1/16/2014

PowerElectronicsforUtility
Introduction
EE529

Assessment
Coursework:
presentation)
t ti )
Test:
Examination:

15%(miniproject&
25%(11.5hourtest)
60%

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Miniproject
Studentswillbedividedbythemselvesinto
groups;totalofnumberofstudentisaround
t t l f
b
f t d ti
d
70+.Eachgrouphas3students.
Eachgrouphastopresenttheirprojectfor15
minwithpowerpoint.Eachgrouphasto
submitONEreportafterthepresentation.
p
p
Report:2weeksafterpresentation
Report:Submission:1015pages+ppt

Howtosubmit
ftp://eeserver.ee.polyu.edu.hk/Upload/eric/EE529
Format of file name:
Formatoffilename:
Forhomework: studentname_student no.pdfor
studentname_student no.docorstudentname_student
no.ppt
Oncesubmitted,youcannotalter,butyoumaysubmit
abetterversionlatelyonusing:
Studentname_student no_V2.pdf

Allsubmissionsmustbedoneingroupsubmission.
Useonlyonepersoninthefilenamenottwopersons,
otherwisethenameistoolong.

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PowerElectronicsRevolutionsin
UtilityApplications
Inrecentyears,asthesemiconductordevices
h
haveimprovedintheirvoltageandcurrent
i
d i th i
lt
d
t
handlingcapabilities,
Newapplicationsofpowerelectronicsin
powersystemarebeinginvestigated.Inmajor
applicationinclude:
pp

FlexibleACTransmissionSystems
(FACTS)
ReactivePowerControl&Compensation
ActivePowerControl&Compensation
A ti P
C t l&C
ti
VoltageControl
CurrentControl
Oscillationsdamping
ImprovementofPowerSystemStability
p
y
y

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HighVoltageDCTransmissionSystems
(HVDC)
ACSystemsInterconnection(differentfrequencies
and/or phase)
and/orphase)

HighpowerDCpowerconversion
NewmethodofPWM control
Lowswitchingloss

ActiveHarmonicFiltering
Usepowerelectronicstoconductharmonic
compensation
ti
STATCOM
Higherresponse
Lowcost
Nobatteryneeded

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DistributedElectricalEnergy
Generation(RenewableEnergy)
Responsethelatestrenewableneeded
Manyrenewablesources
Howtoconnected,howtocompensation,cost
optimization
NewthinkingofGtoV(EV toGrid)
Bidirectional;powercharging
Bi di
i
l
h i

Introduction to Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)

Ingeneral,therearefourtypesofFACTS
controller:
t ll
SeriesControllers
ShuntControllers
CombinedSeriesseriesControllers
CombinedSeries
Combined Seriesshunt
shuntControllers
Controllers

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SeriesControllers

Itcouldbeavariableimpedance,suchascapacitororreactor.
Itcouldbeapowerelectronicsbasedvariablesourceofmain
frequency,subsynchronous andharmonicfrequencies(ora
combination)toservethedesiredneed.
Inprinciple,itinjectsvoltageinserieswiththeline.Avariable
impedancemultipliedbythecurrentflowthroughit,
representsaninjectedseriesvoltageintheline.
t
i j t d i
lt
i th li
Asthevoltageisinphasequadrature (90o)withtheline
currentthecontrollersonlysuppliesandconsumervariable
reactivepower.
Otherphaserelationshipwillinvolvehandlingofrealpower.

ShuntControllers

Itcouldbeavariableimpedance,suchascapacitororreactor.
Itcouldbeapowerelectronicsbasedvariablesourceofmain
frequencysubsynchrouous andharmonicfrequencies(ora
combination)toservethedesiredneed.
Inprinciple,itinjectscurrentintothesystematthepointof
connection.Avariableshuntimpedanceconnectedtotheline
voltage causes a variable current flow and hence represents
voltagecausesavariablecurrentflowandhencerepresents
injectionofcurrentintotheline.
Asthecurrentisinphasequadrature (90o)withthelinevoltagethe
controllersonlysuppliesandconsumervariablereactivepower.
Otherphaserelationshipwillinvolvehandlingofrealpower.

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CombinedSeriesseriesController
Itcouldbeacombinationof
separateseriescontrollers
which are controlled in a
whicharecontrolledina
coordinatedmannerina
multilinetransmissionsystem.
Thedcterminalsofthepower
electronicsbasedvariable
sourceseriescontrollerscan
beconnectedtogetherasa
unifiedseriesseriescontroller.
Anunifiedseriesseries
An unified series series
controllerprocessesbalance
boththerealandreactive
powerflowinthelines.

CombinedSeriesshuntController

Itcouldbeacombinationofseparate
seriesandshuntcontrollerswhich
arecontrolledinacoordinated
mannerinamultilinetransmission
system.
Thedcterminalsofthepower
electronicsbasedvariablesource
seriesandshuntcontrollerscanbe
connectedtogetherasaunified
seriesshuntcontroller.
Aunifiedcontrollercombined
injectingcurrentintothesystemwith
theshuntpartandvoltageinseriesin
p
g
thelinewiththeseriespartofthe
controllers.
Therealpowerofshuntandseries
controllerscanbeexchangedviathe
dcpowerlink.

Line

dc power link
Line

dc power link

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SomeImportantCharacteristicof
DifferentTypesofController
SeriesControllers
Good
Goodtoprovidecurrent/powerflowanddamp
to provide current/power flow and damp
oscillationscontrolinline.
Havetobedesignedtoridethroughcontingencyand
dynamicoverloadsorbypassshortcircuitcurrents.

ShuntControllers
Goodtoprovidevoltagesupportatandaroundthe
pointofconnected.
Itservesthebusnodeindependentlyoftheindividual
linesconnectedtothebus.

High Voltage DC Transmission Systems (HVDC)

TheroleofHVDC,for
economic reasons is to
economicreasons,isto
interconnectacsystems
whereareliableac
interconnectionwould
betooexpensive.
RequiresstudyinDC
Requires study in DC
link,DCpower
converter,multilevel

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SomepotentialapplicationforHVDC
Submarinecable:Thecablehasalargecapacitance.
Thusaccablerequiresalargechargingcurrent
(reactivepower).
Longdistanceoverheadtransmission:Iftheoverhead
transmissionislongenough,say1000km,thesavingin
capitalcostsandlosseswithadctransmissionlinemay
beenoughtopayfortwoconverters.
ConnectingACsystemsofdifferentorincompatible
frequencies: eg As the western part and the eastern
frequencies:eg.Asthewesternpartandtheeastern
partofJapanusesdifferentfrequencies,a300MV,
125kV HVDC backtobackstationhasbeeninstalledat
Sakuma.

HVDC Examples
ChinaSouthernPower
Grid:Nuozhadu
Guangdong
Location Pu'er
Jiangmen
Powerrating 5,000MW,
bipolar
800 kV and provide
800kVandprovide
electricitytothe
megacitiesinthe
Guangdongregion

From:
http://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/en/power
transmission/hvdc/hvdcultra/references.htm

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ActiveHarmonicFiltering
ActiveharmonicFilters
areconnectedinparallel
p
withthenonlinearload
tothesupply.
Theyuseactiveswitching
elementsandhandle
reactiveharmonic
power.
Ingeneral,theycanalso
beusedasreactivepower
compensators.

PrincipleofOperation
Monitortheloadcurrent
with current sensor
withcurrentsensor.
UseFFT/Instantaneous
PowerTheorytoget
harmonicspectrum.
Selectloworder
harmoniccomponents.
Injectapprox.harmonic
currentforcompensation.

From:ElectricalConstriction&Maintainence
http://www.google.com.hk/imgres?biw=1227&bih=820&tbm=isch&tbnid=_yAUIV11dqTB0M%3A&i
mgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fecmweb.com%2Fpowerquality%2Factiveharmonicfiltershelpkeep
stanfordresearchlabdatasafeandsecure&docid=F6mzX8p2Ead
JM&imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fecmweb.com%2Fpower_quality%2FStaco1
062810.jpg&w=450&h=338&ei=9DjXUragJMmQiQfStIDICw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=704&page=1&st
art=0&ndsp=24&ved=0CFsQrQMwAg

10

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DistributedElectricalEnergy
Generation
Thereisatrendthat
public uses a number of
publicusesanumberof
renewableenergy
sourcesinbuilding.
Apowerelectronic
interfaceisneededto
connectrenewable
energy sources such as
energysourcessuchas
photovoltaic,windand
smallhydrotothe
utilitysystem.

Solar Array

High-frequency
g
q
y
Transformer

Highfrequencyphotovoltaicinterface

Interconnectionofwind/hydrogenerator

Popularpowerdevices

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SemiconductorSwitchesforHigh
PowerApplications
Besidesthebasicdiodesandthyristors
Higherpowerdevices:
Hi h
d i

Insulatedgatedbipolartransistors(IGBTs);
GTO (gateturnoffthyristor);
Integratedgatedcommutatedthyristor (IGCTs);
MOScontrolledthyristor (MCTs);

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Thyrsitor
Thesimplest
structurally is the
structurallyisthe
siliconcontrolled
rectifier(SCR)whilethe
mostcomplicatedisthe
triac.
Usuallythyristor
Usually thyristor refers
refers
toSCR.Thethyristor
hasaPNPN structure

Twotransistorequivalentmodel
Thetwotransistor
model (Fig 1 11) can be
model(Fig.1.11)canbe
usedtoexplainthe
operationofthyristor.
Thisisalsoknownas
thetwotransistor
analogy of a thyristor
analogyofathyristor.

13

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VICharacteristicofathyristor

GTO (GateTurnoffThyristor)

equivalentcircuitandSymbol

GTO Thyristor Structure(top)andTurnoff

Characteristics

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conventionalthyristor intoaGTO
thyristor
Useinterdigitated gate
cathodestructureto
minimizethesheet
i i i th h t
resistanceexistsintheQ1
andreducethedistanceof
emitterjunctionandthe
gate.
Reducetheturnoffcurrent
Makenearunity.Reducethe
y
thicknessofP1layerforthe
npn transistorQ1andheavy
dopingintheN1(emitter).
Makesmall.Increasethe
thicknessofN2layerforpnp
transistorQ2.

IGBT (InsulatedGateBipolarTransistor)
AnIGBT isbasicallya
hybrid MOS gates turn
hybridMOSgatesturn
on/offbipolartransistor
thatcombinesthe
attributesofMOSFET,
BJT andthyristor.
Highinputimpedance
High input impedance
ofaMOSFET,butBJT
likeconduction
characteristics

Collector
Rdrift

Gate

Emitter

15

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IGCT (Integratedgatedcommutatedthyristor)
Anintegratedofthegatedrive
withtheGCT (Gated
commutated thyristor)
commutatedthyristor).
Developedinmidlate1990s.
ThegatedrivetoGCT issimilar
toIGBT andwiththe
integratedgatedriver,the
drivingissimple.Its
conductionduringtheonstate
issimilartoThyristor.
Itsonstatelossislessthanan
Its on state loss is less than an
IGBT.WhenIGCT is
conducting,itlookslikea
thyristor.

OutlookofanIGCT

(source: ABB Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors Application Note, Mar 2011)

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