A Sanskrit Manual Part 1

P i t t ' * i '
j J j f i ^ F o r
'
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Classes VI -
-$
V l l l ^ ^ f l j j j J H
ALLIED PUBLISHERS LIMITED
'H
/
Approved by the Council for the Indian School Certificate

Examination (12th January. 1961),
A SANSKRIT MANUAL
FOR HIGH SCHOOLS
PART I
BY
R. ANTOINE, S.J., M.A.
AHMEDABAD
NEW
AL
DELHI
L I E DMUMBAI
BANGALORE
P U B LKOLKATA
I S HHYDERABAD
ERS
CHENNAI
LIMITED
LUCKNOW
NAGPUR
ALLIED PUBLISHERS LIMITED

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Reprinted 2002
Allied Publishers Limited
Published by Sunil Sachdev and printed by Ravi Sachdev at

Allied Publishers Limited, Printing Division, A-104 Mayapuri,
Phase-ll, New Delhi - 110 064
1/2002
CONTENTS
LESSON
PAGE
1.
THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET
...
2.
THE FIRST CONJUGATION ( V N F ^ )
3.
MASCULINB AND NEUTER NOUNS IN B?

NOMINATIVB AND ACCUSATIVB
...
...
...
...
...
...
4.
THE FOURTH CONJUGATION (FTARFTF)
...
...
13
5.
INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVB

THE SIXTH CONJUGATION (
...
...
18
...
...
...
22
...
...
27
...
33
...
38
6.
MASCULINE NOUNS IN % AND 3

ABLATIVE AND GENITIVE
7.
THE TBNTH CONJUGATION (GUFTF)

LOCATIVE AND VOCATIVE
8.
...
FEMININE NOUNS IN BIT AND f

PRESENT TENSEMIDDLE VOICE ( ANWTO^ )
9.
THE IMPERFECT TENSE
ACTIVE AND
MIDDLE. FEMININB NOUNS IN 5 AND 3 . . .

10.
MASCULINB AND FEMININE NOUNS IN

IMPERATIVE MOOD ( S I T E )
11.
...
43
FAFAFE)
...
...
48
...
...
53
...
...
58
FEMININB NOUNS IN 3;
POTENTIAL MOOD (
12.
...
NEUTER NOUNS IN
3 AND
AGREEMENT OF THE ADJECTIVE

13.
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPASSIVB VOICE
14.
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

V
PASSIVB VOICE ( c o n t . )
...
E ^
...
...
63
NOUNS ENDING IN CONSONANTS
...
...
...
70
15.
AND
LESSON
PAGE
16.
NOUNS WITH ONE STEM ( cont.)
...
...
...
75
17.
PASSIVB IMPERSONAL (
...
...
...
80
18.
PRESENT AND PERFECT PARTICIPLES
...
...
84
19.
THE USE OF THE PARTICIPLES
...
...
89
20.
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH TWO STEMS (
...
...
93
21.
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS . . .
...
98
22.
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS
(cont.)
...
101
23.
THB FORMATION OF THE FEMININE
...
...
105
24.
INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE ( ^ T AND

LOCATIVE AND GENITIVE ABSOLUTE
)
...
...
109
25.
INFINITIVE IN
...
...
115
...
119
VERBAL ROOTS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL PARTS
...
124
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY
...
...
136
ENGLISH-SANSKRIT GLOSSARY
...
...
...
151
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
...
...
...
164
SPFLN:)
NOUNS WITH TWO STEMS
...
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
...
( GG* )
THE SUBORDINATE-CLAUSB
26.
cont.)
THE ADVERB-CLAUSE
...
...
...
...
...
PREFACE
The purpose of this Manual is not to give an exhaustive treatment
of Sanskrit grammar. It is meant as a practical method of teaching and
learning Sanskrit through the medium of English. Its composition is based
on the two following principles :
1. The effort of memory which the study of languages demands
becomes a mere drudgery when its rational usefulness is not clearly
shown and immediately given practical scope. An instrument, however
beautiful remains cumbersome as long as it cannot be utilized.
2. The drudgery of memory work is amply repaid by the capacity
which the student acquires of expressing himself in the language which
he learns. That is why greater stress has been laid on translation from
English into Sanskrit than on translation from Sanskrit into English.
This First Part covers the matter of the first three years (Standards
IV to VI or Classes VI to VIII). The beginnings should be extremely
slow. The vocabulary should be learnt by small doses (five to eight)
words a day) and frequent repetitions should be given.
The first ten lessons could conveniently form the syllabus of the first
year. Their treatment i$ very analytical.
Lessons n to 26 are more compact and will require more time to be
assimilated. They should be distributed over the second and third year.
In this seventh edition, besides correcting the few printing mistakes
which had escaped our scrutiny, we have incorporated the valuable
suggestion of colleagues and well-wishers.
R.A., S.J.
LESSON 1
THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET
1. The VowelsThere are 13 vowels in the Sanskrit alphabet.
They are divided into simple vowels and diphthongs.
Every simple vowel, except the last, last shows a short and a
long form.
J short:
a 5 i 3 u % r 3 1
Simple vowels 1 ,
*
J.
[ long : en a f I
u H r
Diphthongs: tr e
ai 8?t o sft au
2. The ConsonantsThe Sanskrit consonants are classified according
to the organs of pronounciation. There are five categories : those
pronounced from the throat are called gutturals; those pronounced
from the palate are called palatals; those pronounced from the
roof of the mouth are called cerebrals; those pronounced from the
teeth are called dentals; those pronounced from the lips are called '
labialsThe Sanskrit names for those five categories are :
qsN'*
Each category contains seven consonants : 5 mutes, 1 semi-vowel
and 1 sibilant. The five mutes of each category are divided as follows :
2 hard mutes, one non-aspirate, the other aspirate ; 3 soft mutes, one
non aspirate, the second aspirate and the third nasai. The semi-vowels
are soft, the sibilants are hard.
MUTES
^
ju
N
Hard
Hard
Soft
Soft
non-asp. aspirate non-asp. aspirate
GUTTURALS
PALATALS
ka
Soft
nasal
Semivowels
Sibilants
:
m kha
11 g a
q gha
na
(5 ha)
^R c a
$ cha
5T j a
jha
SF n a
ya
CEREBRALS
Z ta
Z tha
% da
3 dha
OR i j a
* ra
Q a
DENTALS
S? t h a
da
SR d h a
q na
$5 l a
LABIALS
<T p a
ba
bha
ta
pha
ma
? va
5T s a
sa
:
SANSKRIT M A N U A L
N.B.An 'a* has been added to each consonant to facilitate the

pronounciation. Besides the consonants given above, the following
should be noted :
anusvaraa dot above a vowel, standing for
final
or for
any of the five nasals followed by one of the first four mutes of its
own class :
3=kam ; 3m=anga ; f=simha
visargaa double d o t : standing for a final q or a final
avagrahathe sign S marking the elision of sr at the beginning of a
word Isftr
a stroke below a consonant ^ indicates that it stands by itself
without any vowel following it.
3.
Consonants followed by vowelsWhen a vowel follows a consonant,

the cosonant loses its stroke and the vowel is written in an
abbreviated form :
-3T is not written at all: JJ(4-8f
-3TT is written as T
: 3>+8?T=$T
is written as f
:
=ftr
-f is written as't
:
=ft
is written as^
:
-35 is written as
:
=H
N o t e :
is written as c
:
is written as
:
-tt
-Tj[
-3ft
-aft
is written as $
is written as v
is written as*
is written as*t
is written as^
:
r
:
: ^+
: g-f
T H E SANSKRIT ALPHABET
4.
Compound consonantsWhen two or more consonants have

to be written without intervening vowels, the following general
principle is followed :
All consonants, except the last of the group, drop their final
vertical line :
;
;
;
\
The combination of consonants which have no final vertical line
assumes a form of its own:
=
;
> r
*T+sr=5r5 3+*T=2q; ?+*T=!T ;
;
1
The consonant T^has a special treatment in combination :
when it follows a consonant, it is written as
When it precedes a consonant or the vowel ^ it is written as
5.
The Sanskrit numerals are :

b V,
EXERCISE 1
I.
II.
Write the Sanskrit vowels.

Write the Sanskrit consonants,
m.
What are the hard consonants ?
IV.
What are the soft consonants ?
V. Join the following groups of letters :

^+31;
q+an ;
<tMH;
"5+1$
5T+3;
;
;
*[ + >;
SANSKRIT MANUAL
VI.
Write the following in Sanskrit letters :

bhumavupaviami; snayuh ; jnanam ; ketraiji; afigat; udyane ;
rohanti ; arthabhyam ; Sastraih ; sarvada ; kritjivah ; dr&yate ; asti;
andhakareija ; ratna ; atra ; ' tyakta ; tithami ; bhraraati; aSva ;
baddha ; sa na janati; tena suhrda rakitah ; maya dattam ; tvaya
dr?tam ; yumabhiruktam.
LESSON 2
THE FIRST CONJUGATION (
6.
(1) The Sanskrit verb cojugated in a finite tense has three persons
and three numbers. The three numbers are : singular, dual and
plural
fg^R,
(2) The verbal root (sng) is the original form of the verb.
The verbal tese (arf) is the form assumed by the root before the
terminations are added.
(3)' The formation of the verbal base depends partly on the
strengthening of the radical vowel (i.e. the vowel of the root). Simple
vowels are subject to a twofold strengthening: the first degree of
strengthening is called gum : the second degree pf strengthening is
called vrddhi. The following scheme of simple vowels with their
twofold strengthening should be committed to memory :
Simple vowels
short and long
~
*
311
% *
GUNA
31
XT
Bft
VRDDHI
e*T
It
eft
B
8|3
an^
ons
T H E FIRST. CONJUGATION
7. Formation of the base in the first Conjugation

(1) The final vowel and the short medial vowel of a root
take guija.
A medial vovyel is a vowel which stands between consonants.
When a short vowel is followed by a compound consonant it
is counted as long, e.g.:
?r$n
(2)
The letter or is added before the terminations.

That 3? becomes an before the terminations beginning
with ^ or qr. That si is dropped before terminations
beginning with 8f.
8. The terminations of the present tenseactive voice

are :
S.
9.
1st pers.
-ftr
2nd pers.
-"ft?
3rd pers.
-fa
D.
>
P.
-q:
-cP
-Offer
Applications
Roots having a short

know ),
( to pull ).
medial
vowel: qr?^ ( t o fall), gt* ( to
Formation of the base

(1)
Guiâ of the short medial vowel: q^-q^;
(2)
The letter
m^ + 3? =
31 is added:
I
Before terminations beginning with n or

Before terminations beginning with aj,
1
;
^Tm- ^ f -
Adding the terminations

S.
lst pers.
D.
^ f a
I fall
2nd pers.
^ftr
Thou fallest
3rd pers.
P.
We two fall
We fall
You two fall
You fall
^fa
^ f o
He falls
They two fall
They fall
In roots like sffa (to live) and
(to blame), the medial
vowel does not take gur>a because it is long.Hence : sffafa, fa^fa I
Roots having a final vowel, short or long: ftr (to conquer),
(to become), ^ (to move).
(1) Guiia of the final vowelfa ;
;
(2) The letter e? is addedsr + 8?;
In Sanskrit, two vowels following each other must be combined according to definite rules. Those rules are called the rules
of vowel-sandhi.
In the case of
and of *ft+3|, the following rules applies :
When IT and 9FT are followed, in the same word, by any vowel. they
are changed respectively to 0TT and e^
Hence:
;
3?=*rsr
Before terminations beginning with
or srsrcn-,
SKIBefore terminations beginning with sjSRT-,
Adding the termination
S.
D.
P.
S.
WW*
^fi?
D.
P.
1st pers.
^TTftT
2nd pers.
SRrfa
WPP
WW
^ f a
Wl
3rd pers.
^fcT
SRffi:
^rf^T
mfo
^f^f
THE FIRST CONJUGATION ( V^lf^ )
EXERCISE 2
I.
Vocabulary
Wi (
) to draw
(ifitefcO to play
^
(
) to dig
( W f c ) to eat
^
(
) to move
( âfh ) to move
fa ( wqfo ) to conquer
s f a ( s f a f a ) to live
(
) to abandon
^
i
) to burn
TO
% " ( ^qrfrT ) to run, to melt
WT* ( >
to run
^
(
) to salute
5ft ( iPTlcl ) to lead
( Tqfa ) to cook
q ^ ( q^fa ) to fall
(
) to know
^ (
) to be, to become
(
) to walk
^ ( ^ f a ) to worship
d
C W f a ) to protect
^
( ( t f f a ) to grow
^
(
) to speak
^
I ^rfcT) to sow
( qafct) to dwel
( qsfa ) to carry, to flow
(
) to go
^
^RTfcT) to praise
Q ( )
to go
( w f a ) to remembre
II. Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice :

sfc W , f> f * and m
III. Translate the following into English :
suftr i
eraftr i
wfan
tfhnip i
SRSEP
wiftri
STCTq: I TOTftr I
I qiws I
i q^fe i
sfaferi
I
m^Rj: I
q^fcf I
wfai
I
qw I
IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit:

We worship. You twfc move. He conquers. They grow.
I sow. Ws two abandon. Thou salutest. They two remember.
They cooke I fall. He draws. You two dig. They know.
14
We two become. Thou eatest. They two move. We protect.

You live. He leads. We go. You two praise. They melt. I burn.
Thou dwellest. They two speak. We two run. You go. He carries.
I cook. You two eat.
LESSON 3
MASCULINE AND NEUTER NOUNS IN sr
NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE
10. (1) In Sanskrit, the grammatical function of a noun in a sentence
is indicated by special terminations called case-endings. For
instance, the noun gsr (son) becomes gsp when it is subject; it becomes
gsf^ when it is direct object. What we express by means of prepositions
such as 'with', by\ *to\ for*, 'from', 'of', 'in', etc., is also rendered
into Sanskrit by case-endings. There are eight cases in Sanskrit:
nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative
and vocative.
(2) As in the verb, so also in the noun, Sanskrit has three
numbers: singular, dual and plural. Sanskrit has three genders:
masculine, feminine and neuter.
(3) The various forms taken by a noun in all its cases and numbers
are called the Declension of that noun.
(4) There are two types of nouns ending in sr Some are
masculine and some are neuter. Both 9 masculine and neuter nouns
in 3? are declined in the same way except in the nominative, accusative
and vocative.
MASCULINE A N D NEUTER N O U N S IN
11. Declension of
m. (a well) and of qR n. (a forest) :

S.
D.
Nominative
f?:
egft
Accusative
^qf^
^ft
Instrumental
^pfa
^TT^TT^
^TPT
^TTWI^
Dative
P.
^TT^
f^T
^
Vocative
^T
D.
W I
^THl^
^qzft:
f^g
ÎTOnH
wfr
jMMIH
^Rft:
q^g
qft
e.g.: A boy f a l l s < T c T % \

f a l l I
Boys fallSITCST: qafcr 1

13.
The Nominative case is used :

(1) to indicate the subject: The father l e a d s s ^ f a \
(2)
14.
îfXfif
qâf:
The verb agrees with its subject in person and number :

Two boys
P.
<M 1*41*1
WT^
Locative
12.
S.
Tllf9
Ablative
Genitive
to indicate the subjective complement:

The sons become heroesg^TT: qftfof ^tlT: 1
(3) to indicate a noun in apposition to the subject:

Rama, the hero conquersim:
1
The Accusative case is used :
(1) to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb :
The father leads the sons^b: gsfi^ siqfa i
10
SANSKRIT MANUAL
(2) to indicate the objective complement:

We know Rama (to be) a h e r o s f e w I
(3) after verbs indicating movement:
The servant goes to the well- ^ra:
iFc^fa I
(4) with the following prepositions: erffl (above), erg (after

along), erfi? (near), sq (near, below),
(near, in front of), qfar:
(around), SRcf: (on all sides of),
(on both sides o f f a q j (fie on),
9JTOT, faw (near), ftrcT (without),
(without, concerning), BRRT
(between), 51% (to, towards).
15. Sandhi rules do not apply to vowels alone, but also to consonants.
Thus, in the sentences above, the final Jând the final: of a word
followed by another word undergo various changes.
(1) Final \when followed by a consonant is changed to anusvdra :
(2) Final:
(visarga)
when followed by a hard consonant

-remains unchanged before \
q q^ 3T
gsp
and ^
I 5m: qaftcf I 5TT3: STCfa I
becomes 3T before
T:
-becomes ^ before Z and 5q^:
becomes ^ before ^ and *{ g^r:
when preceded by on and followed by a soft consonant or a

vowel, is dropped:
smfcf I
when preceded by 8? and followed by a soft consonant,

changed to efT-gsp
Wffo i
is
MASCULINE AND NEUTER N O U N S IN 3?
11
when preceded by ai and followed by any vowel except 8f, is

dropped: mî
when preceded by a? and followed by at, at: 15 changed to aft while

the following af is elided: ^Rcf:
iV.5.When final visarga is followed by a sibilant ( 3T> ^ or s ) it

is optionally changed to the sibliant:
IOT STOT^ or, im^RW^ l 4R3: SttfcT or,
EXERCISE
1.
Vocabulary
Masculine nouns
arcj: horse
Neuter nouns
Prepositions governing
the accusative
a?*m food
arf^RT: near, in front
arrerc: conduct
fuel
qfer: around
qrita; pigeon
gold
gsfo: on all sides
hand
crow
UTO: village
person
servant
^ffl: country
W man
^q: king
<
qsifl: mountain
5TTc5: boy
^q: cloud
tree
2
(fetich lotus
âq/water
on both sides
fa^fie
grass
misery
qsra leaf
on
)
r near
J
Jwu
f^T
|
I
9
qrsn^ vessel
fruit
body
5TTWI sacred precept
sfca* character
happiness
WRJ^ place
wlthout
above
after
> according
to, along
near
t0>
towards
between
gq near, below
12
II.
Translate the following into English :
(^)
wsfa \
sqfo i ( \ )
\
( v ) a w qqa^ srfa snqfcr i ( ^ ) ^q: a r r e r ^ sfafo i ( %) ^RT:
sftqfof I ( v )
I ( *)
fSfl:
I ( M
ftro ^rert
i ( )
f ^ n sitf* sffafa i ( <n ) sfte^
i
( ^ )
JS^H
I ( *) W
I (
) ^fr^:
^
snrfcr i ( ^ ) TOTH qfar: ^ f r ^ f t f t f f a r i ( e r a ^
i
(awîrn^rr?^ i
) qr# s ^ T w t a s q s r a i c z r s f a i ( n ) ^TT:
^RfeT I (
) f ^ STTeS^ | m ) 3 ? ^ BRJ^T
I ( ^ )
(M)
^PTCT:
I^T^
( ^ v ) aiggq^^ws
^rfcT I ( ^ ) a?g
^
^
WcP I (
WTO* a?f*T<T: ^ f :
!
^
SWTT
( Û ) 3?fcT ^ f ^ L S^LI
( ^ )
^q: I
III.
Decline fully the following nouns :

^flcl^ fffiCTfe S R ^ l
IV.
Join the sandhis in the following :

gq: ^rfcT I
TOftcM
^frcT I
SR^ w f a I spy
i
^fa I
^rfh I
^KftT I J I T ^ erftRj: Wf:
V. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

Example : Two servants lead the horses around the village.
Two servants
noun-dual-masc.-subject-nomin. :
lead
verb-pres.-act.-3rd pers.-duai: snffi:
the horses
noun-plnr.-mac.-object-accus. : aftjT^
around
preposition : qffa:
the village
noun-sing.-masc.-governed by qfi[cf:-accus.
qftcTJ ^ f t 3T3IR 'TOP I
Sandhi : STRT qfoft ^Ttft BTSfR ^ s i
JIT*?^
T H E FOURTH CONJUGATION ( f ^ f i * )
13
(I) Trees grow near the well. (2) The pigeon becomes a crow.
(3) The king conquers the country. (4) Two horses eat grass.
(5) The servant draws the boys. (6) Persons carry the vessels. (7) We
live without happiness. (8) Trees carry leaves. (9) On both sides
of the well boys burn the fuel. (10) Clouds move towards the
mountain. (11) The hand protects the body. (12) Water falls on
all sides of the village. (13) Sacred precepts lead men to happiness.
(14) Fie on the crows. (15) Between the two trees the water flows.
(16) Persons salute the king. (17) I praise the lotus. (18) According
to (his) character, the king protects the people (persons). (19) You two
leave the place. (20) Character (is) superior to (=above) gold.
(21) The servant (is) inferior to (=below) the king.
LESSON 4
THE FOURTH CONJUGATION (
16. The Fourth Conjugation

Present TenseActive Voice (q^ft spftn:)
(1) Formation of the base
(a) The radical vowel does not take guna.
(b) ^ is added to the root.
(c) The letter 8? is added before the terminations.
That
1
becomes en before terminations beginning wih

o r
That or is dropped before terminations beginning with 8|

(2) The terminations are the same as those of the first conjugation
(see No. 8).
14
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
(3) Application : gq (to nourish).

(a) No guga of the radical vowel: gq
(b) ir is added to the r o o t : S ^ + ^ g ^
(c) The letter aj is added : gsr+3f=gisr
Before terminations beginning with iôr cf: geqrBefore terminations beginning with 3?:
S.
ist Pers.
jyanftr
2nd Pers.
g^faf
3rd Pers.
D.
g^nq:
P.
g^w
g^T^j
giSTcj:
g^fo
17.
The nominative and accusative plural of neuter nouns in

end in ftTO^-WTft l In some cases, however, we have to
write fbr instead of ft, as in srfft^ (body)-5Hfaifor ( The rule to be
applied in this and similar cases is the following :
When, in the same word, ^ , is preceded by^9^,ôr
and followed
by a vowel, ^ ,
\or
it is changed to <JT.
The rule applies even when the
is separated from the preceding
% Tôr \by several letters, provided those intervening letters be vowels,
gutturals, labials, or
^ and anusvUra.
Examples :
;
;
\
But: TO^ because ^ is followed by nothing
g^fitT because ^ is followed by ^
because the intervening
is neither a vowel, a
o
guttural, a labial nor
>
or anusvara.
THE FOURTH CONJUGATION (
f^fi*
15
In order to remember the above rule, commit to memory the

following line :
-f&ffcl?When, in the same word, ^ is preceded by qg
-WWand followed by a vowel or by
it is changed to
-qscl
cerebrals
or one of the three letters
^ or ^r,
provided the intervening letters be not

^ % ) >
18.
q or
palatals
dentals
or
Both in the first and in the fourth conjugations there are verbal
roots which form their base irregularly.
Irregular verbs
First Conjugation
Fourth Conjugation
TO* ( *Txg&fct ) to go
(
) to restrain
( ^
) to hlde
^
) to sit
f^q (
^
(
9T { f a s f a )
<TT ( fqqfcT )
m ( m x )
^ r ( ^rfe )
^r ( w f o )
^
( q^rfcf)
( JTTSjfa ) to rejoice
( f ^ f o ) t0 pierce
^
( ^
}
tofall
.
* * ( w w f e ) to forgive
Wl ( STORfe ) to roam, to err
to smell
to drink
to stand
to bite
to blow
to see
**
) to play
)
tQ c e a s e
~ x . .
( W ^ )
to be weary
19. The Sanskrit sentence usually ends with the verb.

order of words is as follows : subject-object-verb :
e. g.: Two men see the f o r e s t ^ W Wtft \
The normal
22
20. The negation T is placed immediately before the verb :

The king does not blame the servantsijqt ^TOT^ ft^ld I
The conjunction =3 (and) is either repeated after each one of the
nouns it connects, or is written once only after the last noun of
the series.
The man and the boys go to the village :
srre
or^tt
3TTH ^ f e f I
WT
EXERCISE
II.
are
to throw
to be
pleased
to
RT (iWftO
Perish
^ O n f t ) ^ dance
Vocabulary
? 7
ftp*
to play
^ (STT^fcT) to be quiet
^
to forgive
to be
^
tQ b e J " } *
"t
u U ^ f a ) t 0 g
^
to restrain
^ ( ^ r ^ f ^ t o give
(jgftr) to hide
to sit
5,1
l (s^fa) to bite
f ^ ( f a ^ f c f ) to blame
(sRfcl) to blow
to take away
well
elephant
moon
STRfT^: palace
lake
flower
s f t q ^ life
wealth
t 0 sme11
W (fasfa) to stand
( q ^ f a ) to see
SRH
forest
head
not
and
^T
II. Translate the following into English :

W BTT^R
W) siet
qfa:
srrcrtwfacfr
d^cf I U)
\
( 0 TO ^TOfcF
THE FOURTH CONJUGATION ( f ^ f i * )
5R5 * ftafo i
( *)
WSR
=?n
( ^ ) ^ f t 5TSR STTRfa I
fûfin
(
( n )
WfaP
) f?
(
ftw
( n ) ^fe I
(^ )
{<>) qsnfor snprfor i
3T3T ^ f o f I (
qtfwfaarftn (
S ^ f t I^Tferof^T I ( 1 0
17
I (
V ^H) TOf agftl ( ^ )
tffcfa
*T53Tfir
) HW. I (l^)
) 5TTc5T SHPlfaT S^f^T ^ I (VI )

I ( M MT5T
)
I
^fatf i f ^ f a I
1 ( V*) W WSiTWfcl *
WTfcT I ( )
sfa ^ T I
WtcP fgtf
III.
Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice :

^r , m
IV.
W;
and
Translate the following into Sanskrit :
(1) I throw fuel. (2) Two men are dancing near the well.
(3) People run to the palace. (4) The elephant eats leaves, drinks
water and is pleased. (5) Pigeons do not bite. (6) Two servants
hide the fruits and the food.
(7) I play and I am glad.
(8) We
do not praise wealth. (9) You two smell the flower. (10) They
stand on all sides of the village. (11) Men dig the place and
carry the gold away. (12) You are weary and you sit. (13) The
horses are not quiet. (14) The king is not pleased. (15) The crow
pierces the fruit. (16) The boys faint. (17) The man blames
the two servants. (18) Life without happiness becomes misery.
(19) We see the moon. (20) Elephants live on both sides of the
lake.
LESSON 5
INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVE
THE SIXTH CONJUGATION
21. The Instrumental Case is used :
(1) to indicate the agent of a passive verb.
(2) to indicate the instrument which is used to do the action.
The boy hides (his) face with (his) hands?Tat gtf
I
(3) to indicate the person or thing accompanying the action.
I go with the servant- ^ f a q ^ l f t r i
In this sense, the instrumental may be followed by the preposition
(with)il^pftr I
(4) to indicate the cause or reason, i.e. to translate expressions
such a s : 'owing to*, 'on account of', 'out of', 'because of', etc.
On account of misery I leave the v i l l a g e 3 J T * T c w f a I
(5) to translate expressions like 'by name*, 'by nature', by
family', 'by birth', etc. Rama is a hero by nature^niR tfift
(6) with the prepositions
(7) with the particles
misery
! 1
(with) and fNfflT (without).

and f ^ H (enough). Enough with
22. The Dative Case is used:

(1) to indicate the indirect object of verbs meaning 'to give',
'to send', 'to promise', 'to show'. The preceptor gives the books
to the studentsafr^: ftf^wj: <jW4Slft S^KT I
(2) after verbs meaning 'to be angry with', 'to desire', to long
for*. The father is angry with the s o n g s r T O
1
INSTRUMENTAL A N D DATIVE
19
(3) to express the purpose of the action. He goes for war

(=with a purpose to fight) JJ^TO
i
(4) to indicate the person or thing foT whose advantage the action
is done. He digs a well for (his) s o n s - f><f gsfrap ^ r f a I
(5) after verbs indicating movement (see Accusative, No. 14).
The servant goes to the village^rcfr JTCRTO
i
(6) after the particles np (salutation) and ^rfigj (hail to).
Hail to the king !tpm
i
23. The sixth Conjugation
Present tenseActive voice
(a) The radical vowel does not take guija.
(b) *r is not added to the root.
(c) The letter 9? is added before the terminations
That 8? becomes 3?T before terminations beginning with
Hor
That 3f is dropped before teminations beginning with s?

The terminations are the same as those of the first conjugation
(see No. 8).
24. Application :
(to strike)
(1) & (2) Neither guria nor
(3) The letter Bf is added :
Before terminations beginning with ^ or r: g^rBefore terminations beginning with s t :
Adding terminations
S.
1st pers.
g^Tft?
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
g^ffc
D.
g^sp
g^cf:
P.
20
SANSKRIT MANUAL
25. Irregular verbs of the sixth Conjugation

WL (f^cffcf) to cut
ft^
tfWfc)
STiUlPfa) t o release
(ftrefa)
OT (c|*T%) to break
(l^fe)
f^(fc5*qfcT to anoint
5PS3 (gx^fcf)
26. When final visarga is preceded by any vowel
new sandhi rule must be applied.
to find
to sprinkle
to wish
to ask
except e? or a?T, a
Final visarga preceded by any vowel except 8? or 3?T and followed by

a vowel or a soft consonant is changed to ^
STTS:
27.
ftHsp
We can now recapitulate the saftdhi rules applying to final

visarga (see No. 15).
When final
visarga
is preceded by
and followed by
| any vowel
it remains unchanged
i any vowel
^ or
it becomes ^
any vowel
z or
it becomes 1
any vowel
^ or
it becomes %
any vowel except*
a vowel or a
it becomes ^
3T or 3TT
soft cons.
3?
a vowel or a
it is dropped
soft cons.
9T
a soft consonant
becomes sft
any vowel except ! it is dropped
3?
becomes eft and
the following a?
is elided.
N.BThe particle srt: drops its visarga when followed by a w*vel
or a soft consonant.
INSTRUMENTAL A N D DATIVE
21
EXERCISE 5
I. Vocabulary
S* ($qfeO to plough
f^TT (f&qfa) to throw
(S^fa) to strike
f ^ r j f i ^ r f a ) to show
to write
ftj^(f^rfcf) to enter
to create
^ T OESSffa) to touch
(iFcTfa) to cut
Prepositions
without.
(gsfa) to release
to break
fo5q(fo5*qfcl) to anoint
(fa^fo)to
find
(fa^fe) to sprinkle
^ ( t o wish
to ask
^hfjj
(SsfcO to laugh
spuT^
I
to call
governing
the
instrumental :
ei
wind
burden
hero
jackal
swan
house
bank
ornament
jewel
with ;
fsRT
Particles governing the instrumental :

f c ^ enough.
Particles governing the dative : qq: salutation to,
hail to.
W)
im*5% I
^Rrftn
(v) sre:
fePOTI
vmfft
iRfTfir 1
I h 0 ^
(1*0 g t o iTsn^
f^rfan
vi
^Tftri
ftwr ft ft Hrcrfcr 1
qtft
^TTfJT
swfaei:
^
^
(n)
m
S^H
fa^fcn
^
(<**) ^
f^
faî
^TST isf f ^ f o r 1
c^fo 1
I
sn^sfr
srrenr^
1
8?T^fR:
I (VO STCT g ^ f a TO *
I
^ t o 1 U ) sffcrar w
tt
i (M srck4
f g m f e fasm: 1
mw
1 (O
TO
^ter f^TT SCTo5Tfa *
(iH)
(M)
I
i
Û)
^
sjJtai
f&ltTftr >
22
III. Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice:

a n d
f > VI*
(1)1 give fruits to the two servants. (2) Thou goest to the forest
for flowers. (3) He is glad by character. (4) Misery breaks life.
(5) Owing to the wind the lotuses perish. (6) The jackal finds food.
(7) The two men call the servant. (8) Through happiness the boys
laugh and dance. (9) The hero shows the jewels to the king. (10) He
sees the jackal and runs (away). (11) Due to (his) conduct, he leaves
(abandons) the house. (12) For the sake of wealth men plough, carry
burdens, dig the mountains and leave (their) country. (13) Owing
to the wind, the fruits fall. (14) We sit near the bank. (15) On all
sides of the house, jackals roam. (16) Clouds emit ( ^ ) water.
(17) With the heroes you enter the palace. (11) I stand near the
lake with the boys. (19) They see the lotuses and laugh with
happiness. (20) The swans move towards the bank. (20) I show the
swan to the boys. (22) Hail to the country ! (23) Enough with
misery.
LESSON 6
MASCULINE NOUNS IN * AND 3
ABLATIVE AND GENITIVE
28. Masculine nouns in f and 3
(1) There is a great similariry between the declension of masculine
nouns in 5 and that of masculine nouns in
When the masculine
nouns in 5 have f , and IT, the masculine nouns in 3 have
35, ^
and sit respectively.
MASCULINE N O U N S I N
(2)
5 AND 5
23
The Declension of gfa m. (a sage) and of fag m. (a baby) :

S.
D.
P.
S.
D.
P.
Nom.
gfa:
grff
g^f:
Acc.
gft^
gtf*
g ^
instr.
gfon
gftvqm
gftfa:
gfir^TT^
gfiw
Dat.
AW.
g^:
gf^n^
gftwr:
Gen.
g^:
Jpft:
gifclTH
Loc.
gift
Voc.
g^
gcff
fag:
fa^
fasrc:
fagfl[
fa^X,
faSH.
fagwrc*
fagfa:
fag*T
fag^TT^
fasft:
fagwn^
fatff:
gftg
fasft
g^:
fasft
ftrgvq:
fagw
ftl^:
fasfc
fa3L
fagg
fa*FW:
29. The Ablative Case is used :

(1) to indicate the place from which the action begins or originates.
The sage goes from
f o r e s t I
(2) with verbs meaning 'to desist from*, 'to protect', to fear*
God protects men from m i s e r y ^ ^ L ^ f a l
(3) to express the cause, the motive (cf. Instrumental, No. 21)
Out of anger he strikes the boys^tel^
g^ftf \
(4) with the following prepositions :
(before, to the east
(before), aw^RH, (after), 3fT (until, since), snjfa (since),
(outside),
(except), f^RT (without).
30. (1) The Genitive Case has no relation with the action of
verb. It indicates a relation between nouns, usually rendered
English by the preposition 'of'.
of),
5rf|:
the
into
The king gives jewels to the son of H a r i g ^ F T ^ f t JelTfa

S^fa \
24
(2) There is no verb meaning 'to have' in Sanskrit. To translate :

"The enemies have chariots", the sentence must be turned into : Of the
enemies (there) are chariots sifturf
qqfel I
(3) The genitive is used with the following prepositions:
W f t (above), sp*: (below), g*cp (in front o f ) , qsn^ (behind), q?Rp
(beyond),
^ f l ? ^ (in the presence o f ) , f ^ (for the sake of).
31. When a word ends with a vowel and the following word begins
with a vowel, both vowels are combined into one. The rules of
vowel-sandhi are divided into three sections :
(1) Combination of similar simple vowels
8? or 9?T + 3? or en=3n I
gfasrr
? or I + 5 or f = f i
wftf f SR^ = W ^ t ^ H I
3 or
" f e l 331=3
+ 3 or 35=951
% or ^ +
or
I
I
(2) Simple vowels combined with dissimilar vowels

a? or 8ff + ? or | = t r i
mm
3? or 3?T + 3 or g;=9ft l
a? or 3?T + ^ or
SSfT^
gfsRT
3? or en + 3
famvp
I
=gftirfq: I
==fWfcl
3| or bit + eft
=sft i
sir* afte^
3? or 3?T +
=ofV I
q^rasrNn*
^ or | followed by a dissimilar vowel is changed to

mqfcT ^
3 or 35 followed by a dissimilar vowel is changed to q j

I
MASCULINE N O U N S IN 5 AND 3
or
25
H followed by a dissimilar vowel is changed to \
(3) Diphthongs combined with any vowel

rj and aft followed by any vowel except 3* are changed respectively
to 8ifi and
(see No. 9.)
TT and eft followed by 3f remain unchanged while the 8f is elided.
Before any vowel except 8?, 8^ and
may optionally drop the ^
and the ^
or ^
or S* # I
T* and sft followed by any vowel are changed respectively to G{[\and
8HqT. But 8TPT and
may optionally drop the ^ and the sr.

or cl^TT
SETt
(4)
or ami I^PfflLi
Exceptions
Interjections like
f , fl^rf TJ,
do not combine with the following word.
dual terminations, remain unchanged before vowels,

q^fcfthe guest sees two forests.
^sftffMrcrfcJthe guest dwells in a forest.
26
SANSKRIT MANUAL
EXERCISE 6
I.
Vocabulary
fire
moon
affafa: guest
enemy
.
Pet
^
faft:
mountain
gftfi
sage
Cpf:
sun
*Tfa:
heap
II.
Prepositions governing the ablative
arrow
^
s n ^ before, to
teacher
<R>:
N5a
tree
axe
<
Wbe
^ ^
w
beast
drop
quarrel
fag:
baby
after
gqft
iRgrftn
g0 ^ :
Bid
below
U)
(*)
(^ )
TO:
fa*)
l i O srr$
^ft:
W&l
the
q^n
^rcn
T^fcT I
wm
()
srma^
snrwit a s
^W|4JMP<
I
tftanftri
5T*rfcT I ( <n )
srft * S^fcT I
(n)
W
g^: w r j
h * ) g^Rr afe ^ f a
TONT I ( n ) S^Trt ^
^RTfrT I
beyond
in the
after breaking up
qfffo I
TOcT: I {K)
in the presence of
Pre" ,
sence of
f ^ for the sake of
in front of
behind
f ^ T I ( V ) 8?faftitf
(Ofewnwrn
without
above
Translate the following into English

Sandhis :
(i)
without
^
L__
until> u p t o
arm
ftw:
outside
except,
f o r e
Prepositions governing the genitive
friend
ocean
since
theeast
^TJTT if m^fof I
trarfcreftn
s^fcr 1
arm*
qfTcl,^:
fa^
THE TENTH CONJUGATION (
27
III. Join the following sandhis :

SÎT 3tfcffa: l W^fa mm, I
sir
i snwt - p w ^ i
IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit :

(1) The poet shows the trees to the sage. (2) The sage calls the
boys. (3) The boys stand in front of the house. (4) The clouds
move above the mountain. (5) The arrows of the hero pierce the
enemy. (6) The boy falls from thfe tree and breaks (his) hand.
(7) The guests have no water. (8) The servant takes away the food
from the fire. (9) The water of the ocean is calm. (10) The beasts
of the forest roam around the village. (11) 1 hide the jewels behind
the tree. (12) The poet has a place in the presence of the king.
(13) From the babies up to the men the people are tired. (14) With
(my) relatives 1 go from the mountain to the forest. (15) Eh carries
the axe with both hands. (16) With heaps of leaves we feed the fire.
(17) Sages worship ths sun. (18) Owing to the quarrel, the teacher
leaves the village.
LESSON 7
THE TENTH CONJUGATION (
LOCATIVE AND VOCATIVE
32.
The tenth Conjugation :

(1)
Present TenseActive Voze

(a) A short medial vowel take guiia.
(b)
A final vowel takes vrddhi.
vc) ajar is added to the root.

(d)
The letter sr is added before the terminations,

That a? becomes an before terminations beginning
with ^ or ^
That
is dropped before terminations beginning
with 8?
28
SANSKRIT MANUAL
(2) The terminations are the same as those

conjugation (see No. 8).
(3) Application:
(to steal); ^ (to owe).
(a) Guna of medial short vowel:
^
(b) Vrddhi of final vowel : sjrc
(c)
(d)
of the first
8RT is added to the root:

The letter a? is added:
; W^H-^sn^
Before terminations beginning with ^ or ^ : ^fan-, STR^TTBefore terminations beginning with 3? :
; ^TR^

S.
D.
1st pers.
^tWR:
2nd pers
^TW*
P.
S.
D.
^R^nftr
sftQW
^TR^fe
P.
WWW
^TR^W
^TR^sf
3rd pers.
33. Irregular verbs of the tenth Conjugation

^SS^fa)
to
desire ; ^
to c@ver.
34. The first, fourth, sixth and tenth Conjugations at one glance.
Guna of
short medial Guna of
Vrddhi of
vowel
final vowel final vowel
8?
before
termination
1st Conj.
4th Conj.
6th Conj.
10th Conj.
THE T E N T H CONJUGATION
fÛf?)
29
35. The Locative Case is used :

(1) to indicate the place where the action takes place. In
English it is rendered by the prepositions 'in*, 'at', 'on', 'upon',
'among', etc.
I play in the gardengqr^ s&Wlftr I among the t r e e s I
(2)
to indicate the time when the action takes place.

In summersft^ i
(3) after verbs indicating movement (see Accusative, No.

such as to 'fall', 'to place', 'to throw', 'to send', 'to enter', etc.
The tree falls into the lakef^t
q^fa I
(4)
of, etc.
14)
to translate expressions like 'concerning', in the matter
In the matter of modesty Hari stands f i r s t f f t s

smf^sfoI
(5) to indicate the object of emotions and feelings :
He feels affection for (or towards) H a r i f ^ S j f c f I
36. The Vocative Case is used as the case of address :
O Baby ! | fcntft 1
37. Verbs preceded by a preposition
A preposition prefixed to a verb changes the meaning of that
verb.
The prepositions mostly in use are :
over, beyond :
to go beyond, to cross,
near, unto :
(srfcirc&fo) to go unto, to obtain,
arg after, along : ajg-s (arg^fa) to move after, to follow.
3jq away from :
(arq^fct) to move away, to depart.
towards : a?f*r-srpr (arfasjT*rfcO t o r u n towards, to attack.
3Tr down : a j e f - ^ (are^ffa) to burn down, to destroy,
STT unto, back : an-fft (aff^fcT) to take unto, to bring.
30
SANSKRIT MANUAL
up, forth :
to arise, to be produced,
gq near : aq-firaL (gqfirarftf) to sit.

fa under :
faraway,
fa-faq
out:
) to throw under, to put down.

fas^S^to
carry out.
qft round, a b o u t : qft-q*

51 forward :
to fall around, to fly around.
(sRafa) to move forward, to set out.
51% towards, against: 5rfcHn?v (^fOTcgfcr) to go to wards, to return.

fir apart, without:
together, fully:
summarize.
1.
fir-srcr
to throw apart, to scatter.

(tffgrqfa) to throw together,
EXERCISE 7
Vocabulary
(Wlfa) to tell
q fena^fa) to wash
(naRfa) to count
q ^ (qT^fe)
. , j. . x
cjfe ( q W f c )
to proclaim
3Tf*H7* ( e f f g ^ f c l )
<*
to eat
(W^)
to adorn
(qtorfa) to steal
^ fawfo) to arrange
(OTWftr) to cover
S T ^ (SPo^fa)
fowfe)
to punish
% (W^fo) to owe
to console
to long for
(+dative)
to
obtain
to
f I J w
to adore
)
to think
f/% prncc
to protect
to oppress
ftRLl
to
depart
arft-OT (erfasmfc)
to attack
to burn down
^
(8n8wft[) tQ b r f n g
( g ^ f a ) to arise
OT-f^^^lfe)
to sit
T H E T E N T H CONJUGATION f ^ U f ? )
31
II. Translate the following into English after breaking up the

sandhis :
Example; |
strand
f^fa I
|
voc. sing, of
O poet,
loc. sing, of sirens in the palace
jjûri
instr. sing, of
the teacher
prep, governing
with
gen. sing, of ^q of the king
em
prep, governing
in the presence
fcfgfa
2nd pers. sing., pres. tense, active of
thou standest.
O poet, in the palace thou standest with the teacher in the
presence of the king.
00
q ^ f r sffafen
00
^ST
^ R W j f a I W) Wt^TT^ T^F^TW: I (M
^ snaircftn (*> w srftf
gfr w m m
Cm
ft^fin
hO
srare
i (M) ^
f ^ R yr^^riftr i
^TR
^t
(iv)
^r
w ^f^T^T^rf^r i
*) arft&r ^ûrt q ^ r r g ^ i
qflwr^^fan
(\)
gMsfa I (O
( O g^rc
( v O qrt*
(nv) is? fowrqfasw i
III.
On)
< (v*) ^ ^ r f ^T^l
(n)
ygftizi
0 ^ ) arfip^re
i
i <ftearfcr i
Translate the following into Sanskrit:

(1) The enemies attack the king's palace. (2) In happiness,
people are glad; in misery people are weary. (3) The clouds
cover the sun, (4) In both villages there is no water in the
wells. (5) On the bank of the lake the poet sits and thinks.
(6) We console the servant. (7) Crows live in trees. (8) Thou
countest the drops. (9)
I arrange the jewels of the king.
32
(10) The swans cross the lake from bank to bank. (11) Servants,
you do not throw leaves'on the fire. (12) Boys follow the teacher.
(13) They sit with (their) relatives in the house. (14) You two sit on
the heap of grass. (15) The child covers (his) face with both hands.
(16) The servant washes the vessels with the water of the well.
(17) The enemies are throwing arrows at the heroes. (18) We owe
jewels to the two teachers. (19) The two boys of the teacher have
no friends.
RECAPITULATION
I.
Vocabulary
gsr:
jjq:
iSfc:
ftiR:
îffi:
entrap
STFW
SRJT^.
God
son
virtue
world
modesty
father
sky
arrival
favour
BTRtwr* health
atfa:
poem
i*^
fate
^qftf:
strength
qfa^
meat
ssrfa:
fasr*
friend
fafa:
saying
qiftf:
g f c ^ * beauty
fafe:
555*
plough
(fafgrcfa)
(fMf?fa)
to put down
to carry out
to fly round
to return
to scatter
to shorten
fa-arej^fa)
IL
bee
monkey
king
seer
sound
treasure
hand
fate
ray
5ig:
mw
wind
death
lord,
master
enemy
cause
honest
man
Raghu
Adverbs and prepositions

8T5T
here
^
like
^
there
trq*
thus
ipf
just, only 3?fa
even
8RJ
today
never
Wgn now
^
always
Give
the instrumental singular of jpp, ftpp^ ftfa: and ^vgi
the genitive dual of gun,
TTf^T2 and ^ s
the vocative singular of f^R:,
ftf^T*
and
FEMININE
III.
N O U N S IN Off AND
33
Join the following sandhis :

fafa:
<|5p fasfcT i
I ^ tr^ I cfgfa
tTf l
Sffq* I
I f^g
8T^T
i gift 8?fq i
IV.
What case is governed by the following prepositions :

fiRT,
35,
ft
WT 2
V. Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice :
I> W\>
feT,
aq-g, fa-sreM
LESSON 8
FEMININE NOUNS IN ^t AND f
PRESENT TENSE MIDDLE VOICE (
38. Feminine nouns in sn and f are declined as follows :
(a river) :
S.
Nom.
D.
c5cTT
S.
55cfT:
Acc.
Instr.
P.
BflT^T^
)
(a creeper),
D.
P.
c5<TT:
ff^L
BSTfa:
5RIT
Dat.
Abl.
*5cMT:
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
V3VXTa^TCT^
^FTT^
e5cfT2
34
3?.
SANSKRIT MANUAL
Present tenseMiddle voice
When I do an action for the benefit of another, I use the active

voice
When I do an action for my own benefit, I use the
middle voice ( e n ^ q ^ ) . In Sanskrit, the distinction between active
and middle voice has not been strictly preserved. Besides a small
number of verbs which can be conjugated in both the active and the
middle voice
most verbs are conjugated either in the active
or in the middle voice.
In the middle voice, the verbal base is formed according to the
rules given previously for the active voice of the first, fourth, sixth
and tenth conjugations (see No. 34). The terminations alone are
different.
40.
Terminations of the present tense, middle voice (sTTcW^^t):

1st pers.
2nd pers.
-tr
HP?^
-fifr
3rd pcrs.
The letter 9? added to the base before the terminations becomes

m before terminations beginning with
or
it is dropped before terminations beginning with e* or t^.
41.
Examples
1st conjugation :
sing. :
4th conjugation :
sing.:
6th conjugation :
sing.:
10th conjugation :
sing. : H'^fil I
(to rejoice) ; verbal base : sft^-; 3rd pers.

(to think); verbal base : IJ^-; 3rd pers.
(to incite) ; verbal base :
3rd pers.
(to counsel) ; verbal base :
3rd pers.
FEMININE
42.
NOUNS
IN
Conjugation of c5'^(to obtain):

S.
1st pers.
aft
2nd pers.
55
D.
P.
3rd pers.
43.
35
AND |
ftSp^"
A Sandhi rule to be remembered (see No. 31)

The final tr of a word followed by a vowel
General rule : T followed by any votvel i: changed to 8TO
Exceptions
(1) Final q of a word followed by

6f is elided :
i
remains unchanged while the
(2) Final 11 of a word followed by any vowel except 3?, after changing
to e?3T way optionally drop ike q :
= 1 Wf^FjR^ or
second form is by far the more frequent.
(3) Final tr of a dual form followed by any vowel remains unchanged:
44.
Special construction of the verb

appeal to.
to
please,
to
The verb ^f governs the dative of the person who is pleased,

while the thing which pleases is put in the nominative.
Fight appeals to the h e r o e f ^ i s r
Boys are fond of fruits (=fruits appeal to boys)qsssifi?

I
Travellers are found of water (water pleases travellers)
qfq%fr
l
36
SANSKRIT MANUAL
45.
The difference between 3c!Tg and

following rule :
is the result of the
When ^ is preceded by a vowel except 8? or

or by \ or
it is
an
changed to q when. in the same word,
ft
y vowel follows
An anusvura or a visarga do not affect the application of the rule.
+
i
EXERCISE
I.
Vocabulary
nfFT
the Ganges
plantaintree
g^T
seal, coin
^fftTT splendour
wife
shade
^F^TT twilight
VFTQT
speech
assembly
^slT line
garland
c5cTT creeper
srif&ET girl
II.
Translate
sandhis :
( i ) muh
(t m
{%)
the
qir(I
mÂ
gfsjsft
efTtift
fe^t
nfirfi
ajfi|<ift
^Hftft
town
river
nurse
earth
voice
queen
lioness
mother
woman
wife
sister
housewife
night
^(^T^)
t
(ffa^)
INÎFSPKO
^ ( w ^ )
ft-fa
qfT-fa
to see
to tremble
to dive
to be born
to fly
to think
to fight
to please
to consult
to search
to conquer
to defeat
t0 take leave
of(+accus.)
following into English after breaking up the
^rrvrf ^tefcr ^mi \

1 (*) fat mw
^rf^T f r ^ i (*)
wqh
sfan^: \
i (M wh
g^T
1 (*)
vfo^vzr^
ftrftri
ta^fa 1
FEMININE
(M ifaRT âra^r
I
(<W)
N O U N S IN 8fT AND |
i (ô) fa^fa sr-rat g m

WTg ^
i (i*)
mvaw
i (n)
^qrcfa
JT
IWT
qt^TCT
i (vO
I (<n)
qftqaa: I
W^ti
STTJT^T ^rfe^T JTTo5T ^qf^T I

sr&rrtH
37
s q f o w w t îqf^rftr i (v*)
srai^f
g ^ ^ T f a efeqfa
fte&i
(<u)
^
f ^ r ?r ^Tfq
smqt g ^ a i
TO
i (vO aft^s
^ffcTT ^ ^ I
III.
(1) Through fate, the enemies attack the town and conquer.
(2) Even today I do not see the Ganges. (3) The voice of the
queen pleases the poets. (4) The speech of the child is the cause
of the mother's happiness. (5) We carry out the sacred precepts
of the Ris. (6) Just around the village men are bringing heaps
of grass. (7) Out of modesty the honest man worships God
(as his) Lord.
(8) The sound of the waters of the Ganges
pleases the sages. (9) I sit in the shade of the tree and think.
(10) Like a jewel, the moon adorns the sky. (11) Thus speaks
the king. (12) Here people have no wealth. (13) The woman
scatters the flowers of the garland on the earth.
(14) There
the creepers adorn the trees with (their) flowers. (15) We take
leave of (our) mother and go to the teacher's house. (16) Because of
the splendour of the sky and of the earth we praise God the Lord.
IV.
Decline fully the following :
g^T and sjTsft I
LESSON
10
THE IMPERFECT TENSE ( <H*J ACTIVE AND

MIDDLE, FEMININE NOUNS IN ? AND 3
45. The Imperfect Tense (
(1) There are three past tenses in Sanskrit: the Imperfect ( 55^),
the Perfect ( fes ) and the Aorist ( g ^ ) . Originally these three past
tenses had specific meanings :
the Imperfect was used for past events of which the speaker
had been a witness ;
the Perfect was used for past events of which the speaker had not
been a witness ;
the Aorist was used for the immediate past.
In classical Sanskrit, however, those three tenses are used almost
indiscriminately, with this restriction that the Perfect is very rarely
used in the first person.
(2) The formation of the base follows the rules given for
the present tense of the first, fourtn, sixth and tenth conjugations
(see No. 34).
The final 8| of the base is changed to en before terminations
beginning with ^ or
and is dropped before terminations beginning
with 8?.
47. The Augment
(1) To all verbs conjugated in the Imperfect, the augment 8?
is to be prefixed, e.g. : q ^ ; verbal base : qft ; augment: ej-qft(2) When the verb is preceded by a preposition, the augment
8? should be inserted between the preposition and the verb, and
the rules of sandhi should be applied :
S-finff
srfireu
51-8? firar ;
STf^r-
sftwqa ;
wm-
T H E IMPERFECT TENSE (
39
(3) When the verb begins with a vowel, the augment 8? forms
vrddhi with the initial vowel:
QT-38TTO-
48.
Terminations
S.
D.
1st pers.
2nd pers.
-R
^
cTJJT
3rd pers.
49.
-s^
D.
-f
-^f?
-TT:
f*lTH
-ft
P.
-8RT
The Imperfect of f ^ f J P a r . y a n d of ^ ( A t m . ) :
S.
1st pers.
D.
P.
S.
D.
Sffa^
2nd pers.
Bffw:
3rd pers.
BlR^
50.
sa
P.
ajfwfi^
P.
STawiff?
3?cWT:
^ ^
^ ^ T ^
Femine Nouns in ? and 3
Feminine nouns in % and 3 borrow most of their declension

from the masculine nouns in % and 3 (see No. 28). Their instrumental
singular and accusative plural are similar to those of feminine nouns
in f (see No. 38). Their dative, ablative, genitive and locative
singular have two optional forms, one similar to those of
the
other to those gfa and ftrg i
40
Declension of *r% (thought) and of

S.
D.
Nom.
P.
'
Acc.
irf^H
Inst.
5Rc2TT
Dat.
(cow) :
Rft^j
D.
P.
^
^
^rftpaiTOL
^ T
ffawTIH
Abl.
JTtcTWT:
Gen
Loc.
S.
ar^
^ ^
Voc.
*r<=ft
mq:
^ft
51.
The verb f>, to do, belongs to the eighth conjugation. Yet,

owing to its frequent occurence, its conjugation should be learnt
from the start:
Present
S.
D.
Imperfect
P.
1st pers.
^ft?
f^:
2nd pers.
^ftfq
f^T
3rd pers.
f^cT
S.
WW^
D.
P.
^
QTf^T
Bffift^
STf^ftTH
THE IMPERFECT TENSE (
41
EXERCISE 9
I.
Vocabulary
$ ( ^tfcT ) to do, to make
qft-sft ( qfarafa ) to marry
) to disagree
irfWWTO (
)
) to exist
t 0 resort to (+accus.)
ftnft ) to desist from
^ ( ^ ^ ) t0 ^ ^
OT-ra (
) to approach
,
~
M M i ) to be sad
to speak
-^T ( eifaftrafir) to live in
(
) to begin
l+accus.)
(
) to obtain
( / . ) mind
('/.) cow
idioms containing
STfa: ( / . ) power
( / . ) beak
the verb ?
*fftR: ( / . ) devotion flg: ( / . ) body
^ftq sftftr I place on my
gfHJ ( / . ) satisfac( / . ) rope
head
tion ^g: ( / . ) dust,
^ qBfrftr I take in my hand
(/ ) conduct
pollen
^<rr sffftr I wait one
( / ) Jest
(/ ) jaw
moment
}jft?:(/. ) earth
q&R^work
Jrfa $ftftr I turn my mind
tjfe: ( / . ) dust
tfc: jar
to (+loc.)
tfftp (/ ) night
en^Sr: order
qtftftr I set foot (+loc,)
l<lA
II.
Conjugate the following in the imperfect, active voice :

and Brfa-ft-fasH
III. Decline fully the following :

Ufa: and
1
IV. Translate the following into English after breaking
sandhis :
up
the
42
SANSKRIT MANUAL
wfal
(0 W ^ T ^
* ^STOTT: I (<)
fofOTfifRft&rf
SStf
I (V; SrsPJTTmtffa Effostftf
^T^fft t (,1) g^ft fo^ i (<n) ftn*^ ^ T fWfyr: i (w)

hO
ii^t
( l * ) HJ^
(n)
i^wt, ^ f ^
^
swt: TOT^ ^flrcgf&wwcn
35ft ^
sRiff
wrotsîqer i (vO gfiwfflorf
tfrforafcraj
fw^

(1) Through God's favour he resorted to devotion. (2) I was
always fond of jest. (3) Two boys took the rope in their hands.
(4) The girl adorned (her) body with jewels. (5) Owing to the
clouds and the dust cows did not eat grass. (6) Even for the
sake of (his) friends a honest man does not desist from virtue.
(7) Men think Raghu (to be) a hero. (8) At night a sky without
moon is like a lake without lotus. (9) By order of the teacher
we began the work. (10) He spoke thus and the people of the
town praised the power of the king. (11) You took the pigeons
in your hand. (12) .We two always disagree.
(13) You two
obtained happiness owing to (your) modesty. (14) Two friends
found a treasure and carried (it) home.
LESSON 10
MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS IN n
IMPERATIVE MOOD
( )
52. There are two types of masculine nouns in
agent-nouns
and nouns of relations. Their declension differs only in the
nominative and vocative dual and plural and in the accusative
singular and dual ; in which case the final % of agent-nouns
takes vrddhi ( S T T O while that of nouns of relations takes guija ( 8R ).
(i) Declension of
(leader) and of fqg (father) :
S.
Norn.
JfaT
Acc.
Instr.
D.
^fT
P.
S.
^cTOC:
Stwft
^cp^m
^gftr:
fiRTT
faero*
f^T
Dat.
D.
P.
faftft
M l
pT^T^
fagft:
Abl.
^WJIH
Gen,
Stft:
^TOL
fqg:
Loc.
^ft:
fqcfft
fq^T:
fqqg
iftnft
^T?;:
fq<R^
fqft^
fqft*:
Voc.
Sfe*
ftg:
ft^wn^L
(1)
(husband) and fH (grandson), although names of relations, are declined like
e.g. : accus., sing :
stHTm I
53. Feminine nouns in % are all nouns of relations. They are
declined like fqg except in the accusative plural which end
with 55:;
(sister), however, is decline like
except in the
accusative plural.
4
44
SANSKRIT MANUAL
Nominative and accusative of in? (mother) and ^

S.
Nom.
Acc.
IMT
P.
j
j SfTtf^ j ^Tc!^
P-
S.
(sister).
D.
I m^x|
p.
miv
mwi
mift
54.
All the visargas met with in the previous lessons stand in

tbe place of
final
Final ^ also
becomes visarga :
; m c T ^ ^ I So also in the adverbs
S^S 5 * 2 (again) and SRr^STO: (early).

Visarga standing for fmal ^ follows the
visarga-sandhi (see No. 27) with one exception.
general rules of
Visarga standing for final ^ even when preceded by e? or on and

followed by a vowel or a soft consonant is changed to I '*
e.g. : g*:
fan:
When visarga is changed to ^ and is followed by \

dropped and the preceding vowel, if short, is lengthened:
e.g.:
=
I
SfTcP
=
^TOftf I
55.
The Imperative mood (5t3) is used :

(1) to express a command or an advice
(2) to express a wish or a prayer
(3) to express a possibility or doubt
(4) with the negative m to express prohibition.
the first ^ is
MASCULINE A N D F E M I N I N E N O U N S I N
45
The formation of the base follows the rule given for the
present tense of the first, fourth, sixth and tenth conjugations
(see No. 34).
The final 3| of the base
beginning with 8?.
is
dropped
before
terminations
Terminations
S.
D.
P.
S.
D.
^T^t
1st pers.
-STTfa
-3TTO
2nd pers.
-cT
3rd pers.
56.
-fTT^
The Imperative of
S.
1st pers.
sfrsnfa
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
57.
sffag
(Par.) and of ^
D.
P.
aftelcr
gtHnq
^t^l^
St^RT
sft^T^
^ ^
P.
-f^TT^
^ ^
t ^
-SRIR
( Atm.)
S.
D.
P.
iftutI
IRTCT
JT^^
H^dl^
The ^ in onfir (1st pers. sing.) follow the rule given in No. 17 :
thus:
Bfffa=+snfa=^qrftri
46
EXERCISE 10
I.
Vocabulary
fcrai) m. donor
(sfelT) / .
lrf) m. doer
(^T) m. leader
afcp anger
daughter
/.mother
ifclfe (sffiT^T)/. sister-in
w. hearer
at*: greed
desire
m?? illusion
^
destruction
law
Sffag (afacTT) m. sun
/ sister
qrFHq; sin
conqueror OT chariot
JfHOm) m. grandson
* .
ft* (flWl) . father
SffiJ ( W l ) m. brother
ro
cause
ue
S
garden
^
,( + d a
tfxjxp:)
again
^ W g (^TRTcn) son-inlaw
* * ( W r f o ) to arise,
to be produced
^
^
to proceed
t )
early
morning
II. Decline fully the following :
and ^
^P^(^^rfd)
to break
III. Conjugate the following in the imperative mood, afctive voice:

S and f s q j
IV. Translate the following into English
sandhis :
(1)
(v)
^TStaTâi
iff^
breaking up the
JPFFg \
U)
^ftend g f r ^ R ^ p g 1
I
00
after
^m^rr
(V3>) |
3155 fûnr^m
wnrrat
sfcft
Sift
faa^
TOf?
TOÎ
(iv)
g w q ^ i
(*)
^rarcV
I
(I)
^ T
JT^rf f N f c I
mîm^nni
SmXgmtll
()
9Tci:
(1*0
TTT
47
MASCULINE A N D F E M I N I N E N O U N S IN ^
(10
f m mzi
Mtarc:, m n ^ f ^ r ^ *
^fcmrt i
(n)
SRT: ^ F T R ^ F U
(H)
fMfe^ I
cfr^T?
^TTÎI
V. Translate the following into Sanskrit:

(1) Out of anger (my) brother broke the jar. (2) May the
donors give wealth to the people of the village ! (3) Let him live
in the forest. (4) See the beauty of the garden. (5) You desire
happiness : desist from greed. (6) The man sat in the garden with
(his) two grandsons. (7) Hail to the poets ! (8) O sister, do not
abandon the house. (9) The hearers stood again in front of the
palace. (10) Through the destruction of the enemies the conqueror
has freed (released) the country. (11) May I always live among
(my) brothers! (12) Let the leader punish the rogues. (13) O
daughters, follow (your) mother up to the house. (14) May sin,
the cause of misery, perish ! (15) O heroes, fight with the enemies,
follow the leader and protect the country.
LESSON 10
FEMININE NOUNS IN
POTENTIAL MOOD (ftfirfav )
58. Feminine Nouns in 3; are declined on the same pattern as
(see No. 38) ; where ^ has
f and > feminine nouns in $
have
and q respectively. Besides, their nominative singular
takes visarga.
Declension of
Nom.
(young woman, bride) :

q^s
Acc.
Instr.
q^T
Dat.
qssfr
qsq:
qNft
^WfTH
q^fti:
q^w m
^
iwqi
Abl.
ersn:
qgvzTO
Gen.
qsqi:
qsfr:
Loc.
q^TH
q^t:
Voc.
era
59. Potential (or Optative) mood (
Ov
q^g
"W
(1) to express a wish or a request

(2) to express an adviee
(3) to express possibility or doubt
(4> to express probability or near future
(5) in conditional clauses.
used :
FEMININE N O U N S IN
49
The formation of the base follows the rules given for the
present tense of the first, fourth, sixth and tenth conjugations.
Since all the terminations of the Potential begin with f , the
combination of the final 3? of the base with that f will give ^
(cf. No. 31 : QT+f=tT) :
Terminations
S.
D.
P.
S.
D.
P.
1st pers.
-fq^
-fff
-f^T
-f^fe
-t*rf?
2nd pers
-f:
-f^
-fcT
-fTO
I^TOT^
-f*^
3rd pers.
-ffi
" t ^
"fg*
-s^ldUJL
t^L
60. The potential of ^ ( t o become) and of

1st pers.
qiftn
2nd pers.
3rd pers.
61.
search) :
^ ^
IT^fe
I^T^rf?
'FftTO
vft^
^cTT^
^cT
^l^ldiH,
Illustrations of the use of the Imperative and Potential

(1) Order, prohibition, advice :
}
Bring water.
I ferer in q^rq*Do not annoy the baby,
j TO Sctf
Man should always tell the truth.
I ^Rf
sfirar:You should not enter the house of the
wicked.
(2) Wish, prayer, request:
j fo&lk ftrerfa O that I may stay in my father's house !
1 1TRTC
-May the boys see their mother !
50
SANSKRIT MANUAL
(3) Possibility and doubt:

] fW wgThere may be poison.
I
sf
You might not receive the reward.
(4) Conditional clause :
Tf^ *TTc!T
If the mother does not come, the cjild
wilfdie.
62.
Imperative and Potential of the verb f:, to do.

Imperative
S.
1st pers.
2nd pers.
3rd pcrs.
63.
Potential
D.
P.
S.
D.
stfraTfar
^
f^frf
^ ^
Egftg
P.
f^TR
farf:
flfcfflL
f^fa
fsfam
'
The verb srcr, to be, (2nd conj.) is conjugated as follows :

Present
S.
D.
OT
srftr
S.
eraift
qfa
Imperative
D.
^hft
Imperfect
P.
S.
D.
P.
WTWi
em*
0HW
TO
aircfc
s n ^
a? T^
P.
S.
BT^TR-
Potential
Do
P.
^ ^
^T*
^HT
WTJ
TOTciH
TOTcf
wra
TOTcJR
FEMININE N O U N S IN 35
51
EXERCISE 11
I. Vocabulary
bride
if
army
b u t ; elf (^T^fe)
n ^ T once upon a
to beat
8*% (m.j sword
i star
. . .
,
^
maul-servant
(+ dat)
^ M )
to be fit for
(+dat)
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ t0 know
a m w hermitage
e&r; wicked person

-
%*r. mother- inlaw
eft*** medicine
field
fojT knowledge
II.
time
,
. .
( ^ K f ) to be angry
^ ^
g^T^book
^ ^ fear
^ ^
(^fcfgftr) to rise
( ^ f r ) to weigh
wr-ffcuanffcrfo) to order,
to command
( s ^ f c O to wake up
3 ( f e ^ ) to die ; arc
fafa)
to be
lruth
Decline fully :
III. Conjugate the following in the potential mood, active voice :

JCT,
, f and wr I
IV. Translate the following
sandhis :
(<0
into English after breaking up
(H)
fafa: ^rm I (v) ^ ^ T
ST^
îurf
font
qTf^r i
vnqqr^ i
stw ^
(0
u ) firm smwt
^TTTx^H I
^ ^
> M
(<0 arffcfo ^ w f ^ l w f ^ ^ f c n
^f
i (i
s ^ : ^rresnwroeSg: i ( n )
the
|
I
HÎ
(*) sfxF^g
p
(vo
^T
to
^sr
vh^KV
i
fori
52
cwî
hv)
f ^ g ftgtf^T WU
OTT^l,
I^TT
^ g ^ z f r sttoftt foftfo i ( i n ) m^f ^^t^ftr
(<iO 5TTCT: sr^t^r
E ^ : qg *
f^C
^ T f t 5.-TO ^ r wki 1

(1) On the order of the king the army may set out for the
village. (2) If you were to rise early, you would roam along the
river's bank. (3) People should know the modesty of the sages.
(4) Wait a moment: I just put down (my) book and come.
(5) Maid-servants should follow the bride up to the house of
(her) mother-in-law. (6) If you long for knowledge, you should
dwell in a hermitage with (your) teacher. (7) You tremble out of
fear of G o d ; you should worship God out of devotion. (8) Men
live and die, kings conquer and perish ; truth alone does not die.
(9) Like a star in the sky, like a lotus in the lake, like a flower on
a creeper, the sage should live in the world for the happiness of
men. (10) Do not be angry with (your) friend ; anger could only
be the cause of sin.
LESSON 10
NEUTER NOUNS IN
* AND ^
AGREEMENT OF THE ADJECTIVE
64.
The neater nouns in

pattern.
3 and % are all declined on the same
Declension of mf^ (water),
JTJJ
(honey) and of sng (dispenser) :
Nom.
mft
qrftoft
sroftfar
*ra*ft
Acc.
enfir mftrft
^ftfa
qqft
hwtr. ^ T ^ ^ T T t W l ^Tftftr: ^ T
Hat.
m f v ^ i snfoar:
Abl.
q n f t w i q i f ^ n ^ qifoafs
Gen.
cnfi[ur:îft:
Loc.
qTftfw^TTfHt: m f c *
Voc. j ^
ivffi
W^ft
WgW^
^ ^
^wro*
^ f t
tf^fTt:
Wft
VTfpi: îg^ft:
P^Tcpn
The declensions seen so far can be classified as follows :
(1)
Nouns ending
in ar & 3TT
Mas. : f j j :
Fem. :
Neut.: s r ^
Nouns ending
in f
Mas. : gftf:
Feim. r
Neut. : ^Tft
^fur^Tg^ft:
65.
(2)
^ W l
WgV Wgftt
mftfe
(3)
TOftr
Nouns ending
in 3
Mas. : f ^ g :
Fern. :
Neut. :
54
(4)
Nouns ending
in ^
Masc.: ^
Fem. :
Neut. : sng
(5)
Nouns ending
in |
(6)
Fem. :
Nouns ending
in &
Fem. : snj:
66.
Tbe adjective, whether it be usued as an epithet or as a

predicate, agrees with the noun it qualifies in gender,
ntiraber and case.
(1) Most or the adjcctives ending in 8? form their feminine in e?T
and their neuter in
I
Thus :
(dear) will be declined in the masculine as

f^R*
in the feminine as 553TfsRTT
in the neuter as
-faqi^
Examples:
qualifying the following: 3T&: (instr. plur.
masc.),
(instr. fem. sing.), errftfur (loc. sing, neut.) will take
the form :
fiWi
I fsmT ^f^TT I M STftfor I
(2) Adjectives ending in f[ are declined as follows :

in the masculine, like gfa:, e.g. :
(pure)
in the feminine, like trffo e.g. :
in the neuter, like gift, e.g. : fjftf
In the neuter, however, adjectives ending in % can be declined
like the masculine, except in the nom., acc. vocative.
Examples: f j f a (pure) qualifying the following:
(gen.
dual masc,), j r j (dat. sing, fem.), ^ T ^ (abl. sing, neut.) will take
the form :
NEUTER N O U N S IN
AND %
55
(3) Adjectives ending in 3 are declined as follows :

in the masculine, lik ftrep, e.g.:
(sweet)
in the feminine, like ijrg:, e.g.: 335:
In the feminine, however, adjective in 3 denoting a quality
have an optional form in f (ê.g. :
OT-sssfV)
declined like
in the neuter, like
e.g. :
In the neuter however, adjectives ending in s can be declined
like the masculine, except in the nom,, acc. and voc.
Examples:
(soft.) qualifying the following. 55% (voc. sing,
masc.), *fl<j: (gen. sing, fem.) a^^T (instr. sing, neut.) will take the
form ;
^ t
or
or ^ n :
*JTg: I
(4) Adjcctive ending in % are declined as follows :

in th^ masculine, like ^cTT, e.g. : ^ffiT (generous)
in the feminine, they have a form in | declined like iflfr,
e.g. : sisfr
in the neuter, like
e.g. : îg
In the neuter, however, adjectives ending in % can be declined
like the masculine, except in the nom. acc. and voc.
Examples:
plur, masc.)
the form:
(generous) qualifying'the following : g^vq: (dat.

(loc. plur. fem.), ft^ (npm. dual neut.) will take
56
EXERCISE 12
I.
Vocabulary
snfi; water
-
**WatCr
Adjectives forming their feminine in on and their

neuter in sfn
v m blind
^
favourable,
small> m e a n
,
clear
generous ^ l a m e
<frrfat
one-eyed
sharp, acute
^ dead
* * knee
^ thing
TO wood
^
skilful
ârtificial
* n r wretched
oney
tear
Adjectives in
lovely
mftT fragrant
heavy
Pure
much, many
S ft
STO virtuous
reg
Sfigatory
the
generous
^
q ^ f a ^ ) to salute
^
doer
victorious
fa-q^(faq^)
^
sweet
II. Translate
sandhis :
into misfortune
to
proper
going
following into English
to abuse
T ^ W f t ) to go, to
obtain
to fall
eloquent
ft)
(0
^ old
^ T f ^ sick
killed
p e w
QTT^T swift
smelling
gsn
*et
3 a/irf ^
girfa* sweet-
dimcult t0
after breaking up the
(v)
^T^pg i
I WT:
1 fh^J I
i^fafcqfal
5AH i ^ n r
(*)
qprf %5nwrnrrfbr n f c r i
efTO5n#T s f a : STTRT^TR^ 1
(\)
(11) s t f t r s m ^ r e f t ^rgvqt ^ r o m a ^ i
(*)
(<)o) grsft
(i^) ^rrcfr 55^:
NEUTER N O U N S IN
AND
f g m f t ^rsn^ fnjfar i
^r^
f^TTfa ^ f f w f^f
( i O er^ftînf^T
fq^g 1 ( u ) ^ r
57
is
I hH) ^
to
fa^Tfa
^rf^cT I
i h^)
STHT^T w r a gsiftr
gsro
gfcr 1
III. Make the following adjectives agree with the following nouns :
with
gfa
with
with
q w i t h
iftq,
<0
itfftq,
V3
^TT,
f S ^
îfai:,
^f^TT,
gifri,
ft^Pk
ifûft^
^^TT^
IV. Translate the followtng into Sanskrit:

(1) O Lord, be favourable ! (2) A skilful leader obtains many
things. (3) The one-eyed servant burnt the heap of soft wood.
(4) A pure mind is like a fragrant flower. (5) Let the eloquent
queen lead the heroes. (6) Hail to the victorious king ! (7) You
insult the wretched blind men, but you do not blame the wicked
man. (8) Persons of the village carried the bodies of the dead
heroes to the bank of the river. (9) In the lovely garden many
creepers and many trees scatter (their) fragrant flowers on the soft
ground. (10) Let the victorious hero pierce the enemy with (his)
sharp sword. (11) Sick and wretched, the travellers
stood
near the well. (12) In (his) new book the teacher has summarized
many things.
LESSON
10
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
PASSIVE VOICE
67. Personal Pronouns
So far, the personal pronouns in the nominative have been left
unexpressed : I saluteWlfa. Their declension is now given. In
the first and second person, the personal pronouns show no
difference of gender. The personal pronoun bf the third person is
replaced by a demonstrative pronoun and is declined in the three
genders (he, she, it).
1st person :
S.
D.
Nom.
P.
BTT^T^
(m;
Abi.
(**)
'
loc.
gfT^
T)
(TOL)
^ T
(it)
m^
iw
Gen
aromc
Instr.
2nd person : gsj^

D.
P.
Acc.
at
S.
(5ft)
(*)
^TcTTV^
(3)
c ^
en^tfts
(ft) | ( y )
as
(3)
gwts
(TOL)
anwls
c#r
g^tft:
BiOTi
The optional forms in,

ft,
^r,
(1) at the beginning of a sentence ;
ejjij,
gûre^
(:)
should not be used
(2) in connection with ^ (and), qj (or) and irq (just, indeed).
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPASSIVE VOICE
3rd person : ^
(that)
M.
S.
g:
Acc.
cW;
Instr.
F.
D.
Nom.
cmann
P.
&
S.
D.
S.
D.
m:
cT^
ciT^
^T:
^T
^TÎTH
STfa:
^fWTH
mWTH
Abl.
aw^
cn^TOL
aWT*
Loc.
P.
^Tf
^qT^
N.
Dat.
Gen.
59
OTts
P.
Like
m^P
the
masculine
^H2
( 0 iJcffiL (this) is declined like cf^: Masc.Tjq:, i^ft,

etc.
e t c
F e m .
Neut.qcITfa I
(2) ^ and
can also be used as demonstrative adjectives:
they, then, follow the rules of the agreement of the adjective (see
No. 66).
Examples : I saw these horsesT^lFTClFraÔT I
He fell into that riverCRJUTRRU
I am angry with those two friends^fl^rf firsfpatf
1
(3)
and qq: follow a special sandhi rule :
G: and IT^: drop their visarga before any consonant and before any
vowel except e?. Before 8?, they become s t and qqt while the following 8?
is elided:
] 60
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
68. The Passive Voice (s^far WtÔ

(1) The passive voice is formed from the yerbal root and not
from the verbal base (see No. 6), except for the verbs of the tenth
conjugation which keep their strengthened radical vowel while losing
the conjugational sign
T h u s : the passive voice of
if formed immediately from
,
and not from
and w . That
of
formed from ^ c ^ a n d not from
(2) q is added to the root.
That
becomes qT before terminations beginning with
That
q becomes
e? or n
before terminations beginning with
(3) The terminations of the passive voice are

atmanepada terminations (see Nos. 40, 48, 55 & 59) :
e.g. :
always
the
are led.
let it be burnt.
(4) A final short 5 or 3 is lengthened, farsftqTwt we two are

conquered ; sO r CV, \ it was heard.
C5) The roots ^T, sit, *TT> *i> ?T> <TT>TOTchange their final vowel
into f;
it is given ; q1iftifa it should be sung.
(6) Final after a single consonant becomes ft g
taken away ; after a compound consonants, it becomes 3ft .
am
them both be remembered.

(7) Final
is changed to
be spread ; but final ^ is changed t o ^ ^ a f t e r a labial:
?
# S i q H e t it be filled.
should
PERSONAL PRONOUNSPASSIVE VOICE
EXERCISE
61
13
I. Vocabulary
I
^
thou
duty
^wealth
. .
t h a t
vfi&m.
?
Dea
name
(+gc.)
which of
the
two
W
nt^Gopala
f ^ ( f ^ )
^
violently
RSSfrc*
to feel affection ftTCTOf innocent
sweeper
(-floe.) S-ffor (sf^rfct)
^ ! S n m a t i
^
chariot
thief
II.
"
ht
tion ^ b e w i l d e r e d
tr^this
arrow
V
si
sa,va
'
faRLwhat
e^: killing
i^Tfic^: courtier
to serve
to see
Conjugate
in the present tense passive :
and ^T
in the imperfect tense passive :
and
in the imperative passive : sfa, effa-feroand

in the potential passive :
and
III. Translate the following into English :

^Sîcti
fa
^fr
ft^TO^t
w r f * ^
f^tsvr^l
s ^ m O T ^ T O - "^r^R
WFff J J R f c f t f a ^ < n f w W ^ l
snfrwro^ 1 ^ T
TOT
1"
mm
] 62
I fa S i R R F i ^
feg TO ^MldL ^ T TOt ^Trf^T I
5TT T^nftf W M f t l ' d ^ I

IV. Translate
pronouns):
the
S ^TT^
following into
Sanskrit
s&cTCt
^Tg^L I
(use
the
personal
(1) I lead. (2) We two are led. (3) We go. (4) Thou art
remembered.
(5) You two run. (6) You are abandoned.
(7) He
plays. (8) She is protected. (9) It is burned. (10) They two (m.)
move. (11) They ( / . ) are conquered. (12) They (w.) are cooked.
(13) I dug. (14) We two were nourished. (15) We danced. (16) Thou
wert blamed. (17) You two perished. (18) You were taken away.
(19) He blew. (23) She was seen. (21) It was quiet. (22) The two
( / ) were struck. (23) They (/?.) were created. (24) Let me plough.
(25) Let both of us be released. (26) Let us touch. (27) Do thou enter.
(28) Let both trees be sprinkled. (29) Do you throw the arrows ?
(30) Let him be punished. (31) Let her go. (32) Let it be told.
(33) Let them (m.) both wash. (34) Let them (/.) be counted. (35) I
should not steal. (36) It should not be stolen. (37) They (m.) should
not oppress them (/.). (38) They (/.) should not be oppressed by
them (m.). (39) It should be brought. (40) You two should be
followed. (41) Flowers should be scattered. (42) You two (/.) should
not disagree. (43) It should be done.
LESSON 14
^ AND
PASSIVE VOICE (cont.)
69
this
M.
S.
F.
D.
P.
S.
Nom WTOL
D,
&
N.
P.
P7T:
S.
^
I'lStr.
fmft
8H^m
envqm
Abl. W R
P.
Acc.
rat.
D.
onv^nn
Like
trvq:
ef^f:
8TW
WR
simTH
Gen. QT^T
awft:
Loc.
awfc
b^T:
tpr^ft:
IpRft:
sng
the
masculine
] 64
SANSKRIT MANUAL
70.
that
M.
S.
Nom
F.
D.
BTtft
Acc.
Wl
Instr. er^pi
P.
S.
Sflft
QT^fV
QflJR
N.
D.
P.
P.
SJijfiT
8^? QT^j
Wftfa: B?gqr
WJT^
Dat.
fir:
;wftep
8?g*r
Q^Jr
j
Abl. erg-
wp
BflJ:
Gen.
hoc.
S. D.
8^-
8?^-
Like
the
masculine
stffoT^ 8Tgtqi: 8?*pft:

erg-
argzft:
omta
btS^th
Brg^ft:
farce,
(1)
and 8 ? ^ can also be used as demonstrative adjectives:
they, then, follows the rules of the agreement of the adjective (see
No. 66).
Examples : These kings c o n q u e r i j q T SRifccT I
The boy is led by that womansrgzn ifprf
iffos: I
Those fruits please m e q i s s r f a TO ft^ I
T H E DEMONSTRATIVE P R O N O U N S
AND 8J3RT
65
(2) wft (nom. pi. masc. of

follows a special sanditi rule:
The final | of ajjft never combines with following vowels :
w f t mi-1
wrt
71. Change of Voice

(1) In the change from the active to the passive voice :
the nominative of the active voice becomes an instrumental;
the accusative of jthe active voice becomes a nominative ;
the verb changes from active to passive and agrees in person
and number with its subject. The tense or mood of the
active voice must be preserved.
Example : Active voice
Passive voice
Nom : The king

^rq: <-- Instr. : By the king
Verb : conquered QJ^RT^ <> Verb : were conquered
Acc. : the enemies
< Nom : the enemies
gfrr
BT^ftzRT
(2) In the change from the passive to the active voice :

the instrumental (agent) of passive voice becomes
nominative.
the nominative of the passive voice becomes an accusative,

the verb changes from passive to active, and agrees in
person and number with its new subject. The tense
or mood of the passive voice must be preserved.
Example : Passive voice
Active voice
Instr. (agent) : By you two gfT^TJ^ <> Nom : you two

gsrT^
Nom.: the well
egq: < Acc. : the well
Verb : should be protected
qfifa <> Verb: should protcct
g ^ W f t f t V&RI I
i
]6 6
(3)
Irregular formation of the passive voice :

^
(to bite)
(to speak)
(to fall)
ywfo
^
(to speak)
(to break)
^PT ( t o sow)
(to take)
^
TO^
(to dwell)
(to ask)
^
(to carry)
(to pierce)
ft^
TOT
(to praise)
(to worship)
s p ^ (to bind)
(to command)
ftf^
|
(to call)
(to lie down)
^
(to sleep)
^
^ft
(4)
&&
gt^
gn^
gg^
^ ^
gj^
go^
The imperfect passive follows the rule given in No. 47 :

+ I^RT = ^ r a
EXERCISE
I.
Vocabulary
this
that
9TT-TO ( STFTtSfa )
to come
FIR-m ( f^Rfct )
to forget
(
^ to play
^
to break
\
.
315 to sieze
^
.o order
to speak
to bind
)
to shine
14
are*? inferior
SfT^rT hope
orf^TR last
. ,
^ ^ boundless
^TRT^: preceptor
w % messenger
<
^ J T daughter
snaKe
^
tt .
f K: Han
Rama
TOTSita
( a d J ) light
( *Tcrf ) husband
OTT
st0f
^
^ ^
^ ^
y
tongue
shame
therefore
..
.
BTîT otherwise
^ " ^ i . s . , ,
\
/
so, thus
for a long time

qjuftH silently
T H E DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
AND
8J3RT
67
II. Translate the following into English and change the voice :
(1) WW jpf ?! s^Tfa fforcftn (M
U ) Wis tffaf ^ S ^ q ^ l
(v)
(0
;gWM*kUH>
3RTCT
m ^ l
^Tfti
^qf f f t W R U
Start
(M ÎWT
Tiqif c^t fa^fa I

ffwftrfH g t f ^ g i h
rf WiRTI
i U)
a * *rt
jftWTfiR^ I (<>) TO ^^TTfa
( v o f*rt
i t f M ^ H I I W) îTRf
(it) I
III. Translate the following into Sanskrit:

(1) That boundless ocean was seen by many heroes. (2) Two
trees were broken by the wind. (3) Let the thief be seized!
(4) I am ordered by the preceptor. (5) Two cows were bound with
a rope. (6) Enough with shame ! (7) Let your tongue move and
let your eyes shine. (8) Our father was given a rare (
) book
( = a rare book was given to our father). (9) The work should
be begun now. (10) If truth be not spoken you will be punished
(potential). (11) They two may be blamed for their conduct.
(12) For a long time the sage stood silently before the dead body
of his son. (13) Let the wretched girls be brought to the house ;
otherwise they might die (14) You two should never forget your
generous mother. (15) Thou art called by thy father.
] 68
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
RECAPITULATION
I.
Vocabulary
TOB^ weapon
ifeqftp / . fame
^
... ,
ridicule
omi
fefo
^
old age
wheel
first
second
* for, indeed
poor
5KT
^
as,OTTso
one
asleep
WQ always
peiform,
,
. ... J
to establish
WW with
" (+instr.)
f ^ T in
to
bestow
^
<SNTOI%)
to make black
.
a
to
day-time
/ . motion
q ^ wholesome
at night
SVKW human
healthy
cffort
hot
effort
* T cool, cold
par black
W5 yesterday
*
tomorrow
^cf white
^
m
8?Sfn[: charcoal
blue
^ffo green
(ftiwO to
learn
, n r^
griCVe
SSST suddenly
Sconce
T (1WRI) to
at once
re(i
yellow
endure
to
increase
%qr
to
^
tremble
(gaqfa) to
"
wallow
* slowly
,
fl
SR:
sftfti:/ affection ^
song
ftnj
fTT in vain
I r i t a : desire
deer
. .
^rArjuna
S^^friendship
secfet
succeed
to
Slng
s ^ f a sometimes
to feed,
to support
AND
8J3RT
69
II. Decline the following :

in the singular ; g f e oTOT in
the dual; g
in the plural; Qf^T^ in the singular ;
in the plural;
in the feminine dual;
in the masculine
plural.
III. Conjugate the following :
in the imperfect active ;
in
the imperative passive snr-q^ in the potential active ; S^sjT
in the imperative active.
IV. Frame sentences containing the following words :
m* 1
V. Translate into English the following verses taken from
Hitopadesa :
%t m m
I f^T
fTOF? fC^t ffefalffcaRt m

^TT
(|=two)
\\
( ^ )
* to i r f e f t q j
p w r t w fer ^ *
SSlfo f? f ^ j f c ?
* f5
( ^ )
WtCT I
a f r o ^ T g l w : II
qsaf
\\
(\)
( v )
ot e ^ r sfH^r snfq *
W r ^ f t r ^ i ^ r : stfta:
toiji
c 'a )
f^T,
the
LESSON 15
NOUNS ENDING IN CONSONANTS
72. General Principles of Consonant-Sandhi
(1) No Sanskrit word can end with more than one consonant. A
final compound consonant must be reduced to its first member, e.g. : iftÊf
becomes
(2) Exception is made for a final double consonant the first member
of which is ^ and the second, a consonant which is not a termination
e.g.:
which according to (3) will become
I
(3) A Sanskrit word (i.e. a verb with its terminations or a nominal
stem with ks case-ending) can end only with one of the eight following
consonants:
,2 ,
q,
or visarga. All other final consonants
must be reduced to one of these eight:
and palatals are reduced to ^ or
e.g.: ^re becomes
99T5T becomes 5RT2 I
Cerebral are reduced to
e g . : STTf^becomes STf?
Dentals are reduced to
e.g. : g g ^ becomes
Labials are reduced q , e.g. :
becomes
^ and ^ are reduced to visarga, e.g.:
becomes
ftRTC^
becomes focP'i
(4) A final hard consonant becomes soft before a vowel or a soft
consonant, e.g. : ^qr^
5 ^WK
îfo 1
(5) This rule does not apply to the final hard consonant of a
verbal base or a nominal stem followed by a termination or a case-ending
beginning with a vowel or a semi-vowel, e.g.:
I
It does apply, however, when the final consonant of a verbal base
or of a nominal stem is followed by a termination beginning with a soft
consonant (except a semi-vowel), e.g.:
I
N O U N S ENDING I N CONSONANTS
71
(6) A soft consonant becomes hard before a hard consonant, e.g. :

+ g =
I
+ <Tcrfa = UdcMdfa I
(7) This rule does not apply to the final soft aspirate of a verbal root
followed by a termination beginning with ôrq,
In that case, the final
consonant of the root loses its aspiration, and the ^ or q of the termination
is changed to
e.g. : a * + cl =
I
73. Division of nouns ending in consonants
Nouns ending in consonants are divided into three classes :
(1) Nouns which keep the same stem throughout their declension.
(2) Nouns which have two stems, one strong and one weak.
(3) Nouns which have three stems, one strong, one middle and
one weak.
74. Case-endings
Masculine and feminine nouns have the same case-endings.
nouns differ only in the nominative, accusative, and vocative.
S.
M. & F.
D.
P.
S.
N.
D.
Nom.
tf
-3ft
-m^
-f
Acc.
-wr^
-oft
-STCT^
-t
Instr.
-8fT
-van*
-fa:
P.
Like the
1
Dat.
-TJ
-vq :
Abl.
-8TO
Gen.
Loc.
-3TCT
-f
-ef^T
-aft^
-BfPT
-g
Voc.
-aft
-ere
masculine
and4 ^feminine
Neuter
] 72
SANSKRIT MANUAL
75. Nouns with one stem

(1) The final consonant of the stem remains unchanged before
case-endings beginning with vowels [see No. 72(5) ].
(2) The final consonant of the stem follows the rules of
consonant-sandhi before case-endings beginning with a consonant.
(3) Neuter nouns in the nom., acc. and voc. plural insert a nasal
before the case-ending % of the nom., accus. and voc. plural.
76. Declension of J j ^ m . (wind) and q r ^ / . (rpeech):
S.
D.
P.
S.
Nom.
D.
P.
qrr^h"
ACC.
Instr.
fT^n^T
Dat.
JT^TR
Ab.
JT^qn^L
Gen.
Tt^fi
Loc.
mfa
Voc.
Wl^
Declension of
Nom., Acc.,:
The rest like
mvi
irH*
IVZX
^TTOfR
^T f w
3FWT:
q m ^
qprvq:
qpft
5IR:
îf^
TOj^
(world) :
N O U N S ENDING IN CONSONANTS
EXERCISE
I.
73
15
Vocabulary
m
garland
cloud
^
) / hymn
( c ^ ) / . skin
ST* C
) / speech
S*
/ . grief
m.
wind
( s f a D / . fuel
5ni1 (
^ ^ m , king
season
f q g ^ / . lightning
direction
gfeg*/. lightning
8 ^ ( 3 ? ^ ) n. blood
g f ^ / . Aver
VWRL ( TOfP > m -
f f q s t ( tfWL) m W^
merchant
(5PO
friend
m0
Q
* * c r e a t o r
w< p l a D t
f ^ j f i m ) m. doctor snq^ (ejrq^) / . adversity ^

(
) / rainy
) m.
P n e S t
flu*)
/ danger
^ ( ^ { - - a l t h
^
^
^ ^ ""
^
( % ! )
m.
q f ^ {qfwO
/.
emperor
assembly ^ ^
qft^rsr ( qftms ) m.
^
(
autumn
SRW ITOO
mendicant
( g q j / . hunger
W S (WO
Wat
".'Jk
breast
m i n d
mind
fame
age
II. Join the Sandhis in the following :

aftraL arrcft^ i
5Tff2 B H ^ f o I
III.
si:
i ^ ^
SfTcTW I
Decline the following :
gqft[ m W l S ^ W J
fey^
and
I f ^
^Tf? 1 W
^ ^
] 74
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
IV. Translate the following into English after breaking up the

sandhis :
O)
(v)
a w i (*)
fai^^gSSTCR*
^rrarre^dwi w
^Knft
ftreft^gîftewu
WRJiqj ( )
sr^rcrfcri
o s ) IF!
ftwrfhi
^ f a r (flow) i ( o ^stfe-
<ftcuft ^ *TTft sfcr i
) 35HT ^TT ^ r r a f ^ n f ^ ^ x T i
5KT
I (\) uit
^
WT
i ^ T O t g-.^snfa m&i i
sirai* m
(i;
^ f r fe ^mTf^fcf i n x )
w f t gfa: S W r a p U
fsnfa: i
i
g ^
(<1 v) STc^
n*) wr^f
am

(1) The thieves were seized by the husband. (2) The lightning
plays among the black clouds. (3) We dived into the cool water
of the river. (4) The leaves are taken away by the wind. (5) You
two go at once to the forest, for your brother is there and calls you.
(6) In day-time you do not work ; at night you sit down in the
garden and sing. (7) The king rose suddenly and departed from
the palace. (8) Why
should you grieve ? (9) Friends sit
around you, brothers and sisters are full of affection for you.
(10) Should you be abused by that rogue, remain silent: charcoal
blackens the hand only if it is touched. (11) O friend, you cane
once only to our house and you were never seen again. (12) Sick
and wretched, the king's messenger was bound and led to the forest.
LESSON 16
NOUNS WITH ONE STEM (cont.)
77. The main varieties of nouns with one stem are :
(1) Nouns with stem ending in palatals
Final \ is changed to ^ in the nom. sing, and loc. plural
to
before s^TO, fa: and
Final sMs changed to
loc. plur.
and, at times, to 3Mn the nom. sing, and
to Tând, at times, to ^ before

and v?:
fa.
Final ?ffis changed to

or ^ in the nom. sing, and loc. plur.
to ^ or ^ before vqu?, fa: and w
Nom. sing.
(speech)
(merchant)
ffa m. (settler)
Loc. plur.
qi^T
^Tfor:
qfarsfT
srfafnr:
SOT5TT
SSrefa:
ftpB
%TT
f^ffa:
f^g
fop
fen
ffefa:
f^g
qfasF
tRT^m. (emperor)
/ . (direction)
Instr. sifig. Instr. plur.
erfag
(2) Nouns with stem ending in cerebrals

Final cms changed to aîn the nom. sing, and loc. plur.
to s before vqm, fa: and vq:
Nom. sing.
5TT(monsoon)
6
SITf^
Instr. sing. Instr. plur.
SHI^T
STT^fa:
Loc. plur.
STFl^S 1
] 76
(3) Nouns with stem ending in dentals

A final dental except ^ is changed to
in the nom. sing,
and loc. plur.
to \ before v q m , fa: and sap
Nom. sing.
flffo/.
(river)
sf^
sfctt
trftf^;:
s f ^ / n . (plant)
sf^l
sf^l
sfsfs?
g f t r * / . (fuel)
sfiraL
aftreT
efirf^:
Loc. plur.
sfcg
(4) Nouns with stem ending in labials

A final labial is changed to q in the nom. sing, and loc. plur.
to ^ b e f o r e v^niT, fa: and
Nom. sing.
Loc. plur.
(region)
(5) Nouns with stem ending in ^
Final * is changed to visarga in the nom. sing.
A short vowel preceding ^ is lengthened in the nom. sing, and
before
, -fa: -wp and -g
Nom. sing.
fa*/.
(door)
gt:
gTU
gift:
(voice)
ift:
fau
*ftfa:
Loc. piur.
5r<|
(6) Nouns with stem ending in 3

Final
xqi and g.
becomes visarga in the nom. sing, and before

That visafga follows the sandhi rules (see No. 27).
fa:,
Final ^ r e m a i n s before case-ending beginning with vowels, being

changed to âccording to the rule given in No. 45.
N O U N S WITH O N E STEM
(COTtt.)
77
The masculine and feminine nous in o ^ lengthen the ef in the

nom. sing.
The fftufer nouns in s t e ,
a/w/
lengthen the 3?, f and 3 and
insert a nasal ( anusvara ) in the nom. acci/a-. tfm/ vac. plural.
Nom. sing Nom. plur.
W. ( g o o d )
OT^/.
gffTO:
(dawn)
OTT:
*R:g
*TCftfa:
^fatf(oblation)
^cfffa
s n g a w. ( l i f e )
(7)
*F?tfa:
3*itfa:
(fame)
Final
Instr. plur. Loc. plur.
^fafa:
ang:
BfTjq
Nouns with stem ending in

becomes ^ in the nom. sing, and loc. plur.
becomes before v ^ , fa: and
In nouns ending with faf^, final becomes 2 and ^

In
final
becomes ^T and ^
Nom. sing
q g f e f ^ m . (bee)
m O T f ^ f a :
OTCTt,/- (shoe)
TO^/I
(cow)
Loc. plur.
Wfeg-
OTTirffc:
OTFTO
The appearance of ** instead of ^ in

following sandhi:
is explained by the
Rule : When
ând
lose their aspiration owing to combination with following consonants, the preceding consonant becomes aspirate,
if possible.
] 78
SANSKRIT MANUAL
EXERCISE
I.
Vocabulary
( f f e ) m - Vai&ya
(
) / . direction
" V 7 door
aJV
n. glare,
energy
fa^
( f ^ O n. head
(OTO n. penance
TO (TO) n. residence
/ . voice
(wfrfip)
fsiq dear
light
(g^TO w.
town
3 1 W f( /
"
learned
man
dawn
yoke
(3qT0 /
enemy
cW^(cW)
n. darkness
m
8ng^(ng0
life ffcm standing
bow ftnw worthless,
^ ^
^ e ye
without quality
( s g f t e ) m. S t ^ being, vigour
"
" ^bee
W compassion
<ffc) 11. oblation
II.
16
shoe
f ^
to happen, to be
to
^ ^
withdraw
(wrfp)
wish-yielding cow
Decline the following,
the singular ; g ^ i n the dual;

in the plural ; g q ^ in
the singular ;
in the dual ;
in the plural.
in. Translate the following into English :
(i> ^ r
U)
W
mn
^RR g^for \ (V) ifiw ^sxw
qftR gjf*
fetfNt
I (*)
3ft g w s s^t f q ^ 1 (%)
555 nit
ss
(M fira c i ^ e T w
W f a WT * ft^ I O v )
I
^
==r nfq^Tq 1 H
w w r t q^Tfa 1 (*)
qte^ 1 ( M
(<n) fgtf ^ TOFSTT TO^fa^ I

sqa^fl
wtftw11
q ^ f c r SRT: I
sTCROT^fa
f*RT
siTte&T: I (<)
^fa I
g^W
^qT:
N O U N S WITH O N E STEM
W fa^ ftafcT i
faefa:
( )
3?jqf^
(XX) 3?*5 qT^T
79
fgJTTilf ^SR SE* i (*K)
(X) qffar^ q n n ^ 5TRt
(COflt.)
sftTOWl
I (XI) s q i f a ^
I O v)
VD
(n)
faqSTT^facT
I (X*) | SWt g^T qfef Ufa ^ t
I
I

(1) In autumn the fruits fall from the trees. (2) Around
the fire the priests were standing and singing hymns. (3) May
your head be adorned with flowers, your arms with a bow, your
mind with compassion, your life with happiness! (4) In the
assembly, the poets proclaimed the fame of the emperor. (5) Upon
her breast the blood of the child killed by the enemy vas seen.
(6) O worthless servant, you have forgotten your master. (7) May
I stand by you, O mother, in danger and adversity ! (8) Due to
anger, light shone in his eyes, his bow fell from his hands and his
mouth quivered. (9) The sage should practise ( ? ) penance for a
long time, restrain his speech and guard his mind from sin.
(10) Pigeons fly in the direction of the wind. (11) The learned
man standing at the door was attracted by the voices of the children.
LESSON 10
PASSIVE IMPERSONAL ( qft jiÎT: )
NOUNS WITH TWO STEMS
78. In Sanskrit, not only transitive verbs, but intransitive verbs also,
can be conjugated in the passive voice. Thus, the sentence:
"The horse runs" can be turned into a passive which means :
"Running is being done by the horse" or "the action of running is
done by the horse". That is what is called Passive impersonal.
The verb is always in the 3rd pers. sing. pass.
(1) In the change from the active to the passive impersonal:
the nominative of the active voice becomes an instrumental ;
the verb changes from active to the
3rd pers. sing,
passive. The tense or mood of the active voice should be
preserved.
Example : Active voice
Passive impersonal
Nom. : effa: the rivers <--> Instr. : sftfg: (by the rivers)
Verb : qgfar
flow
* Verb :
(flowing is being
<
flfafr
I
done) g f t f ^ s j ^ l
(2) In the change from the passive impersonal to the active
voice: the instrumental of the passive impersonal becomes
a nominative ; the verb changes from passive to active and
agrees in person and number with its new subject. The tense
or mood of the passive should be preserved.
Example : Passive impersonal
Instr. : tpqrfa: (by you)
Verb : ft (it should be spoken)
g^nftr^HT 1
Active voice
Nom.:
you
Verb :
f should speak
qjr ^fen
79. Nouns with two stems

The main varieties of nouns (and adjectives) with two stems are :
(1) nouns and adjectives with stem ending in QiRj. They comprise :
(a) nouns and adjectives formed with the suffix
( irgq* )
and ^ ( q g q j i
PASSIVE IMPERSONAL (
5J2FT*T: )
81
(b) present participles active (parasmaipada) in

(5F5)
(c) perfect participles active ( ^Rq^) in ^
(d) adjectives of quantity: fteraL,
(2) nouns and adjectives with stems ending in
They are
formed with the suffixes
, f q ^ , and fti^ 1
(3) comparative in
\
80. The nouns and adjectives with two stems are declined in the
masculine and neuter only. The feminine is formed independently
(sec
LESSON
23).
The two stems are used as follows :

in the masculine, the strong stem is used in the nom. sing.,
dual and plural,
in the accus. sing, and dual,
in the voc. sing., dual and plural,
in the neuter, the strong stem is used in the nom.f accus. and voc.
plural. The weak stem is used in all other cases.
81. The case-endings are those given in No. 74. They are shown
again here below with the indication of those before wh;ch the
strong stem is used.
M.
N.
S.
D.
P.
S.
D.
P.
Nom.
Acc.
Instr.
-err
Dat.
-IT
-aft
-f
-3ft
-f
-fa:
-VQR^
-5
Lite
-VAN
Abl.
the
Gen.
-3RT
-eft:
Loc.
-aft:
Voc.
-aft
-3TT*T
-are
masculine
-f
] 82
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
82. Nouns and adjectives formed with the s u f f i x e s ( jjgq ) and

The strong stem ends in
the weak stem ends in 9?<i
The nom. sing. masc. lengthens the e? into a?T

sfor^ (talented)strong stem; sfaffiL; weak stem:
M.
S.
Nom.
sfttTRC
Acc.
$ftRin
Instr.
yftqm
D.
Gen
P.
S.
D.
I
sfopaV
P.
s/tacft I
vtmi
^jff^:
Dat.
Abl.
N.
sftosw?:
Llke
sffrRi:
the
^ m j
Loc.
sfarfa
sffofr:
Voc.
sforeft
masculine
sfong
^
sfarftr
PASSIVE IMPERSONAL ( *n% Sflffi: )

EXERCISE
I.
17
Vocabulary
snfarg. long-lived
( f ^ T R , ) m.
Himalaya
Str0ng
^
to
fofa: diversion,
pastime
time
c ^ dissipation,
need
JTf^L Prudent
t a l e n t e d
tfTJT^ rich
t0
Jj^: fool
.
TOT sleep
quarrel
wraL wealthy
turn
avoid
to laugh at
qîsj hard, rough
VnmL learned
II.
f w ( W 3 ) to smile
qft.^ (qfwjfa)
10
overcome
HanUm5n
( H * n * ) m. God
83
e?Tf*5 disturbed,
afflicted
long

ÊTSt l ^ f c J sfacfUT I
c ^ J f =q ^ f w t
(x) | WSRL^q^r
faSTCT
II (<1)
1 (3) sfoRfr
smfa
(v) trcT^rf gf< s t o a t qfasn gsfts^rpRTi

(O
^T^'ci^
ft^n
qf^rfoi
fm) ^ f c ^ f : 35ft sftqcfr faq*rt s f e r c
^ r T ^ qffare f f ^ q ^ g q i i ^ i
tftSWtf
(<n)
gftqcf
BTCT tjq rf
qx^fa
(H)
qfq f w f t q
g ^ r ^ ^ f t ^ l
s)
fqqffS^qT^
q^rfsi
(M)
fa)
fomi
W&qfa =q \
ipf:
I ^ t
qwfa
engsFdt
q^qq ft f ^ t e ?
(<**) 3T55 fqiffol I
^qwwi^
q^nfa
qqfcu
1 (<i<v> s
^ f o c qffcra^
sffafs^r^Tqq qftfffo I
] 84
HI. Change the following to the passive impersonal:

e?^
I irf^FcT^^ff ftre^ I
^ f a I ^fWT^Wf I
IV. Change the following to the active voice :

Ii&SuR* i ^RTfir: ift^jraTî a r a f s^fterf s n ^ i i s T ^ N i ^ d i
(1) Smile always, in prosperity as well as in adversity.
(2) Learned men are not disturbed by the speech of the fools.
(3) Around the residence of the wealthy, many poor and sick people
long for happiness. (4) Through hard and'long penance, the sages
have crossed the ocean of misery. (5) O talented one, you should
avoid the dangers of riches. (6) In sleep, the fool forgets his illusion,
the learned man forgets his knowledge, the poor forgets his misery.
LESSON 18
83. Present participle active and passive ( grg, s r ^ )
(1)
Present participle active
Verbs taking parasmaipada terminations form their present participle

active in
. To form it, the termination 3?f?cT of the 3rd pers. plur.
of the present active is replaced by sr^
e.g.: ift H^far
% ô^cT
f ^
^qfal
f^RTfll
leading
playing
entering
stealing
In the masculine and neuter, the present participle parasmaipada

is declined like sfor^ (see No. 82), wiih the following modifications :
(1) the nom. sing. masc. does not lengthen the 8?;
85
(2) the nom., accus. and vocative dual neuter take the strong
stem in8?^, necessarily in the 1st, 4th and 10th conjugations, and
optionally in the 6th conjugation.
(For the feminine see No. I l l )
Masc. Nom.
-j
Isft^
Acc.
sfK^cf:
| ^teRT^
st^fiV
^faRW
Neut. N.A.V.
^VR'ifZRft
^Rft
fam
^ ^
^Rfr
Masc. N.A. like cfz^

Neut. N.A.V. flrot, flRRft or
^^fcr
firofar
Verbs taking atmanepada terminations form their present participle

in
To form it, the termination ^ of the 3rd pers. sing, of the
present tense is replaced by *nf *
e.g. :
obtaining
IRL JFÎRWW'thinking
1
dying
seeking
The masculine is declined like ^q: (see No. 11), the neuter, like
(see No. 11)Masc. : 5WTR:
JVew/. : w i ^
avrarat
SOTl^f
(For the feminine, see No. 108)
SWTRT:, etc.
55VWT5TTffr, etc.
] 86
SANSKRIT MANUAL
(2) Present Participle passive

All Verbs form their present participle passive in ?nf. To form
it the termination ^ of the 3rd pers. sing, of the present passive is
replaced by ^jq :
e.g. :
TO
being gone to
5T qfa^ - ^tohbeing given
?
-being done
being remembered
^ ^ W W being stolen
The masculine is declined like eg*?:, the neuter like
i
(For the feminine, see No.. 108)
84. Perfect participle passive (fffST ^ )
(1) The perfect participle passive is formed by adding a to the
verbal root :
fa-facT
m-mz
jfr-fftci
ST^LCTO
SH-sfr
53-32
m-mi
gq-gs
faq-faTR
fiRtfij?
fg
(2) A great number of roots insert an 5 before adding 3

ft^fafa^r
^q-wtfqcT
Stq-SffacT
iîfm
fa^-faf^r
s^-^frfar
JIOTflfnra
q^-Tfeci
^-sf^r
f^-feter
^T^TfacT
^srfoffi
fa^-fof^
l^faf
(3) The following verbs lose their radical nasal before cf
^-srer
araL-w
a^-aa
(4) The following verbs lengthen their radical vowel:
m^tt
VJ^RT
STUrSfT^
^T^FcT
^-WcT
87
(5) The following verbs change q, I and q into

respectively :
RxS-^S
% and 3
qq^SH
SKT-sftET
^-fq^
(6) Verbs ending with the single aspirates

or ^ change
those aspirates to
qând n respectively while ft becomes q
WtM**
^r^
[
But:
Si^SF* or f g
ftrs^fsro
<?w-55cEr
No. 72 (7) ]
(7) Several roots instead of adding ft add ff

ftr^-fira;
; fe^-f^ ;
; sft-csfa ; a-* 1
(8) Some verbs form their perfect participle passive irregularly :
The maculine is declined like cgq:, the neuter like q?^ I

(For the feminine see No. 108)
85. Perfect participle active ( fasT q^qg )
The perfect participle active is formed by adding q ^ to the perfect
participle passive, e.g. : fa-f^q^ having conquered
In the masculine and neuter it is decline like sftaraX.see No. 82).
Masc.:
Neut. :
fvSRfqT^
ftffiq^
fsRrq^
facfq^
fsmq^
facfq^t
facfq^:
f ^ q ^ n etc.
facTCf^
(For the feminine, see No. I l l )
etc.
] 88
EXERCISE
I.
Vocabulary
sr to bathe
* to hear
fa to collect
m to hurt
9?Tq to obtain
( q t ^ ) to shine
to praise
(qT^) to beg
^
to prattle
to cry
18
fa^
to sport
to break
^
to cross
to spread
<j to fill
i
f ^ to cut
to kill
j* t 0
^TMo sleep
^ to obstruct
m (gwrftf)
to be agitated
tear
t0
stjc^
to adhere
t0 cut
to put
*TT to measure
gT to abandon
(fpifa) to dry
II. Decline the following :
gT^qîn the masc. sing.: s n g ^ in the neuter plur.
III. Make the present participle active of
$ and 3 agree with
the following : fa^, ^ w f t : . ^ K H and sfag 1
IV. Give the present participle passive of the following: anr-vn^;
fa-fSPT ;
,
3T, qT, * * ,
V. Translate the following into Sanskrit:
(1) The children abandoned by fheir mother roam in the
forest. (2) The food begged * by that poor man has not been
touched. (3) The broken jar should be taken away. (4) See those
fruits collected by the sage's daughters. (5) Yesterday the house was
filed with guests. (6) The jewels stolen from the king's palace were
thrown into the river.
VI. Give the perfect participle active of the following :
*TT> PL,
VII. Decline the following :
fsRW^ in the neuter sing.
the masc. plur.
LESSON 19
THE USE OF THE PARTICIPLES
86.
(1) All participles are use like adjectives.

I saw the two trees fallingq^ffift f S ^ ^ H I
Being carried away by the water, the boy diedw^q ftq*TTff
I
To the hero who had slain the enemy ( = having slain the enemy)
flowers were g i v e n e f a j q ganfar QtffrzRT 1
Blamed by my father I ran away from the housefq^T fqft^flst
OTWWHl
(2) Special use of the perfect participles active and passive ( ^ TF^)
The perfect participles active and passive can fulfil the function
of a finite verb in the past tense.

like adjectives.
In that case, too, they are treated
e.g.: The servant brought the water^T^t vUMiMqî

^TTifaqraLl
The water was brought by the servant ^Tsfa
I
WcWn^ftanj
Change of voice
Active voice : The friends saw youftreifar <qf SSqfcf (neut. plur.).
Passive voice : You were seen by the friendsfiqw^f SB: (masc.
sing.).
(3) The perfect passive participle can be used :
as an adjective {see above),
as a finite verbe in the passive : (wfor TR:, see above),
] 90
SANSKRIT MANUAL
as a finite verb in the active (QSFIFT TR: ) in the case of

intransitive verbs and of verbs meaning to go', 'to stand',
'to dwell', 'to climb', 'to be born', 'to awake':
e.g. : I have arrived from the village-^5WTT5fjP?T*W
Two monkeys climbed the t r e e ^ g r c n ^ f t I
as an impersonal passive (
^R: ) It is then always used
in the neuter singular, e.g. : qqT
It was fought by
me ( = 1 fought).
qfoan =? it was fallen by the tree
( =the tree fell ).
in the meaning of the present (
TR: ) with verbs meaning
'to wish', 'to know', 'to worship'.
N.B.When the past passive participle is used in the meaning of
the present, the agent is not put in the instrumental, but in the genitive.
e.g.:
'jf^cT:He is honoured by Rama.
87. Sandhi rules of final ^ followed by a vowel or a consonant

(1) Final ^ preceded by a short vowel and followed by any vowel
is doubled:
515^ a n i r ^ f a ^ s j ^ m ^ f c l I qf&l
= qfosRq: \
(2) Final ^
followed by ^ or is replaced by anusvUra and ^
followed by
or z is replaced by anusvUra and q
followed by fôr ^ is replaced by anusvura and ^
cTR, q cftsj I
sftqH
qsfa I
ciTSqfcT=
T^qfa I
88. Sandhi rules of dentals in contact with palatals, cerebrals and 3
(1) Any dental coming into contact with a palatal is changed to
the corresponding palatal: gg^
=
I
BfHq^WBiânqq^
[see No. 72(4)] =8?Tqq*fW{j ^ ^ T = ^ w<qr I
(2) Initial ^ preceded by any of the first four letters of a class (see
No. 2) is optionally changed to g>^pr s^qT
optionally becomes cfx^/s O<qT i
O
T H E USE OF THE PARTICIPLES
91
(3) Any dental coming into contact with a cerebral is changed to

the corresponding cerebral3*fqq^
2TfH I gq+a=gs I
(4) The preceding rule does not apply When a dental is followed by
1
SWETO
(5) A dental followed by & is changed to 3 ; ^ followed by C5 is

changed to nasalized
I ISTT^ g^^fcfWt^L SF^fcT !
EXERCISE
I.
19
Vocabulary
q^JT garment
qwpath
m
necklace
^ T O meal
tg&r. mouse
II.
food
tooth
ftanholc
gratitude
5Wcf much,
q*ip bravery
(Braq^fa)
to adorn
q f t ^ s q to be
many
z m w offence
WTeWT net
^ ^ fearful
fervor dejected
^ ^
joyfully
loudly

qqcrer
wmsnu
afar* &
fa|*
I ^
OT^Fft
q^q SKTfT^
fa^tsqî
s w
f u f t grit u ^ t
q^cTM
csf ^ p f
gs^sf qaqj^ I Q|gr {Tq ^
g^qPU
^f
sftur cTftfT^f #
^ fiTSflU
flffci^ 5TT& qfcTcT: 3 fa?: I efcfrsl ^ f ^ I cf ^ q R JJJpK

"t
1
7
swnaiTBRf
gsiftr i" s srra
fatHtw*
] 92
III. Translate the following into Sanskrit, rendering all finite verbs
by participles :
(1) Many women were killed, their bodies were torn by the lion's
teeth. (2) Abundant food was given to the poor children. (3) People
honoured (
by fools have always been laughed at by intelligent
men. (4) The necklace fell from the bride's hands and the pearls
were scattered. (5) They ate their meal and slept. (6) The victorious
enemies entered the city by force. (7) The path was obstructed with
fallen trees. (8) Our men crossed the river, fought like heroes and
seized the leader of the enemies. (9) The place was measured, fuel
was brought and the darkness suddenly shone with light. (10) You
forgave my offence.
IV. Change the voice in the following :
SHRIwtf ifqtfti fag: | SffiTRt qfd&ffaa: I
tffa^l
^f
^frTcT^RT: I
gftfa:
W^T
l ^ftgfiiqfft ^
I T^T
I
^fens
gftitaiv
V. Join the following sandhis :
3T55HI TTxSft c f ^ fa^f ^ q T : I
i
^ I T ^ T ^ l
ttcT^
TO
8??
LESSON 10
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH TWO
STEMS (Cont.). DEGREES OF COMPARISON
89. The adjectives
so many), qrc^
(how much, how great),

(so much,
(as much as, as many as) l ^ T ^ (so much,
so great) are declined in the masculine and neuter like vfor^ (see No. 82).
Masc.: ffen^
fereft"
f&FGh etc.
Neut. : f W j ,
feftft
fterfrck etc.
90. The adjective q f ^ (great) has the strong stem iTfFft

M.
N.
S.
D.
P.
Nom.
ITSFH
SRfRft
TfT^1
Voc.
qgl^
S.
D.
P.
^
H?^
*fi|Tfel
Acc.
The rest like sfftffiL

91. 3T331 when used as the honorific pronoun (your honour) lengthens
the ef in the nom. sing. masc. : SRT^ 1 The verb having sr^R. as
subject is always in the 3rd person. Similar expressions denoting
respect exist in English : Your Majesty deserves
p r a i s e
92. Nouns and adjectives in

The strong stem, ending in %% , occurs before all case-endings
beginning with a vowel.
In the nom. sing, masc., the final ^ is dropped and the preceding
5 is lengthened.
In the nom. acc, and voc. neuter plural, the 5 is lengthened.
] 94
The weak stem, ending in

occurs before vzn^ > fir, w
(strong) -strong stem : q f e ^ ; weak stem
M.
N.
S.
D.
P.
S.
D.
Nom.
Acc.
srfcwft
srferq;
Instr.
Dat.
scfe^
Abl.
srfcw
Gen.
Loc.
qfefq
sfe
sfcsft
qftw
qfe^TT^
sMVf:
and
P.
qfosft
sfeft
sreftfa
qf&af:
qfcWqT^
qfowp
qftsft:
srfgETTH
the
masculine
qfeift;

Voc.
Sffoq:
srfoôrsrfo
srfoift
qfaft
93. The Degrees of ComparisonComparative and Superlative

(1) The comparative and snperlative of adjectives are generally
formed by adding the suffixes ^ and cUT to the stem as it appears
in the instrumental plural masculine.
Adjectives
Instr. pi. masc.
Comparative
Superlative
(long)
.
fimi
g f a (pure)
gfa-fa:
gf^rc:
gfow
sfor^ (wise)
sftiT^-fir:
sftiRW
sTfa^ (rich)
^fsf-fir:
qftcW
fag^ (learned)
fag^-frf:
f^m
(2) Adjectives denoting qualities can also form their comparative
and superlative with the suffixes f ^ and
Before thes^ two
suffixes are added, adjectives of more than one syllable lose their
last vowel and the consonant which follows, if any. Some other
changes occur which are shown in the following list :
N O U N S A N D ADJECTIVES W I T H THREE STEMS
Adjectives
(firm)
( soft )
(broad)
(thin)
<5 (light)
q (clever)
g^ (heavy)
^tq (long)
faq (dear)
95
Adjectives
Comp.
Super!.
(distant)
Mfatf
qfqB
(big)
SafaB
sfqg
^ (wide)
qftqff
qfta
^fi&B
(young)
qqfaff
asftqs
(small)
^tqfas
qafatf
(quick)
^Pn^
ift^
Wq (little)
^ftq^
^TqtqH
(old)
sqiqs
5tq^
5tB
q (much)
^ S
qc5q?3L
qcstqsr
qfe^s
(better)
(best)
(strong)
feft (steady)
$$
sffaw? (near)
94. In the masculine and the neuter, the comparative in
and the
superlative in
and
are declined like
and qqui
In the, masculine and the neuter, the comparative in fqq^ is
declined as follows :
^qVq^ (lighter)strong stem : 5qtqfa ; weak stem : a q ^ ^
M.
N.
S.
D.
P.
S.
D.
P.
Nom.
Comp.
sstea
Sl^m
ssftqs
(contd.)
sqtqT^
Acc.
Instr.
55qVq^T
Dat.
55qtq
Abl.
fcsftqg:
Superl.
sqtqfflft
aqtqfa:
fcqfa:
*5qtq*ft
5*qtqffa
asftqftft
cflftqs:
Bqfa:
aqtqtft
55qtqf%
55qtqtvqm *5qVrfa:
BqtqtvqT^
*5qtqt*q:
BqtqtwjTH sqtqtsq:
Gen.
esqfrq:
sqtafc
Loc.
SSqtqfa
aqtq^T:
o5qtq:
Voc.
ssftq^
55qtqT^Pt
ssqtqfa:
Uke
the
masculine
fcsftqdV
aqtqffa
] 96
95. After a comparative, the term of comparion is put in the

ablative, e.g. : The king was defeated by an enemy stronger than
Bhima-tftm^
3TW tft fm: I
After the superlative the genitive or the locative are used,
e.g.: I gave a garland to the dearest of my friends- ftfîorf SIEPT
Among heroes, Rama is the bestqftq w .
96. gq (all) is declined like a pronoun ;

M.
D.
S.
Nom.
P.
^ t
Acc.
s^n
sraft
^qf
SRfann
s r c f T O
~ AbL
S33T
riwn
wtom
S^ft:
sHrfan
siû*
fli
gqfg
fli
N.
D.
S.
Nom. Acc. Voc.
fl^ffa:
wfcl!*L
sis
^rf:
yqkmn
^pay?
Gen.
P.
SR^TT
Dat
Voc.
fli
mh.
Instr.
Loc.
F.
D.
S.
flg?
The rest like the masculine
P.
^qffuf
N O U N S A N D ADJECTIVES W I T H THREE STEMS
(contd.)
97
EXERCISE 20
I.
Vocabulary
how great,
so much
how much
,
WSRT
so much
N
K
qTqâm.
as much as
firm
gfupi virtuous
b
d
W f t ^ learned
^
nfeTC. w. (iFsft)
W thin
minister ^ clever
ftftm sick
M r : bright
ft*
steady
rnfa (*3T*ft) m.
^ big
husband, master j
M t ) m.
^ wide
moon ! f$rq quick
great
V our
ur
y
honour
^
near
pleasure
iy
t o en
^q
^
t0
to go
gq all
qfo^ strong
^fq^r rich
JL
.
Bhima
gajTT thirst
w (rftiftr)
' to grow old,
to decay
srtqqt^ , i f e
5nnn: brahmin
^
money
aiT-fa
to depend on
(+acc.)
obstacle

qft^^qt firejqT qfqatsfr S^l
irforosa:
froV q
(i)
vftm q g w qq^q gwr^rit q ctn qq^q cTHT:

E?T q 2?Tcft qqfo
i\) Wqi^Tfefq^T:
q sfoff qq*tq sfturf: II (*)
feqiqifTfr
ffol\
IM 5SRTT q^q TO q
q sqifa SSTfq I (vs) 3q
U)
qT^vq: g
qtqrR: I
cliqR
I ( 0 t^lftqq & OTcflWfal ^Tc5Tfq

*TrTT cq^ qfeqi^
qTc5Tq aqfafs m i
(<|) ^qqf guriqf fqqq:
(v)
\ {%) zitym
<q cTWRq^qRi
spifarf
I ( l l ) trq q j ^ f qfqsj: fc^g qg*qt sqTqtvqt

(H)
tfqt
qf&3: I
ftfaup
] 98
II.
SANSKRIT MANUAL
(1) How many sick people live in this town? (2) As many
(cTT^) as ( q r q ^ ) there are healthy people. (3) Go to the
nearest house. (4) The hero, steadier than a mountain, was
carried by a horse faster than the wind. (5) The sage's body
wa thin owing to hard penance, but his face was bright. (6) The
cleverest of all is not the oldest. (7) In a garden bigger than a town,
virtuous ministers went by a broad path to a lake adorned by many
lotuses. (8) Dejected, tired and tormented with thirst, two learned
brahmins who had left (=having left) their house were seen slowly
walking along the river's bank. (9) Many obstacles were overcome
(crossed). (10) I play with my smaller brothers. (11) Life is sweeter
than death, happiness is ligher than misery, friendship is steadier than
money.
LESSON 21
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS
97. The main varieties of nouns and adjectives with three stems
are :
(1) the reduplicated perfect participle active in
which
must not be confused with the perfect participle active in
(see No. 85). Both participles, however, have the same meaning :
fflqând ^fq^= 4 having done'.
(2) nouns ending in s?^
(3) adjectives of direction ending in a?^
98. Nouns and adjectives with three stems are declined in the
masculine and neuter. (For the formation of the feminine,
see LESSON 2 3 ) .
N O U N S AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS
The three stems are used as follows :

the strong stem: in the nom. sing., dual and plural
in the acc. sing, and dual
in the voc. sing., dual and plural
in the nom., acc. and voc. plural
the middle stem: before
ft?:,
acc. and voc. sing, neuter.
(contd.)
99
\
of the
Y masculine
j
of the neuter
and g, and in the nom.,
the weak stem: in the remaining cases

all with vowels).
(their
case-ending
begin
99. The case-endings are those given in No. 74. They are shown
again herewith the indication of the various stems to be used :
M.
Nom.
S.
D.
-aft
N.
P
S.
Instr.
-3TT
Dat.
-W
Abl.
-SW
-wr:
Gen.
-are
Loc.
"I
__
P.
Acc.
Voc.
D.
-sfr
-f
Llke
the
masculine
-S
-aft
'
100. Reduplicated perfect participles in

The strong stem ends in q f ^
The middle stem ends in
The weak stem ends in gq. Before
dropped.
"t
a preceding shorty is
] 100
q f ^ (having
q f t f ^ ; weak stem :
done)strong stem: q f q f a ; middle stem:

[see Sandhi rule, No. 31 (2)].
M.
S.
N.
D.
P.
Nom.
qftffsft
^ m :
Acc.
qflt^t
Instr.
^mj
Dat.
Abl.
GeD
D.
^fi^
tttt
qf^
qf^tft
qfcrffa
^S^WT:
^S^TOl
the
masculine
Loc.
q*<it:
Voc.
qf^t^fr
iVom.
fag;^ (a learned man)

wfwTftf (having gone)
clfejTO (having stood)
f ^ W (having led)
w f e ^ (having killed)
e.g.:
P.
qfiT^TTJi
qf^qi^
O
S.
fa^
STftqqT^
cffe^T^
faifclT^
^fflfa:
^tf
qf^tfe
Nom. plur.
//itfr. swg.
/hfr. plur.
fagfa:
srfwTqfa:
tfmm*faifclW
wflmfl:
f^JT
JiWÎ
cT^T
f^gqT
^JiT
f^f^
cTfmf^:
wfsraffe:
The thief was seen by the two men who had stood
( = having stood) in the g a r d e n f l f f c f a ^ R t
TO^rt
I
To the brother who had gone (having gone) to Hari's
house, food was given by the s e r v a n t 5 arnj^ gr^T
LESSON
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH
THREE STEMS (cont.)
10
101. Nouns ending in

The strong stem ends in
In the nom, sing masc., the final 3 is dropped
The middle stem ends in s?
The weak stem ends in ^ after dropping the preceding
In the loc. sing, and in the nom., acc, and voc. neuter dual,
the stem may optionally end in
Stems ending in
and
preceded by a consonant always
form their weak stem in
and not in
102. U ^ m. (king)strong stem:
middle stem nw ; weak
stem :
ifUR, n. (noun)strong stem : w n ^ ; middle stem :
; weak
stem:
M.
N.
S.
D.
P.
S.
D.
P.
Nom.
Acc. .
u^t
imj^t
tfsran
^rq
mxft
^rosft-srwift ^ i m f a
Instr.
n^TH
Dat.
IWnH
Abl.
Gen.
Loc.
Voc.
IW
tf^najTH
tfft:
tfSR
ITOT
ilHlftf:
TTSTPPanq.
TOW
n w p
ifi**:
TOWH
TOW
i^Rt:
TOTO*
TO*:
l ^ i
^T^Tsft
sfWWTWL
tWW*
tffm
uffKrafa
^TMtowft
tfsrtt:
snfa-TOTfa qTRt:
TOig
f ^ H ^ ^ l TO^fr-TOFfi TOTlfa
] 102
103. erciH n. (path)strong stem :

weak stem :
n. (work)strong stem:
stem :
Nom. sing. Nom. plur. Instr. sing.
Wft
q^r?^; middle
stem :
middle s t e m : s&if; weak

Instr. plur.
Voc, sing.
q^TT
104. Adjectives of direction ending in

The strong stem ends in e ^
The middle stem ends in ere
The weak stem ends in f q when 8?^ is preceded by q
in
when ere is preceded by ^
105.
(backward) strong stem:
middle stem :
weak stem : SRfNr^
^ M.
N.
S.
D.
P.
S.
D.
Nom.
g^ft
Acc.
Scffa:
Instr.
si^j
Sc^
Scft^
SRqfe
^ ^
SRttat
Ftfqfe
Like
Dat.
SffqTOHH
Abl.
srarcjT^
S^rap
Gen.
SRftsft:
Scft^
Voc.
P.
S c ^ R
Loc.
sicftfa
the
-
masculine
Sc^g
SlfNt
SRqfe
N O U N S AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS (contd.)
106
Nom. sing.
(downward)
(right)
(upward )
( following )
f ^ R (pervading)
Nom. plur.
Instr. sing.
are-aî;
S^-SWJ^
3^-aFepE
f^s-flpz^
103
Loc. plur.
iftaT
fltftaT
s^tey
f^g;
szjg
f^r
faw
107. fcphr ( horizontal ) has the weak stem fcTC^ I

turned away ),
( eastern ) and 3RT7 ( southern ) have
only two steams : the strong stem is in
the weak stem in
3TR I
Nom. sing.
f&N
Nom. plur.
fofe:
Instr. sing.
Loc. plur.
ffazrr
^T^T
SH^m
^T^T
f^m
5ITg
EXERCISES 21 & 22
1. Vocabulary
Pronominal adjectives
other
fcer
^ttsbo tone
UW^ W^tt) m. king

^fTO
rtm*
fl^Rtf
M
having done
having gone
"having
having led
stood
n. path
greatness
nfor^ ( n f wheaviness
) m.
wfaTO having killed

which of two
learned (man)
^
^KOiW
love
head
] 104
m. self
.
^ ( ^ . . n a m e
,
t*%I) m. n.
Brahman, the
AbsoIute
work
skln>
leather
n. sky
n. birth
sr^pq western, averted
j
j
szjxT downward
WR.
ashes
fq*qq^ pervading
a* u * i
Kfq^q horizontal
right, proper
^
^ F l l ^ r ) n. house
(atq) n. hair
^qtcSTT moonlight
qogTO: outcast
^
faq^ poison
fr-srr
to perform,
to lay down
turned away
upward
s,,^ eastern
spqq following
disguise, fraud
3?qrq southern
to stop, to cease

qqt fqftcfflTqq:I
ft
sqicSTT
II
qffwrqf^TcqTqY qftqT ^ f : I {\) mm
qcqqi 3rftqffqtftfaqsq& I (H)
mk^QSH
WTT q^T f R q f q ^ I
^ ) f^Ttf ^qq q w f q ^ q i f o r fqffcTq^: I (*) qTqw
^qqf
(*) quqwfr uirt
M SUfrqi
fcT^fe
qarw ST^R
f B * Tc^ 3 ? q ^ | ( 1 o ) sn ^ q ^ r ^ f o f t q f r s ^ q t J ^ f T 553fqT
eftuq ^FSTT
I
III. Decline the following :

f q j ^ in the masc., sing., fglîn the pi., e^qqîn the neuter pi.
(1) Your face is turned away, your mind is dejected, ashes
cover your head, you have even forgotten the names of your
friends. (2) From a pure sky the moonlight falls upon the path.
(3) Shoes are made of (with) leather. (4) The child has drunk
poison : give him (some) medicine. (5) The king and the queen
rejoiced at the birth of a talented son. (6) Let the ministers
defeat the western enemies by fraud or by force. (7) For t^s
sake of others the honest man bears the heaviness of misery.
LESSON 23
THE FORMATION ON THE FEMININE
108. The general rules for the formation of the feminine of
adjectives ending in vowels should be carefully revised (see
LESSON 12).
Adjectives forming their feminine in B?T are declined like cIT I
Adjectives forming their feminine f are declined like ^ i
The present participle atmanepada and the present participle
passive
the perfect participle passive
the comparative
in cR and the superlative in
and
form their feminine in en I
gfacWT ;
109. Some nouns and adjectives ending in 3T follow special rules in

forming their feminine :
(1) Nouns and adjectives ending in
form their feminine in
(2) The following adjectives ending in 37 form their feminine in

I ; fiRfK ftsfrO ; c f ^ - c f ^ .
; rfi^T-^T^ |
(3) Nouns ending in 3? and denoting a class or a species form
their feminine in f
;
szrnHansft ; fftur %fyft ;
;
W$> etc.
Exceptionssbfa&j, 3^,
3?fT,
a[55T?ET, I
(4) Adjectives ending with the suffixes ipT and

feminine in
; f t & w - f ^ i f t ; spnra^-gûft 1
form their
110. Adjectives ending in consonants and having one stem only

have the same form both in the masculine and in the feminine,
e.g. s&TiTfKt (granting d e s i r e ) f m ;
] 106
111. Adjectives ending in consonants and having two stems form

their feminine as follows :
(1) adjectives ending in qq^ and q ^ , perfect participles active
in ^ q ^ and adjectives of quantity like f c q ^ etc , add | to their weak
stemqfa^-qtq^ft ; qqq^qqqaT , q t ^ q t q ^ ; faq^faqtft l
(2) present participles active in
of the first, fourth and
tenth conjugations add | to their strong stem ; those of the sixth
conjugation add f either to the strong or to the weak stem
qq^q^cft ; y^giSRft
; qftq^qtoRft
; fiRT^-fq^Rft or fq^Tcft (see the
rule for the neuter dual, No. 83).
(3)
present part, active of ^ forms its feminine in *rq?cft 1
honorific pronoun forms its feminine in vjq^ft I
(4) adjectives ending in
qfqq-qfqq^ 1
add | to the
(5) comparatives in fqtf add

qAartft l
to
strong stem in ^q
their weak stem q^tqsr
112. Nouns and adjectives ending in consonants and having three

stems form their feminine by adding t to their weak stem :
Weak stem
Feminine
qqsq
qq>qt
qdte
ST^
sreftq^
RTqt
fqg;s
RT^
THE FORMATION OF THE FEMININE
113.
Interrogative and Relative Pronouns

Declension of the interrogative pronoun
S.
Nom.
Acc.
M.
D.
eft
Dat.
SBW
Abl.
^FRI^
Gen.
Loc.
^ftl?^
Dat.
STft
TO
îftT
TO^
q:
^
ift
^TT:
TOf
P.
Wt:
Wt:
qiVTO^
an
ZTT^
TOJ,
TOP
Abl.
aftTOt
Gen.
ZTFT
^TO^
Loc.
arffcr^
Sfa
T^TT
TOT
TO^T-
P.
^
TO
TO-*TOJL
TOBf:
P.
?nfif
^nft
Like
9TSTO3L
the
zpft:
TOTT^
N.
D.
S.
TO
^fo
3RTO
masculine
(which, who)
TO^TO*
TOTOJL
the
4MIH,
F.
D.
S.
TO^TH*
TO^:
^ST^TOJ
Declension of the relative pronoun ^
Acc.
Instr.
TO
Like
TO^TOI,
M.
D.
P.
^Tfiff:
^T
%3
N.
P.
S.
SH^TO^
^ft:
P.
WT
S.
Nom.
TO^
(which ? what ?)
F.
D.
S,
TO?,
114.
P.
Instr.
107
_
3TS
masculine
] 108
SANSKRIT MANUAL
EXERCISE 23
I.
Vocabulary
Wif&ET girl
I sqra tiger
BT^r: goat
nfa:
m n r . crane
Singer
songstress
tigress
sfirnp dear
sparrow
hind
earthen
white
f ^ f t ^ adolescent
female swan
.r ,
youthful
,
q ^ r peacock
like, similar
q ^ y peahen
cTT^T such
^ftr^ forbearing
competent
sound
awhile
what
kind of
^f^TH sense
reraedv
remedy
II.
house
cnw-
deed
surprising
strange
WOT spiritual
to menacCf
*H?OT leathern
to threaten
5TIV5IR1CU
"
cuckoo
guraif^
appreciative
^healthy
^ T old age
ffrt: disease
^ ^ harmfuJ
to strike
water
body
to perform
g o ^ merit
<
^
sw 5 e f f o r t
"
_
sr q:) n. supreme
good
N
digging
favourable
loss, decline
^faraway
swaicf
unimpaired
**<M<KN*>
^ ,
to burn
to be done
Give the feminine of the following :
timpi
sfar: i
fam.
i zfmFK
qtsp i
fe^rte
i SFOTI^
INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE
ID.
UfT
( ^WT AND
SSPQ
109
Change the voice in the following :

\ ^ f t ^nf^r^T
tftorer:
mwtî
VI. Translate the following into English s

f^sfcr ^ t t qfcf&rert
^Tt ^ T g w f t ^nft s ^ r
si^rc
^fNri^t
snra^îftre t r t i w o *
^cfr
wtm f ^ ^ f ^ s r f ^ r r
snrt ^rg^: i
aTTc^^fe c f T ^ f ^ T
^ ^
g f q ^ j R a ^ p w ^ r : n (V)
LESSON 24
INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE ( qsn and
LOCATIVE AND GENITIVE ABSOLUTE
115. The participles dealt with so far are treated like adjectives
and are subject to the rules of agreement with the noun
they qualify.
There exists a past participle active, also called gerund, which
is never declined.
Its formation is as follows:
(1) verbs not preceded by a preposition form their gerund by
adding cqTT (tf^T) to the root, in a way similar to that of the perfect
] 110
participle (see No. 84) :TO^-iTcHIcqT; q<l-qfcRT-<Tfac3T ; W ^T-cW^T}

Verbs of the tenth conjugation, however, keep their full active
base : ^pc<iUfqMI1
(2) verbs preceded by a preposition replace cqT by q (sqq ) :
verbs ending with consonants and long vowels simply and q
qftf^qfcftra ;
; QfTqT-snqiq I
verbs ending in short vowels add

fafa-fqfacq ;
instead of q
; QTgf-9?3?cq I
verbs ending in ^ or ^ and dropping their final nasal in the

perfect
passive
participle
have two
forms:
or 3Tiqcq; sraqtsppq or qnRq ; ^gq^-argq^q
or
8TTnJanq*q
ajgqcq
[see
No. 84 (3)]
166. Use of the indeclinable past participle
When two different actions are performed by the same agent,
the first of the two actions is expressed by the indeclinable
past participle :
e.g.: I bathed and ate ( = having bathed I ate ) fcildl^^RrqHI
On seeing me my mother was pleased ( =having seen me
my mother was pleased ) ^ I d l ^ d J
I came, I saw, I conquered ( =having come and having
seen, I conquered )anq*q ÊqT
l
When the second verb is in the passive voice, the indeclinable
past participle refers not to the subject, but to the agent of the
verb, i.e. to the noun in the instrumenral case. Thus : ajgjjyqpj
fqsTT fqft^ftS5H==On coming home my father scolded me (both the
action of coming and that of scolding being performed by my
father). Hence, if the voice is changed, the indecK past part,
remains unchanged :
falT
qf fafcqaqR I
INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE
( ^WT AND
SSPQ
111
117. Locative and Genitive absolute

An absolute phrase is a phrase containing a participle the
subject of which is different from the subject of the main verb;
e.g. : The sun having set, we went home. Every absolute phrase
can be replaced by an adverb-clause.
e.g. : The boys being tired, the master stopped the class =Because the boys were tired, the master stopped the class.
The hunter having gone, the birds began to sing=After
the hunter went, the birds began to sing.
Your father being there, you did not rise from your
seat=Although your father was there, you did not
rise from your seat.
An absolute phrase can be translated into Sanskrit by the
locative absolute. The subject is put in the locative case and
the participle agrees with it in gender, number and case.
The present participle is used if the action of the absolute
phrase is simultaneous with that of the main clause.
The past participle is used if the action of the absolute phrase
precedes that of the main clause.
The active or passive participle is used according to the voice
of the participle in the absolute phrase.
118.
Examples
(1) The soldiers throwing arrows (=while the soldiers were

throwing arrows), the general mounted his horse :
The soldiers : loc. plur. masc.
throwing: active participle denoting an action simultaneous with that of the main clause : pres. act. part.
arrows : acc. plur.
] 112
(2) The burden being carried by the servant ( = a s the burden

was carried by the servant ), we walked fast :
The burden : loc. sing, masc.
being carried:
passive participle denoting an action
simultaneous with that of the main clause : pres.
pass, part.sgpn^T
by the servant: instr. sing.R>4}UI
feûflgiqfl
qq f^JWTTOq I
(3) My brother having drunk water ( = a f t e r my brother had
drunk water), I read my lessons.
My brother : loc. sing, masc. SfRfft
having d r u n k : active part, denoting an action which
precedes that of the main clause : past part. act.
water : acc. sing.sraq^
(4) The garland having been given ( = a f t e r the garland was
given), the boys sang.
The garland : loc. sing, fem.mttiqi^
having been given: passive part, denoting an action
which precedes that of the main clause : past part.
pass-ÎWUi
HlcMql
qTc5T
119. Genitive absolute

When the absolute phrase is equivalent to a concessive clause
implying disregard or contempt the genitive absolute may also be
used, erfq is usually added :
e.g. : His father looking on (=although his father is looking
on), the boy beats his younger brotherfag: q ^ q g t s f t
qTc* $ q W Wftt ciFSqfa I
INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE ( ^WT AND S S P Q
113
120. When the subject of an adverb-clause is the same as that of

the main clause, the use of the locative absolute remains
possible if the voice of the adverb-clause can be changed :
e.g. : After he had defeated the enmies, the king
the palace,
started for
Change of voice: The enemies having been defeated, the king

started for palace.
Loc. abs. :
u m 5UOT? sfcffi: I
121. When the absolute phrase containts the present participle of

the verb 'to be,' it can be omitted in the locative absolute :
e.g. : You being my protector (=since; you are my protector),
I have no fear^fij
qq w i
I
EXERCISE 24
I.
Vocabulary
to receive fan brahmin

Sjfi rogue
srfcT-t^(sicfi^)
(Bigwftr)
~
era: then
" t0 wait
to feel, * 2 a certain
means
to enjoy,
to examine
c
Gautama
iqp sacrifice
STO excellence
q ^ . ^ to address
aûro forest
. A .
base, foot
f ^ J dog
<<
to buy
c ,
<
shoulder
BTFMT^ coming
an-^Vîwîd)
t 0 sel1
ftr-^T to put
fr-tf
to hear, to listen
down spn: goat
fear i fa^fcnrncertainly
II.

snw i * *
ifcrawnc^
sfararu
^Fi: %sVFgqftsr
âforowiitfaa: i cTcT^fV
fafoa^*
I Wflsfc
]114
Scfr^T TPT f ^ f t i
mm
ft
^ T TK&l 3 Mtsftrf^T: I "tft
^ t i t u ^ " ffcT \ M w t w ^ "qTq

I&fiJtocmtî
cfl^-dtali Sjift"
W^T^1"
c^T^f ^ i p i i w f ^ j f t f t q r q q f t s q
^ SRTWR^ "TO OTTi ft f ^ f d

*TT ^ T i
ftFg
I
fq&
I
q<ff
SFT
IcT^ I
III. Translate the following into Sanskrit, using in every sentence either
the indeclinable past participle or the locative absolute :
(1) I saw the minister and spoke to him. (2) The enemies
having conquered, we fled. (3) The enemies having been conquered
we sang. (4) The merchant sold two cows and bought one
horse. (5) While the guests were arriving, all the servants adorned
the house. (6) If you are alive, I, too, am alive, (7) After blaming
me, my mother consoled me. (8) While your honour was our
king, our happiness always increased. (9) We all fell asleep
while the teache*- cpoke. (10) If a lion is stronger than a jackal,
you should certainly vanquish your enemy. (11) Dear friends,
look at me and have pity on me. (12) When the two black
horses have drunk water and eaten grass, the cows should be
brought in. (13) As the baby was carried away by the thieves,
the mother, overcome by sorrow, fell upon the ground. (14) Although his daughter had fallen into danger, the rogue did not stir
from the house.
LESSON
10
INFINITIVE IN
( gg*)
THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
122. The infinitive is formed by adding g n to the root after
guiiating a short medial vowel and a final vowel, e.g. :
Many verbs insert an 5 before
e.g. : ^-vrfagn 1
Verbs of the tenth conjugation keep" their present base and
insert
e.g.: ^ ^ f f t f a g q j
Many verbs form their infinitive irregularly (see Verbs and
their Principal Parts).
123. Use of the infinitive
(1)The infinitive is used to express the purpose of an
action :
e.g.: He came to acquire knowledgeftsnfffw^ ^ WRP 1
(2) The infinitive is used with adjectives meaning 'fit\ 'able\
and with verbs meaning 'to wish4, 'to begin', 'to be able':
e.g. : I am unable to drinkqigsgwfsfcR' I
He wishes to hear the songfficT sftgfip^fa
He began to run^f^TRSffi I
(3) The infinitive is used with the verb ejf^ (to deserve) in
the sense of polite request, e.g. : You shoul "protect me *?f
(4) The infinitive has no passive form. When the passive
is to be expressed, the verb accompanying the infinitive is put
in the passive:
e.g. : Active I begin to see the t r e e s \
Passive: The trees begin to be seen by m e f ^ T T
] 116
124. The Subordinate Clause

(1) The Noun-Clause
A noun-clause introduced by the conjunction 'that0 is rendered into Sanskrit by a double accusative, e.g. : He thinks that
Rama is a hero ( = h e thinks Rama to be a hero)uq q f ^ T q f c T I
A noun-clause introduced by a conjunctive pronoun is
equivalent to an adjective-clause, e.g. : What he says is true
( = that which he says is true)q^q^fb ^SRqJJJ
Indirect speech does not exist in Sanskrit and must always
be turned into direct speech. The end of the direct speech is
marked by the word
e.g. : He told me that he had conquered
the enemies ( = " I have conquered the enemies" so he told me)
3?i facTqTfqfcT tftsqq^t
125. (2) Adjective-Clause
An adjective-clause is introduced by a relative pronoun.
The case of the relative pronoun depends on its own grammatical function in the adjective-clause,
The number and gender of the relative pronoun depend on
the number and gender of its antecedent.
e.g. : The man to whom the book was given has gone away
from the house.
Adjective-clause : 'to whom the book was given's
to whom : dative case governed by the verb 'was given*.
masc. sing., because its antecedent 'the man' is in
the masc. singq^q g ^ qrR,
q*Tq
^ a wîcP I
INFINITIVE IN
126. Only the first four

genders :
GGQ )
numerals
arc
117
declined
(one)
M.
in
the
% (two)
F.
M.
F.
N.
^TH
Instr.
q^T
5WTH
Dat.
Tf^m
Abl.
rr^n:
Gen.
q^TT:
loc.
q^n^L
Nom.
N.
ITcET
Acc.
hkC
ST^TU*
the
masc.
52ft:
pft:
f?T (three)
M.
(four)
F.
N.
Nom.
m-
fc^F:
SFTFA
Acc.
sfH
fc^T.
sftfur
instr.
ftrftr;
Dat.
f^q:
Abl.
f^Fq:
Gen.
wrrs,
Loc.ftrgftreg
three
fasfa:
M.
F.
N.
^CR*
^ f t
^Tft
.f
T:
- Like
ftf^WT:
the
^cTO^
Like
the
^TO^T
m^rrn
masc.
r~i
qgwrn
~~
^ i w i
masc.
] 118
SANSKRIT
MANUAL
EXERCISE 25
I.
Vocabulary
WW able
eft^tfa)to
eratra
W1W unable
unable
q ^ ^^ R li ^. t *o "
fault
it is proper
t0
5TCRP cessation
be depressed
* i. i,
able
5RW. I.t to check ^^ ^to be
(enfufe)
t0
m. charioteer
e?g*T*T: love
^S ^ L^v i r t u o u s
strive
capable of
being done
^ defect
, 0
to esteem,
e r
/
f
ot virtue
spot, mark
^
,
oZTTT^r: m. disease
hardly
to honour
#
^ ^ ( tfg^)/.
assembly
UcUIWB driving
l J m m
away
courtier
born
mount, to
climb ^T or
strongly built

iimfo
jpnrfa
sorcifanjfr sr fe^ i
sftcOT STfafa qfttf

4
^sgôr
tfnTwftr
3*5f*ffa I! (<))
gefs t
^ f t a n w w mret u ^ s s m : n (M
STT^TW if
s^Tfa 3T S^pf cft^t
^fagsiirg^tsfa g q ^ i ^ r
W)
{%) ^fftr STCpS* m
I W
f%
ft
n (0
nftr ^ c l ^
sfa I
tfcWR
(vs) ^qf
fc^fa
fell
aw OTif^rî (M qrt q f t s ^ f t r f a
I
OTT
I
III. Translate the following into Sanskrit
(1) On hearing that her husband had arrived, the young wife
ran to the door. (2) We should protect those for whom we feel
affection. (3) It is proper to salute the master entering the house.
(4) Her sweet song could not be heard. (5) Those who are able
T H E ADVERB-CLAUSE
119
to check their senses are like a competent charioteer. (6) Those

who begin to dig a well when their house is burning are like
men who take a medicine when sickness has led them to death's
door. (7) O king, you should forgive
inf.) my offences.
IV. Change the voice in the following :
Ûm
m f o w r nt^w^mi
I^jsM^fa
LESSON 26
THE ADVERB-CLAUSE
127. The adverb-clause expresses a particular circumstance of
the action of the main clause. In Sanskrit, the adverb
clause generally precedes the main clause and is introduced by a
conjunctive adverb to which a simple adverb corresponds in the
main clause' e.g. : The tree lies where it fell* will be translated
into Sanskrit as "Where the tree fell, there it lies".
128. List of adverbs

Interrogative
TIME
( w hen ?)
Conjunctive
Q^T
Simple
(when) | ^QR(then)
qT^RI (while)
PLACE
MANNER
5R
QSR (where)
(where ?)
(how ?) qsjT (as)
)
^
^T
(there)
(so)
IndeOnite
^ I F ^
(at times)
S^T
(always)
wft
(everywhere)
Q^FEI
(somehow)
CONDITION
(because)
QFQ (if)
CONCESSION
QSJFA
CAUSE
f w j w h y ?)
(although)
(then)
cWTfa (yet)
] 120
SANSKRIT MANUAL
Examples
You came when the guests had goneqqifaqqt 'IdlfrKI cTOT^: I
Sit down while I fetch waterqiqqf STcSqwqTfq cfTq^qfro I
They stood where the hero fellqsf e f t f t s q ^ ^ ^ s f a * ^ i
Virtues adorn the heart as flowers adorn the treeqqj q^nfw
f ^ cfqT 2WT g^f ajqqfrcT I
He does not speak because his friends have left himq<fr fq^lfor
cWcq^ S q
i
If your mother comes, you should wait upon herqfa WdHKsH
(ctft) at
I
Although I live in the forest, I still remember my friend
qsrfq q^ qSTfa aqrfq ftT^Tfar WUfq I
129. When an adverb-clause is translated by an indeclinable past
participle or by a locative or genitive absolute, the conjunctive
and simple adverbs are not translated (see LESSON 2 4 ) .
130. The numerals
%
ftf,
agree in gender and case
with the following noun.
The numerals from q ^ (five) to q5R^5L (nineteen) are declined
alike in the three genders. They agree in case with the noun they
qualify. Except for qq^ (six) and ereq, (eight) they are all declined
like TO^
Nom.
qsj
q^
or 8lit
Acc.
qjq
q2
or sj it
Instr.
q^ftr:
qeft?:
Dat.
q^vq:
q^vq:
o r STSTvq:
Abl.
q^vq:
q^vq.
eresq: o r QTgT^q:
Gen.
qynm
qîiq^
QlSTqW
Loc.
^gftf: or
SREG o r QTST
THE ADVERB-CLAUSE
121
131, Cardinals and Ordinals from One to Nineteen

Cardinals
Ordinals
Cardinals
%
fir
qcfk
-qr
-2H
^bt^T^
ST^R
-ift
SR^TCL
Ordinals
t^^r
ST^T
-srt
-^ft
132. SWT,
and
are optionally declined like pronouns in
the dat., abl., and loc. singular.
All ordinals form their feminine in f except
and
which form their feminine in 8JT.
EXERCISE
ffefte, gdfa,
26
1. Vocabulary
rn.
bird
&TT army
...
gfrs: soldier
m.
general
mango
rupee
enânna
t g : doctor
f ^ ^ day
~
^
,
day
week
month
<
eaf
**
^n^ncentur>'
ûr^debt
^ ^ having
.
g?m pair
^
water
g r o u p
of threc
^ g W * group
of four
famished
srf^5T woman
j p w serpent
^
female
serpent
egg
^
ggfec! famished
^
iean,
emaciated
f ^ m pitiless
g^q: man
] 122
sfrferc: learn- ôRTg moneyed brahmin

lender
inn Yama
slowness
srara: origin
5IMT: (m.^/.; life
from me
wwwfiwwise
q t ^ eight
miles qitsr: two miles
II.
^r one's own
fTcfsq to be avoided
cF3T sluggishness
/ . prosperity
atffc*8 brother
heart
yrFtiRf: devotee
/ . intelligence
wise man
55 here ; nranr
_ t o b e
Vice
q^qtobe
dwelt in o n ^ ^ laziness

BTi mw sprit Wd' ^ sraail' I
qc^T
qf gm VTITORNcIT: II
STOT* w sitot* ^wrfif * n W

g^Taf
^ f ^ f e l g ^ f gspft
I
f% if ftfcl <TTT TO fewi wfof II (})
SS qtqT: g ^ F f ^TcTSJTT ^faftr^ST I
ftRF
Wit? 3IR5W ^
II (v)
I^JRTclT ^
^ II (<0
N.B.The time and distance during which an action lasts are
put in the accusative :
Sfji TTSraL f r many months, 5 qfaft for sixteen miles.
The time and distance within which an action is done are put
in the instrumental:
ftfftr:
within three weeks ; infa ^ftfa within two miles.
The time after which an action is done is put in the ablative :
q^nsft
after ten years.
The price at which a thing is sold or bought is put in the
instrumental:
qfo: bought for six rupees.
(1) On the sixth day of the week I sold fruits for 18 rupees
(2) In the nineteenth century many great men fought and died
III.
T H E ADVERB-CLAUSE
123
tor the country. (3) While all the children are playing, we are
able to write poems. (4) For how many rupees did you buy
that horse ? (5; After returning from my friend's house I was
sick for two weeks and four days. (6) Within 18 miles, we
saw only five or six houses. (7) Three sisters and four brothers
lived happily for many years. (8) The general told the soldiers
to rise and to fight like lions. (9) Do as you are told. (10) There
is nothing sweeter than honey, nothing dearer than a frier.d,
nothing lighter than a pure mind (11) The guests are tired for
they have walked there kroSas.
IV. Conversation between a fruit-seller and a customer .
e n w r j errant
^ter
cmfa i
q^nfir i
I CTT^T I&Hth
w e n sng wwfo ?
^ i
awiwifa
i
ft m f a \ ^ f K w f a i ^T^j^f t i a r a i r i f s f a i
STÎ ft^ ^cTT ^
?
gRSTptf 5 ^f^TT^T I
^T^
I
Te^Tftr I
Wlf WEITHI
^fTftT I
I IZtittfa
gi^rwf sftfar f ^ f t r ^ g^r^ i
t ftRfel ^ f a w f a i
Wg I
fcTCS3
cPT
V. Three types of men :

STOTT f^yf^f^dl ftwf^T fT^TTi |
5TTW
* MRwwPd II
ipfrî
VERBAL ROOTS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL PARTS
K>
From the present tense in the active voice, the imperfect, imperative and
potential active, and the present participle active are derived.
From the present tense in the passive voice, the imperfect, imperative and
potential passive, and the present participle passive are derived.
From the perfect passive participle, the perfect active participle in
is
derived.
The indeclinable past participle and the infinitive are given independently.
The present tense active of verbs which do not belong to the first, fourth,
sixth and tenth conjugation, is not given,
(to be) and $ (to do) excepted.
Verbal root
3T3toroam
(i)
q&JLo worship (1)
m ^ i o request (10)
v f c j o deserve (1)
8?q to protect
(1)
ere; to be
(2)
throw
(4)
wish
(6)
to see
(1)
to abandon (6)
Present act.
Present Pass
a^fa
sfqfa
m ^
soft
arefa
arfi^f
Sfoq?*
vr^
Past pass. p.
qfea
srfq^
QTfel
sif^f
^
3K3
Ind. past p.
Infinitive
stf^
3?f%<qT
erqfq^T
arftHT
3?ftRqT
*r<qT
3*fa<qT
aifegu
mftt&l
erfqgq
trcjq
f ^
f ^
g^RRq^"
|%cl
sfaffiT
If^RST
sfoqgq^
6
^
l'
Verbal root
f^L to cut
to draw
fq^ to plough
q> to scatter
qo^q to be
to walk
'
Present act.
to burn
to grow
to tell
to shake
to shine
f q to be angry
to embrace
$ to do
^
^
(1)
(1)
(10)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(4)
(8)
(6)
(1)
(6)
(6)
(1,4)
Present pass.
I
Past pass p.
Ind. past, p.
aftffcRqT
eftfqgq
trfas
^f^tcT
^fafff
q&rfw
ffqRT
trfacqr
wfilWT
qfag^
wftig*!
ftfiq^
5c!
fc^T
tf
fx!
fg
f1g
^tfr
^l^T
fn^qr
f^T
qftaf
q ^
^PcT
afrqfa
ttvs^
Wq^
WFfo-it
qmfo
frajtl
STftCTT
ffq^T
f^qfa
fiqfa
facfel
fit
q>Tqfci q5T*qfcT
qste t o play
(l) ^ f a
qsq to be angry (4) qpqfo
^
to cry
(1) sterfo
gq;to be tired
(1.4)
'
L
&&&
"
qftfear
Infinitive
g
g
P
I
3
$tfqgq
qftfagq
^
ft$PL
8
0
^T^qi
^pg^
r
jg
^tfk^n
sp^TT
^tojt
gl^T
qftfeg*
qsgq
^t^q
SfagflL
,|
Verbal root
Present act.
%*TJo suffer
(4)
m j o hurt
(8)
g ^ t o endure (1,4)
$T5Uo wash
(10)
% to decay
(1)
to throw
(6)
to be hungry (4)
to tremble (4)
^ to dig
(1)
^
to eat
(1)
to count (10)
IT^ to say
(1)
I1
Present pass.
Past pass p.
Ind. past r-
ffc^ft
qnfiqwfti
^qfa
f$PT%
Wl
go^
^cT
tg&fit
tfqfb
f^RRt
îfecf
TO t o g o
(1)
Hf^ to blame
UT5 to plunge
s s f t o hide
to sing
SPET^ to swallow
^ to take
(1) JT^f
0 ) ^Tf^
(1)
(l)
(1) sraft
(9)
^fac^TT
STTaftr^T
faftT
f^TT
^fag^TST^
sncsfagi
^T^-^T^
^TcT
IRI^
^faa
IT%
STtfag*
^f^T
srtfag*
^T^T-^f^T | ^fag*^
*slTf^lT
^rfi^
nqftr^n
^nrfirg^
ilftpn
IFFI
ITC^T
*TT3TTf5<T
^
TT35TT mf^TT I T J ^ w f i g n
ijfsen
gsqfa
^fa
miRrfcT-^
JT^fa
Infinitive
I
to
cr>
TTBI^
tfta
^
RFTEN
IT^T
ggfa
*TT<3*T
ggfaT
*
h
Verbal root
Present act.
TO to fade
(1)
to proclaim (10)
SIT to smell
(1)
^ to move
(1)
=q*5to move
(1)
fq to collect
(5)
f ^ t o think (10)
to steal
(10)
try
(1)
to cover (1,10)
f ^ t o cut
W^tobeborn
srqjo mutter
s r m o prattle
fa to conquer
flftqtolive
m to grow old
(7)
(4)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(4)
ST to know
(9)
Jrarefa
faafa
^fa
qafa
^Rfqfcf^f
jtwfofi
^
5TTq^
srqfa
sreqftr
mfa
sftqffr
sftqfer
Present pass.
Past. pass. p.
Ind. past. p.
Infinitive
i ? 5 T * * 5 T c q T
^WL
tffa
qtfacr
qtqftRqT
tffofagpL
SlTq?t
5lTcT 5JTOT
fafjRqT
^
^ftcT
**foqT
^fecf
=qfc5cqT
qfogq
sftql
for
fafrtt
fa^fq^T
^Rlfqg^
<qtq*t
xftfar
^fq^T
^ f ^ ^
3
I
r
|
a
gsr
Sj
S
fe^T
wra
srfqcT
sjftqRT
sifaqT
5Tftq<qT
>
g
sftq^
sftfqa
sftor
^ftf^TT
srfcqT
sqq%
fffi
?T<qT
sp^
sr*^
sftq^
srftqgq
srgq^
sftfaa^
-Verbal root
Present act.
glow
(1)
t to
fly
(1,4)
to beat
(10)
cT^ to spread
(8)
c*q to heat
(1)
to strike
(6)
3 3 to weigh
(10)
3* to be pleased (4)
gq to be satisfied (4)
a. to cross
(1)
S^fo
^skret
die^Pci-^
to abandon ( l j
^ to hasten
(1)
^ to bite
(1)
^ t o punish (10)
^ to tame
(4)
^ to burn
(1)
5T to give
(1).
f^T to play
(4)
f ^ to show
(6)
c^srfa
cfqfa
35%
rft^farft
gprfti
g^rfcf
crcfcT
qzfh
fgfo
qx^fa
<sqfo
Present pass.
I*
Past pass. p.
Ind. past. p.
Infinitive
sftrg*
cTT^
cFT^
cT^
33^
aTfefl
cfT^T^T
flT^
cfR
351
tftfocT
3s
ST*^
c^
^
^
^
^ ^
fi^
^fb^T
^T^faa
^
W
cFg^R
3^T
cftefoqT
3^T
g^T
ataf
^T^T
^firî
q&n
^ftR^T
^fac^T
^(T
^ T
fogqT
tftef^S
tft^
^3^^3*1
^3*7
<^$3^
^ f ^ L
^3*
|
|
Ej
g
z
Verbal root
5 to honour
Present act.
(6)
Present pass. Past. pass. p.
fg[q^
^T to see
(1)
q^qfa
to shine
(1)
gt^
g t o melt
(1)
s^qfa
^T to put
(3)
qiqtorun
(1)
qTqfa
3 to hold
(1)
to owe
(10)
qRqfrT
to blow
(1)
qqfa
to meditate (1)
q<5 to sound
(1)
qqfa
q ^ t o salute
(1)
iffirfa
TO to perish
(4)
^ to bind
(4)
^fcT
f ^ to blame
(1) fiptfcT
qt to lead
(1)
qqfa
^ t o dance
(4)
q ^ t o cook
(l)
qqfa
qs to read
(l)
qsf?r
i
Ind. past. p.
Infinitive
te
faff
fc^T
sfrfogq
3*31
Sfi
^ ^
3
v
f|cf
mfiRT
^Tf^rT
^Tf^q
qfo
M
mftcf
^TTcT
qf^cf
qa
^
qg
q^
fq^
qxq^
qs^
**TTcqT
^HOT
^^T
JfcST
q?qT
TO3T
fafa^
^
gxl
qqq
qfef
^c^T
"ilcicii
qq^qT
qf&qi
^3^
^31
qfq3*T
q*g*Tv
IfR^
ftP^HI
^ 3 ^
qqgq
qfsg^t
<
I
*
3
|
*
53
5
|
Verbal root
Present act.
TO to fall
(1)
qaft
q^to go
(4)
q^
qT to drink
(1)
qt to protect (2)
qjcJ^to protect (10) qi^qfa-%
<ft^to oppress (10)
gq to nourish (4)
gsqfa
^ to worship (10)
<jsrqfa
q to
fill
(3)
ST^to ask
(6)
g^fa
sft to please (10)
sfararfcf ^
qj^to burst
(1)
q^to bind
(9)
qUT to obstruct (1) STq^
to know
(4)
*T^to eat
(10)
*F3f to divide (1)
TOjo break (7)
*TTq to speak (1)
Present pass.
Past pais. p.
tfcET
TO
foqftf
qtq^
flfot
wfcft
Infinitive
qfeCTT
q^qT
<ft<qT
qfaj^
qrjq
qigi^
qrg^
qiafq^
tfefa^
qtfqgq[
^f^L
TO
<51%
fq%
SB
sftff
^feff
q?
^TfacI
gg
^
*m
wf^TcT
q^Rt
Ind. past. p.
<farfq<qT
^rfq^qT
^qf
sftcqT
q>fe^qT
q^T
qifq^qT
Wf^^TT
qtgq
q^q
qifq^
ql^q
êqgq
*TTfqa^
2
M
g
P
Verbal root
ft^ to cleave
\ to become
to fall
SPTtoroam
Present act.
(7) '
(1)
(4)
(1,4)
IT^ to be glad
(4)
to think
(4)
to consult (10)
to sink
(6)
ITT to measure
(2)
RT^ to seek
(10)
ftr^tojoin
(6)
g ^ L t o ôsen
to rejoice
g ? to faint
q to die
^ T to ponder
ST to repeat
(6)
(1)
(4)
(6)
(6)
(1)
I I *
fqsft
^
î*
j
j
i^sr^
firo
^
^
SfRf
ftw
^
W^r
STRAIT
m
srfesRl
Trfi^T
ST^TT
H^tol
faa
firssfci
ggjfa
ftpR*
^rfcT
qsifcl
Infinitive
Sm*
g
|
^fag*^
q
*
gj
*
f*RT
ftr^
g^fcf
Ind. past. p.
ftrf^r
g^
gfi^
g^^lT
gf^TT
g^^JT
g ^
^
5TT<T
ftffe^T
1
1
1
*ft3Fg*T
r
>
*
h1
Verbal root
t to fade
)
to sacrifice (1)
to attempt
(\)
to restrain (1)
qre to beg
0)
to join
(7)
gq[ to
fight
(4)
^T to protect
(1)
^ to arrange (1)
W to begin
(1)
W to sport
(1)
shine
(1)
^ to please
(1)
to obstruct (7)
to grow
(1)
to leap
(1)
to be
ashamed (6)
to get
(1)
Present act.
q^rfff
^
ap^fcT
v&m
^
^
TO
qT^
g ^
g*^
qifaff
g^R
gg
tf^pr
^fff-^
flHRfr
imfft
frq^
^
ufaff
^facT
^
dsfcT
af
fa
aff^
ctt^S
&&&
osfeaffi
c55q
Ind. past. p.
^ n
3rfcTc3T
^T
qTfq^T
gî
g^T
^fqÎ
l^T
^T
^fac^T
553T
^WT
Infinitive
oo
q^q
qifag*
qt^T
^fqgJT
T^gq
ÎfJf
WBjq
|
|
3
Verbal root
fawq to write
fog to ano nt
5ft to stick
to wallow
q to break
g^T to covet
^ to cut
q ^ to speak
q<^ to speak
q ^ to salute
W to sow
to vomit
W to dwell
q ^ to carry
f q ^ to
find
fafrto enter
f ^ to exist
f q to increase
sqq to pierce
Present act.
(6)
(6)
(9)
(4)
(6)
(4)
(9)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(I)
(i)
(1)
(1)
(6)
(6)
(1)
(1)
(4)
_
foqfo
Present pass.
f&^Rt
ftwfcT
*5tq%
gaqfa
*qfcT
qqfa
q ^
qqfa
wfff
^
q ^
^
fq?q%
fq*rfa
qq^
fqsqfa
Past.
pass.
M m
f&q
55tq
gfer
gH
gsq
^T
qfa^
3H
qRf
afar
M
fq^
f^q^
p.
Ind. past. p.
Infinitive
f&fe&T
f^c^T
cJfcn
^ 3 *
S^T
at^
cflîT
35RqT
sftfcqT
q^ff
^3*
q^qi
3fq<qT
S^TT
fa^T
fq*T
fag
fxf
fg
fag
f^T
f^qi
ftgqT
^
q ^
qfirgq
q^q
qtq
^
if^q
q%q
sqgq
<|
r
3
|
W
g
S
Q
>
5
oo
'
Verbal root
Present act.
Present pass.
W^to go
(1)
Wn^t
to praise (1) smfcT
SfT^to be able (5)
OT^to curse
(1) SNfcT-^
to stop
(4)
OT^ffcl
fasMo learn (1) f ^ t
f^Rt
g^to grieve (1) sftefa
dry
(4) gsrffr
rHto be tired (4)
tfTnrfa
sp^
ft? to reach
(1) srofa
sft^
3T to hear
(5)
to praise (1)
WTO
fm\ to embrace (4)
fa^fa
f^Rt
to sit
(L)
FFT^fa
S? to bear
(1) g^t
^
to console (10) SRSRfo-^
to sprinkle (6)
ftrafir
fax^
ftpsMo reach (4)
fa^fo
3 to go
(1) mfa
f^T^
Past pass p.
Ind. past p.
Srf^TcT
afa^T
m
WFd
f^rf^T
îtfac!
9TRT
^T
fac!
STR3T
^T
Infinitive
sm^
siftrg^
f^rf^L
STtfag^
sffagiT
stfagl
ftm
m
^T^T
STf^cT
farR
ftf^
Sfl
STFc^faon
f^F^T
fas
Q^T
STI^
tffg^
HT^ffrg^
S'fag*
ScfH,
*-*
oo
^
>
$
Verbal root
Present act.
to create (6) s^rfa

to serve
(1) ^
TOT to stand
(1)
FA^TOIOVE
(4)
wfa
a to
sqfff
flow
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
fa^fa
Infinitive
gc^T
ftqcT
W&l
SPlfff
*9T3*l
ffc^T
^Nff
faR^T
^t
Sff
msft
f^fa
fqfff
'
^ff
5ff
faff
^3*
^fac^T
^RT
FTA
F^*T
5T3H
1%
fff
fff
f^T
f^T
5T3H
3
8
|
*
^fa-jt
faff
wft
$
R
FAREN
(3)
(1)
(1)
Ind. past. p.
Qg
FMFA
ST^ to throb (I)

to touch (6)
long for (10)
q ^ t o throb (6)
fa? to smile (1)
^ to remember (1)
^ to sleep
to taste
^ to kill
to laugh
to abandon
f to take
| to call
I . . . .
g
g
OS
o*
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLOSSARY
3T
?fjf: m.
fire
a p ^ tip, point
in front (+gen.)
goat
(1) (afafa) to roam
e gg
a??T therefore
a i f t f t : m. guest
adhere
a ^ s that {see n. 70)
SRI today
,
aw* lowest
aw: below (+gen.)
WHTnow
PRRHafter ( + a b l . )
^ w i n d
erPl even
^ ^
along (+cc.)
a ^ favourable
5 0 * love
^ b e t w e e n (+acc.)
^ T without (+acc.)
&TCT (4) (ar^fa) to
unimpaired
throw;
(hjste?fiTOnear(+acc.)
%) to scatter^
3 i f i ,
^name
unable
""J w a t e r
" f t " m sword
( W ) . water w f a limitless
forest
(eB) . blood
w enem
1 see
>
y
(
n. 67)
^
healthy
m. serpent
s ^ U ) (aprfa)
sjffer harmful
^
to worship
^
arcJIO) ( a ^ )
, W from, up to v ( f a b . )
to request
'k
'
r
"W object, riches
'8 y
3?if5J disturbed
(1) (0?ffrT)
. ,
.
amrir: arrival
t
to deserve
ênough(+instr.)
^
^
^
^
^protect
^
preceptor
anna
WHL(1WT> self
IRR^Cnw^)
supreme good
8fW tear
^
order
e?^: horse
ang first
e* eight (see n. 130) ^ ( 5 ) to obtain
food
9jgj? v( off ojft oTO )
W Rs
f.
other
^
"
' a d,V C r S..l t y
ei hth
a w r otherwise
. ,
*
oincrwise
aret^Pi.eighteen
mango
PÔRWPIjft
am^ ( < f t ^ )
engs (sngO . life
-VTC) following
eighteenth
(.n*iRfr
W W : offence
ewr ( wfer) to be
-H^) long lived
,
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLO
smtnin health
laziness
^Thope
3
*
n w p hefrmitage
W W refuge, supportt
ansrc: food
hi
*hest'best
i t f l n m. seer
drivitlg a w a y
upward
m. ocean
generous, noble
p,ant
f ^ wish
gft. t h u s
ggq: effort
I r o this (see n 69>

m moon
'
^^garden
^ f t above (+gen.)
S o t 'sense
.
j
ST/1
(
^ ^ 5 f' shoe
gqiq: means
or< both sides
so great, so much
ljke
* (6) ( f ^ f t l ) to wish
* ^
53: m. arrow
^ here
, x
, <+acc-.>
(3*0 n. breast
^
. .
.
33 (1) v(afara) to burn
- . s , '
dawn
gror hot
f
t* (lHf^)tosee;
q f M f c t q f a * ) to examine ,
ftfrfeORM
to expect
fs^r ( f T T oSETH.)
such
I W God, master
money-leader
P 1 <+abl>
i f L ^ ,
j0y
^ ^
lmir11v
137
SARY
one
once u
^
:
( s e e 1 2 6 )
Pon
tjme
(see
n
!
1
130
>
o^)
eleventh
^ t h i s (see n. 67)
(
}
'
so great, so much
just only
fr
Indra's
elephant
f
- <
TT^^ power, sway
^t
*
^
f ^ : ) n. vigour
a f t . / . wave
**
l ^ f IPS )/ hymn
debt
s f a a O ^ n. Louse
^
^
n P
T ^ ' ' ] " '
boiled nee
3TT
a f a ^ medicine
] 138
SANSKRIT MANUAL
qj
m. quarrel
f q where ?
^ who (
rce
fa^)
^ q m r ^ welfare
(4)
to be
direction ^ q : m. poet
"
angry ( + d a t . )
ûj: neck"
TO:
one-eyed
skilful, expert
4
^cR: which of two
TO:
crow
f * t ) CSWfa)
t0 e
W (10) 0&qqfa) to tell
/. beauty
^
brace
flowcr
how
jq: desire
WTO
somehow
( TOW )
^QWC,
v.
^ when
granting desires * ^
^
^
sometimes ;
TO:
body
(BRfrftft)to decoq q^nrfq never
cause
rate
^q^gold
TO
to be done
(fRfftr) to cut
youngest
TO^work,
business
grateful
(*qRq*ft q:) TO: time
Scl^cTT gratitude
younger ^ ^ ^ ^ p o c m
^ f o r the sake of
TOT daughter
(+gen.)
tQ
$fa: m. monkey
shine; SHET^T (Sf- SWT artificial
pigeon
^ T ^ ) to shine
wretched
lotus
servant
lean, emaciated
TO (1) (TO&)
f%?3 but
to draw ;
(6)
t0
to tremble fa^ ( v w
who a
P,0USh
W hand
p v : Kr ? ija
w h a l a (see v 113)'
^ f ^ ( ^ t ) w. elephant
^ f ^ fofe^ f W black
Wi (10) ( ^ q f a ) to hear
foqfa
^ T q (f^Tq&) to
a cert in
make b
^ HT-ri ( n M i ) to
*
'ack
hear, to listen
V
f
^
f
(
6
)
(
f
t
l
f
c
)
to
scatter
how great ? how *
_
x ,
W* ear
much ?
q^T (1) (TOa) to be
fit t o
^ f 0i*rf) m. doer,
f ^ f a ( o # ) adolescent
*
conduce
master
c
<
(MP
%fti/.je.t C+dat.)
^
( W ) w. work
of what kind ? ^tfo*: cuckoo
spot
^p^r: dog
c6tq: anger
quarrel
^ whence ?
son of Kunti
SARY
139
gsjl (1,4) (jpmfa, 35TKTWfcfal ( f f f t w f t ) t o 1%:/. course, gait

fa ), arfe-^H ( sif<335Tshorten, to sum( c<u <>3fV ) goer
) to go beyond,
marize
odour, perfume
to cross
i
k
)
to go ;
fast> qu c
(9) to buy ;
fa.ft
wasted, lean
{
)
> # l A f i . w t n i r
small, mean
to obtain; s^-mr
^ ( 1 ) (tfM*) to play m ( 4 )
to ^
tQ k n o w j
S7c4) a (SifcT^ to be
hungry
W-W lanumfe) to
angry ( + dat.)
( g ^ ) / . hunger
come;
(3<Tanger
g v ^ famished
T ^ f o ) to approach
i f ? ( 0 feforfa) to cry
^ (4) ( j ^ f a ) t o be
( srffrtr^fa )
to return
cry, shout
"
*
agitated *
\
*UM>*nriir.
^fieid
^
Ravines*
to be tired
m ; w
SOD g
felC4)(^)tosuffer
^lame
W : singer
pain, trouble
W (10)
songstress
^ where?
to break
sm(8) to hurt
TO
Piece, section
fa;
( # ) f . . voice"1186
W moment
(1) ( ^ f c l ) to dig ^
mountain
decay, loss
I^Jffl digging
jpr: virtue, quality
(1,4) (5rn%,5rmif<!)
indeed, surely
gnraiff^
ofôft
to endure, to forgive
ten^fa)
to eat
appreciative
-ftrift fq)
f^(4)
to be g o ^ f f a (ojft efipjft
^"bearing
afflicted, depressed
loving virtue
g a (10) (W^fcT)^ ^
^ f r a known, famous gopi^
{ m m todecaay
U
~
fil^T!
( W t
( 6 ) ( f * f t O to n*t Ganges
^
^ j j j g
throw
*T5f: elephant
heavy, honourable
( srfafgrcfa )
to
(10) ( m v f a ) to g^: m. teacher
abuse; fa-f^ ( fa- count;
35^(1) (l^fcO to hide
) to put down ;
TW^fa) to despise gfT cave
] 140
house
^f50ft housewife
fourteenth
*T (1) (*mfH) to sing ^ s moon
Rls cowherd,
(^WTO m
Gopala
"
m oon
iftew: Gautama
^ army
^
fWfiT) to move ;
white, fair
V w
to
TO (1) (TO*)
depart;
(Htto swallow
to perform
WBL (W)
disguise,
fraud
|
i SW goat
to cut
i^
fe^ hole, crack
5T
aftnn
^
^
~ V} h a v i *
, L
A
unr. village
^
*'
^ be
^
o q q q ) leathern
^
born
qz: jar
(1) ( ^ f a ) to move
man> person
(10) ( T f m f a )
(05ft) outcast
father
to proclaim TO lovely, beautiful
^ ^ mother
fcW ghee
fa
;5) to collect, to
^ ^
bjrth
gathcr
s i U ) (ftarftr)
..
W* U ) ( w f t n
to smell ^ surprising
to mutter
^
(10) ( f W i f a )
0 id age
to think
W ater
* apd
.
^ ^
^ q (1) (^qftf)
^ff^L
) spiritual
^
to prattle
o q ^ ) having done fo^ after along time
snfa:/. race, caste
* * * wheel
^ (10)
| WT3 knee
c e
y
to steal TOT? (TOTcn) m.
f . beak
( % : > 77. m i n d
son-in-law
sparrow
^j^(i)
to try
STT^net
^ g ^ f o u r (seen 126)
"
fa
(I)
to con^qjq ( *p otft
^
quer ; fa-fa (fq*rq^)
fourth
(10) (SRqftf)
to vanquish ; q*T-fa
q ^ ^ f f i fourteen
to cover
to defeat
fafT tongue
( 0 ( M l ) to live
life
^fi^hfe
SARY
141
(
^
butter.miik
s]ope^ s h o r e
^
^
star
palate
** (10) (TOarftT)
TO
to beat
so great, so much
victorious fffe^/. lightning
faH
(foK
*[(4) (sfarfa) to grow
uncooked rice
horizontal
old
thence, then
c f t ^ bank
(9) to know
so, thus
sharp, violent
m^L knowledge
^
that
g ^ f 6 ) (g^fo) to strike
(see n. 67)
g s (10) (cfcs^ft)
t o wei h
o ^ ) learned ^ then
"
8
4
to
fTf^H ( cift
ofa ) ^ (8) to stretch
( )
learned
body
^silently
^ ^
^
eldest
^
fatigue, sluggishrass
^ f H ( ^ ) "-light
ness
^
affiiTT moonlight
cRT3 sleepy, sluggish
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
(s^fa)
cTO(l)
^
satisfy oneself
io burn
to glow
gfn: /: satisfaction
fiTO (cHO n. heat,
* *4U. ,
3
^
penance ^
thirst
. ..
m f a K (*&) ascetic
S O ) (Wfa) to cross
r.r.
4
Offerer quickly,
^ ^ ^ ^
/
t
M
J at once
cTOT (OTO
darkness
^ ^ ta^Cm)
to descend
: m. tree
/
{v ^ ^
(mi) n. glow,
squint-eyed
WT (
o ^ )
brilliance
f^qsft gloss, comment
, U fcfcffl (osft cfafft
c
V
^
commentary
OT
( 1 0 ) ( 0 ^ * ) to
-spirited, a r d e n t
threaten qfi[-<r^(q- ^
(1) (owfa) to
^
fta&lfa)
to threaten
"abandon ; q f t - ^
fewr: young child
base, foot
(qffcprfa) to give
(1,4) (131%, ^
)
up, to forsake
to fly
o ^ ) having stood ^T^ group of three
] 142
spftSRR. thirteen
spfpftf (o^s 5rt 5T0
thirteenth
fir m- Tm-three (see n. 126)
m U) ( n ^ )
to hasten
servant
maid servant
M
(4> ( ^ t a f t )
to play
day
by day
f ^ ( 6 ) (f^tftr) to
show; an-f^5T (ani s I ( 0 ft*"*) to bite
^ ^ t o command ;
^ c o m p e t e n t skilful
( g ^ f e ) to
^ (10) ( i n s t r u c t ,
to advise
to punish f ^
) direction
SR (4) ( ^ i )
to tame
^T compassion mercy
<ft*poor
sight, vision
^
t e n
tenth
^(1)
to burn
~
to
burn down
ST (1) ( ^ g f a ) to give
en-^T to receive
S-ST to offer
,_ ; f ,
f
* *
^
wood
: body
l^fate
fault
(1)
to
shine
* (1) ' Wftl) to run
*
to melt
ST^pair
twelve
^
(
twelfth
8ft. (5T0/. door
ft ( i t 1 1 ) two
m
^ ~ bum, to glow ^ '
' enemy
îong
v?
rf^wgx
slowness
_
v
.
W wealth
^misery
^
^
}
wicked man
^
rich
difficult to get
/.daughter
messenger
distant
far away (+abl.)

from
OT^P
? ( 6 ) ( f i ^ ) 3TT-?
(anfiPRO to honour
5
firm
t ( O f t * * ) to see
god
q f e ^ (o^V oftift
rich
n. bow
W : duty, law, virtue
*1T (3) to put ; arffcHTT
to address ;
to
lay down
^
creator
nurse
mranr grain
^
^
to run
to attack
f m fie on (+acc.)
ofreft
SRER ( 4 ) ( S ^ F A )
to
erish
143
SARY
(JFAT)
m. leader
iter* eye
talented, prudent ^ ( 4 ) (siwfa) to bind

^
steadfast
cttq^ (5TTJT) name
"
"
low
yoke
efTq by name
rogue
woman
'
wfe: / . dust
riT^T: destruction
W- side, wing
id)
to hold fopiT near ( + a c c . )
m. bird
? (10) ( s n ^ f a ) to owe faÎ constant, regular q f ^ mud
% /. cow
fan
sleep
^ ( 1 ) C^^rfcT) to cook
^TT (1) Owftl) to blow fafa: m. treasure
q ^ T O^T
(1) (tqrqftn
) fifteenth
to meditate
to blame q s ^ r ^ fifteen
?T
fMffcflJo^
q ^ QVe (s>e n. 130)
si not
having led q ^ (c^: o*ft c * ^ )
at night
fagw
skilled
fifth
w d city
focqusj
innocent
qg cleaver
^ (1) ( ^ f r f ) to sound
worthless
q^ (1)
t 0 read
river
f ^ T pitiless
q ^ (1) (TOfcT) to fall
Jfsf^f t fRT^T)
pitiless
q f t ^ ("iftqclftr) to
/. husband's sister f ^ f a ^ certainly
fly
around
(5?HT) m. grandson
$ (i)
t o led ; q^ft w i f e
^ (1) (sw%) to salute
(WWfo) to q 5 R k a f > l e t t e r
W
honour, t salutation
^wholesome
^:man
'
low T
T r ' l V V
to
conduct
(^ ^ )
w n ew
^
nine
^
healthy
fall into adversity ;
TO ( . :
0 | ft
o ^ )
blue
(
) to
ninth flat (4) (ggrffc)
prosper
to dance
ste
^ T ^ nineteen
P> p l a c e
s^^T (
o^ft o ^ )
k^g
TOÔOT)
water,
nineteenth
m. king
milk
] 144
tot: beyond (+abl.) g* (<) f . city

m. axe
g*T formerly
quqjq: valour, exploit ^
man
g ^ ^ s human effort
turned away gq (4) (geqfa)
qf^(qftqrz)
tonounsh
ower
^
^
fta* (
embiy
q f i ^ q to be avoided
q^q hard, rough
qq^; mountain
*
u
qg: w. beast
u f j ^.
x
behind (+gen.)
qj (1) (fqqfcf) to drink
qT (2) to protect
qT3: lesson
qiftr: m. hand
W T vessel
qTq: foot
qjqq- s i n
qyf<q^; courtier
qiÛO)
to
to protect
ft? (fqcIT) m. father
<fte (10) (<fteq%) to
oppress, to torment
cfa yellow
fat
goqq merit
g^P son
fipO * b ain
g*cf: in front (-fgen.)
J^hook
^
(10) (
W p a I a c c
Sft (10)
c *
to
worship
WL
<+abl.)
s M * earth
Sq wide
**
q (3)7 to fill
e
SR (6) ( gx^fa ) to
ask; en-Sr ( antake leave
^ towards (+acc<)
R W ^ W .rfWt
backward,
western
xt&m'- reaction,
remCdy
^first
ôrigin
qvrrq: power
**35 w. lord, master
sngf much, many
5iqf: effort
5RW cessation
SRRfift to check
5RT5T favourable
srcnq: favour
qpp before ( + abl.)
o
5TPT (sn^srr^ 5TT^)

forward, eastern
STRR (nmO early
) y:
( ^
^
^ monsoon
before
Pâse
n.
love
**
_
TO hood of a snake
q; (1)
UJ W W ;
to bear fruit
fruitful
<p blossoming
qwfoam
^
W to bind
relative, friend
qcWJ^ strength
oq^)
strong
qfe: outside ( + abl.)
qg much, many
boy
^T55T
girl
m. arm
fipj: m. drop
ftsrahole
fintelligence
Trrr intelligent
intelligent
0ojict)
m i 1,4) ^qfrr
)
to know ; s-f* (snfmfa
to awake
3gq: wise man
f e m Tm famished
) .
the Absolute
yur
SARY
145
SW.(M) OOTfa smrfa)
honour (see n. 91.)

to roam, to err
i
house, abode
^
ashes
,
1
WI^T: devotee
nftp/. mind
burden
t o s p e a k,
HcW
fish
/mBlftT\
am speecji, language **
.;ce
f^(7) to split
honey
3a (7) to eat, to
m bee
^
enjoy J*
serpent
^ middlemost,
^
world
mediocre
^(l) (q^fa) to be, to
to think
Cut:) n. mind
become .
to feel, to
wish, desire
fa m a
. . .
enjoy ; 3<mt (as(iF^rl)
5n?nr: brahmin
V '
to consult
to arise ;
text
*
% ( q f e l f f t ) to over> sPc!I
riW- devotion
come fevaiI
;
(smfe)
"^ inister
^ ( 10 ) (
)
I P
peacock
to eat wfa: /. prosperity
^peacock
^ ( ^ P I U O God
wg^/M. king
^peahen
ilMfr lister
J*/earth
to divide
to adorn
(
wT <>5<0
^ ( 7 ) to break
ornament
? reat
^fortune
to support
(iffclT)
fear
greatneSS
^.
tfn:
enjoyment,
_
fearful
pleasure *TTf?5T woman
meaI
( Rif ) m. lord,
TT not (with
husband w'sr (4)(s^JrfcO to fall
imperative)
146
in (2) to measure;
fircrsf
m ( f t n f ) to build
... . . .
HfcRfle*
^sacrifice
7<| (ITTWT)/. mother
^ sacrifice
i n w <mwfo)
to
a W f R T to honour
attempt
10) ( n M )
^ where
,
> to be?in
1
whn
^ < >(
) t<> s P o r t
m a t garland
plantain-tree
lira: month
i f t w. sun
fa* friend
^ when
iTw m. ray
fa (6) ( f a f a ) to join
^ lf
secretly
g f a : / . salvation
1*0)
( 1)
to
month
restrain
to shine
n, fame
^
( )
m. king
(6> ( g t f * ) t o r e i e a s e ^ ( 2 ) t o g o
W
courtier
5\(1)
to rejoice 1W (1)
to beg
queen
-rf.
path
P
SCek
Raghu
^ ( 1 0 ) (pnrftr) to
a r r a n
^ to comP*e
K^-.f. rope
^{ewel
W chariot
W ( 1 ) ( ^ ) ; en-W
^ T c o i n , seal
gfa: m. sage
(gSTfa) to faint
fool
<*??> . head
ra^mouse
3 (6) ( M ) to die
qwr as.. so
qiÎ, ( o s R f t o ^ )
night
R
.. ffm^ (
o=j<ft
ama
hea
as much as
P
while l U )
) to
44)
g * ( 7 j to join
(
(4) (g*m) to fight w { 7 ) t o o b s t r u c t
3 ^ w a r , battle
^ ^ b]ood
" < * > to seek ^ V ^ y o u

, tQ
( 1 ) ( ^
" u e c r
.
'
grow ;
JjcT dead
^ ^ eight miles
a j H j i f j emlffcl) to
m. death
X
climb, to mount
soft
OT(l)(arftrt
J^,rupee
Oira: ojpff
to protect *** h n e ' s e r i e s
.
earthen
/ . dust, pollen
c,oud
m. protector sfrq: disease
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH GLO 3SARY
ftfqq. 0*TT oftoft *fq)

sick
weeping
^
!?w A.
,
( l ) ( f f r M o leap
147
qjWY voice
ist: race, family

^
w> o r a t o r
q T g:
WSfcTOTqqtfq*?)
eloquent
^
water
fq?j: o b s t a c l e
to speak
saying
well
wind
f ^ money, riches
f ^ f 6 ) ( f ^ f ^ , t 0 find
W ( 6 ) (555^%)
to be ashamed
5S55H shame
^ deeper
5W(1) (wfc) toreceive, to obtain
5$m: acquisition
fa (6) ( f a f a )
to write
fa (6) ( f a r f a )
" to smear, to anoint
5ft (9) to adhere, stick
& (4) o a q f t )
to wallow
to be
merchant
** ( 0
to speak
fr^
to disagree, to dispute
kili.ng, murder
^ w i f e . woman
^
forest
knwIed
^
, i i j s h t * in
8
^
'
,
learned
m ,- ate
f ^ . modesty
^
without (+acc.
instr. or abl.)
to sa1ute
diversion
to sow
^ (1)
fa* (
ftl*)/
^
body
adversity
n. age
fiw
brahmin
*^boar
f ^ bewildered
m (6) (PT%) to break C , o l " r ' c a s t e

^ ( 4 ) (awjft)
^ . ( m ) . path
to covet
$ (9) to cut
TO
tta-arfj.!
rl0)
m lllZZSLf *
^ f V T ^ 0
to see, to observe
a t a : world
J W avarice
mm, dmT) n. hair
5tc5 fickle, anxious
year
weddin
ffcr. (6) (
enter;
to
wfo-fc-ffcr
(1) (TOfcT) to dwell
(eifirfafa^) to resort
^ ^ to be dwelt in
to ( +acc. )
* wealth
(sqfosf*) to
4 thing,
sit ;
5> object
J
^
to enter
f ^ ( f ^ ) VaiSya
^ U t o S , to
flow
diverse
qr or
faqiroi
dejected
qrq ( q r e ) / . speech faq^ poison
] 148
SANSKRIT MANUAL
f^ra (
firee
fa^fr
3J
character
fasRP) all-pervading ^ (1)
^ (1) (sfr^rfct)to grieve
qfa;: hero, warrior
'
to praise ^ f r pure
wolf
^ (5) to be able
gq (4) (g^ftf) to dry
tree
5TTO/. strength,
hero
t 0 be
Wt(l)
>
to exist; ft-R ( ft) to desist from :
(
) to
turn, to change ; Rf^ ( ^
) to proceed, to begin
^sn in vain
old
old a e
?
(1) (qvft) to increase
i f ^ w. Creator
H (1)
to shake
p0Wer
*ZTRK jackal
splendour
r gUe
(4)
CentUry
to be tired
cncmy
^
fa
(1) (wftr) to
slow]
y
reach : e n f * ( e?i^ U ) terafa) t 0 c u r s e
SRfa) to depend on,
sound, noise
to have recourse
51^(4) (STTHjfa) to be- s f o p ^ i n * o j ^ f t o ^ )
come quiet
rich> fort
' to stop
unate
arrow
* (5) to hear
^ (
/ a utumn ^ (sft<n) m. hearer
W
^
able to be d o n e
body
learned
'
to tremble m ( t night
brahmin
^ W U ^ T ) n - house
STfo^ ^T^ft) m. moon
(1) ( ^ q ^ )
fc: doctor
weapon
^
t o praise
(4) ( fa^fa )
îT^T branch
f ^ (4) ( f ^ q f a )
to pierce STTfccT: / . peace
to embrace
s q n ^ l o s s , misfortune
sacred book,
mother-in-law
nHs tiger
science , * t o m o r r o w
s^nft tigress
TO!
(1) (ftra) to learn ^
whke
m disease
ft^:
summit
s^faff sick
finw
(ftRP)
head
*
s a f W ^ t f m ) n. sky
w. babY> child
qq ( q z ) six
** lU (TOfa) to go, to ftw: pupil
130)
walk
cold
( q5: q*St q*5*0
vow, promise
head
sixth
"tlSST (
sixteenth
sixteen
^
<fe*(*R0/. assembly
6
g^ ^ Tfriendship
SARY
149
time, contract
ft?:
lion
S i m near (+acc.)
fgî lioness
en*? able
f g ^ l 6 ) (fggfa)
efw
) f . fuel
sprinkle
near ( +gen.)
f t o (4) ({%**?%>
sea
tosuêd
f WCa,th
i a
^ ^(
'
^
Sita
prosperity
.
gsia having water

H o w e l l , properly
gfspT. being
g n j ^ (gpj ojfcft
truth
o ^ ) right, proper
SVl) (tf^tosit; ^
( ^ E J m.
a-^(a^)tobe
emperor
favourable; ^
g f ^ / . river
be afflicserpent, snake
ted, depressed
all (see n. 96 )
g ^
n. abode,
on all sides
residence
( +acc.)
g?5F 03T; 05ft
ofw every where
similar
always
gron twilight
gf^g (gfaflT) m. sun
gqfc[ at once
gf^(l) ( g ^ )
SHI. seven
to endure
m* (
M*J
w with (-finstr.)
seventh g ^ suddenly
(*5P
) gr^ good, holy
seventeenth gyq: m . holy man
gHSSTI seventeen
c h e e rfully
m i court, assembly
gqgnTjn the presence
of (+gen.)
SWT with ( + instr.)
g^JT happiness
fragrant
very difficult
gn asleep
^
^
k i n d ness
wise
^ ^ (o5fT . ^ o5(s)
"
benevolent
m.
"
learned man
fragrant
gspfa gold
g f ^ g p O m. friend
qp: charioteer
< SUQ
^ (\}
to move,
erg-^ (eigg*%) to
follow
(6)
to
create
,
m
to appease,
onaSc
to console sfaT army
miftr- m. charioteer
m. general
l
with fear
] H ( ) ( ^ ) to servc
156
soldier
(!) ( )
to
f_ j a w
StTOJT ladder
remember;
f ^
(Sgm* )
flT'^H beauty
( f a w f a ) to forget
"Hanuman
m Hari
shoulder
^ j : /. rememberance,
~
deer
(2) to praise
law-book ^
femaIe deer
SJT (1) (
) to ^ ( m j f . garland
tfw
stand;
%(1) f
)
^
Srecn
) to occupy,
to flow 5*51 plough
to dwell ( + a c c ) - ^f one's own
f f a s ( gfa:) n.
^ 1 ( 2 ) to sleep
oblation
m : dream
0)
( W f t r ) to
rise
lau h
WTO place
nature
5
fera standing
heaven
SSfa ) to laugh at
fa firm, steadfast
^ ( ^ T ) /. sister
* ( 3 ) t 0 abandon
Pgi big large
hail! ( + d a t . )
^ ^ to be avoided
BT (2) to bathe
healthy
W necklace
fa (4) (
(0 (
~ to love (-Hoc.)
totaste
to throb
rivalry
lord, husband
' ,
to toucn
WL
to desire ( + d a t . )
fa(lKCT^)to
fofa
swan
^
^
I1ridicule
Jfor''êed
Himalaya
I ( 0 ( Ufa ) to take
to avoid ; s-f
^ ^ ^t o s t r J k e
m
f ^ x f c N to'
}
S e t
(
female swan
kiIled
smile; 551 (2) to kill,

g^W heart
to be
to strike ; fe-fif to"
lake
sur
Prised
disturb
1 ( 1 ) ( f ^ ) to call
A
*
to abandon ^
old age
to ask srt^(6)
to be agitated g * (4)
If^fcT)
(6
ww d ) , ST (3)
all m (see n. 96)

^
ajoDg
although
asleep
8H
assembly
able
able to be done WW
to be able ^ ( 5 )
abode w m ,
(W )
above sqR ( + gen.)
y .
(
to attack erftT-^R (1)
anger ^
(4) ( a n ^ f o )
angry j f o s ,
to attempt
to be angry J t (4)
^f *}
autumn
W O /
( 4 ) (%dat,)
the Absolute ^
anna
(â)
always
and
anxious ^v-.
to abuse e?fW-ftff^C6)
to appease
(10)
acquisition c5Tvr:
appreciative S ^ f ^ r
to address ajfa-su (3)
to approach sq-TOT (1)
adolescent i w f t : ( f t )
ardent cNfigM
to adorn ^ (10)
to arise
adversity anq^ (enq<0
Arjuna 3 ^ : ,
/.^(fqq^)/
a r m q i | : m.
to fall into adversity
army q t g f .
fq-q^ (4) M
to arrange ^ ( 1 0 )
to advise
OT-f^T(6)
arrival
QiTO^
afar
from afar
to arrive
arrow 55: m. qRt
afflicted
artificial f f o q
to be afflicted fq-g^
ascetic
m.
( M ^ )
rn.
after
( + abl.)>
ashamed afeffi
(+acc.) to be ashamed
again
age q q ^ (qq:) n.
ashes
(WT) n -
avarice a t * :
to avoid qft-g (1)X <

to be avoided qR^sqto awake
axe
m
B
baby f ^ : m.
backward
bank
^
^
base
tQ b a t h e ^ (2)
battle g^q
to be
^ (1),
f ^ (4) ( f e f t l ^
(1) (
)
beak
f.
to bear q? (l)
beast qg: w.
to beat ^ (10)
(cfT^qfcT)
beautiful ^
] 152
beauty sBTfcf: s W r ^
to become ^ (1)
bee sjffc m. qgfo?
(
before
, ^
T+abl.)
to beg qpq (1) (qrq^)
^ - "
/iv
to begin an w (1)
/
^v
'
(mm),
<
)
behind q^T^ ( + gen.)
below 8?q: C+ gen.)
best
between aRRT (+acc.)
beyond q ^ : (+gen.)
big
to bind q ^ ( 4 ) , spq (7)
bird qfgq (q^t) w., fafq:
birth *R?q (W^q)
to bite
1)
black ^
to blacken ( ^ q )
book g
a
to be born 5R (4)
"
bow
boy
^
Brahma ^ L ( ^ I T ) m.
brahmin srnw, ft*
u
u _..L_.
branch SFT^T
{h\
to bu r e a ki
(7)> S i
(6)
breast ^
bridge
m.
brilliance ^ r
ft*:)
H.
to bring oq-qt (1)
to build
fasr-qT
~(fqqf) (2)
burden
to burn OT (1), cfq
" (1), ^ (1)
to burn down
^
W ^ ( l )
business $Tqq
^
but f ^ g
_
butter-milk
,
to buy ifr (9)
J
.
to blame fq?s
1
A
, ,
blind BFq
.
f t
blood
(
) n.
^ - v * -^fam
blossoming t p
^
to
to blow
(1) (qqfa)
call | f 1)
^
blue ifta
caste sqfa: /., q*r:
boar q*T|:
cause ^ T ^ l
body qqq:, ag:
cave 35T
qgg, (,qg:)
qrfa* century 4ldK<t
certain ^ f ^
fafe^l
certainly
cessation sra*:
t0
hange
character
chariot
, .
charioteer gRfq: m.
to check qq^(l)
(qwftr), 5RRT ift (1)
cheerfully s r q ^ q
child few?:, fagf m.
CITY
"
clever q
to climb eiT-^(l)
cloud qq:
/.
com
cold
^
^
collect fq (5)
colour ^
t0
( }
to come sn-qq /1N

1);
, p...
comment foquft
,
a
commentary
compassion qqj
to compose
(10)
conduct e n q j ^ q ^ f o / .
to conquer fa (1)
to console SRq (10)
to consult q ^ U O )
(ipqq^)
constant
ft??
contract e w :
to cook
(1)
to count ( m j (10)
country
course nfa: f .
court w n
courtier q r f t ^ :
to cover 3^(10)
to covet p T ( 4 )
153
daughter ^TT, ^ f f i j J to die jg (6)

/. difficult to get
dawn a ^ ( a q p ) /
to dig ^ (1)
day f ^ L ,
digging ^ p f ^
by day
direction
(sgfq )
dead ^
/., f ^ ^
dear
fiw
disagree
to
death
m.
( f ^ j ^
debt ^
disease ft*: zmf* m.
decays:
disguise W
(m)
to decay * (1)
to dispute f
a
cow
J
crack
fe^
crane tot?;: SR5TW
to create
(6)
creation sfg: f .
Creator ^ ('TOT) m.
to decorate
(8)
(fi^sh
deer jjh:, sftup
distant
to defeat qu-fa 1
disturbed e?T55
m v * m ; diversion f ^ :
dejected
faqonr
^
to divide
to depart
(1)
to do f (8) {see nn.
m. to be depressed
fe^
51 & 62) ; to be
creeper SRIT "
(4) (fisTCltt , ff-g<[ .
*
done
dOCt r
to cross
(4)
(1) i W t t f l ,
f ^ - ^
m
farftwwftr). a (l) t 0 descend
(l)
.
c
'
crow
cry ^hr:
desire ^ T ,
to desire
cuckoo eEtftcfc,
(+dat.)
to curse m j l )
to desist
ft-^(l)
to cut K (6) W f l ) ,
(+abl.)
( 9 ) to despise
10)
D
destruction TRT:
to dance
(4)
devotee
darkness a n * (<UP) n.
| devotion
f.
to drink qr (1)
driving away g ^ n
drop
m.
to dry ^ (4)
d u s t afof/.
] .,_<
duty ^
to dwell rt (.1)
] 54
I to err
(1,4) (wrfcT) fault ^sp

(sn*qfcT) favour SKlTq:
ear
even *rft
favourable
c
early Sffi^
everywhere ^
t o b e favourable SRT^
earth sfqqt, >|fq:/.
to examine q f t - t ^ U )
(1) (srcftqfa)
eastern s n ^
(/tfteft) fear
to eat ^
(1), ^ (10) except %% ( + a b l . )
fearful
effort
qqeP
to exist 1 ^ ( 1 ) ( q ^ )
w i t h fear flTOOT
egg
to expect q f a - f ^ J l )
t o feel
eight
<see n. 130)
fickle
eighteen sre^q,
expert
fie
o n fop ( +acc.)
eighteenth m ^ T
exploit q u w
fifth
qgq"
eighth
eye q g S (qgO n. ^
fiftcen
q g ^
eldest
F
fifteenth
qsaq^T
elephant
W)
to fight gq (4)
face g^q
W 5
t o fiI1
fair q k
| (3)
^
eleven
(4)
to find'fq^(6) (fq*q%)
to faint
eleventh ^ ^ r
^ (4)
fire
w.
t 0 fall q^ ^
emaciated qRff
'
firm
ss, f&HE
to embrace f S (4),
first
eug, qqq
fame
fish
emperor
family qsft:
to be fit qcTjl)
(TOTS) m. famished gqifl
(+dat.)
to endure
(4)
famous ^qicf
five
(see n. 130)
feqsqfcf), S f j l )
far
from afar flesh qfaq;
enemy arfir: w. fgq^
flood
aftq:
( ftcs) m.
fast
to flow q ^ ( l ) ^ (1)
energy a f t w (eft*:) n.
fat qfa
flower
fqq >
to enjoy erg-^(l),
fate ^qq , fafq: m.
^
t o fly
( i ? 4)
(7) father
fq^
enough z & n (instr.)"
(faff)
to fly around qftq^ (1)
to enter Sl-fq^(6)
fatigue
glfaf:/. foam fo:
to follow erg-g (1)

following
food m * ,
fooUpr:
footer, ^
gait
^
Ganges *ifrr
garden ggnOT
a
formerly gu
to forsake qfi^Nsr (1)
fortune
"
fortunate ^
forward **
four ^ (see n. 126)
fourteen
fourteenth ^
fourth ^
Gautama
general
generous
**
8 f W
!
!
girl
t o' g , o ^
w
90
h W great ?
(5)
as
1
'
8rCat
()>
<4) ^ ^
God
^
.
(Ml*)
god**:
goer
(RTT) m.
gOld
good m%
Gopala ifrn5:
grain ^ r ^
^
"
CTT^.
greatness nfgipj
(
) m.
green
t o rieve
8
S* 0)
to
8 row
(U
guest etfrfc: m.
)
^ C^TrlT) m.
from an (+abl.f
in front of apf (+gen.)
ya: (+gen.)
fruit E3T
fruitful
to bear fruit
(1)
fuel
, gfta
11
t o give
^
t o ,ve U
g P
iver
fragrant V ' ^ ,
m.
gafment
to
ther
( swft snrafir )
fraud
friend
grandson to
(1HT) m.
grass ^
grateful
gratitude ^ ^
game
forbearing
forest
forgetft-*?
to torget
m n (1)
to forgive sw (1,4)
J 55
L ^
(+
?and.W' ^
^mful
hard
^
Hari fft:
to hasten ^
,L
m
'
^
(1)
" (^ )
head ighr (ijsrf) .
^
(ft*:) .,
health emtaur
] 156
SANSKRIT MANUAL
healthy erpr,
heap a f a : ,
to hear
house s f r ^ ( 3 f r ^ ) n.
^
m.
(10)
(^
housewife ^ o f r
n &
(^clT) m.
hearer
heart m *
heaven w t :
hereof!
hermitage ^
T i d mf ^ (1)
n ^
too hide
high g^sf, gir
l o h o l d * U) -
Z
4
' _
honeys
to honour r-c (6)
(ITf^),<J?l00;
your honour ^
(
(see n. 91 )
honourable ^ r
hood
( of a serpent)
hope siRn
horizontal
fiw^
horse w p
*"
hot
(7)
J0^ wspfc
^
(4)
i X
to
,_
f-
, /. ^
king gq:, sjTfcP m.
of what kind
f sm >
kn|
*
killing**:
kied
M.
( ffiiT T
/.
^ sister
^
husband's
I
( WTir) m.
hunger ^ (
hymn
highest
Himalaya
)
just
how ? w r
hungry ^
to be hungry
to hurt
(8)
husband ^
jewel
to join first (6),
['L,
m.
(*F3fT) m.
k
ee
to know 3R-nn(U ^
'
( w ) Krsoa fwj:
indeed ^ f*
T
L
Indra ^
indra's elephant ifcrsRj; ladder glqTW
innocent
form*
lake f ^
intelligence gfe: / .
lame
intelligent gfefl^
language *mT
large
^
J
,to
^ ^ (1)
astlaugh
jackal
jar
to laugh at
(1)
jaw 53:/.
law
sftfo / .
jest
/.
j to lay down fa-m (3)
laziness BJicH^
lazy s&Q
to lead ift (I)
leader ^
m.
1 r,
leaf q^pq, W
,
rv
lean
sftur
to leap
(1)
to learn f ^ (1)
to listen BfMPT^ (10)

medicine eftqq^
little
5 , m e d i o c r e
to
to live
(1)
meditate m (1)
long
"
meditation
,
to melt 3 ( 1
long-lived e n3T O
j.
n
, ,
c
mendicant
lord 5W:
m.,
*
1 ,
3
tfaivjvfaiz)*.
^
^ #
merchant q f t j
lo88
learned
, STWT^, lotus sotssj?

~
loudly^:
learned brahmin
i 0 V e argrPT:,
(!WT,
learned man
Jfo)
.
(
m. to love % (4)
leather
~ ( + loc).
leathern
lovely ^re
to leave g v (1)
low i f a , sapr
lowest
to take leave SIT-SRS
^
"
(6)
M
lesson
TO:
maid-servant
letter qsm
to make f (8) (see
life a n p ^ (wgO
nn. 51 & 62)
sffafW , sftfacW^ man <3TT:, stt:, g w
light szitfas <sjfrfh:) n., mango amp?
(tfa:) n. many ( see 'much' )
light (adj) m
marea^ . *
lightning ^
f.,
\t0 marry
.
L- - f
\ WPTRT )
like
limit
limitless srsftq
line
lion
(o^t)
lip efrg:
157
tftqq
master
( S f l ^ J m.
mercy ^ T
mCnt
^ ^
mes n er
^ i
^
ddlemost w
mile 2
- g S & j g *
...
"
milk
mind
minister
( % : ) n.,
^ ( , R : )
fa^T)
misery
misfortune SJiq^
(BTiq^) / .
modesty faff?:
moment ^nr:, ^ n ^
^
monkey
mt q i ^ :
m.,
monsoon 5iT?qj5iTq2)/.
(q*ff) m. month w meal
moon
m.
mean
O^WT:) m.,
means gqpt:
*rftr* (TOfr)
to measure m (2)
moonlight saftcST
^
] 158
mother sr^V, m l
nineteenth iR^r
( n r a i ) / ninth iww
mother-in-law q w
noble ^
to mount
(1)
noise
mountain frfc m.,
to nourish gq, (4)
mouse ^
not
(with
mouth JJ3JT
imperat.)
to move ^ ( 1 ) ^ ( 1 ) n o
nurse
much (many) snp, <g
W
how much ?
feft.
O
so much vm..
object ew : , ^
as much as q n g , . . ^
oblation sfrs(5ft:) n.
mud q ^
to observe e?*murder
(10)
to mutter 51^(1)
obstacle fasj:
mutually m m ^
to obstruct ^ r (7)
^
to obtain arf*?-nr (1)
. ,
(1)
name
(n*) ft.
ocean ^
m
paiace
nature W<f:
near (adj.) sif^R;
near (prep.) f t n ,
r + a c c ^ ftraar f +
t+acc.) n m f
acc.),
(+acc;
to occupy srfVr-^n (U
(+acc.)
odour
offence
to offer ar-^T (3)
^
Q,d
palate^
path nfe,TOW(W&
"eaceTft^
peaces^./,
peaceful^
^
peacock
net
d
age m
' ^ ^
to grow old w (4)
penance ^
(<N:) n.
to practise penance
never ^ f t
new
night ufsp / . m f t
at night i f ^
nine
(see n. 130) ;
nineteen JT^^R^
* (Ufa)
one
once
at once HiPdfo,
once upon a time tr^qr
only
OTffUO
to perform o n - ^ (1),
W&Wl (1)
perfume
to perish sffl (4)
person
tieclc arax*
n e c k l a c e
to oppress
or*T
orator
^
(10)
m
order
origin^"^(
'
e
^ I
S
^
6 )
00tcast
outside
(+abl}
to overcome
(1)
toowe<g(i0)*
^
o w n
pain
pair gjffr
"
^ n
^
piece mpgi
to reduce to pieces
m(lO)
to pierce
preceptor 8TRTq:,
in the presence of
TO5Pl(+gen.)
^
priest ^
m. quickly
pigeon ESqfa:
pitiful qqig
pitiless ft^q, f q ^ q
pity qqT, f*TT
place ^Tqq , qqq^
to place fa-qT (3),
fa-a^ (4) (5?q^qfcT)
plant
(
m.
plantain-tree
to play q f e (1)
to please sft (10)
(sfoqqfa)
pleased^
to be pleased 3 q (4)
pleasure
tffq:
,
plough^
to plough
to plunge HT5 (1)
( l & t t ) m.
to proceed q - f ^ (1)
to protect e j
<qiftfcT>
SftS*^
quiet WRcl
to become quiet
to proclaim gq^ (10)

promise srfctfffo f.
to promise srffr-^ (5)
proper
properly SP^TS
to prosper
(4)
(gqq^
prosperity qto: / . ,
(
159
} /
(4) (SFFqfa)
R
race 3TTfcT: /., efar:
Raghu
Rama
rat
ray
tfw
m.
to reach q-3TR (5)
to read qs (1)
to
receive an-qT (3),
refuge e n ^ ^ n w
^ ^ a k e refuge
*
^ >
(1)
* .
^ - ' ' regular
protection
,
.
,
* , * x
to rejoice IR (4)
4 ^
Z T ^
<**>
f
relative
topumsh^dO)
t o r e l e a s e ^ ( 6 )
poem $Toqq
pure g r q
^ (gqfa)
poet
m.
to put w (3), fa-qT (3) t 0 remember ^ (1)
point e m ,
m.
to put down
remembrance
poison
faqq
/., WFOT
Q
pollen ^ g : /
^
to request ejq (10)
quaht
poor q f e
*
.
M
51^(10)
Wlthout q u a l l t y
power wrq:,
f.
residence
.
m
to praise qfa (1)
Quarrel
to restrain q * (1)
(1) ftBwi),^ (2f q u e e n ^
^
to prattle
(1)
quick aqg,
to return sfa-qq^ (1)
] 160
rice
boiled rice
rich ^ q ^ , qfa*,
riches ew,
f^q
ridicule f i s w
to incur ridicule ^T^f
to rise
(1)
(sf^sfc?)
rivalry^
river
road m i :
to roam ztz (1),
(1, 4)
rogue
ST3:
rope^:/.
rough
TO
rupe. ^
s
sacred text *F5f:,
sacrifice
to sacrifie qsTjl 1
sage gfa:
for the sake of
( + gen.)
to salute iw (1)
q^(l) (q^)
salvation g f a : / .
sandal-wood
satisfaction gfo:
satisfied gn: / .
to be satisfied <jq (1)
saying
to scatter qf> (7)
(fatfeoj ft-BW (4)
science ^TT^T
"
sea
fljp:
seat
second fg^ftq
secretly
section
|l o see _ n ) ( q w f t 0 j
|
1 10 s e e k ^ ( J O )
! seer
"
| t o seize 515 (9)
self ^ ^
t o sel] ^
(9)
sense ^
^
^
series ^
serpent 3?%: m. sq:
servant
to serve
(1) (frm)
seven
^ { s e e n. 130)
seventeen s a q ^
seventeenth m&R
seventh SHS"
to shake
(1)
shame ^^TT
sharp
to shine SHEiqr(l)
(sro^),
(4)
shoe
STO^C dMH<0
/
shore
W:, cftST, ^ T
t o sh
rte
(6)
shoulder
shout
to shout
t0 show
(6)
sick ftfh^, ^TfacT
sickness
nftr: /w.
side q^?:
on b th sides
WlcP
(,+acc.)
o n a11 s i d e s
^ 1
(+acc-)
sight
^
silently
^milar 3 * ,
^
^
^ ^
^
tQ s i n g *
^ ^
singer
^
tQ s i n k
sin
(6)
(fswasrfa)
sinner qTq:, qTfq^
(qj<ft)
^
sister ^ ^
(^F&T)/.
to sit gq-fq^T (6), ^
1 0 Wfafa)
Sita tfcTT
six q q j qz )
(set n. 130)
sixteenth tsftssT
son gsp
sixths
song *TR*T, s t f f a ^
skilful
songstress mfq^T
skilled fqgnr
son-in-law srmm
s k y e n ^ , ^
( stfte w. ) sound spsq:
slave qrg: qr^V
to sound
to slay
f2)
southern s ^ r e
sleep f ^
to sleep
to sow
Sparr
(2)
(I)"
to s m e l l y (1) (fasfcT)
to smile fa (1)
smoke
snake
w.,
snare 5TT5$;R\ qrep
xs ^
snow
so t r w , a m
to s
P r t ^L n )
spot
to s
^
to succeed ftp* (4)
suceess fafe: f .
>
suddenly g^gr
'4)
(1)
faEf)
r: / .
3-5
0)
SKOng
to suffer
sleepv crara
^ d
J
s
u
p
p
r
xo
slope ?f2:
,
/ s
, '
.
speaker qqg (q^T m.
slothful
,
.
.
speech vrFTT, q R
slow
/~
\f
! , 1a
. .f - *
slowly
spirited
s uggish
spiritual i ^ r
sluggishness m a n ^ t R T splendour
tffcr
small
to split 5 (9),
to smear feq (6)
(7j
)
strength sra*
to strike
*** ^
t 0 SPCak
161
*** >
SUQ
^
^
t
8VTWT:
to support vj (l)
surely
. ,
.
surprised ftftro
^
t<> b e
%
(1)
tQ
swan
to sweep
sweeper
(10)
Pnnkle
SW6et
^
( f t w f t ; sweetmeat ^ ;
t0 stand
sword
W (U
(ftafo)
T
standing fîa
^
^
tail
CST^RT
star
steadfast vfk,
fa*
to take ^ 19),
to s t e a l e r (10)
step ^
soldier Hfi^:
some
^ f ^ T , fofe^ s t i c k
sometimes ^ i f q
I to stick a t (9)
(3)
to take away g (I)
(1), e*q-;ft (1)
I talented s f t ^
] 162
to talk q ^ ( 1 )
tall
to tame qq (4) (qT*qfa)
tank s r a m : ,
to taste ^
(1)
(
)
to teach OT-fqtf (6)
teacher
w.
tear em
to tear q (9)
to threaten a ^ ( 1 0 )
three ftr ( see n, 126)
group of thee
throat sps:
to throb
(1)
^
^
(6)
to throw
, (4)
f$TT'(6)
thus
, trq*
tiger sqn?:,
t o tell m
t i n e
ten
+
tenth q^W
(10)
n. 130)
truth
to try q ^ (1) ( q ^ )
to turn ( q f t - f ^ ) (1)
(qftq^)
tu
ed away
twelfth g T ^
twelve g T ^ p
twilight
two
( ^
n U 6 }
unable
J *
t^rriKi^ vrxrarr
terrible ^
tired g R f , ^ T
to b e c o m e tired
/
^
f4)
Wl/4)
u n d e r era: ( + g e n . )
^
t o u n d e r s t a n d e*q-?i*r
iT 1
m
theft
today
unimpaired e r e f e ^
then r 9 ^ p , erft
thence
^fTT^
there
therefore era trq, 3STT3.
thick qq,
thief
thin ag, ^ r
thing q q w ,
to think ^ ( f f l g L
t0 morr
that
third ^ f t q
(>*T*q%)
t h i r s t <JHT, fqqr^T
thirteen spftVI*
thirteenth srqtqsr
this f q * , t t ^
though qsjfa
thought
, QFE: / .
tongue f^fT
tooth
top
,
ftra*:
to torment
(10)
tortoise âf:
to touch ^
(6)
towards srffc (+acc.)
town
qqft
diverse f q ^
up to e?T (+abl.)
upon sqfi; (+gen.)
upward ^ f q
urn
v
vain
vainl
to transgress vftr-*l
(4)( ^ W P d
treasure
^
tree
m.f t$T:
to tremble WT (1)
^ ^
trouble
SRNT:
W'VU )
WW,
yin
Vaifiya
)
v a l o u r
t 0 van(
vessel
vain
far
W
(
TO**
*u,sh
(TOVW)
victorious
(^TT) w.
victory FIRAQ:
vigour $ ( B m i ) n.
vile
fftq
violent
violently
virtue ^ J ^ K . , gor:
virtuous guiqq^ > jjftl'l
vision ^fe:,/., qsiq^
voice f*T^(*ft:)/.,qi*ft
vow
W
fes. /1 \
to wait s r M r ( l )
to weep ^ (2)
weeping
to weigh gSSjTo)
welfare 56*qT<W,
well (adv.)
mv
well fq:, qrft
western qfspj,
what?
wheel
when ? spqT, when qqr
whence ?
163
to wish 5^(6) (ê^fa)

with OTPR^,
(+instr.)
without fqqT ( + acc.,
instr, & abl.)
wolf
woman qpft, .qf^ST,
wood
work OTqifcq)
world srq^w,, gqq*T,
where ? p r , qq,
to worship <p (10),

w h e r e qsf
which ? fc*, which q^
to walk =q3 (1), ^ ( 1 )
^
nn n 3 & n 4 y worthless
to wallow 33(4)
^
whUe ^
wQrthy ^
war g^T
warrior
qtq:,
white ^
wholesome
^
^
" " " J "

*o wash
(10)
who? ft*, who q ^

^ U3 & U
wretched qfa, fq*r

^
(6)
to write
w h y ? f ^ T , ^ q , f c f : "> y a w n e d )
wicked p
~
<
^
wicked man ^ q
***
(W)
^Tft w i d e ^
*
to yell
(1)
wave s f r : / . ,
^
^
yellow
qfe
wife
way qjq:
^ ^
yesterday
wind ^
weak
qcSftq
^
yet ÛTftT
wealth
q q * , fa^ w i n g
' ' yoke
weapon o ^ q q ,
young
^
r
m
weary
" wise
younger e ^ q * , qeftq*
wedding fqqif:
wise man gq:
youngest
week BHT5J
wish 553T
youth qfaqq
water
W
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
[The figures refer to the marginal number)
I.
The Sanskrit Alphabet

Vowels1 ; Consonants - 2 ; Consonants followed by vowels3 ;
Compound consonants- -4 ; Numerical figures5.
II. Euphomic Combination (Sandhi)
III.
1.
Vowel Sandhi s Guiia and vrddhi6(3) ; Sandhi of similar

simple vowels3i(l) ; Sandhi of dissimilar vowels31(2);
Sandhi of diphthongs and vowels31(3) ; Special sandhi
rules : for the augment47(3); in conjugations7(2), 16(3),
23(3), 32(3), 40, 46(2), 55; Absence of vowel sandhi31(4),
70(2).
2.
Visarga Sandhi: 15(2), 27 ; Visarga standing for final ^54 ;

Absence of visarga sandhi-67,
3.
Consonant Sandhi: Change of ^ to oj17 ; Change of ^

to q--45 ; Final consonants allowed72 (1, 2, 3) ; Hard
and soft consonants72 ( 4, 5, 6 ) ; Final 15 ; Final
^87; Dentals combined with palatals, cerebrals and
c^-88 ; Transfer of aspiration77 (7).
Declension
1.
Stems ending in vowels'. Masc. and neuter nouns in af-rlO

and 11 ; Fem. nouns in e?T38 ; Masc. nouns in % and 3
28 ; Fem. nouns in % and 350 ; Fem. nouns in f38 ;
Fem. nouns in (3558 ; Masc. and fem. nouns inqg52 and
53 ; Neuter nouns in %9 3 and ^64.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX
165
2. Stems ending in consonants : Nouns and adj. with one stem

74-77 ; Nouns and adj. with two stems-79-83, 85, 89-92,
94 ; Nouns and adj. with three stems97-107.
IV. Formation of the Feminine : 66, 108-112.
V. Degrees of Comparison : 93-94.
VI. Numerals : from 1 to 19 : 126, 130 and 131.
VII.
VIII
Pronouns : Personal67 ; Demonstrative67, 69-70 ; Relative114; Interrogative113; Pronominal adjectives96.

Indeclinables : Prepositions37 ; Adverbs128.
XI. Conjugation
1. Generalities6 ; The augment47.
2.
Conjugational Tenses and Moods

(1)
Generalities34.
(2) Terminations-8, 40, 48, 55, 59,

(3) 1st Conj. ( strife )6-9, 18
4th Conj0 ( f^Tfe )16, 18
6th Conj, ( g^Tfe )-23 - 25
10th Conj. ( ^ a f e )32 - 33
A
I 34, 46-49, 55-56,
j
59-60
)
3. The Passive
Present, Imperfect, Imperative and Potential68* 71 (3)
4. Participles
Pres. part. act. and pass. (ssnj and gnffi^)83.
Perfect part. act. ( q ^ g )85.
Perfect part. pass. ( ^ )85.
Indecl. past part. ( q^T and sqq; )115.
5. Infinitive (gg^)122.
] 166
X.
L
Syntax
The Cases: Nominative13; Accusative14 : Instrumental!
21 ; Dative22 ; Ablative29 ; Genitive 30 ; Genitive
absolute119 ; Locative35 ; Locative absolute117-118 ;
Vocative36.
2. Agreement of the adjective66.

3.
Tenses and Moods : Present8 ; Imperfect46 ; Imperative

55 ; 61 ; Potential59, 61.
4. Participles : Present and perfect participles86 ; Indecl. past

participle116.
5.
Infinitive123.
6.
The Passive Voice : Change of voice71, 86(2), 116 : Passive

impersonal71, 86(3).
7. The Subordinate-Clause :
Noun-clause124;
clause125 ; Adverb-clause127-129.
Adjective-
|flg||

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A Sanskrit Manual Part 1

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P i t t ' * i '

ALLIED PUBLISHERS LIMITED

Approved by the Council for the Indian School Certificate

R. ANTOINE, S.J., M.A.

ALLIED PUBLISHERS LIMITED

Published by Sunil Sachdev and printed by Ravi Sachdev at

THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET

THE FIRST CONJUGATION ( V N F ^ )

MASCULINB AND NEUTER NOUNS IN B?

THE FOURTH CONJUGATION (FTARFTF)

INSTRUMENTAL AND DATIVB

MASCULINE NOUNS IN % AND 3

THE TBNTH CONJUGATION (GUFTF)

FEMININE NOUNS IN BIT AND f

THE IMPERFECT TENSE

MIDDLE. FEMININB NOUNS IN 5 AND 3 . . .

MASCULINB AND FEMININE NOUNS IN

AGREEMENT OF THE ADJECTIVE

PERSONAL PRONOUNSPASSIVB VOICE

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

NOUNS ENDING IN CONSONANTS

NOUNS WITH ONE STEM ( cont.)

PRESENT AND PERFECT PARTICIPLES

THE USE OF THE PARTICIPLES

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH TWO STEMS (

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS . . .

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH THREE STEMS

THB FORMATION OF THE FEMININE

INDECLINABLE PAST PARTICIPLE ( ^ T AND

VERBAL ROOTS WITH THEIR PRINCIPAL PARTS

NOUNS WITH TWO STEMS

N.B.An 'a* has been added to each consonant to facilitate the

Consonants followed by vowelsWhen a vowel follows a consonant,

Compound consonantsWhen two or more consonants have

The Sanskrit numerals are :

Write the Sanskrit vowels.

What are the hard consonants ?

What are the soft consonants ?

V. Join the following groups of letters :

Write the following in Sanskrit letters :

7. Formation of the base in the first Conjugation

The letter or is added before the terminations.

8. The terminations of the present tenseactive voice

Roots having a short

vowel: qr?^ ( t o fall), gt* ( to

Formation of the base

Gui^a of the short medial vowel: q^-q^;

Before terminations beginning with n or

Adding the terminations

You two fall

THE FIRST CONJUGATION ( V^lf^ )

II. Conjugate the following in the present tense, active voice :

IV. Translate the following into Sanskrit:

We two become. Thou eatest. They two move. We protect.

m. (a well) and of qR n. (a forest) :

e.g.: A boy f a l l s < T c T % \

Boys fallSITCST: qafcr 1

The Nominative case is used :

The verb agrees with its subject in person and number :

to indicate the subjective complement:

(3) to indicate a noun in apposition to the subject:

(2) to indicate the objective complement:

(4) with the following prepositions: erffl (above), erg (after

when followed by a hard consonant