CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Cognitive impairment and effectivity of women after menopause

Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time in most women's lives when menstrual
periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to have children. Menopause typically
occurs between 45 and 55 years of age. Medical professionals often define menopause as
having occurred when a woman has not had any vaginal bleeding for a year. It may also be
defined by a decrease in hormone production by the ovaries. In those who have had surgery
to remove their uterus but they still have ovaries, menopause may be viewed to have occurred
at the time of the surgery or when their hormone levels fell. Following the removal of the
uterus, symptoms typically occur earlier, at an average of 45 years of age.
Before menopause, a woman's periods typically become irregular, which means that periods
may be longer or shorter in duration or be lighter or heavier in the amount of flow. During
this time, women often experience hot flashes; these typically last from 30 seconds to ten
minutes and may be associated with shivering, sweating, and reddening of the skin. Hot
flashes often stop occurring after a year or two. Other symptoms may include vaginal dryness,
trouble sleeping, and mood changes. The severity of symptoms varies between women. While
menopause is often thought to be linked to an increase in heart disease, this primarily occurs
due to increasing age and does not have a direct relationship with menopause. In some
women, problems that were present like endometriosis or painful periods will improve after
menopause
Menopause is usually a natural change. It can occur earlier in those who smoke tobacco.
Other causes include surgery that removes both ovaries or some types of chemotherapy. At
the physiological level, menopause happens because of a decrease in the ovaries' production
of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. While typically not needed, a diagnosis of
menopause can be confirmed by measuring hormone levels in the blood or urine. Menopause
is the opposite of menarche, the time when a girl's periods start.
Specific treatment is not usually needed. Some symptoms, however, may be improved with
treatment. With respect to hot flashes, avoiding smoking, caffeine, and alcohol is often
recommended. Sleeping in a cool room and using a fan may help. The following medications
may help: menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), clonidine, gabapentin, or selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors. Exercise may help with sleeping problems. While MHT was once
routinely prescribed, it is now only recommended in those with significant symptoms, as
there are concerns about side effects. High-quality evidence for the effectiveness
of alternative medicine has not been found. There is tentative evidence for soy isoflavones.

Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through
thought, experience, and the senses. Human cognition is conscious and unconscious, concrete
or abstract, as well as intuitive (like knowledge of a language) and conceptual (like a model
of a language). Cognitive processes use existing knowledge and generate new knowledge.
The processes are analysed from different perspectives within different contexts, notably in
linguistics, anesthesia, neuroscience, psychiatry, psychology, education,
philosophy, biology, logic, and computer science. These and other different approaches to the
analysis of cognition are synthesised in the developing field of cognitive science, a
progressively autonomous academic discipline. Within psychology and philosophy, the
concept of cognition is closely related to abstract concepts such as mind and intelligence. It
encompasses
the mental
functions, mental
processes (thoughts),
and
states
of intelligent entities (humans, collaborative groups, human organizations, highly
autonomous machines, and artificial intelligences).
Thus, the term's usage varies across disciplines; for example, in psychology and cognitive
science, "cognition" usually refers to an information processing view of an individual's
psychological functions. It is also used in a branch of social psychology called social
cognition to explain attitudes, attribution, and group dynamics. In cognitive psychology and
cognitive engineering, cognition is typically assumed to be information processing in a
participants or operators mind or brain.
Cognition can in some specific and abstract sense also be artificial. The term "cognition" is
often incorrectly used to mean "cognitive abilities" or "cognitive skills."

CHAPTER II
CONTENTS
1

DEFINITION

Menopause represents the stop of menstruation. even as technically it refers to the final
length, it is not an abrupt event, however a slow manner. Menopause isn't a disorder that
needs to be cured, but a herbal life stage transition. women have to make critical
selections about "treatment," such as the use of hormone alternative therapy (HRT).
Many girls have irregular intervals and different problems of "pre-menopause" for years.
It is not smooth to expect when menopause starts off evolved, despite the fact that doctors
agree it's far whole when a lady has no longer had a period for a year. eight out of every
one hundred girls forestall menstruating earlier than age forty. At the other end of the
spectrum, 5 out of each a hundred keep to have durations till they're almost 60. 51 years is
the common age for menopause. There may be no mathematical components to determine
out while the ovaries will begin to reduce either, however a woman can get a widespread
concept based totally on her family records, body type, and way of life. girls who started
menstruating early will no longer always forestall having intervals early as properly. it's
far authentic that a girl will likely input menopause at approximately the same age as her
mom. Menopause may also arise later than common amongst people who smoke.
Cognition is the act of knowing; knowledge; perception. 2. That which is known. which
underscores a crucial difference between two usages of the same term. The first is a
process: cognition as something that humans do (along with several other animals). The
second is a product: cognitions as mental representations that surface to consciousness
when we perceive, reason, or form mental images. At the very beginning of his Principles,
William James (1890/1955, p. 1) used the term 3 in the second sense: Psychology is the

science of mental life, both of its phenomena and their conditions. The phenomena are
such things as we call feelings, desires, cognitions, reasonings, decisions, and the like....
At the beginning of Cognition and Reality, conversely, Ulrich Neisser (1976, p.1) relied
on the first: cognition is the activity of knowing: the acquisition, organization, and use of
knowledge. The difference is not, as one may suspect, merely a matter of conceptual
change after the so called cognitive revolution (Neisser, 1967). Consider the American
Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th edition, published in 2000)
The mental process of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception,
reasoning, and judgment. 2. That which comes to be known, as through perception,
reasoning, or intuition; knowledge. which reiterates the earlier distinction between
process and product, but also adds one (crucial) adjective. Cognition is not merely a
process, but a mental process. In what is perhaps the most influential definition
(Neisser, 1967), cognition indeed refers to the mental process by which external or
internal input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. As such, it
involves a variety of functions such as perception, attention, memory coding, retention,
and recall, decision making, reasoning, problem-solving, imaging, planning and executing
actions. Such mental processes involve the generation and use of internal representations
to varying degrees, and may operate independently (or not) at different stages of
processing. Furthermore, these processes can to some extent be observed or at least
empirically probed, leading to scientific investigation by means of methods akin to those
of the natural sciences.

ETIOLOGY

All women are born with a set number of oocytes. As this supply of oocytes becomes
depleted during their early 40s, ovarian production of progesterone, estradiol, and
testosterone begins to decline. Fertility also significantly declines. In the past, women's
life spans did not much outlast their fertility, but now that women live well into their 80s,
they are spending almost one third of their life in postmenopause. Before menopause,
estradiol is the strongest and most predominant estrogen. Serum estradiol levels vary
throughout the menstrual cycle but average about 100 picograms/mL (367 picomol/L).
After menopause, estrone, which is derived from estradiol metabolism in the liver and
peripheral conversion of androstenedione in adipose tissue, becomes the dominant
estrogen. Serum estrone levels average about 30 to 50 picograms/mL (110-184
picomol/L).