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Spirulina
BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
a. Macroscopic Description

Fig. 1 Spirulina (dried blue-green microalgae of the species Arthrospira platensis Gomont,
Arthrospira maxima Setchell & N.L.Gardner, and Arthrospira fusiformis (Voronikhin)
Komrek & J.W.G.Lund)
1. General appearance: Green to dark-green cyanobacteria. Occurs as blue-green to green fine uniform powder. The
color does not stain hand when touched
2. Texture: Lax and lusterless
3. Odor and taste: The odor is slight but characteristic; the taste is sweet and slightly salty

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Spirulina 1073

b. Microscopic Description

Fig. 2 Microscopic features of Arthrospira platensis blue-green microalgae powder

1-1. Grainy multicellular trichomes 1-2. Curved multicellular trichomes 1-3. Columnar multicellular trichomes
1. Multicellular trichome: Usually break up into short cellular chains when the trichome is mature; the chains of
multicellular trichomes mainly in 3 types, which are in grainy, curved, and columnar shapes
1-1. Grainy multicellular trichome: Subrounded or oblong, sometimes with one diaphragm, 46 m in width
1-2. Curved multicellular trichome: Arcuate, U-shaped or rounded, with some diaphragms, 57 m in width
1-3. Columnar multicellular trichome: Columnar, varying in length, with some diaphragms, 1060 m long and
57 m in width
Note: The shape (e.g., helical, curved or columnar) of the multicellular trichomes (filaments) and other microscopic
characteristics within a single species of Arthrospira change with environmental conditions, both in nature and within
the lab. Thus, as with many other bacterial species, anatomical and morphological characters must be combined with
biochemical analyses (see the monograph), and/or genomic and proteomic data, for accurate and consistent species
identification.

1074Spirulina

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CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
a. Chemical Structures

Fig. 3 Carotenoids of Spirulina

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Spirulina 1075

Fig. 4 Constituents and contaminants of Spirulina

b. Gas Chromatography

-Linolenic acid

Linoleic acid
Oleic acid

Stearic acid

Palmitoleic acid

pA

Palmitic acid

Fatty Acid Profile

Fig. 5 Typical chromatogram of Spirulina, Sample solution

1076Spirulina

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Solutions preparation:

according to the monograph

Column:

G16, 0.25-mm 25-m fused silica capillary; 0.2-m film thickness, StabilWax, Restek

Oven program:

See below

Injector:

220

Detector:

260

Carrier gas:

helium

Flow Rate:

1 mL/min

Injection volume:

1 L

Detection:

FID

Initial Temperature ()

Temperature Ramp (/min)

Final Temperature ()

Hold Time at Final

Temperature (min)

170

170

170

240

Stinging Nettle
BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
a. Macroscopic Description

1 cm
Fig. 1 Dried rhizomes and roots of Urtica dioica L.
1. General appearance: Rhizomes cylindrical or slightly flattened, irregularly bent, 312 mm in diameter; outer surface
yellowish-brown or light gray-brown, with longitudinal ridges and fine wrinkles; nodes prominent, slightly bulgy, with
rootlets and root scars; roots thin, outer surface yellowish-brown or grayish-brown
2. Texture: Hard, easily broken
3. Fracture: Yellowish-white or pale brown, sometimes hollowed
4. Odor and taste: Slightly aromatic; bland or slightly sweet

1078 Stinging Nettle

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b. Microscopic Description
b-1. Transverse section of rhizome

1
2
3

1
2
C
3
D

4
5
6

4
5

7
8

A
9
9
7

100 m

10

100 m

100 m

Fig. 2 Microscopic features of transverse section of Urtica dioica rhizome

A. Sketch B. Illustration of transverse section C. Magnification showing pericycle fibers D. Magnification showing clusters
of calcium oxalate 1. Cork 2. Cortex 3. Pericycle 4. Phloem 5. Cambium 6. Xylem 7. Xylem fibers
8. Pith 9. Pericycle fibers 10. Clusters of calcium oxalate
1. Cork: Several rows of flattened cells
2. Cortex: Narrow
3. Pericycle: Parenchyma composed of polygonal cells, with scattered fibers and crystals of calcium oxalate
4. Phloem: Relatively narrow
5. Cambium: Distinct, arranged in a ring
6. Xylem: Vessels numerous, accompanied by xylem fibers
7. Xylem fibers: Arranged in one or several complete or interrupted rings; xylems ray distinct
8. Pith: Broad
9. Pericycle fibers: Present in the inner part of cortex, mostly scattered
10. Clusters of calcium oxalate: Frequent in the parenchyma tissue of the medullary rays

DSC

Stinging Nettle 1079

b-2. Powder: Grayish-brown

1a

1b

2a

4a

4b

3a

2b

5a

6a

7a

5b
100 m

Fig. 3 Microscopic features of powder of Urtica dioica rhizomes and roots

a. Features under a light microscope b. Features under a polarized light microscope
1. Clusters of calcium oxalate 2. Prisms of calcium oxalate 3. Cork cells 4. Pericycle fiber
5. Xylem fibers 6. Vessel 7. Starch granules

1. Clusters of calcium oxalate: Relatively abundant, scattered or present in parenchymatous cells, 430 m in diameter;
polychrome when observed under a polarized light microscope
2. Prisms of calcium oxalate: Scattered or present in parenchymatous cells, 322 m in diameter; polychrome when
observed under a polarized light microscope
3. Cork cells: Pale brown, square or subrectangular in surface view
4. Pericycle fibers: Mostly singly scattered, 630 m in diameter, walls thickened, lumina linear; bright orange-white
when observed under a polarized light microscope
5. Xylem fibers: Mostly in bundles, 1232 m in diameter, pits distinct; white or orange-white when observed under a
polarized light microscope
6. Vessels: Mainly border-pitted, annular or spiral, 870 m in diameter
7. Starch granules: Numerous, fine, subrounded

1080 Stinging Nettle

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CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
a. Chemical Structures

Fig. 4 Constituents of Urtica dioica root and rhizome

b. Thin Layer Chromatography
Identification A

a)

1 2 3 4 5 6

b) 1 2 3 4

Fig. 5 Typical TLC chromatograms

Track assignment: 1) USP -Sitosterol RS; 2) USP Scopoletin RS; 3-6) Stinging Nettle root (commercial samples)
Sample solutions:

according to the monograph

Standard solutions:

in methanol

Plate:

TLC, Si 60 F254

Developing solvent:

ether and methanol (9:1)

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Stinging Nettle 1081

Saturation time:

20 min, with filter paper

Application volume:

20 L of Sample solutions, 10 L of Standard solutions

Detection:

a) examine under UV light at 366 nm

b) derivatize, heat at 100105 for 10 min, and examine under white light

Derivatization reagent:

water, 85% phosphoric acid, 10% vanillin in 96% ethanol (4.5:4.5:1)

Non-USP Method

a)
1 2 3 4 5 6

b) 1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig. 6 Typical HPTLC chromatograms

Track assignment: 1) USP -Sitosterol RS; 2) USP Scopoletin RS; 36) Stinging Nettle root (commercial samples)
Sample solutions:

according to the monograph

Standard solutions:

in methanol

Plate:

HPTLC, Si 60 F254, 5-m

Developing solvent:

ethyl acetate, methanol, water, and formic acid (100:8:8:5)

Saturation time:

20 min, with filter paper

Relative humidity:

33%, saturated MgCl2

Temperature:

ambient, not to exceed 30

Application volume:

5 L of Sample solutions, 2 L of Standard solutions as 8-mm bands

Detection:

a) examine under UV light at 366 nm

b) derivatize, heat at 100 for 5 min, and examine under white light

Derivatization reagent:

p-anisaldehyde, glacial acetic acid, methanol, and sulfuric acid (0.5:10:85:5)

1082 Stinging Nettle

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c. Gas Chromatography
Content of -Sitosterol

Fig. 7 Typical chromatogram of Sample solution

Solutions preparation:

according to the monograph

Column:

G2, 0.2-mm 25-m, 0.33-m film, HP-1MS fused silica capillary column, J&W Scientific

Oven program:

hold at 300 for 60 min

Injection port: 325

Detector: 325
Carrier gas:

helium at 0.5 mL/min

Injection volume:

1 L

Detection: FID

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Stinging Nettle 1083

d. High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Content of Scopoletin

min

Fig. 8 Typical chromatogram of Sample solution

Solutions preparation:

according to the monograph

Column:

L1, 25-cm 4.6-mm, 5-m, Develosil C18, Phenomenex

Mobile phase:

water (Solution A) and methanol (Solution B)

Elution:

gradient program, see table below

Flow rate:

1 mL/min

Temperature: 25
Injection volume:

10 L

Detection:

fluorescence; excitation: 366 nm, emission: 420 nm

Time (min)

Solution A (%)

Solution B (%)

75

25

60

40

60

40

10

100

15

100

20

75

25

30

75

25

Turmeric
BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
a. Macroscopic Description

1 cm

Fig. 1 Dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa L.

1. General appearance: Rhizomes irregularly ovoid, cylindrical or pear-shaped, often curved, sometimes forked into
short branches; 25 cm in length, 13 cm in diameter
2. Surface: Outer surface dark yellow; rough; showing prominent transverse annular nodes and orbicular scars of
branches and fibrous roots
3. Fracture: Brownish-yellow to golden-yellow, cuticular, with waxy luster; endodermis ring conspicuous; broken surface
scattered with punctiform vascular bundles
4. Texture: Hard and solid, not easily broken
5. Odor and taste: The odor is aromatic and distinctive; the taste is bitter and pungent

DSCTurmeric
1085
b. Microscopic Description
b-1. Transverse section of rhizome

1
1
2
3
4
5
6

C
5
7
8
6

100 m

100 m

Fig. 2 Microscopic features of transverse section of Curcuma longa rhizome

A. Sketch B. Illustration of transverse section C. Magnification showing endodermis and vascular bundle
1. Cork 2. Cortex 3. Leaf-trace vascular bundle 4. Oil cell 5. Endodermis 6. Vascular bundles 7. Phloem 8. Xylem
1. Cork: Consisting of a few layers of flattened, thin-walled, regularly arranged cells
2. Cortex: Broad, with leaf-trace vascular bundles
3. Leaf-trace vascular bundles: Scattered
4. Oil cells: Scattered
5. Endodermis: Distinct, with distinct Casparian strip or dots
6. Vascular bundles: Collateral; abundant, most forming discontinuous rings near the endodermis and fewer inward
7. Phloem: Present in the outer part of the vascular bundle
8. Xylem: Present in the inner part of the vascular bundle

1086Turmeric

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b-2. Powder: Bright yellowish-orange

2a

1a

3a

4a

5a

4b

5b

100 m
Fig. 3 Microscopic features of powder of Curcuma longa rhizome
a. Features under a light microscope b. Features under a polarizing microscope
1. Parenchymatous cells 2. Vessels 3. Oil cells 4. Non-glandular hairs 5. Crystals of calcium oxalate

1. Parenchymatous cells: Yellow; mostly single scattered or several aggregated; subrounded, polygonal, subrectangular,
or irregular in shape; surface uneven; filled with gelatinized or nongelatinized starch granules
2. Vessels: Mostly spiral, scalariform, and annular, with a few reticulate
3. Oil cells: Several; elliptical or oval; relatively large; full of yellow or orange oily masses
4. Nonglandular hairs: Yellow to dark yellow; unicellular; usually broken; with pointed tips; bright yellow under a
polarizing microscope
5. Crystals of calcium oxalate: Common in parenchymatous cells (
) and scattered outside of cells in the powder;
subsquare or pole-like in shape; usually not easy to observe because of the presence of yellow pigment; bright orange
or bright yellow under a polarizing microscope

DSCTurmeric
1087

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
a. Chemical Structures

Fig. 4 Constituents of Curcuma longa rhizome

b. Thin Layer Chromatography
Identification A

a)
1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6
b)

Fig. 5 Typical TLC chromatograms

Track assignment: 1) Bisdesmethoxycurcumin; 2) Desmethoxycurcumin; 3) Curcumin; 4) USP Curcuminoids RS;
5) Curcuma longa rhizome; 6) Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb. rhizome

1088Turmeric

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Sample solutions:

sonicate with acetone, and centrifuge

Standard solutions:

in acetone, 0.2 mg/mL each

Plate:

TLC, Si 60 F254

Developing solvent:

chloroform, methanol, and formic acid (96:4:1)

Application volume:

20 L (curcuminoids), 10 L (others)

Detection:

(a) white light, (b) UV, 366 nm

Non-USP Method

Fig. 6 Typical TLC chromatograms; Detection: UV, 254 nm

Track assignment: 1) Bisdesmethoxycurcumin; 2) Desmethoxycurcumin; 3) Curcumin;
4) USP Curcuminoids RS; 5) Curcuma longa rhizome; 6) Curcuma zanthorrhiza rhizome

DSCTurmeric
1089
Non-USP Method

a)
1 2 3 4 5 6

c)

b)

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig. 7 Typical HPTLC chromatograms

Track assignment: 1) Bisdesmethoxycurcumin; 2) Desmethoxycurcumin; 3) Curcumin;
4) USP Curcuminoids RS; 5) Curcuma longa rhizome; 6) Curcuma zanthorrhiza rhizome

Sample solutions:

sonicate with acetone, and centrifuge

Standard solutions:

in acetone, 0.2 mg/mL each

Plate:

HPTLC, Si 60 F254, 5-m

Developing solvent:

toluene and acetic acid (4:1)

Developing distance:

6 cm

Relative humidity:

33%, saturated MgCl2

Temperature:

ambient, not to exceed 30

Application volume:

4 L (curcuminoids), 2 L (others)

Detection:

(a) white light; (b) UV, 366 nm; (c) UV, 254 nm

1090Turmeric

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c. High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Content of Curcuminoids

Fig. 8 Typical chromatogram of Sample solution

Solutions preparation:

according to the monograph

Column:

L1, 25-cm x 4.6-mm, 5-m, Luna C18(2), Phenomenex

Mobile phase:

citric acid in water (1 g in 1000 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (6:4)

Elution: isocratic
Flow rate:

1 mL/min

Temperature: ambient
Injection volume:

20 L

Detection:

Vis, 420 nm

Ubidecarenone
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
a. Chemical Structures

Fig. 1 Ubidecarenone and related impurities

b. High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Chromatographic purity, Procedure 2: Ubidecarenone (2Z)-Isomer and Related Impurities

Fig. 2 Typical chromatogram of System suitability solution

1092Ubidecarenone

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Solutions preparation:

according to the monograph

Column:

L3, 25-cm 4.6-mm, 5-m, Luna Silica (2), Phenomenex

Mobile phase:

n-hexane and ethyl acetate (97:3)

Elution: isocratic
Flow rate:

2 mL/min

Temperature: 25
Injection volume:

20 L

Detection:

UV, 275 nm

Assay/Chromatographic purity, Procedure 1: Coenzymes Q7, Q8, Q9, Q11 and Related Impurities

Fig. 3 Typical chromatogram of Sample solution

Solutions preparation:

according to the monograph

Column:

L1, 15-cm 4.6-mm, 5-m, Symmetry C18, Waters

Mobile phase:

methanol and dehydrated alcohol (13:7)

Elution: isocratic
Flow rate:

1.3 mL/min

Temperature: 35
Injection volume:

5 L

Detection:

UV, 275 nm

Valerian
BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
a. Macroscopic Description

1 cm
Fig. 1 Subterranean parts of Valeriana officinalis L. (rhizomes, roots, and stolons)
1. General appearance: Rhizomes entire or cut longitudinally, up to 5 cm in length and up to 3 cm in diameter; roots
numerous, cylindrical, slender, about 10 cm in length and up to 3 mm in diameter; a few filiform, fragile secondary
roots; stolons pale yellowish-gray, showing prominent nodes separated by longitudinally striated internodes each 25
cm in length
2. Surfaces: Rhizomes: yellowish-gray to pale grayish-brown; bases elongated or compressed, covered by and merging
with numerous roots; apices usually bearing a cup-shaped scar from aerial parts, stem base rarely present; roots
yellowish-gray to pale grayish-brown with longitudinal stripes
3. Fracture: Fracture of rhizomes reveals pith with a central cavity, transverse septum observed in longitudinal cut;
fracture of roots is short; fracture of stolons is fibrous
4. Odor and taste: The odor is strong upon drying, characteristic and unpleasant; the taste resembles camphor, slightly
bitter

1094Valerian

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b. Microscopic Description
b-1. Transverse section of root

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
C

C
4
D
6

4
5

7
8

B
D

100 m

100 m

Fig. 2 Microscopic features of a transverse section of root of Valeriana officinalis

A. Sketch B. Illustration of transverse section C. Magnification showing oil cell D. Magnification showing endodermis and
pericycle 1. Epidermis 2. Oil globule 3. Cortex 4. Endodermis 5. Pericycle 6. Phloem 7. Xylem 8. Pith
1. Epidermis: Pilliferous layer with papillose cells, some developed into root hairs (not shown) and exodermis consisting
of a single layer of quadrangular to polygonal cells with suberized walls
2. Oil globules: Scattered through the epidermis and cortex
3. Cortex: Outer part consisting of 24 layers of resin-containing cells. Inner part consisting of numerous layers of
polygonal to subrounded cells filled with starch granules, occupying most of the root; oil cells and clefts present
4. Endodermis: Consisting of a single layer of slightly lignified cells; Casparian dots distinct
5. Pericycle: Consisting of 12 layers of tangentially elongated cells, sometimes indistinct
6. Phloem: Vascular bundles forming an interrupted ring; cambium frequently indistinct
7. Xylem: Surrounding central pith; polygonal vessels, continuously distributed
8. Pith: Cells with slightly thickened-walls containing starch granules
Note: Rhizome is similar to root except epidermis and exodermis partially replaced by poorly developed periderm,
presence of numerous vascular bundles; central pith wide, including clefts of various sizes, the larger being separated by
groups of stone cells

DSCValerian
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b-2. Powder: Pale yellowish-brown

1a

1b

2a
2b

3a

4a

100 m
Fig. 3 Microscopic features of powder of Valeriana officinalis root
a. Features under a light microscope b. Features under a polarizing microscope
1. Starch granules 2. Stone cells 3. Fiber 4. Vessels
1. Starch granules: Numerous, mostly simple, 515 m in diameter; hilum dotted, stellate or cleft-shaped;
compounds of 26 components; black, cruciate shape under a polarizing microscope
2. Stone cells: Scattered, single or aggregated, with cell lumina of various sizes; bright yellowish-white or bright white
under a polarizing microscope
3. Fibers: Pale yellow, scattered, single or aggregated
4. Vessels: Reticulate, bordered pitted and spiral

1096Valerian

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CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
a. Chemical Structures

Fig. 4 Valerenic acid derivatives of Valeriana officinalis subterranean parts

DSCValerian
1097
b. Thin Layer Chromatography
Identification A

a)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11

b)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11

c)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11

Fig. 5 Typical HPTLC chromatograms

Track assignment: 1) Hydroxyvalerenic acid, acetoxyvalerenic acid, and USP Valerenic Acid RS (with increasing RF);
2) USP Powdered Valerian Extract RS; 35) Valerian root (commercial samples); 67) Mexican Valerian root, commercial
samples; 8) Valeriana scouleri root Extract; 9) Indian Valerian root (commercial sample);
1011) Valerian root (possibly adulterated)

1098Valerian

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Sample solutions:

according to the monograph

Standard solutions:

in methanol

Plate:

HPTLC, Si 60 F254

Developing solvent:

cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, and acetic acid (60:38:2)

Developing distance:

6 cm

Saturation time:

20 min, with filter paper

Relative humidity:

33%, saturated MgCl2

Temperature:

ambient, not to exceed 30

Application volume:

5 L, as 8-mm bands

Detection:

a) derivatize with Derivatization reagent A, heat at 120 for 5 min, and examine
under white light

b) derivatize with Derivatization reagent B, heat at 100 for 3 min, and examine
under white light

c) derivatized plate examined under UV light at 366 nm (non-USP detection)

Derivatization reagent:

a) glacial acetic acid and hydrochloric acid (1:4)

b) p-anisaldehyde, glacial acetic acid, methanol, and sulfuric acid (0.5: 10: 85: 5)

Non-USP Method

1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig. 6 Typical HPTLC chromatograms

Track assignment: 1) USP Valerenic Acid RS; 2) USP Fluorescein RS; 36) Valerian extract (commercial samples)

Sample solutions:

according to the monograph

Standard solutions:

in methanol

Plate:

HPTLC, Si 60 F254

Developing solvent:

hexane, ethyl acetate, and glacial acetic acid (65:35:0.5)

Developing distance:

6 cm

Saturation time:

20 min, with filter paper

Relative humidity:

33%, saturated MgCl2

Temperature:

ambient, not to exceed 30

DSCValerian
1099
Temperature:

ambient, not to exceed 30

Application volume:

4 L, 2 L standards

Detection:

derivatize, heat at 105 for 10 min, and examine under white light

Derivatization reagent:

p-anisaldehyde, glacial acetic acid, methanol, and sulfuric acid (0.5:10:85:5)

Non-USP Method

1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig. 7 Typical TLC chromatograms

Track assignment: 1) USP Valerenic Acid RS; 2) USP Fluorescein RS; 36) Valerian extract (commercial samples)

Sample solutions:

according to the monograph

Standard solutions:

in methanol

Plate:

TLC, Si 60 F254

Developing solvent:

hexane, ethyl acetate, and glacial acetic acid (65:35:0.5)

Saturation time:

20 min, with filter paper

Application volume:

20 L, 10 L Standard solutions

Detection:

derivatize, heat at 105 for 10 min, and examine under white light

Derivatization reagent:

p-anisaldehyde, glacial acetic acid, methanol, and sulfuric acid (0.5:10:85:5)

1100 Valerian

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c. High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Content of Valerenic Acids

Fig. 7 Typical chromatogram of USP Powdered Valerian Extract RS

Solutions preparation:

according to the monograph

Column:

L1, 25-cm 4.6-mm, 5-m, Prodigy ODS (3), Phenomenex

Mobile phase:

0.6% (v/v) phosphoric acid (85%) in water (Solution A)

0.6% (v/v) phosphoric acid (85%) in methanol (Solution B)

Elution:

gradient program, see below

Flow rate:

1.0 mL/min

Temperature:

40

Injection volume:

25 L

Detection:

UV, 225 nm
Time (min)

Solution A (%)

Solution B (%)

40

60

15

95

25

95

30

40

60

Vinpocetine
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
a. Chemical Structures

Fig. 1 Vinpocetine and related compounds

1102Vinpocetine

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b. High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Assay

Fig. 2 Typical chromatogram of Standard solution 3

Solutions preparation:

according to the monograph

Column:

L1, 250-mm 4.6-mm, 5-m, Discovery C18, Sigma-Aldrich

Mobile phase:

acetonitrile and 15.4 g/L of ammonium acetate in water (55:45)

Elution:

isocratic

Flow rate:

1.0 mL/min

Column temperature:

25

Injection volume:

15 L

Detection:

UV, 280 nm

Wheat Bran
BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
a. Macroscopic Description

1 cm
Fig. 1 Outer fraction of the cereal grain of common Triticum aestivum L., T. compactum Host, T. durum
Desf., and others, e.g., Einkorn and Emmer wheat cultivars

1. General appearance: Yellowish-white, commercial articles mostly broken into pieces, lamellar; the outer surface
usually covered with light yellowish-brown pubescence
2. Odor and taste: Odorless; the taste is mild

1104 Wheat Bran

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b. Microscopic Description
b-1. Transverse section of the cereal grain

1
2
3
4
5
6

100 m

1
2
3
4
5

100 m
Fig. 2 Microscopic features of a transverse section of a cereal grain

A. Sketch B. Illustration of transverse section

1. Epidermis 2. Middle layers of pericarp 3. Cross layer 4. Testa 5. Nucellar layer 6. Aleurone layer
1. Epidermis: Epidermal cells of pericarp in a single row, periclinal walls markedly thickened, anticlinal walls less
thickened
2. Middle layers of pericarp: Beneath the epidermis a few layers of thick-walled cells
3. Cross layer: Found below the middle layer; cells marked with pits and pit canals, regular arranged side by side
4. Testa: Brownish-yellow, with decadent and corrugated cells
5. Nucellar layer: Single; inconspicuous; comprised of thick-walled, nearly transparent cells
6. Aleurone layer: Comprised of polygonal and relatively large cells, filled with aleurone

DSC

Wheat Bran 1105

b-2. Powder: White to beige or yellowish-brown

1a

2a

3a

3b

4a

4b

100 m
Fig. 3 Microscopic features of wheat bran powder
a. Features under a light microscope b. Features under a polarizing microscope
1. Cells of cross layer 2. Epidermal cells 3. Non-glandular hairs 4. Starch granules
1. Cells of cross layer: Slender cylindrical, mostly in groups, with bead-like thick walls
2. Epidermal cells: Polygonal, also with bead-like thick walls, non-glandular hairs on epidermis occasionally found
3. Non-glandular hairs: Unicellular; brightly yellow under a polarizing microscope
4. Starch granules: Mainly simple, in 2 size ranges; larger granules, 1060 m in diameter, are subrounded, elliptical,
round-triangluar or fusiform in surface view; central hilum invisible or barely visible, appearing as a slit along the main
axis; sometimes showing cracks on the edges. Smaller granules, subrounded or polygonal, 210 m in diameter; black,
cruciate shape under a polarizing microscope. Compound granules few

meso-Zeaxanthin
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
a. Chemical Structures

Fig. 1 meso-Zeaxanthin, other zeaxanthin isomers and Lutein

DSC

meso-Zeaxanthin 1107

b. High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Content of Zeaxanthin

Fig. 2 Typical chromatogram of Sample solution

Solutions preparation:

according to the monograph

Column:

L3, 25-cm x 4.6-mm; 5-m, Luna Silica (2), Phenomenex Inc.

Mobile phase:

hexane and ethyl acetate (75:25)

Elution:

isocratic

Flow rate:

1.5 mL/min

Temperature:

25

Injection volume:

10 L

Detection:

UV, 453 nm