Bio 12

Kevin Ivan Chan

200747565
100% correct tadpole Structures, Its Origin, Fate and Functions! Woot woot!
Ectodermal Derivatives
The Central Nervous System
Brain
STRUCTURE
ORIGIN
Prosencephalon
Neural Tube
Future site of
Neural Tube
telencephalon
Future site of
Neural Tube
Diencephalon

FATE
Telencephalon, diencephalon
Telencephalon/ cerebral
hemisphere
Thalamus, diencephalon,
hypothalaus

Mesencephalon

Neural Tube

Optic lobes

Rhombencephalon

Neural Tube

Myelencephalon
Metencephalon

Other Structures Associated with the Brain

STRUCTURE
ORIGIN
Prosocoel
Neurocoel

FATE
1 and 2 ventricle of cerebral
hemisphere
1st and 2nd ventricle of cerebral
hemisphere
3rd ventricle of cerebral
hemisphere

FUNCTION
Central nervous system
Controls voluntary muscles movement
Major relay station for sensory information
on its way to the cerebrum; regulation of
body temperature and water balance
Visual and auditory reflex centers
Muscle Coordination
controls respiration, breathing rate,etc
muscle coordination

Telocoel

Neurocoel

Diocoel

Neurocoel

Epiphysis
Infundibulum

Neural Tube
Neural Tube

Pineal body
Posterior pituitary gland

Hypophysis

Neural Tube

Anterior pituitary gland

Mesocoel
Rhombocoel

Neurocoel
Neurocoel

Aqueduct of Sylvius
4th ventricle

Anterior Choroid
Plexus
Basal Plates
Posterior Choroid

Neural Tube

Anterior choroids plexus

FUNCTION
Communicates with cavity of the olfactory
bulbs, passageway of CSF
Communicates with cavity of the olfactory
bulbs, passageway of CSF
Communicates with the lateral ventricles
thru the Foramen of Monro, passageway of
CSF
Secretes melatonin
Secretes oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone,
vastocin, mesotocin
Secretes prolactin, growth hormone,
leutenizing hormone, FSH
Connects cavities of optic lobes
Continues posteriorly with the cavity of the
spinal cord, passageway of CSF
Produces CSF

Neural Tube
Neural Tube

Myelencephalon
Posterior Choroid plexus

Involuntary coordination
Produce CSF

st

nd

Plexus
Spinal Cord

Neural Tube

Central Canal
Neurocoel
The Peripheral Nervous System
Eye
STRUCTURE
ORIGIN
Optic Cup
Neural Tube
Pigmented Epithelium
Neural Tube
Retina
Neural Tube
Optic Lens
Epidermal Ectoderm
Ear
STRUCTURE
ORIGIN
Otic Vesicles
Epidermal Ectoderm
Olfactory Organs
STRUCTURE
ORIGIN
Olfactory Epithelium
Epidermal Ectoderm
Olfactory Canal
Epidermal Ectoderm
External Nares
Epidermal Ectoderm
Internal Nares
Epidermal Ectoderm
Cranial Nerves
STRUCTURE
Acoustico-facialis
Ganglion

Spinal cord

Extends to the spinal nerves which are for

sensory and motor functions
Passage of CSF

Central canal
FATE
Iris
Pigmented epithelium
Retina
Optic lens

FUNCTION
Contains lens and retina
Outermost layer of cells
Contains rods and cones
Focus light rays onto retina by refraction

FATE
Sacculus & utriculus Inner Ears

FUNCTION
For hearing and equilibrium

FATE
Olfactory epithelium
Choanal canal
External nares
Internal nares

FUNCTION
Lining of olfactory canal
Smelling
Opening to the exterior
Extention of tubular opening from external
nares to pharynx

FATE

FUNCTION
sensory and motor, related to taste buds
and facial muscles
innervate utriculus and sacculus (sensory)
branhces to first branchial arch

ORIGIN
Neural Crest

Facial (VII)

Glossopharyngeal
Ganglion
Optic Nerve

Neural Crest

Auditory nerves (VIII)

Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve

Neural Crest

Optic nerve (II)

Trigeminal Ganglion

Neural Crest

Trigeminal nerve (V)

STRUCTURE
Epidermis

ORIGIN
Epidermal Ectoderm

FATE
Epidermis of Skin

Melanophores

Neural Crest

Melanophores

Sends signals to the brain to recognize

what was focused on the retina
Send branches to mandibular and maxillary
processes of 1st visceral arch

Skin
FUNCTION
Outer covering of the body for protection
against abrasion
Contains melanin that gives the skin color

Additional Structures
STRUCTURE
Oral Suckers
Oral Cavity
Stomodeum
Depression

ORIGIN
Epidermal Ectoderm
Rupturing of Oral Plate
Epidermal Ectoderm

FATE
Disappears
Mouth cavity
Lining of mouth cavity

FUNCTION
adhesion
Ingestion of pray
Lining for buccal cavity

The Endodermal Derivatives

The Foregut
Respiratory System
STRUCTURE
Pharynx
Pharyngeal Pouch

External Gills
Lungs
STRUCTURE
Lung Buds
Trachea
Thyroid
STRUCTURE
Thyroid Gland
Digestive System
STRUCTURE
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Gallbladder
The Midgut

ORIGIN
Primitive gut
Primitive gut
(endodermal
evagination)
Primitive gut
(endodermal
evagination)

FATE
Pharynx
Middle ear, Eustachian tube,
parathyroid
Disappears

ORIGIN
Endoderm
Primitive gut

Lungs
Trachea

ORIGIN
Endoderm

Thyroid gland

ORIGIN
Primitive Gut

Esophagus

Primitive Gut

Stomach

Primitive Gut
Primitive Gut

Liver
Gallbladder

FUNCTION
Pathway of digestion and respiration
Eustachian permits pressure equalization
on both sides of tympanic membrane;
Parathyroid secretes the parathyroid
hormone
Gas exchange (For respiration)

FATE

FUNCTION
For respiration
Wind pipe passageway of air

FATE

FUNCTION
Secretes thyroxin

FATE

FUNCTION
Tube where food passes through in going
to the stomach
Where digestion occurs, releases enzymes
which are used for breaking down food
Secrete bile, removes toxin
Stores bile

STRUCTURE
Midgut
Yolk
The Hindgut
STRUCTURE
Hindgut
Cloaca
Anus
Notochord
STRUCTURE
Notochord

ORIGIN
Archenteron
Endoderm

FATE
Duodenum, Small intestine
Disappears

FUNCTION
Main site of digestion
Nutrients stored in the egg

ORIGIN
Archenteron

FATE
Large intestine

Primitive Gut

Cloaca

Area of blastopore

Anus

FUNCTION
Further breakdown of indigested material
by bacterial action and water absorption
Tube which connects the large intestine
and the anus
Extrudes gametes and feces

ORIGIN
Chordamesoderm

FATE
Disappears

FUNCTION
Axial support

The Mesodermal Derivatives

Epimere
Skeleton and Muscles
STRUCTURE
Dermatome

ORIGIN
Epimere (mesenchyme)

Myotome

Epimere (mesenchyme)

Sclerotome

Epimere (mesenchyme)

Branchiomeric Muscles Epimere (mesenchyme)

FATE
Dermis, connective tissue layers
of skin
Axial muscles & muscles of the
back
Axial Skeleton
Branchiomeric muscles

FUNCTION
Contains chromatophores which gives the
color of the frog
Supports the body
Supports the head, chest and back,
includes the vertebral column, skull,
sternum and ribs
Muscles operating the splanchnocranium

Skull
STRUCTURE
Parachordal Cartilage
Prechordal/Trabecular
Cartilage
Visceral Arches
STRUCTURE
Visceral Arches
Hypobranchial
Cartilage
Mesomere

ORIGIN
Epimere (mesenchyme)
Epimere (mesenchyme)

FATE
Floor of chondrocranium
Chondrocranium/ intranasal plate

FUNCTION
Supports the floor of the cranium
Houses the brain and auditory organs and
partially surrounding the eyes and olfactory
organs

ORIGIN
Epimere (mesenchyme)
Epimere

FATE
Visceral skeleton
Part of visceral skeleton

FUNCTION
Supports the pharynx
Moves and stabilizes larynx and hyoid

Excretory System
STRUCTURE
Pronephros Kidney

FUNCTION
Filtration of urine

Mesomere

FATE
Disappears and is replaced by
mesonepric kidney
mesonepric duct

Hypomere
Coelom
STRUCTURE
Pericardial Cavity
Parietal Pericardium
Visceral Pericardium

ORIGIN
Coelom
Somatic Mesoderm
Splanchnic Mesoderm

FATE
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium

Peritoneal Cavity
Parietal Peritoneum
Visceral Peritoneum

Somatic Mesoderm
Splanchnic Mesoderm

Pleuroperitoneal cavity
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum and smooth
muscle of gut

FUNCTION
Surrounds the heart
Separates the wall from the cavity itself
Separates the heart from the pericardial
cavity; protects the heart and holds it in
places
Body cavity surrounding viscera
Separates wall from the cavity
Holds and protects the visceral organs;
separates the organs from the cavity

Pronephros Duct

Aortic Arches
STRUCTURE
Efferent Branchial
Vessels

ORIGIN
Mesomere

ORIGIN
Splanchnic Mesoderm

Afferent Branchial
Vessels

Splanchnic Mesoderm

Dorsal Aorta

Splanchnic Mesoderm

FATE
Internal carotid, 3rd and 4th
branchial vessels, pulmonary
arch
External carotid, 2nd,3rd and 4th
branchial vessels, pulmonary
arch
Dorsal aorta

STRUCTURE
Truncus Arteriousus

ORIGIN
Splanchnic Mesoderm

FATE
Truncus arteriosus

Bulbus/Conus
Arteriosus
Atrium

Splanchnic Mesoderm

Conus arteriosus

Splanchnic Mesoderm

Right

Ventricle

Splanchnic Mesoderm

left atrium
Ventricle

connects the primitive kidney body to the

cloaca and serves as the anlage for certain
male reproductive organs

FUNCTION
internal carotid - supplies blood to the brain
and deep head structures; branchial
supplies blood to arm
external carotid- supplies blood to tongue
and floor of the mouth; branchial supplies
blood to arm
Supplies blood to the lumbar/back region,
kidneys and urogenital system
FUNCTION
Receives low oxygen blood from right
ventricle and oxygen rich blood from left
ventricle
Serves as a base for all arteries

Heart

Left atrium - receives blood from the organs

of the body
right atrium receives blood from the lungs
Pumps blood into conus arteriosus

Common Cardinal Vein Splanchnic Mesoderm

Sinus Venosus

Splanchnic Mesoderm

Other Parts of the Circulatory System

STRUCTURE
ORIGIN
Anterior Cardinal Vein
Splanchnic Mesoderm

Anterior vena cava and portions

of post cava
Sinus venosus

FATE
Jugular
subclavian vein

Posterior Cardinal Vein

Splanchnic Mesoderm

Caudal Atery
Caudal Vein
Gill Capillaries

Splanchnic Mesoderm
Splanchnic Mesoderm
Splanchnic Mesoderm

Most degenerate remains from

the post cava
Disappears
Disappears
Disappears

Enters the antero-lateral of the sinus

venosus
Incorporates the sinoatrial node which
controls and regulates the heart
(pacemaker)
FUNCTION
Jugular vein drains blood from the tongue
and lower jaw
subclavian vein drains blood from the
entire forelimb
Major drainage channal from caudal part of
the body
Supplies blood to the tail
It drains the tail
Gas exchange

Sources:
Db Online. (n.d.). 3-4mm Frog Tadpole. Retrieved on November 25, 2009 from
http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/34mmfrog/db34fg1.htm
Db Online. (n.d.) 5-7mm Frog Frog Tadpole. Retrieved on November 25,2009 from
http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/57mmfrog/db57fg1.htm
Freeman, W. (1976). Laboratory Studies in Biology: Frog Atlas. Freeman and Company: United States Of America
Notes of people who took bio 12

Tadpole. (2009, November 19). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 02:59, November 27, 2009, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadpole&oldid=326691215