Professional Documents
Culture Documents
[FDM 1023]
Open
Chapter 1
Introduction to Ordinary
Differential Equations
Open
Chapter 1:
Overview
1.1. Definitions
1.2. Classification of Solutions
1.3. Initial and Boundary Value Problems
Open
Learning Objectives
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
1) Identify the different types of solutions of an
ODE.
2) Verify the solutions to a given ODE.
Open
1.2.
II. Classification
Classification of
of Solutions
Solutions
Definition
A solution of a DE is a function y (dependent
variable) that satisfies the DE identically for all x in
an interval I, where x is the independent variable.
Open
Example
y ln x
xy" y' 0
I (0, )
Indeed,
1
1
y'
y" 2
y ln x
x
x
1
1
1 1
xy ' ' y' x( 2 ) 0
x
x
x x
Open
Definitions
Two types of solutions:
1) Explicit solution
A solution in which the dependent variable is expressed solely
in terms of the independent variable and constant.
Example
is a solution of the DE:
Open
Example
x y 9
2
Open
yy 'x 0
Solutions
x y 9
2
Indeed:
x y 9
2
Implicit differentiation:
2 x 2 yy ' 0
x yy ' 0
Open
yy 'x 0
Definitions
Particular solution - A solution of a DE that is free of
arbitrary constants.
General solution - A solution of a DE representing all
possible solutions.
Open
y' y 0
is a solution (particular)
y ce
y' y 0
y ce de
x
y" y 0
Open
Verifying Solutions
Need to work with either side of the DE and
substitute the suggested solution and prove that it
agrees with the other side of the equation.
Open
Example 1
Verify that
Solution
Step 1:
Open
is a solution of
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Step 3:
Thus
Open
is a solution of the DE
Example 2
Verify that y cos x ln sec x tan x is a solution of
y y tan x
Solution
Step 1:
Open
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Step 2:
y y cos x ln sec x tan x tan x cos x ln sec x tan x
tan x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Step 3:
Thus y cos x ln sec x tan x is a solution of the DE
y y tan x .
Open
Exercise 1
Verify that
6 6 20t
y e
5 5
DYS
is a solution of
dy
6 20t
y'
20( )e
24e 20t
dt
5
dy
6 6 20t
20t
20 y 24e 20 e
dt
5 5
24e20t 24 24e20t
Open
24
dy
20 y 24
dt
Exercise 2
y 6 y 13 y 0; y e3 x cos 2 x
DYS
Exercise 4
c1et
P
1 c1et
P'
c1et
P1 P
1 c1et
c1e t
P
1 c1e t
1 c e
t 2
1 c e
t 2
c1et
1
t
1
c
e
1
c1et
1 c1et
1 c1et c1et
t
1 c1e
c1et
1 c e
t 2
Open
DYS
P'
c1et
1 c e
t 2
Exercise 3
DYS
d2y
dy
2x
2x
4
y
0
;
y
c
e
c
xe
1
2
dx 2
dx
y' 2c1e c2 e 2 xe
2x
2x
2x
2c e
2c e
2x
2x
c2e 2c2 xe
2x
2x
c2 xe 2 x c2e2 x 2 y c2e2 x
y" 2 y'2c2e 2 x
y"4 y'4 y 2 y'2c2e2 x 4 y'4 y 2c2e2 x 2 y'4 y
2c2e2 x 2 2 y c2e2 x 4 y 0
Open
Exercise 4
Verify that the indicated functions are explicit solutions of
the given DE :
1)ty y t 2 , y 3t t 2
2) y
( 4)
4y
( 3)
t
t
t
3 y t , y1 (t ) , y2 (t ) e
3
3
, y2 (t ) t 1
END
Open