Pathogen removal from municipal waste water treatment using novel
constructed soil filter system,Ecological Engineering, 33(1)37-44
Recent Publications
Patnaik, B.R., Bhawalkar, U.S., Gupta,
p
A., Shankar, H.S., Residence
Time Distribution model for Soil Filters, Water Environment Research,
76(2), 168-174,2004
Patnaik
Patnaik, B.R.,
B R Bhawalkar,
Bhawalkar U.S.,
U S Shankar,
Shankar H.S.,
H S Waste
Waste Processing in
Engineered Ecosystems, 4th World Congress on Chemical Engineering,
23-27, September 2001, Melbourne, Australia
Patnaik, B.R., Bhawalkar, U.S., Kadam, A, Shankar, H.S., Soil
Biotechnology for Waste Water Treatment and utilization, 13th ASPAC
2003, International Water Works Association Conference 13-18, October,
y Philippines
pp
2003, Quezon City,
SBT Features
Very
y Low Energy
gy Consumption
p
R
Reusable
bl Water
W t (P
(Products)
d t)
PRESENTATION SUMMARY
Organics
Gut residence
ttime:
e: about 5 h
Gut residence
time: about 1 h
Recycle
Anaerobic
processing
Residual
organics
Aerobic
processing
Biosoil
incubation
Single-pass
Bioreactor
Ph
Phytophagus
h
worm
Loop
Bioreactor
G
Geophagus
h
worm
Pump is
organism
as mobile
bioreactor
Media Features
Oxygen Transfer
Residence Time Distribution
Liquid Hold up
Hydraulic Loading
Organic Loading
Nitrogen Fixation
C & N Removal
Efficacy of % media in Bioreactor bed
Experimental Equipment
CSF & CF
b
Influent
+ b
Influent
Pump
CSF media
di
Multi layer
Glass column
with media
CF media
Effluent
Effluent
Co
onc (ppm
m)
95 ml/min
155 ml/min
200 ml/min
/
125 ml/min
182 ml/min
100
200
300
time
400
500
Media Features
To understand features Experiments are performed in 4 CSF reactors each of volume 9L
(2 m length and 0.00762m diameter)
Column
% of media
100
60
30
This study is helpful in the selection of proper media required for the treatment.
Experimental Equipment
Pump
Waste Water
100 %media
column 1
Media: 7.5 Kg
Under drain:
Sand: 1 Kg
Aggregate: 3
Kg
Waste Water
60 % media
column 2
Media: 4.5 Kg
Aggregate: 3
Kg Under
rain:
Sand: 1 Kg
Aggregate: 3
Kg
Depth of column:
2.45 m Underdrain
0.45 m Depth of
media: 2 m
Waste Water
30 % media
column 3
Media: 2.2 Kg
Aggregate: 5.3
Kg Under drain:
Sand: 1 Kg
Aggregate: 3
Kg
Waste Water
0 % media
column 4
Media: 0 Kg
Aggregate: 7.5
Kg Under drain:
Sand: 1 Kg
Aggregate: 3
Kg
Under drain
Sand+course
aggregate
Steel net
Effluent
Effluent
Ef
fl
u
Effluent
Effluent
N Fixation
Carbon removal in 9L vessel with 100 % media zero N in
feed Showing nitrate production so the considerable
ammonia production so considerable oxygen supply at the
4 hr residence time and 0.06 m/hr superficial velocity
Flow rate
60 mL/min
30 mL/min
4 mL/min
Parameter
Inf
Eff
Inf
Eff
Inf
Eff
NH-4+-N
NH
N (mg/L)
1.5
0.21
2.6
NO3--N (mg/L)
2.4
9.5
NO2--N (mg/L)
0.07
0.36
0.3
COD (mg/L)
250
177.4
250
145.1
250
Experimental Equipment
CSF & CF
b
Influent
+ b
Influent
Pump
CSF media
di
Multi layer
Glass column
with media
CF media
Effluent
Effluent
Column
Flow rate
COD
NH4+-N
NO2--N
NO3--N
(ml/min)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
`Inf
Eff
Inf
Eff
Inf
Eff
Inf
Eff
1 (100%)
50
250
44 21
21.33 2.4
2 4 22
22.55 0.3
03
11
2 (60 %)
50
250
176
21.3
3.5
22.5
0.49
10.5
3 (30 %)
50
250
198
21
21.3
3
44.1
1
22
22.5
5
0.56
0 56
10
10.8
8
4 (0 %)
50
250
237
21.3
7.8
22.5
1.06
11.6
1 (100%)
250
41
2 (60 %)
250
32
21.3
1.5
22.5
0.15
19.5
3 ((30 %))
250
52
21.3
1.9
22.5
0.72
38.5
4 (0 %)
250
201
21.3
7.0
22.5
0.87
16
Q
Hydraulic Run
( l
(ml
L di
Loading
Time
Ti
min-1) (cm h-1) (min
)
Initial conc
di
off sodium
sulfite (mol
L-1)
Final conc of
di
sodium
sulfite (mol
L-1)
Oxygen
T
Transfer
f
Rate (g L-1
s)
Rate
constant
(s-1)
RS1
80
7.5
80
0.72
0.28
4 10-4
2.16 10-5
RS2
125
11 8
11.8
80
0 69
0.69
0 29
0.29
33.210
210-4
2 67 10-55
2.67
RS3
180
16.9
70
0.55
0.29
2.910-4
2.16 10-5
RS4
220
20 7
20.7
70
0 46
0.46
0 26
0.26
11.610
610-4
2 24 10-5
2.24
Q
(mL min-1)
Hydrau.
Loading
(cm h-1)
Run
Time
(min)
Inlet
DO
(mgL-1)
Outlet
DO
(mgL-1)
Oxygen
Transfer
Rate (g L-1 s)
Rate
constant
(s-1)
RP1
80
7.5
90
0.55
5.85
7.110-8
1.69 10-5
RP2
105
9.9
90
1.04
5.33
7.510-8
1.70 10-5
RP3
140
13.2
90
1.13
5.62
1.110-7
2.63 10-5
RP4
185
17.4
90
0.22
5.82
1.710-7
3.91 10-5
Bed
(L)
Q
( L min
(mL
i -1)
Hydrau.
L d
Load
(cm h-1)
( i )
(min)
Tracer
Re e
Recovery
%
Hold up
(L)
Total
H ld up
Hold
H=Q
(L)
Pe
R1
100
95
8.93
155
94.3
4.4
14.72
0.7
12.1
R2
100
125
11.76
133
96.6
16.62
0.6
9.7
R3
100
155
14.58
102
94.1
5.3
15.81
0.7
10.1
R4
100
182
17.12
91
90.2
5.5
16.56
0.6
12.3
R5
100
200
18 81
18.81
90
93 0
93.0
57
5.7
18
06
0.6
11 5
11.5
400
300
300
a) C/N=0.93, b) C/N=10.8
70
200
C/N=0.93
C/N=0.93
100
200
y = 13.487x
2
R = 0.9588
100
0
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
T otal N Loss (mg/L-hr)
(mg/L hr)
R = 0.9977
100
C/N=0.93
C/N=0.93
40.0
80.0
Total N Loss (mg/L-hr)
(mg/L hr)
120.0
200
C/N=0.93
100
C/N=0.93
400
300
300
200
C/N=10.8
y = 35.449x
C/N=10.8
R = 0.9778
20
40
20
40
60
80
100
60
80
20
R = 0.9807
10
20
30
10
100
10
20
30
40
50
NH4 -N
N Loss (mg/L-hr)
(mg/L hr)
400
y = 3.1252x
2
R = 0.9994
200
C/N=0.93
100
C/N=0.93
y = 1.7645x
400
100
C/N=10.8
30
NH4 -N
N Loss (mg/L
(mg/L-hr)
hr)
R = 0.9965
y = 4.5096x
300
C/N=10.8
40
50
0.0
250.0
y = 1.4432x
NO2 -N Loss (m
mg/L-hr)
R = 0.9932
200
C/N=10.8
40
50
NO2 -N Loss (m
mg/L-hr)
y = 1.8763x
COD Loss (m
mg/L-hr)
60
C/N=10.8
300
200
y = 20.022x
C/N=10.8
100
R = 0.985
C/N=10.8
50
100
150
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
NO3 -N (m
mg/L-hr)
NO3-N (mg
g/L-hr)
6.0
3 L/hr
6 L/hr
4.0
12 L/hr
8.0
C/N = 10.8
3 L/hr
6 L/hr
2.0
12 L/hr
0.0
0
100
200
300
COD Loss (m g/L-hr)
C/N =10.8
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
6.0
C/N = 0.93
3 L/hr
6 L/hr
40
4.0
12 L/hr
100
200
300
COD Loss (mg/L-hr)
400
4.0
3 L/hr
6 L/hr
2.0
12 L/hr
2.0
0.0
0.0
400
NO3-N (m
mg/L-hr)
C/N=0.93
NO3-N (m
mg/L-hr)
8.0
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
Toatl N Loss (m g/L-hr)
250.0
0.0
8.0
C/N = 0.93
C/N = 10.8
C/N=10.8
C/N
10.8
12 L/hr
2.0
NO3-N (mg/L-hr)
6 L/hr
NO3-N (mg/L-hr)
NO3-N (mg/L-hr)
3 L/hr
4
3 L/hr
6 L/hr
12 L/hr
200
400
600
800
3 L/hr
6 L/hr
4.0
12 L/hr
2.0
200
400
600
COD Loading (m g/L-hr)
800
4
3 L/hr
6 L/hr
12 L/hr
0.0
0.0
NO3-N (mg/L-hr)
6.0
6.0
4.0
150.0
/
, b)
) C/N=10.8
/
C/N=0.93,
C/N = 0.93
100.0
8.0
50.0
Total N Loss(mg/L-hr)
50
100
150
200
Total N Loading (m g/L-hr)
250
50
100
Total N Loading (m g/L-hr)
150
Model
The likely
likel reactions are as follo
follows;
s;
1) NO2- (A)
NH4+ (B)
(X1)
2) NO2- (A)
NO3- (C)
(X2)
N2 + 2H2O
(X3)
4) Cell Synthesis
(X4)
((X5))
20
X1 (mg/L -hr)
15
10
y = 0.0749x
R2 = 0.949
5
0
-5
0
50
100
150
2X3 (m g/L-hr)
200
250
18.0
16.0
COD
D Loss/2X3
14 0
14.0
12.0
10.0
y = 1.4318x
8.0
R = 0.9732
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0
6
C/N
10
12
CODLoss
= 1.43 C
N
2X 3
Thermodynamics
Simplifying
G4 = - [ X2 G2 + X3 G3 + X5 G5]/ X1 - G1/
X3 ( * G1 + G3 + *G4 / )= - X5*G5
Experimental Equipment
CSF & CF
b
Influent
+ b
Influent
Pump
CSF media
di
Multi layer
Glass column
with media
CF media
Effluent
Effluent
Schematic Layout
Generally just one feed pump is adequate
PRESENTATION SUMMARY