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Ordinary Differential Equations

[FDM 1023]

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Chapter 1

Introduction to Ordinary
Differential Equations

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Chapter 1:

Introduction to Differential Equations

Overview
1.1. Definitions
1.2. Classification of Solutions
1.3. Initial and Boundary Value Problems

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1.2. Classification of Solutions

Learning Objectives
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
1) Identify the different types of solutions of an
ODE.
2) Verify the solutions to a given ODE.

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1.2.
II. Classification
Classification of
of Solutions
Solutions

Definition
A solution of a DE is a function y (dependent
variable) that satisfies the DE identically for all x in
an interval I, where x is the independent variable.

The interval, I is a set which contains all the


values of x for the solution to be defined.

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It can be either an open interval (a,b), closed


interval [a,b] or an infinite interval (a, ) and etc.

1.2 Classification of Solutions

Example
y ln x

is a solution of the DE:

xy" y' 0

I (0, )
Indeed,

1
1
y'
y" 2
y ln x
x
x
1
1
1 1
xy ' ' y' x( 2 ) 0
x
x
x x
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1.2. Classification of Solutions

Definitions
Two types of solutions:
1) Explicit solution
A solution in which the dependent variable is expressed solely
in terms of the independent variable and constant.

Example
is a solution of the DE:
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1.2. Classification of Solutions


2) Implicit solution
A solution in which the dependent and the independent
variables are mixed in an equation.

Example
x y 9
2

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is an implicit solution of the DE:

yy 'x 0

Solutions

x y 9
2

is an implicit solution of the DE:

Indeed:

x y 9
2

Implicit differentiation:

2 x 2 yy ' 0
x yy ' 0

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yy 'x 0

1.2. Classification of Solutions

Definitions
Particular solution - A solution of a DE that is free of
arbitrary constants.
General solution - A solution of a DE representing all
possible solutions.

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The number of arbitrary constants depends on the


order of the equation.

Basically, the general solution of a first order DE will


have exactly one arbitrary constant (can be called as a
one-parameter family of solution).
The general solution of the second order DE will have
exactly two arbitrary constants (it is called a twoparameter family of solutions)
If initial condition(s) are given, then the arbitrary
constants can be compute and this solution is called the
particular solution.
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1.2. Classification of Solutions


Examples
Consider the DE:

y' y 0

is a solution (particular)

is also a solution (particular)


is a solution (general), (where c is a constant)
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1.2. Classification of Solutions

y ce

is a 1-parameter family of solutions of the DE

y' y 0

y ce de
x

is a 2-parameter family of solutions of the DE

y" y 0
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1.2. Classification of Solutions

Verifying Solutions
Need to work with either side of the DE and
substitute the suggested solution and prove that it
agrees with the other side of the equation.

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1.2. Classification of Solutions

Example 1
Verify that
Solution

Step 1:

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is a solution of

1.2. Classification of Solutions


Step 2:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------Step 3:
Thus
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is a solution of the DE

1.2. Classification of Solutions

Example 2
Verify that y cos x ln sec x tan x is a solution of

y y tan x
Solution
Step 1:

y cos x ln sec x tan x


y' sin xlnsec x tan x cos xsec x

sin x ln sec x tan x 1

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1.2. Classification of Solutions


y" cos x lnsec x tan x sin x sec x
cos x ln sec x tan x tan x

-----------------------------------------------------------------------Step 2:
y y cos x ln sec x tan x tan x cos x ln sec x tan x

tan x

-----------------------------------------------------------------------Step 3:
Thus y cos x ln sec x tan x is a solution of the DE
y y tan x .

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1.2. Classification of Solutions

Exercise 1
Verify that

6 6 20t
y e
5 5

DYS
is a solution of

dy
6 20t
y'
20( )e
24e 20t
dt
5
dy
6 6 20t
20t
20 y 24e 20 e
dt
5 5

24e20t 24 24e20t
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24

dy
20 y 24
dt

1.2. Classification of Solutions

Exercise 2

Verify that the indicated function is solution of the given DE

y 6 y 13 y 0; y e3 x cos 2 x

DYS

y' 3e3 x cos 2 x e3 x 2 sin 2 x 3 y 2e3 x sin 2 x


y" 3 y'6e3 x sin 2 x 4e3 x cos 2 x 3(3 y 2e3 x sin 2 x) 6e3 x sin 2 x 4 y
5 y 12e3 x sin 2 x
y 6 y 13 y 5 y 12e3 x sin 2 x 6(3 y 2e3 x sin 2 x) 13 y

5 y 12e3 x sin 2 x 18 y 12e3 x sin 2 x 13 y 0


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1.2. Classification of Solutions

Exercise 4

Verify that the indicated function is solution of the given DE


P P1 P ;

c1et
P
1 c1et

P'

c1et
P1 P
1 c1et

c1e t
P
1 c1e t

c1et 1 c1et c1et c1et

1 c e

t 2

c1et c12e 2t c12e 2t

1 c e

t 2

c1et
1
t
1

c
e
1

c1et

1 c1et

1 c1et c1et

t
1 c1e

c1et

1 c e

t 2

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DYS

P'

c1et

1 c e

t 2

Exercise 3

1.2. Classification of Solutions

Verify that the indicated function is solution of the given DE

DYS

d2y
dy
2x
2x

4
y

0
;
y

c
e

c
xe
1
2
dx 2
dx

y' 2c1e c2 e 2 xe
2x

2x

2x

2c e
2c e

2x

2x

c2e 2c2 xe
2x

2x

c2 xe 2 x c2e2 x 2 y c2e2 x

y" 2 y'2c2e 2 x
y"4 y'4 y 2 y'2c2e2 x 4 y'4 y 2c2e2 x 2 y'4 y

2c2e2 x 2 2 y c2e2 x 4 y 0
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1.2. Classification of Solutions

Exercise 4
Verify that the indicated functions are explicit solutions of
the given DE :

1)ty y t 2 , y 3t t 2
2) y

( 4)

4y

( 3)

t
t
t
3 y t , y1 (t ) , y2 (t ) e
3
3

3)2t y ' '3ty ' y 0, t 0; y1 (t ) t


2

, y2 (t ) t 1

4)t 2 y ' '5ty '4 y 0, t 0; y1 (t ) t 2 , y2 (t ) t 2 ln t


5) y ' ' y sec t , 0 t
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; y (t ) (cos t ) ln cos t t sin t

END

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