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ABSTRACT
A structural model of the Chicxulub crater is derived from aeromagnetic anomaly modeling,
borehole information and magnetic mineral data. Magnetic susceptibility measurements from borehole
cores and samples in the crater show that suevite-like breccias have a variable strong magnetic signature,
which is related to basement and melt clasts. The crystalline component estimated from clast analyses
in the suevite-like breccias has on average higher magnetic susceptibilities (up to 120010-5 SI) than
that of impact melt (~50010-5 SI) and crystalline basement (40010-5 SI). Reduction to the pole and
downward analytical continuations show the discrete composite character of the anomaly, with inverse
dipolar anomalies. The second-derivative of magnetic anomaly depicts five concentric rings, with the
external ring correlating with the cenote ring and marking the surface expression of crater rim. The
analytical signal and the radially averaged spectrum yield an estimate of the averaged depth to the
magnetic sources, ranging from 1000 to 6000 m. There are three major magnetic sources within the
Chicxulub crater: 1) the melt unit, 2) the suevite-like breccia, and 3) the central uplift. Using all these
data, including new 2-D magnetic models, a new structural model is proposed. It reveals a system of
regional vertical faults that explain the magnetic signal over the southern sector of the crater, whereas a
2.5 km deep central uplift and highly magnetized breccia sequences and melt sheet might be the sources
of the main magnetic anomalies.
Key words: Chicxulub crater, magnetic susceptibility, aeromagnetic anomaly, structural model, uplift,
Mexico.
RESUMEN
En este trabajo presentamos un modelo actualizado de la estructura de impacto de Chicxulub,
utilizando nuevos modelos de la anomala aeromagntica. Estudios de la variacin de la susceptibilidad
magntica a lo largo de la columna litolgica al interior del crter revelan que las brechas de tipo suevita
tienen una firma magntica ms fuerte que la unidad fundida (melt). La componente cristalina, estimada
a partir del anlisis de clastos encontrados en las brechas de tipo suevita, tiene una susceptibilidad
Rebolledo-Vieyra, M., Urrutia-Fucugauchi, J., Hctor Lpez-Loera, H., 2010, Aeromagnetic anomalies and structural model of the Chicxulub multiring
impact crater, Yucatan, Mexico: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geolgicas, v. 27, nm. 1, p. 185-195.
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Rebolledo-Vieyra et al.
magntica ms alta (hasta 120010-5 SI), que el melt (~50010-5 SI) y los clastos del basamento cristalino
(40010-5 SI). La reduccin al polo y la continuacin hacia abajo, documentan el carcter fragmentado
de la anomala. La segunda derivada de la anomala aeromagntica delinea cinco anillos concntricos al
interior del crter; el ltimo anillo se correlaciona con el anillo de cenotes, lo cual apoya la interpretacin
de que el origen del anillo de cenotes est ligado con el crter. La seal analtica y el espectro radialmente
promediado arrojan una profundidad estimada a las fuentes magnticas que va de los 1000 m a los 6000
m. Utilizando estos datos desarrollamos nuevos modelos magnticos en 2-D, los cuales indican que el
carcter fraccionado en la porcin norte del crter est controlado por un sistema de fallas verticales.
La principal anomala central es producto de un levantamiento estructural, cuya cima se encuentra a
~2,500 m de profundidad a partir del fondo marino, en el rea central del crter.
Palabras clave: crter Chicxulub, magnetometra, anomala aeromagntica, modelo estructural,
levantamiento, Mxico.
INTRODUCTION
Impact cratering is one of the major processes shaping planetary surfaces in the Solar system. Impact craters
are characteristic features in all planets, satellites and
asteroids, except for the gaseous giant planets. On Earth,
the geological record of impact craters has been erased by
the tectonic, magmatic and erosional processes (Melosh,
1989). Large complex multiring craters that are products
of major impacts are rare on Earth, with only three craters
documented: Vredefort (South Africa), Sudbury (Canada)
and Chicxulub (Mexico) (Grieve and Therriault, 2000;
Urrutia-Fucugauchi and Perez-Cruz, 2009). Chicxulub is the
youngest and best preserved. The impact event is also well
known since it has been linked to global effects on climate
and environment, resulting in one of the major life turnovers
marking the transition from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic
at the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary (Hildebrand
et al., 1991, 1998; Sharpton et al., 1992).
Geophysical methods have long been used to identify
and investigate impact craters, which often show characteristic circular anomaly patterns (e.g., Pilkington and
Grieve, 1992; Sharpton et al., 1993). Aeromagnetic and
ground magnetic surveys have been particularly successful in studying the structure and stratigraphy of craters.
The changes in physical properties induced by shock and
pressure/thermal processes have been also studied and
related to petrographic and geochemical data and to the
impact and cratering processes. Recent investigations on
Mars large impact basins, which are characterized by low
amplitude magnetic anomalies, indicate apparent major
demagnetization effects on target rocks induced by large
impacts (e.g., Acua et al., 1999). These features have
been documented by paleomagnetic studies of basement
rocks from the Vredefort crater (Muundjua et al., 2007). In
general, investigations on terrestrial impact structures and
laboratory experiments document wide ranges in magnetic
properties (i.e., magnetic susceptibility ranges from diamagnetic range, 0.00 S.I. to 120010-5 SI). In general, it is
considered that the shock produces a drop in the magnetic
susceptibility and often in the remanent magnetizations
a)
22o N
506.2
243.2
136.2
73.2
48.6
21.4
2.6
-6.9
-14.2
-22.9
-31.8
-40.0
-45.3
-48.5
-49.9
-53.2
-59.4
-66.1
-92.5
-135.0
-877.7
21o N
90o W
25
25
89o W
50
Aeromagnetic
Anomaly (nT)
Kilometers
b)
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
40
80
120
Wavenumber (1/K_unit)
Estimated Depth
40
80
120
Wavenumber (1/K_unit)
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
Depth (K_unit)
Depth (K_unit)
log(Power)
log(Power)
187
188
Rebolledo-Vieyra et al.
a)
22o N
21 N
90o W
25
89o W
150.2
28.2
10.5
3.6
1.5
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
-0.0
-0.1
-0.1
-0.3
-0.5
-0.9
-1.6
-4.0
-16.2
-287.2
22o N
21o N
nT
25
b)
1064.4
291.9
195.3
130.9
85.8
55.4
29.4
9.1
-4.6
-17.1
-28.1
-39.6
-49.9
-63.3
-76.0
-89.9
-108.1
-122.1
-143.0
-195.1
-1227.5
90o W
25
25
Kilometers
0
0
Kilometros
25
25
89 W
50
50
nT
75
75
Kilometers
c)
d)
o
22 N
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
-0.0
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.7
21o N
90o W
25
25
89 W
nT
Kilometers
22o N
21o N
90o W
25
25
89o W
50
588.2
257.4
147.2
83.2
52.3
25.1
4.4
-6.0
-14.1
-22.3
-31.1
-40.2
-45.8
-49.2
-50.9
-54.1
-60.7
-67.7
-96.4
-145.3
-1100.3
mgal
75
Kilometers
Figure 2. a) Aeromagnetic anomaly field of the Chicxulub crater reduced to magnetic pole. Local geomagnetic field inclination is 45o and declination is
5o. b) Second derivative of the aeromagnetic anomaly field. c) Pseudo-gravimetric analysis of aeromagnetic anomaly field. Density contrast is 1.8 g/cm3.
d) Downward continuation to a reference surface of 450 m.
189
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Rebolledo-Vieyra et al.
191
a)
Magnetics (nT)
280
Profile A-A
80
-120
-320
Depth (km)
Continue to 4000 m?
12
0
60
V.E.= 4.61
Scale=1172056
Magnetics (nT)
b)
Distance (km)
120
180
Profile B-B
120
-80
-280
Depth (km)
-0.6
2.4
5.4
8.4
12
V.E.= 7.42
Scale=1242733
72
132
Distance (km)
Figure 3. Magnetic models for Chicxulub crater. a) 2-D model of the profile A-A in Figure 1. b) 2-D model of the profile B-B in Figure 1.
192
Rebolledo-Vieyra et al.
Magnetics (nT)
a)
400
Profile C-C
0
-400
-800
-1.6
Depth (km)
2.4
6.4
12
V.E.= 6.11
Scale=1193807
Magnetics (nT)
b)
280
180
80
-20
-120
-220
72
Distance (km)
132
Profile D-D
Depth (km)
12
12
V.E.= 5.7
Scale=1139389
72
132
Distance (km)
Figure 4. Magnetic models for Chicxulub crater. A) 2-D model of the profile C-C in Figure 1. B) 2-D model of the profile D-D in Figure 1.
193
a)
15
b)
60
10
5
0
-5
40
20
0
-20
-10
-40
30 km
c)
d)
4
2
0
-2
-4
-4
e)
-2
f)
2
1
0
0
-1
-2
g)
2
1
0
-1
Figure 5 Schematic plan view of the magnetic anomalies (total intensity, nT) of (a) early post-impact, at various erosion levels: (b) 1 km; (c) 2 km; (d) 3
km; (e) 4 km; (f) 5 km; and (g) 6 km. The impact took place at center of the area. Note that the amplitude scale varies.
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Rebolledo-Vieyra et al.
195