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Engineers
My Notes
Design of Concrete Structure
7.
8.
Ec = 331.5 (330.0431.5 )
The modulus of elasticity of steel is 29x106 psi (200000 MPa)
6.
Section 424.3.1 Load factors and strength reduction factors shall be taken as unity for members
designed by the Alternate Design Method (Working Stress Design)
Section 424.3.2 It shall be permitted to proportion members for 75 percent of capacities required by other
parts of Section 424 when considering wind or earthquake forces combined with other loads, provided
that the resulting section is not less than that required for the combination of dead and live load.
Basic Load Combination (Section 203.4.1)
Where allowable stress design (working stress design) is used, structures and all portions thereof shall
resist the most critical effects resulting from the following combinations of loads:
D+F
D+H+F+L+T
D + H +F + (Lr or T)
D + H + F + 0.75[L + T + (Lr or R)]
D + H + F + (W or
1.4
1.4
)]
1.4
+H
D + L + (Lr or R)
D+L+W
D+L+
1.4
Using the above alternate load combinations, a one-third increase in allowable stresses are permitted.
Where:
D
Structural
Engineers
E
F
H
L
Lr
R
T
W
My Notes
Design of Concrete Structure
0.45f'c
Shear
Beams and one-way slabs and footings:
Shear carried by concrete, vc
Maximum shear carried by concrete plus shear reinforcement
0.09
0.38
Joist:
Shear carried by concrete, vc
0.09
3.
12
1
( )(1+
( )
0.3 f'c
140 MPa
170 MPa
0.50fy
Flexure
For investigation of stresses at service loads, straight-line theory for flexure shall be used with the
following assumptions:
Strains vary linearly as the distance from the neutral axis, except for deep flexural members with
overall depth-span ratios greater than 2/5 for continuous spans and 4/5 for simple spans, a nonlinear
distribution of strain shall be considered.
Stress-strain relationship of concrete is a straight line under service loads within permissible service
load stresses.
Structural
Engineers
My Notes
Design of Concrete Structure
It shall be permitted to take the modular ratio, n = Es/Ec, as the nearest whole number (but not less
than 6). Except in calculation for deflection, value of n for lightweight concrete shall be assumed to be
the same as for normal weight concrete of the same strength.
In doubly reinforced members, an effective modular ratio of 2Es/Ec shall be used to transform
compression reinforcement for stress computations. Compressive stress in such reinforcement shall
not exceed permissible tensile stresses.
Principal Expressions Used in Alternate Design Method for Rectangular Reinforced Concrete
Beams
Figure 1
For the section to be in equilibrium summation of horizontal forces and the summation of moments must
equal zero. Then C = T or
fckdb = Asfs
(a)
And if the distance from the centroid of the compressive stress to the centroid of tensile stress is jd,
Mc = Cjd = fckd2bj
and
Ms=Asfsjd
From Figure 1
jd = d kd/3
j = 1 k/3
or
Hence to evaluate the expression for the resisting moment, the value of k must be determined.
If E = modulus of elasticity = f/ then Es = fs/s and Ec = fc/ c. From the strain diagram,
or
(b)
From which
fc =
()
fs =
(1)
Structural
Engineers
My Notes
Design of Concrete Structure
1
1+
(c)
and k = 2 + ( )2 n
and d =
Note:
These derived equations are developed using the straight-line theory and are applicable to the proportioning of
rectangular reinforced concrete beams with tensile reinforcement only.
Structural
Engineers
My Notes
Design of Concrete Structure
27.175 KN/m
9.0 m
D/2
(1/10)D
124.1 MPa
5.52 MPa
15
Required:
Beam dimension
Steel reinforcement
bxD
As
Solution:
Determine the maximum moment
w = 27.175 KN/m
L = 9.0 m
M=
2
8
27.175(9)2
8
= 275.15 KN-m
k=
10
1+
j=1
= 0.90D
=1
1
1+
124.1
15(5.52)
0.40
3
= 0.40
= 0.867
(0.9D)2 =
275.15(10)6
0.957
D = 892.07 mm
say 900 mm
d = 0.9(900) = 810 mm
5
Structural
Engineers
My Notes
Design of Concrete Structure
; As =
275.15(10)6
124.1(0.867)(810)
= 3157.1 mm2
Given:
Maximum bending moment, M
Beam width, b
Effective depth, d
7.2 KN-m
200 mm
250 mm
124.1 MPa
4.83 MPa
Required:
Steel reinforcement at balanced condition As
Solution:
For balanced design:
The moment to be resisted by the concrete in compression is equal to the moment
resisted by the steel in in tension; and
The external applied moment must be equal to the internal resisting moment of the
section.
Structural
Engineers
My Notes
Design of Concrete Structure
M@Cc = 0,
M = As fs jd
7.2(10)6 = As(124.1)(1
As = 254.2 mm
)(250)
Or Fh = 0
Cc = T
fc(kd)b = As fs
0.5(4.83)(0.261)(250)(200) = As (124.1)
As = 254.0 mm2
Problem 3
The figure below shows a reinforced concrete beam that must resist 68 KN-m moment. If the
concrete strength is 20.7 MPa, determine the flexural stresses in the concrete and steel by the
transformed area method.
Given:
Maximum bending moment, M
Beam width, b
Effective depth, d
Compressive strength of concrete, fc
68 KN/m
300 mm
400 mm
20.7 MPa (3000 psi)
Required:
fc and fs
Solution:
In order to determine the transformed section, the value of n must be known. Here n = Es/Ec where Es =
29,000,000 psi and Ec = 331.5 . If wc = 145 lb/ft3, then Ec = 33(145)1.5 3000 = 3,155,924 psi and n =
29/3.16 = 9.2
Structural
Engineers
My Notes
Design of Concrete Structure
Transformed section
x = 105.5 mm
The centroid of the compressive force would by 1/3 below the top of the beam. Hence, a = 400 105.5/3
= 364.83 mm.
Then summing moments and equating the internal resisting moment to the external moment,
Cca = Ta = M = 68 Kn-m or
68(1000)
Cc = T =
= 186.39 KN
364.83
The steel stress would be
186.39(1000)
fs =
=
= 151.3 MPa
2(616)
The compressive force in the concrete is C = 1/2fcxb; then 186.39(1000) = 0.5fc(105.5)(300) or fc = 11.8
MPa.
Structural
Engineers
My Notes
Design of Concrete Structure
2(616)
300(400)
= 0.0103
n = 9.2
From
M@Cc = 0,
M = As fs jd
68(10)6 = 2(616) fs (0.883)(400)
fs = 156.3 MPa
and from
k=
1
1+
0.351 =
1+
1
156.3
9.2
fc = 9.2 MPa