Basics of Biophysics

Basics of Medical Physics
and Biophysics
for electronic education
of health professionals
Kukurov Elena et al.

ASKLEPIOS 2013
ISBN 9788071671770
Digital study text "Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic
education of health professionals" has been supported by the grant project KEGA
052UK-4/2013 offered by The Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport
of the Slovak Republic.
Authors: Prof. MUDr. Elena Kukurov, CSc.

Co-authors: RNDr. Eva Krov, PhD.,
PhDr. Michal Trnka, PhD.
Rewievers:
Prof. MUDr. Jozef Rosina, PhD., CR,

Prof. MUDr. Leo Navrtil, CSc., CR
Professional cooperation and auxiliary materials provided by:

Ing. Peter ernay, CSc.,
RNDr. Zuzana Herdov, CSc.,
RNDr. Jana Hochmanov,
Ing. Miroslav Hrub, CSc.,
RNDr. Jn Jakubk, CSc.,
MUDr. Duan Malatin,
Doc. MUDr. Vladimr Martinko, CSc.,
RNDr. Jana Mikloviov,
Doc. Ing. Miroslav Mikul, CSc.,
Prof. MUDr. Albert Strnsky, CSc.
Cooperation with educational institutions: FMCU in Bratislava, JFMCU in Martin,
Slovak Academy of Sciences, SUT in Bratislava, FMCU in Prague CR
Illustrations: Archive of the Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics
and Telemedicine, FMCU in Bratislava
Language review: PhDr. Rastislav Vartk
Publisher: Asklepios, Bratislava 2013

The digital study text has been supported by the GP MSR KEGA 052UK-4/2013.
No part of this text may be reproduced, saved, copied or replaced electronically,
mechanically, photografically or by other means without written agreement of
authors and publisher.
ISBN 9788071671770
Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
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CONTENTS
Introduction
1. Cell biophysics I.
1. 1. The properties of biological fluids
and transport features through cell membrane (Herdov)
1.1.1. Surface tension
1.1.2. Viscosity
1.1.3. Other important properties of fluids
1.1.4. pH-metry
1.1.5. Diffusion
1.1.5.1. Biophysical basis of pharmacokinetics (Mikloviov)
1.1.5.2. Experimental methods to study diffusion
1.1.6. Osmosis and osmotic pressure
1.1.7. Transport processes on biomembranes
1.1.7.1. Structure of biological membranes
1.1.7.2. Transport processes through the biological membrane..
1.1.8. Dialysis therapeutic methods (Herdov)
1.1.8.1. Hemodialysis (Kukurov)
1.1.8.2. Peritoneal dialysis
1.1.8.3. Hemofiltration
1.1.8.4. Hemoperfusion
1.1.9. Optical methods of measuring solute concentrations (Kukurov)
1.2. Cell biophysics II.
Electrical properties of cells and organs (Herdov)
1.2.1. The resting potential. Its origin and properties
1.2.2. Origin and propagation of the action potential (AP)
on the membrane (Hochmannov)
1.2.3.Methods of measuring electrical properties of cells
and tissues (Hochmannov)
1.2.3.1. Measurement of AP using the internal microelectrode method
1.2.3.2. Double sucrose gap and vaseline gap methods
1.2.3.3. The patch clamp method
1.2.3.4. Measurement of action potentials in peripheral nerves
1.2.4. Modeling of the electrical properties of cells (Herdov)
1.2.4.1. Model of AP generation on the surface membrane of a muscle cell
1.2.4.2.Model of summation of excitations on the neuron input
1.2.5. Recording and processing heart action potentials
1.2.5.1. Electrocardiography (Krov)
1.2.5.2. Computer methods of processing biosignals (Kukurov)
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1.2.5.3. Long-term ECG monitoring of mobile patients (Mikul)
1.3. Biophysics of the analyzer I. (Kukurov)
1.3.1. Optic analyzer
1.3.2. Optical defects of the eye
1.3.3. Objective diagnostic methods
1.3.4. Ophtalmological examination methods
1.3.4.1. Examination of central vision
1.3.4.2. Methods of examining refraction
1.3.4.3. Methods of examination of eye function
1.3.4.4. Method of visual-angle examination
1.3.5. Measurement of illumination
1.4. Biophysics of the analyzer II. (Malatin)
1.4.1. Biophysics of the acoustic analyzer
Basic information
1.4.1.1. Quantities of physical acoustics - onometric
1.4.1.2. Quantities of physiological acoustics - honometric
1.4.2. Basic notions related to the biophysical model of the ear
1.4.3. Acoustical diagnostic methods
1.4.4. Methods of hearing examination
1.4.5. Measurement of environmental noise - sound-level metry
1.5. Biophysics of the respiratory system (Strnsky)
1.5.1. Biophysics of external and internal respiration
1.5.1.1. Mechanics of respiration
1.5.1.2. Gaseous exchange
1.5.2. Artificial lung ventilation
1.5.3. Spirometric methods (Jakubik)
1.6. Effects of physical factors on the human organism I. (Kukurov)
Medical applications of biophysical interactions of physical factors
with human organism
1.6.1. Effect of gravitation on blood pressure
1.6.1.1. Blood pressure measurement in human subjects
1.6.1.1.1. A direct (invasive) method of blood pressure measurement
1.6.1.1.2. Indirect methods of blood pressure measurement
1.6.1.1.3. An indirect method of blood ressure measurement based
on Doppler effect
1.6.1.2. Method of measurement of the influence of gravity

on blood pressure
1.6.2. Methods using passive electrical properties of tissues and organs
1.6.2.1. Method of the transient with imposed current
1.6.2.2. Methods for measurement of impedance in biological systems
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1.6.2.3. Method of evaluating the skin barrier effect
1.6.2.4. Rheography
1.6.3. Ultrasound diagnostic methods (Kukurov)
1.6.3.1. Imaging systems
1.6.3.2. Noninvasive ultrasound diagnostics
1.6.3.3. Invasive ultrasound methods
1.6.4. Thermometry and thermography with parallel monitoring
and registration of microclimatic conditions (Kukurov)
1.6.4.1. Thermometry
1.6.4.2. Thermography
1.6.4.3. Apparatus and methods for microclimatic measurement.
1.6.4.3.1. Barometer
1.6.4.3.2. Hygrometers
1.6.4.4. Katathermometry
1.6.4.5. Surface temperature as a biosignal
1.6.5. The use of interaction of the organism with X-ray, magnetic
and electromagnetic fields for tomography (ernay)
1.6.5.1. X-ray computerized tomography
1.6.5.2. Nuclear magnetic resonance
1.6.6. Electrical excitability (Mikul)
1.6.6.1. Defibrillators
1.6.6.2. Pacemaking
1.6.7. Biological rhythms (oscillations) (Kukurov)
1.6.8. Protection of the patient against electrical shock (Hrub)
1.6.8.1. Physiological effects of electrical current on human body
1.6.8.2. Approximate current values for different physiological effects
1.6.8.3. Electrically susceptible patients
1.6.8.4. Origin of the danger of macroshock
1.6.8.5. Origin of the danger of microshock
1.6.8.6. Patient's safety
1.6.8.7. The mains supply
1.6.8.8. Necessary instrumentation
1.6.9. Effects of mechanical factors
1.6.9.1. Effects of pressure on bone tissue
1.6.9.2. Methods of lithotripsy
1.7. Effects of physiological factors on human organism II. (Krov)
Biophysical principles of radiobiological methods
1.7.1. Introduction
1.7.2. Detectors of radioactive radiation
1.7.2.1. Gas detectors
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1.7.2.1.1. Working characteristics of a GM tube
1.7.2.1.2. Dead time of a GM tube
1.7.2.2. Scintillation detectors
1.7.3. Effect of geometrical setup on radiation detection effectiveness
1.7.3.1. Activity measurement
1.7.4. Spectrometry
1.7.5. Absorption of ionizing radiation. Half-value layer of absorber
1.7.6. Gammagraphy
1.7.7. Basic dosimetric quantities and units
1.7.8. Biophysical quantities of ionizing radiation
1.7.9. Basic principles of dosimetry. Environmental monitoring
1.8. Biophysics of regulatory mechanisms (Kukurov)
1.8.1. Effect of physical work on the vital functions of man
1.8.1.1. Effect of physical work on blood pressure
1.8.1.2. Effect of physical work on pulse frequency
1.8.1.3. Effect of physical work on breathing frequency
1.8.1.4. Effect of physical work on body and surface temperature
1.8.2. Biometry (Kukurov)
1.8.2.1. Ruffier's test
1.8.2.2. Bicycle ergometry
1.8.2.2.1. Electrically braked ergometers
1.8.3. Anthropometric examination
1.9. Fundamental methods of measurement and registration of electrical
and non-electrical quantities in medical practice (Hrub)
1.9.1. Biological signals
1.9.2. Measurement of biological signals
1.9.2.1. Measurement of electric signals
1.9.2.2. Measurement of non-electrical signals
1.9.3. Processing of electrical signals
1.9.3.1. Amplifier
1.9.3.2. Filtering of the direct-current component
1.9.4. Measurement of electrical signals
1.9.4.1. Basic notions in instrumentation
1.9.4.2. Measuring devices
1.9.5. Basic methods of registration of electrical quantities
1.9.5.1. Non-magnetic recorders
1.9.5.2. Recorders with magnetic materials
1.9.6. Aims
1.9.7. Methodical procedures
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1.9.7.1. Voltage measurement
1.9.7.2. Measurement of current
1.9.7.3. Observing time courses of electrical signals
1.9.7.4.Measurement of electrical resistance
List of references
Appendix B. 1: Tables
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69. Kukurov, E., Balzsiov, Z., ernay, P., Herdov, Z.,

Hochmannov, J., Hrub, M., Jakubk, J., Krov, E., Malatin,
D., Martinko, V., Mikloviov, J., Mikul, M., Strnsky, A.,
Weis, M. Biophysical Elixir for Students and Graduates of
Medicine. ilina: DT ZSVTS, 1997, 383 p. ISBN 80-231-0326-1.
70.
Kukurov, E. Dictionary of physical therms in medical

praxis. ilina : Dom techniky ZSVTS ilina spol. s.r.o., 1997,
210 s. ISBN 80-231-0328-8.
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Title: Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education

of health professionals
Authors: Prof. MUDr. Elena Kukurov, CSc.
Co-authors: RNDr. Eva Krov, PhD.,
PhDr. Michal Trnka, PhD.
Publisher: Asklepios, Bratislava 2013

Range: 231 pages
ISBN 9788071671770

Basics of Biophysics

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Basics of Biophysics

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Basics of Medical Physics

Kukurov Elena et al.

Authors: Prof. MUDr. Elena Kukurov, CSc.

Prof. MUDr. Jozef Rosina, PhD., CR,

Professional cooperation and auxiliary materials provided by:

Language review: PhDr. Rastislav Vartk

Publisher: Asklepios, Bratislava 2013

1.6.1.2. Method of measurement of the influence of gravity

69. Kukurov, E., Balzsiov, Z., ernay, P., Herdov, Z.,

Kukurov, E. Dictionary of physical therms in medical

Title: Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education

Publisher: Asklepios, Bratislava 2013

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