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Overview
Collections of data
Data- Refer to the values physically
recorded in the database.
Data may be collected, manipulated and
retrieved in various ways:
plain text editor - simple editing and
retrieval
word processor - adds tables and simple
calculations
spreadsheet programme - adds more
sophisticated calculations
database management system (DBMS) adds formats, structures, rules, ...
OGC Compliant
WMS/WFC/WCS are
standards
XML/SOAP
Data
Server
Web Services
DBMS/RDBMS
Integration
Network/Hierarchal
Flat File
Harish Karnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Database organization
Four main types of database
organization:
Flat
Hierarchical
Relational
Object-oriented
This
can
be
often
lead
to
considerable
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Characteristics of DBMS
A DBMS is a software package for defining and managing a
database.
A real database includes definitions of
field names
data formats (text? binary? integer? etc.)
record structures (fixed-length? pointers? field order, etc.)
file structures (sequential? indexed? etc.)
rules for validating and manipulating data
Data
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
DBMS Components
A data definition language (DDL);
A data manipulation language (DML);
A sophisticated general purpose query language;
A facility for concurrent access of data by multiple users;
A facility for security and integrity controls.
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Data Models
Data Models
Example relation
Relation schema:
Student (
sid
53666
53688
53650
sid: char(5),
name: varchar(20),
login: varchar(15),
age: integer,
gpa: real)
name
Jones
Smith
Smith
login
jones@cs
smith@cs
smith@math
age
18
18
19
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
gpa
3.4
3.2
3.8
Models of Reality
DML
DATABASE SYSTEM
REALITY
structures
processes
DDL
DATABASE
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
data documentation
data independence
control of
security
access
and
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Database Design
The purpose of database design is to create a
database which
is a model of structures of reality
supports queries and updates modeling
processes of reality
runs efficiently
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Abstraction
It is very important that the language used for
data representation supports abstraction
We will discuss three kinds of abstraction:
Classification
Aggregation
Generalization
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Data Model
A data model consists of notations for
expressing:
data structures
integrity constraints
operations
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
FLIGHT-SCHEDULE
DEPT-AIRPORT
FLIGHT#
101
AIRLINE
SpiceJet
WEEKDAY
mo
545
Air India
we
912
Indigo
242
GoAir
PRICE
156
FLIGHT# AIRPORT-CODE
101
DEL
110
912
HYD
fr
450
545
DDN
mo
231
DEPT-AIRPORT
FLIGHT#
101
AIRLINE
delta
WEEKDAY
mo
545
american
we
912
scandinavian
242
usair
PRICE
156
FLIGHT# AIRPORT-CODE
101
atl
110
912
cph
fr
450
545
lax
mo
231
242
bos
FLIGHT-SCHEDULE
DEPT-AIRPORT
FLIGHT#
101
AIRLINE
delta
WEEKDAY
mo
545
american
we
912
scandinavian
242
97
PRICE
156
FLIGHT# AIRPORT-CODE
101
atl
110
912
cph
fr
450
545
lax
usair
mo
231
242
bos
delta
tu
258
97
atl
FLIGHT# AIRPORTCODE
FLIGHT# AIRPORTCODE
FLIGHT-SCHEDULE
FLIGHT# AIRPORTCODE
DEPT-AIRPORT
FLIGHT#
AIRLINE
WEEKDAY
PRICE
101
delta
mo
156
101
atl
545
american
we
110
912
cph
912
scandinavian
fr
450
545
lax
242
usair
mo
231
242
bos
FLIGHT# AIRPORT-CODE
FLIGHT-SCHEDULE
PRICE
FLIGHT# AIRPORT-CODE
FLIGHT#
AIRLINE
WEEKDAY
101
delta
mo
156
101
atl
545
american
we
110
912
cph
912
scandinavian
fr
450
545
lax
242
usair
mo
231
242
bos
Normalization
FLIGHT-WEEKDAY
FLIGHT-SCHEDULE
FLIGHT#
FLIGHT#
WEEKDAY
101
delta
mo,fr
156
101
mo
545
american
mo,we,fr
110
545
mo
912
scandinavian
fr
450
912
fr
101
fr
545
we
545
fr
FLIGHT-SCHEDULE
FLIGHT#
AIRLINE
WEEKDAY
PRICE
101
delta
mo
156
545
american
mo
110
912
scandinavian
fr
450
101
delta
fr
156
545
american
we
110
545
american
fr
110
FLIGHT-SCHEDULE
FLIGHT#
AIRLINE
PRICE
101
delta
156
545
american
110
912
scandinavian
450
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
ER-Model
Hierarchical Model
Network Model
Inverted Model - ADABAS
Relational Model
Object-Oriented Model(s)
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
attribute
subset relationship type
Multivalued attribute
Derived attribute
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Summary
Benefits
include
recovery
from
system
crashes,
DBMS
R&D
is
one
of
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
the
broadest,
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
A Relation = a table
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Relational Model
Data Structures
Integrity Constraints
Operations
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
airline:
char(20)
weekday:
char(2)
price:
dec(6,2)
domain names
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
flight-schedule
flight#
customer
customer# customer
name
p
p
reservation
flight#
date
customer#
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
.P
customer#
_c
customer
customer#
customer-name
_c
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
LEO
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Object-Oriented Model(s)
POSTGRES
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Taxonomy
Data types
Operations
Query language
Algorithms
Access methods
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
DBMS
Core Spatial
Functionality
Interface to DBMS
Spatial application
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Spatial Relations
1 Km
Topological Relations
Topological relations are defined using pointset topology concepts, such as boundary and
interior.
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
SDBMS
The Organizing and management of geo-spatial data
inside DBMS or RDBMS has emerged as an exciting and
challenging area for GIS professionals during last decade
which is known as Spatial Database Management System
(SDBMS).
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
POSTGIS Model
POSTGIS Model
PostGIS supports storage of the following GIS object
types:
POINT
LINE
POLYGON
MULTIPOINT
MULTILINE
MULTIPOLYGON
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak
Overviewofnonspatialdatamodel,HarishKarnatak