Integumentary system is an organ system that cover a whole of body together

with accessory organ (nails, hair, glands) and skin make up working together. The
elaborate system of distinct tissues includes glands that produce several types of
secretions, nerves that transmit impulses, and blood vessels that help regulate body
temperature. The skin covers and protects all outer surfaces of the body and performs
many vital functions, including the sense of touch. So, skin doing important role in
this system.
Skin is a largest organ of body and contributes about total of weight. The skin
protects underlying structures from injury and provides sensory information to the
brain. Skin acts as a waterproof, insulating shield, guarding the body against extremes
of temperature, damaging sunlight, and harmful chemicals. It also exudes
antibacterial substances that prevent infection and manufactures vitamin D for
converting calcium into healthy bones. Skin additionally is a huge sensor packed with
nerves for keeping the brain in touch with the outside world.
Skin is made up of three layers. They are : epidermis, dermis, and dermis.
Epidermis ,
The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and
creates our skin tone. Epidermis relatively thin over most areas but is thickest on the
palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Epidermis consist of several cel, they are
melanosit, langerhans cell, merkel cell, ad keratinosit cell.
a. Melanocyte cell
Melanocyte, specialized skin cell that produces the protective skindarkening pigment melanin. Birds and mammals possess these pigment
cells, which are found mainly in the epidermis, though they occur
elsewheree.g., in the matrix of the hair. Melanocytes are branched, or
dendritic, and their dendrites are used to transfer pigment granules to
adjacent epidermal cells.
b. Langerhans cell
. Langerhans cells (LC) are members of the dendritic cells family, residing
in the basal and suprabasal layers of the epidermis and in the epithelia of

the respiratory, digestive and urogenital tracts. They specialize in antigen

presentation and belong to the skin immune system (SIS).
c. Merkel cell
Merkel cells are sensory receptor cells, that transmit signals through
synaptic contacts with somatosensory neurons. Merkel cell-neurite
complex are among the most sensitive touch receptors mediating one form
of light touch important for tactile two-point discrimination and for
detection of shapes, curvature and textures.
d. Keratinocyte
95% of the cells in the epidermis are keratinocytes. These cells are found
in the basal layer of the stratified epithelium that comprises the epidermis,
and are sometimes referred to as basal cells, or basal keratinocytes.
Squamous keratinocytes are also found in the mucosa of the mouth and
esophagus, as well as the corneal, conjunctival, and genital epithelia.
These cells are responsible for forming tight junctions with the nerves of
the skin. They also keep Langerhans cells of the epidermis, and
lymphocytes of the dermis, in place
Keratinocytes, which are composed of the outermost layer to the innermost
as follows
1. Startum korneum
The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis, also known as
the skin barrier. It is our first line of defense against the environment. Stratum
corneum is composed of dead flat cells that lack a blood supply and sensory
receptors.
Its thickness is correlated with normal wear of the area it covers. The basal
layer is the only layer of the epidermis that is composed of living cells where new
cells are formed. As these cells move toward the stratum corneum to replace the cells
that have been sloughed off, they die and become filled with a hard protein material
called keratin

2. Stratum lucidum
cover the stratum granulosum. It is the outer epidermal layer and
comprises of dead skin cells. It is responsible for the capability of the
skin to stretch. It contains a protein that is responsible for the
degeneration of skin cells. Being thick, this layer lowers the effects of
friction in skin especially in susceptible regions like the soles and
palms. It also makes the skin waterproof, which makes it known as the
barrier layer of the skin.
3. Stratum granulosum
The stratum granulosum, sometimes known as the granular layer, is
one of the layers in the epidermis, or outer part of the skin. The stratum
granulosum creates a waterproof barrier between these outer layers and
the inner, live cells
4. Startum spinosum
consists of 8 to 10 layers of keratinocytes bound together by
desmosomes; means spiny layer, refers to the fact that the cells look
like miniature pincushions in standard histological sections.
5. Stratum basal
innermost epidermal layer; aslo called stratum basale. is relatively dry
and water resistant, but not water proof.