Module: 15

Lecture: 2
Rayleigh Ritz Method
We now outline in a general manner the procedure of Rayleigh Ritz method, starting
at Rayleighs equation.

U max
*
Tmax

*
Where the kinetic energy is expressed as 2Tmax
. In the Rayleigh method a single function is

chosen for the deflection ; Ritz, however, assumed the deflection to be a sum of several functions
multiplied by constants, as follows :

W ( x) C1 f1 ( x) C2 f 2 ( x) C3 f3 ( x) .......... Cn f n ( x)
where fi ( x) are any admissible functions satisfying the boundary conditions.
Tmax and U max are expressed as

U
T

1
2

i 1
j 1

1
2

i 1
j 1

K ij C i C

m ij C i C

where, for the beam problem

K ij E I f i '' ( x) f j'' ( x) dx
mij m f i ( x) f j ( x) dx
For longitudinal oscillation of slender rods

K ij AE f i ' f j' dx

mij m f i f j dx

Now minimize 2 by differentiating it with respect to each of the constants. For example, the
derivative of 2 with respect to Ci is

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Ci Ci

U max
*
Tmax

*
max

*
U max
Tmax
U max
Ci
Ci
0
*2
Tmax

U 1
T 1
(UT 1 )
T U
.
Ci
Ci
Ci T 2

which is satisfied by

1 U U T

T Ci T 2 Ci
T

*
U max U max Tmax
*
0
Ci
Tmax Ci

U
T
U
Ci
Ci
2
T

1
1
K12 C1 C2 K 21 C1 C2
2
2
U 1
1
K12 C2 K 21C2
C1 2
2

K12 C2
*
n
n
U max
Tmax
K ij C j and
mij C j
Ci
Ci
j 1
j 1

and since

U max
2
*
Tmax
*
U max
2 Tmax

0
Ci
Ci

The two terms in this equation are then

So we can write

C1 ( K i1 2 mi1 ) C2 ( K i 2 2 mi 2 ) ............ Cn ( K in 2 min ) 0

With i varying from 1 to n there will be n such equations which can be arranged in matrix form
as
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ux(

)C
1

inS
2

lx

Sin
23

x
()

x()

( K11 2 m11 ) ( K12 2 m12 ) ( K1n 2 m1n )

C1
2
2
2
(

)
(

)
(

K
m
K
m
K
m
21
12
12
2n
2n
21
C2

C3

Cn
2
2
2
( K n1 mn1 ) ( K n 2 mn 2 ) ( K nn mnn )
K Ci 2 M Ci 0

The determinant of this equation is an n-degree algebraic equation in 2 and its solution results
in the n natural frequencies. The mode shape is also obtained by solving for the CS for each
natural frequency and substituting into deflection equation will give deflected mode shape.
For the displacement function we choose the first
two longitudinal modes of a uniform rod clamped
at one end

Determine the first two natural frequencies

and mode shapes in longitudinal oscillation
using the Rayleigh-Ritz Method.
Mass and Stiffness at x are
x
x
m( x) m0 1 and E A( x) E A0 1
l
l
The K ij and the mij for the longitudinal modes are calculated from the equations

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K ij E A( x) i' 'j dx
o

mij m( x) i j dx
o

EA0 2 1
EA0
x 2 x

0.86685
K11 2 EA0 1 cos
dx

2
4l
2l
2l 8
l
l

0
l

EA
3 2
x
x
K12 2 EA0 1 cos
dx 0.750 0
4l
2l
l
l
0
l

l
EA0 9 2 1
EA
9 2
x
2 3 x

5.80165 0
1
E
A
cos
dx

2
4l
2l
2l 8
2
l
l
0
K 21 K12

K 22

x
x
1 1
m0l 2 0.148679 m0l
m11 m0 1 sin 2
l
2l
4
0
l

x
3 x
x
1
m12 m0 1 sin
Sin
dx m0l 2 0.101321 m0l
l
2l
2l

0
m21 m12
l

3 x
1
x
1
m22 m 0 1 sin 2
dx m0l 2 0.238742 m0l
l
2l
4 9
0
l

When Expressed in matrix form, we obtain

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EA0
EA0

2
2 C

(0.86685 l 0.14868 m0l ) (0.750 l 0.10132m0l 1

0...........(1)
(0.750 EA0 0.10132m l 2 ) (5.80165 EA0 0.23874m l 2 C
0
0

2
l
l
Setting the determinant of the preceding equation to zero, we obtain the frequency equation

4 36.3676 2 177.0377 2 0
where

E A0
m0l 2

The two roots of this equation are

12 5.7898 and 22 30.5778

Using equation (1) we obtain
C2 0.03689 C1 for mode 1
C1 0.63819 C2 for mode 2
The two natural frequencies and mode shapes are then

1 2.4062

EA0
x
3 x
; u1 ( x) 1.0 Sin
0.03689 Sin
2
m0l
2l
2l

2 5.5297

EA0
3 x
x
; u2 ( x) 0.63819Sin
1.0 Sin
2
2l
2l
m0l

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