Semester 2 15/16

POWER SYSTEMS I EEPB353

POWER FLOW ASSIGNMENT

NAME: MUHD. SYAHMI AZRI BIN SANSUL BAHRI

ID: EP092693
SECTION: 3
LECTURER: MR. JOHN STEVEN NAVAMANY

Contents

No
.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Introduction

Title

Page

Introduction
Load flow application
Simulation results
Discussions
Conclusions
References

1
1
4-16
17
18
18

Power flow studies or also known as load flow is an important part of power system analysis[1].
Normally, numerical methods are used to solve the load flow. These are important for planning,
economic scheduling, as well as control of an existing system and for future expansion. Load
flow focusses on voltage and voltages angle at each bus, and real power and reactive power for
lines and loads. Computer software such as PSSE Xplore 34 and MATLAB are very essential
to calculate the desired parameters. By running the simulation tools in the software, one can
simulate and solve the power system in real life with real conditions. To solve complex and
multiple circuits with many diagrams, it is convenient to solve using a computer software. One
also can draw the diagram using the software mention above. For this assignment, PSSE
Xplore 34 will be used.

Load Flow Applications

Generally, load flow solutions are mostly used for the power system design, planning and its
operations. These are some another essential applications for any electrical power engineers in
power flow analysis [2]:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Operation planning for transmission division expansion.

Operation planning for distribution expansion planning.
Industrial/Commercial distribution system planning, operational planning
Network interconnection, Grid interconnection studies
Evaluation of energy used.
Sizing of transformers, cables, overhead lines, transformer tap ranges, shunt capacitors,
shunt reactors, reactive power management, HVDC operation

SIMULATION RESULTS

Impedance Calculations
Base values:
SB = 100 MVA
VB1 = 13.8 kV
VB2 = 13.8 kV
VB3 = 13.8 kV
VB4 = 13.8 kV
VB5 = 13.8(230/13.8) = 230 kV
VB6 = 230 kV
VB7 = 230 kV
VB8 = 230 kV
VB9 = 230 kV
VB10 = 230 kV
VB11 = 13.8 kV

Generators Impedances:
XG1 = 0.1 (100MVA/100MVA)
= 0.1 pu
XG2 = 0.1 (100MVA/200MVA)
= 0.05 pu
XG3 = 0.1 (100MVA/500MVA)
= 0.02 pu
XG4 = 0.1 (100MVA/300MVA)
= 0.03333 pu
XG5 = 0.1 (100MVA/100MVA)
= 0.0125 pu
Transformers Impedances:

Load in per units

XT15 = 0.1 (100MVA/100MVA)

= 0.1 pu
XT26 = 0.1 (100MVA/100MVA)
= 0.1 pu
XT37 = 0.1 (100MVA/200MVA)
= 0.05 pu
XT48 = 0.1 (100MVA/200MVA)
= 0.05 pu
XT11,10 = 0.1 (100MVA/200MVA)
= 0.05 pu

S5 = (70MW+ j15MVAR)/100 MVA

= 0.7 + j0.15 pu
S6 = (50MW+ j10MVAR)/100 MVA
= 0.5 + j0.1 pu
S7 = (80MW+ j20MVAR)/100 MVA
= 0.8 + j0.2 pu
S8 = (60MW+ j10MVAR)/100 MVA
= 0.6 + j0.1 pu
S9 = (250MW+j20MVAR)/100MVA
= 2.5 + j0.4 pu

Lines Impedances:
ZBL = (230kV)2/100MVA
= 529
Z56 = (0.05 + j0.6 /km) x 15km/529
= 0.001418 + j0.017 pu
Z57 = (0.05 + j0.7 /km) x 60km/529
= 0.005671 + j0.0794 pu
Z59 = (0.05 + j0.9 /km) x 30km/529
= 0.002836 + j0.05103 pu
Z68 = (0.06 + j0.8 /km) x 60km/529
= 0.006805 +j0.09074 pu
Z6,10 = (0.06 + j0.1 /km) x 30km/529
= 0.003402 + j0.005671 pu
Z78 = (0.07 + j0.8 /km) x 15km/529
= 0.001985 + j0.02268 pu
Scenario 1

Z79 = (0.07 + j0.9 /km) x 30km/529

= 0.003970 + j0.05104 pu
Z8,10 = (0.05 + j0.6 /km) x 15km/529
= 0.004537 + j0.005671 pu

Bus:
Bus
Number

Base
(kV)

Voltage
(pu)

Angle
(deg)

Normal
Vmin
(pu)
0.9

Emergency
Vmax (pu)

Emergency
Vmin (pu)

-2.62

Normal
Vmax
(pu)
1.1

13.8

1.0000

1.1

0.9

2
3
(swing bus)
4

13.8
13.8

1.0000
1.0000

-2.53
0.00

1.1
1.1

0.9
0.9

1.1
1.1

0.9
0.9

13.8

0.9994

0.14

1.1

0.9

1.1

0.9

230

0.9872

-4.36

1.1

0.9

1.1

0.9

230

0.9877

-4.27

1.1

0.9

1.1

0.9

7
8

230
230

0.9897
0.9907

-2.90
-2.75

1.1
1.1

0.9
0.9

1.1
1.1

0.9
0.9

Machines:
Bus
number
1
2
3
4

P gen
(MW)
30
30
100.177
7
100

P max
(MW)
50
50
150

P min
(MW)
0
0
0

Q gen
(Mvar)
13.2777
12.7478
23.2107

Q max
(Mvar)
30
30
50

Q min
(Mvar)
-30
-30
-50

M base
(MVA)
100
100
100

X source
(pu)
0.1
0.05
0.02

200

20.0000

20

-20

100

0.03333

Loads:
Bus number
5
6
7
8

Branch

P load (MW)
70
50
80
60

Q load (Mvar)
15
10
20
10

From bus
5
5
6
7

To bus
6
7
8
8

Line R (pu)
0.001418
0.005671
0.006805
0.001985

Line X (pu)
0.017
0.07940
0.090740
0.022680

2 winding transformers:
From
bus

To bus

Specified X
(pu)

Winding
(MVA) base

1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8

0.1
0.1
0.05
0.05

100
100
100
100

Winding 1
Nominal
(kV)
13.8
13.8
13.8
13.8

Winding 2
Nominal
(kV)
230
230
230
230

Rating
(MVA)

Y-admittance matrix
4,

4,

0.00000000000000

, -20.0000000000000

100
100
200
200

4,
2,
2,
1,
1,
5,
5,
5,
5,
8,
8,
8,
8,
7,
7,
7,
7,
6,
6,
6,
6,

Power Flow Diagram

Scenario 2

8, -0.00000000000000
2, 0.00000000000000
6, -0.00000000000000
1, 0.00000000000000
5, -0.00000000000000
5, 5.76764273643494
1, -0.00000000000000
7,-0.894970655441284
6, -4.87267208099365
8, 4.65151566267014
4, -0.00000000000000
7, -3.82966136932373
6,-0.821854293346405
7, 4.72463202476501
5,-0.894970655441284
8, -3.82966136932373
3, -0.00000000000000
6, 5.69452637434006
2, -0.00000000000000
5, -4.87267208099365
8,-0.821854293346405

,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,

20.0000000000000
-10.0000000000000
10.0000000000000
-10.0000000000000
10.0000000000000
-80.9476242065430
10.0000000000000
12.5305366516113
58.4170875549316
-74.7153940200806
20.0000000000000
43.7565307617188
10.9588632583618
-76.2870674133301
12.5305366516113
43.7565307617188
20.0000000000000
-79.3759508132935
10.0000000000000
58.4170875549316
10.9588632583618

Bus:
Bus
Number

Base
(kV)

Voltage
(pu)

Angle
(deg)

Normal
Vmin
(pu)
0.9

Emergency
Vmax (pu)

Emergency
Vmin (pu)

-5.83

Normal
Vmax
(pu)
1.1

13.8

0.9793

1.1

0.9

2
3
(swing bus)
4

13.8
13.8

0.9823
1.0000

-5.27
0.00

1.1
1.1

0.9
0.9

1.1
1.1

0.9
0.9

13.8

0.9596

1.11

1.1

0.9

1.1

0.9

5
6
7
8
9

230
230
230
230
230

0.9501
0.9531
0.9560
0.9549
0.9347

-8.91
-8.33
-6.37
-5.15
-11.70

1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1

0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9

1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1

0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9

Machines:
Bus
number
1
2
3
4

P gen
(MW)
50
50
212.095
200

P max
(MW)
50
50
150
200

P min
(MW)
0
0
0
0

Q gen
(Mvar)
30.0
30.0
99.7437
20.0

Q max
(Mvar)
30
30
50
20

Q min
(Mvar)
-30
-30
-50
-20

M base
(MVA)
100
100
100
100

X source
(pu)
0.1
0.05
0.02
0.03333

Loads:
Bus number
5
6
7
8
9

P load (MW)
70
50
80
60
250

Q load (Mvar)
15
10
20
10
20

Branch
From bus
5
5

To bus
6
7

Line R (pu)
0.001418
0.005671

Line X (pu)
0.017
0.07940

6
7
5
7

8
8
9
9

0.006805
0.001985
0.002836
0.003970

0.090740
0.022680
0.051040
0.051040

2 winding transformers:
From
bus

To bus

Specified X
(pu)

Winding
(MVA) base

1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8

0.1
0.1
0.05
0.05

100
100
100
100

Winding 1
Nominal
(kV)
13.8
13.8
13.8
13.8

Winding 2
Nominal
(kV)
230
230
230
230

Rating
(MVA)

Admittance Matrix
9,

9,

2.60007083415985

, -39.0068264007568

9,
9,
4,
4,

5, -1.08529078960419
7, -1.51478004455566
4, 0.00000000000000
8, -0.00000000000000

, 19.5321731567383
, 19.4746532440186
, -20.0000000000000
, 20.0000000000000

100
100
200
200

2,
2,
1,
1,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
8,
8,
8,
8,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
6,
6,
6,
6,

Power Flow Diagram

2, 0.00000000000000
6, -0.00000000000000
1, 0.00000000000000
5, -0.00000000000000
5, 6.85293352603912
9, -1.08529078960419
1, -0.00000000000000
7,-0.894970655441284
6, -4.87267208099365
8, 4.65151566267014
4, -0.00000000000000
7, -3.82966136932373
6,-0.821854293346405
7, 6.23941206932068
9, -1.51478004455566
5,-0.894970655441284
8, -3.82966136932373
3, -0.00000000000000
6, 5.69452637434006
2, -0.00000000000000
5, -4.87267208099365
8,-0.821854293346405

,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,

-10.0000000000000
10.0000000000000
-10.0000000000000
10.0000000000000
-100.479797363281
19.5321731567383
10.0000000000000
12.5305366516113
58.4170875549316
-74.7153940200806
20.0000000000000
43.7565307617188
10.9588632583618
-95.7617206573486
19.4746532440186
12.5305366516113
43.7565307617188
20.0000000000000
-79.3759508132935
10.0000000000000
58.4170875549316
10.9588632583618

Based on results above, the P gen obtained is 212.095 MW and Q gen obtained is 99.7437 Mvar.
Both P gen and Q gen are more than the generators limit. This means, the generator 3 must
produce more power to fulfill the demand of new load even though all other 3 plants are
operating at maximum capacity. Therefore, the power network is not capable of handling the new
load.

Scenario 3
Bus:
Bus
Number

Base
(kV)

Voltage
(pu)

Angle
(deg)

Normal
Vmax
(pu)

Normal
Vmin
(pu)

Emergency
Vmax (pu)

Emergency
Vmin (pu)

13.8

1.0000

-0.26

1.1

0.9

1.1

0.9

2
3
(swing bus)
4

13.8
13.8

1.0000
1.0000

1.11
0.00

1.1
1.1

0.9
0.9

1.1
1.1

0.9
0.9

13.8

0.9892

2.33

1.1

0.9

1.1

0.9

5
6
7
8
9
10
11

230
230
230
230
230
230
230

0.9740
0.9791
0.9765
0.9813
0.9579
0.9842
1.0000

-3.21
-1.82
-3.01
-1.51
-6.98
-1.39
3.86

1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1

0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9

1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1

0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9

Machines:
Bus
number
1
2
3
4
11

P gen
(MW)
50
50
102.485
1
130
180

P max
(MW)
50
50
150

P min
(MW)
0
0
0

Q gen
(Mvar)
27.2927
22.1775
49.7330

Q max
(Mvar)
30
30
50

Q min
(Mvar)
-30
-30
-50

M base
(MVA)
100
100
100

X source
(pu)
0.1
0.05
0.02

200
400

0
0

20.0000
39.8275

20
50

-20
-50

100
100

0.03333
0.0125

Loads:
Bus number
5
6
7
8
9

P load (MW)
70
50
80
60
250

Q load (Mvar)
15
10
20
10
20

Branch
From bus
5
5
6
7
5
7

To bus
6
7
8
8
9
9

Line R (pu)
0.001418
0.005671
0.006805
0.001985
0.002836
0.003970

Line X (pu)
0.017
0.07940
0.090740
0.022680
0.051040
0.051040

6
8

10
10

0.003403
0.004537

0.005671
0.005671

2 winding transformers:
From
bus

To bus

Specified X
(pu)

Winding
(MVA) base

1
2
3
4
11

5
6
7
8
10

0.1
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.05

100
100
100
100
100

Winding 1
Nominal
(kV)
13.8
13.8
13.8
13.8
13.8

Winding 2
Nominal
(kV)
230
230
230
230
230

Rating
(MVA)
100
100
200
200
200

Y admittance matrix
11,
11,
10,
10,
10,
10,
9,
9,
9,
4,
4,
2,
2,
1,
1,
5,
5,
5,
5,
5,
8,
8,
8,
8,
8,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
6,

11, 0.00000000000000
10, -0.00000000000000
10, 163.817749023438
11, -0.00000000000000
8, -86.0182647705078
6, -77.7994842529297
9, 2.60007083415985
5, -1.08529078960419
7, -1.51478004455566
4, 0.00000000000000
8, -0.00000000000000
2, 0.00000000000000
6, -0.00000000000000
1, 0.00000000000000
5, -0.00000000000000
5, 6.85293352603912
9, -1.08529078960419
1, -0.00000000000000
7,-0.894970655441284
6, -4.87267208099365
8, 90.6697804331779
10, -86.0182647705078
4, -0.00000000000000
7, -3.82966136932373
6,-0.821854293346405
7, 6.23941206932068
9, -1.51478004455566
5,-0.894970655441284
8, -3.82966136932373
3, -0.00000000000000
6, 83.4940106272697

,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,

-20.0000000000000
20.0000000000000
-257.168655395508
20.0000000000000
107.518096923828
129.650558471680
-39.0068264007568
19.5321731567383
19.4746532440186
-20.0000000000000
20.0000000000000
-10.0000000000000
10.0000000000000
-10.0000000000000
10.0000000000000
-100.479797363281
19.5321731567383
10.0000000000000
12.5305366516113
58.4170875549316
-182.233490943909
107.518096923828
20.0000000000000
43.7565307617188
10.9588632583618
-95.7617206573486
19.4746532440186
12.5305366516113
43.7565307617188
20.0000000000000
-209.026509284973

6,
6,
6,
6,

Power Flow Diagram

10, -77.7994842529297
2, -0.00000000000000
5, -4.87267208099365
8,-0.821854293346405

,
,
,
,

129.650558471680
10.0000000000000
58.4170875549316
10.9588632583618

Discussions

For scenario 3, the problem of lack of power supply in scenario 2 can be solved by
building a new power plant. All generators can operate under their maximum capacity with all
loads operating. Generator 3 expected to generate 102.4851 MW of real power and 49.733 Mvar
reactive power which are less than its limits. Therefore, the proposed new power plant can fulfill
the needs of new power system.

For scenario 1, the generators can support all loads given without having to run at
maximum capacity. If the generators are generating more power than needed, this means the
excessive power will go to the swing bus and thus the power is wasted. One can check this result
with the software by setting generators 1,2 and 4 at maximum capacity. As a result, a negative
sign will be shown at bus 3. Meanwhile, power system at scenario 2 has a problem with
overloading.

Line impedances is also important for a power system. The higher the impedance value,
the more power losses in the line, thus reducing efficiency. The length of the transmission line
affects the power losses. The longer the transmission length, the higher the power losses.
Therefore, the utility company usually use the short route to transmit the electricity. Keeping
them closer is a good idea to reduce power losses in the transmission line cables.

In real life, the generators are usually not run at maximum capacity. They usually run at
lower rate than its limit. This is very crucial to ensure that the generators can operate for longer
time. Besides that, the power plants are interconnected between each other with national grid
network [3]. When a power plant is under maintenance, the particular area still can receive power
supply as the other generators still producing and sending the power via the transmission lines.
The power plants dont operate independently as this will increase the operating costs.

There are some important factors for planning a power network. The most important is
the reliability and the capacity of generators to supply enough power to the big loads. Usually the
load demand in a particular area expands per year. So, a utility company must consider and do a
forecast on the increasing number of electricity demands every year.

Conclusions

To plan, design, construct and operate a power system correctly, load flow study is
necessary to ensure that power is supplied correctly to the load with good efficiency. It is more
convenient to use a computer software for the calculations using Gauss Seidel method. The
software also allows us to determine emergency parameters. By using this PSSE software, one or
an engineer is able to save time and cost in order to perform accurate calculations. The
generators are not operated at their maximum capacity so that they can be used for a long period
of time. A generator also is not isolated with other generators as they should be interconnected
with national grid network. Last but not least, the reliability of generator to handle such huge
number of loads is very crucial when designing a good power system network.

References
[1] Hadi Saadat, Power flow solution in Power System Analysis, 2th ed. New York: McGrawHill, 1999, ch. 6, pp. 208.
[2] Load Flow or Power Flow or Contigency Ranking and Evaluation [Online]. Retrieved
from: http://www.powerapps.org/PAES_LoadFlow.aspx
[3] Abdullah M. Al-Shaalan, Essential aspects of power system planning in
developing countries, Journal of King Saud University Engineering Sciences, vol. 23, pp.
27-32,2011.