Module:15

Lecture:1

ApproximateMethods
Preamble
The previous sections are dealing with either discrete or relatively simple continuous systems. They are
havingcertaindrawbacks.Thediscretesystemsimplifiesandidealizestheactualstructuretosimplespring
masssystems.Thegeneralityoftheactualstructuremaybelostduringtheidealizationprocess.However,
thecontinuoussystemishavinglimitationtoasimpleidealizedcontinuoussystem.Theactualcomplicated
structuremaynotbesoeasilysolvedemployingthemethodologyofcontinuoussystem.
To overcome the limitation of the above methods, the approximate methods may be employed. In this
method a set of trial functions may be assumed and employing the concept of minimization of energy
(potentialandkinetic)thegoverningequationswillbedevelopedwhichwillleadtosimultaneousalgebraic
equations.Thesealgebraicequationscanbeexpressedwiththehelpofmatrix.
In this section, a few popular approximate methods are considered and demonstrated with the help of
examples.
RayleighsQuotient:

M x K x 0 1

x X cos t 2
Substitute(2)in(1)weget

2 M x K x 0

K x
M x

Premultiplyby x bothnumeratoranddenominator
T

x K x

T
x M x
T

ThisiscalledasRayleighsQuotient
Prob1
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m
02

2
0
1

1
k

3
2

Wehavetoassume{x}

1

F mg 1

2

K {x} {F }
{x} K {F }
1

1 1 1
1
1

1 2 2 mg 1
K
2
1 2 2.5

4
mg

7
K
8

x K x 27k 0.1399 k
T
m
x M x 193m
T

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 0.3740

k
fromtheaboveexpression.
m

Fromeigenvaluesolution; 1 0.3731

Example:TransverseFreevibrationofbeam

w x, t w x cos t
2

L
2w
1
PotentialEnergy, V t EI 2 dx
2 0 x

1 L 2 w 2
EI 2 dx cos 2 t
2
x
0

KineticEnergy, T t

1
V 2 dx massperunitlength
2 0

1 L

2 w2 x dx sin 2 t
2 0

V t Vmax when cos t 1

and T t 0 when sin t 0

T t Tmax when sin t 1

ThenV(t)=0and cos

t 0

Astotalenergyisconserved

Vmax Tmax

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2w
EI 2 dx

x
2 0 L
1
Or,

w
x
dx

RayleighsQuotient
Ex.TransversevibrationofS.S.Beam

x
l

2w
0
x 2

atx=0,L w

w x, t w0 sin

cos t

x
w0 cos
cos t
x

2w
x

w0 sin
cos t
2
x

EI
w
sin

dx
0 0

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x
0 sin dx
L

x
0 sin dx
L

EI 2

2
x
sin
w
.dx

0
0
l

Page 4

EI

prob:

Fixedendedbeam

proppedcantileverbeam

Findoutthenaturalfrequenciesandmodeshapesandplotthemodeshapesoftheabovedescribed
structuralmembers.
Q.II

UseRayleighsQuotienttogetthe1stfrequencyintheboththecases.

Totalenergyforabeam
1
U dv
2
1

2 dv

2E
M
1 M2 2

y dA.dx . y dV dA.dx

I
2E I

1 M 2I
dx

2E I 2
1 M2
dx

2 EI

d2y

d2y
1
EI 2 dx M EI 2
dx
2
dx

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2
EI
0 x 2 dx
2

l
2
W dx
l

2
2 2 x
0 L cos L dx
2
L
2 x
0 1 cos L dx
l

1
x
1 cos 4 dx

20
L
l
2 x

2 2 x
0 1 2 cos L cos L dx
1
4
L
2 EI 1
2

3L / 2
3
S
L
L

2 EI

EI

22.7929
EI

L2
3

From Analytical solution : 1

EI

22.3729 EI
L2

PotentialEnergy
a) Beam

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1
U dv
2
1

2 dv

2E
1 M2 2
M

y dA.dx . y dV dA.dx
2

2E I
I

1 M I
dx
2E I 2
1 M2

dx
2 EI

M
y
I

d2y
Again, M EI 2
dx

d2y

1
d2y

EI
dx
M
EI

2 dx 2
dx 2

b) Bar

1
U dv
2
1 2
dv

2 E

1 P2
2 dv
2 EA
1 P2
dx

2 AE

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P
A

Page 7