Atomic and Nuclear Physics

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Atomic And Nuclear Physics

by N. Subrahmanyam, B. Lal And J. Seshan1
Created by
Palvi Gupta
Atomic and Nuclear Physics
Physics
shri mata vaishno devi university
College Teacher
Dr. Kamni
Cross-Checked by
Lavitha Pereira
May 23, 2016
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Atomic And Nuclear Physics
Author: N. Subrahmanyam, B. Lal And J. Seshan
Publisher: S. Chand And Company Ltd., New Delhi
Edition: 10
Year: 2008
ISBN: 81-219-0414-5
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
1 Relativity
2 Quantum Mechanicsq
21
3 Matter Waves Wave Particle Duality and Uncertainty Principle

44
4 Mechanics
59
5 Atomic Physics
63
6 X Rays
66
7 Molecular Physics
71
8 Raman Effect and Spectroscopic techniques
74
9 Interaction of Charged Particles and Neutrons With Matter

76
10 Structure of Nuclei
81
11 Nuclear Reactions
89
12 Nuclear Models
92
List of Scilab Codes

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
2.1
2.2
2.3
Relative Speed of Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Relative Speed of Spaceships . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relativistic Length Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mass Energy Equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Energy Equivalent of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relativistic Variation of Mass with Speed . . . . . .
Increase in Mass of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ratio of Rest Mass and Mass in Motion . . . . . . .
Heat Equivalent of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Variation of Space and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mean Lifetime of a Moving Meason . . . . . . . . . .
Velocity of One Atomic Mass Unit . . . . . . . . . .
Speed of an Electron for an Equivalent Proton Mass
Speed at Total Energy Twice the Rest Mass Energy
Relative Velocity and Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relativistic Variation of density with Velocity . . . .
Electrons Accelerated to Relativistic Speeds . . . . .
Electron Speed Equivalent of Twice its Rest Mass .
Electron Speed Equivalent of Twice its Rest Mass .
Fractional Speed of Electron . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effective Mass and Speed of Electron . . . . . . . . .
Energy Released in Fission . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relativistic Speed Form Relativistic Mass . . . . . .
Decay of muon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Decay of Unstable Particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Threshold Wavelength of Tungsten . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum Velocity of Photoelectrons . . . . . . . . .
Energy of Photoelectrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
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5
5
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
11
11
12
12
13
14
15
15
16
16
17
18
18
19
21
21
22
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
Exa 2.9
Exa 2.10
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
Exa 2.27
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
3.1
3.2
3.3
Longest Wavelength of Incident Radiation . . . . . . .

Threshold Frequency and Wavelength . . . . . . . . .
Maximum Velocity of Emitted Electrons . . . . . . . .
Maximum Energy of Ejected Electrons . . . . . . . . .
Maximum Kinetic Energy and Stopping Potential of
Ejected Electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Work Function of Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Energy of Electrons Emitted From the Surface of Tungsten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Energy of Photon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Velocity of the Emitted Electron . . . . . . . . . . . .
Energy of a Quantum of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ratio of Masses of a Proton and an Electron . . . . .
First Bohr Orbit in Hydrogen Atom . . . . . . . . . .
Wavelength of Balmer H beta Line . . . . . . . . . . .
First Excitation Energy of Hydrogen Atom . . . . . .
Energy Difference in the Emission or Absorption of Sodium
D1 Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wavelength of First Line of Balmer Series . . . . . . .
Minimum Energy of the Electrons in Balmer Series . .
Ionization Potential of Hydrogen Atom . . . . . . . . .
Wavelength of Second Number of Balmer Series of Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wavelength of Emitted Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radius and Speed of Electron in the First Bohr Orbit
Radius and Velocity of Electron for H and He . . . . .
Difference in Wavelength in the Spectra of Hydrogen
and Deuterium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ionization Energy of Hydrogen Atom With Orbiting
Muon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Photon Emitted by Hydrogen Atom . . . . . . . . . .
Energy Required to Create a Vacancy in Cu . . . . . .
Excitation Potential for Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atomic Number of Impurity in Zinc Target . . . . . .
Mu mesonic Atom Subjected to Bohr Orbit . . . . . .
Kinetic Energy of an Electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wavelength of Electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Momentum of Photon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
23
23
24
25
26
26
27
28
28
29
29
30
31
31
32
32
33
34
34
35
36
37
38
39
39
40
41
41
42
44
45
45
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
Exa 4.1
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
4.2
4.3
4.4
5.1
5.2
5.4
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
Momentum of an electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wavelength of a Particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Comparison of Energy of Photon and Neutron . . . .
de Broglie Wavelength of Electrons . . . . . . . . . . .
de Broglie Wavelength of Accelerated Electrons . . . .
Wavelength of Matter Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Momentum of Proton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wavelength of an Electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
de Broglie Wavelength of Thermal Neutrons . . . . . .
Kinetic Energy of a Proton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Energy of Electrons in a One Dimensional Box . . . .
Lowest Energy of Three Electrons in Box . . . . . . .
Zero Point Energy of System . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mean Energy Per Electron at 0K . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lowest Energy of Two Electron System . . . . . . . .
Total Energy of the Three Electron System . . . . . .
Minimum Uncertainity in the Velocity of an Electron .
Uncertainity in Momentum and Kinetic Energy of the
Proton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uncertainity in the Position of an Electron . . . . . .
Uncertainity in the Position of a Bullet . . . . . . . .
Unertainity in the Position of an Electron . . . . . . .
Unertainity in the Velocity of an Electron . . . . . . .
Minimum Uncertainity in the Energy of the Excited
State of an Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage Transmission of Beam Through Potential
Barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Width of the Potential Barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Energy of Electrons Through the Potential Barrier . .
Zero Point Energy of a System . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L S coupling for two electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Term Values for L S Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Angle Between l and s State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wavelength of X rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plancks constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Short Wavelength Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wavelength Limit of X rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minimum Voltage of an X ray Tube . . . . . . . . . .
6
46
46
47
47
48
48
49
49
50
51
51
52
52
53
53
54
54
55
56
56
57
57
58
59
60
61
61
63
63
64
66
66
67
67
68
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
6.6
6.7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
8.1
8.2
9.1
9.2
Exa 9.3
Exa 9.4
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
9.5
10.1.1
10.1.2
10.2.1
10.3.1
10.3.2
10.3.3
10.3.4
10.3.5
10.3.6
10.3.7
10.3.8
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
11.1
11.2
11.3
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
Minimum Wavelength Emitted by an X ray Tube . . .

Critical Voltage for Stimualted Emission . . . . . . . .
Frequency of Oscillation of a Hydrogen Molecule . . .
Bond Length of Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . . . . . .
Intensity Ratio of J states for HCL Molecule . . . . .
CO Molecule in Lower State . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stokes and Anti Stokes Wavelength . . . . . . . . . . .
Wvelength of Infrared Absorption Line . . . . . . . . .
Maximum Energy Transferred by Alpha Particles . . .
Rate of Energy Loss and Range of Deuteron and Alpha
Particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thickness of Concrete Collimator . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average Number of Collsions for Thermalization of Neutrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Change in Voltage Across a G M Tube . . . . . . . . .
Energy and Mass Equivalence of Wavelength . . . . .
Binding Energy per Nucleon for Oxygen Isotopes . . .
Range of Alpha Emitters of Uranium . . . . . . . . . .
Binding Energy per Nucleon of Helium . . . . . . . . .
Energy Released in the Fusion of Deuterium . . . . . .
Mass of Deuterium Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Binding Energy per Nucleon of Ni . . . . . . . . . . .
Energy Released during Fusion of two Deuterons . . .
Binding Energy and Packing Fraction of Helium . . .
Mass of Yukawa Particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum Height of the Potential Barrier for Alpha
Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Energy Balance of a Nuclear Reaction . . . . . . . . .
Threshold Energy for the Reaction . . . . . . . . . . .
Gamma Ray Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rate of Consumption of U235 Per Year . . . . . . . .
Rate of Fission of U 235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Binding Energy of Helium Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . .
Energy Released During Fusion of Deuterium Nuclei .
Energy Required to Break One Gram Mole of Helium
Energy Liberated During Production of Alpha Particles
Kinetic Energy of Neutrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Consumption Rate of U 235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
69
69
71
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
78
79
81
82
82
83
84
84
85
85
86
87
87
89
89
90
92
93
93
94
94
95
95
96
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
12.9
12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13
12.14
Minimum Disintegraton Energy of Nucleus . . . . . .

96
Rate of Fission of U 235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
Energy Released During Fission of U 235 . . . . . . .
98
Minimum Energy of Gamma Photon for Pair Production 98
Uranium Atom Undergoing Fission in a Reactor . . .
99
Amount of Uranium Fuel Required For One Day Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
Exa 12.15 Binding Energy of Fe Using Weizsaecker Formula . . . 100
Chapter 1
Relativity
Scilab code Exa 1.1 Relative Speed of Approach

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 R e l a t i v e Speed o f a p p r o a c h : Pg

:20 (2008)
c = 1;
// For t h e s a k e o f s i m p l i c i t y , assume c =
1 , m/ s
u = 0.87* c ;
// V e l o c i t y o f a p p r o a c h o f s p a c e s h i p
A t o w a r d s s p a c e s h i p B , m/ s
v = -0.63* c ;
B t o w a r d s s p a c e s h i p A, m/ s
V = ( u - v ) /(1 - ( u * v ) / c ^2) ;
// V e l o c i t y A d d i t i o n
Rule g i v i n g r e l a t i v e s p e e d o f a p p r o a c h o f
p a r t i c l e s , m/ s
printf ( \ nThe r e l a t i v e s p e e d o f a p p r o a c h o f
p a r t i c l e s = %6 . 4 f c , V ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r e l a t i v e s p e e d o f a p p r o a c h o f p a r t i c l e s =
0.9689 c
Scilab code Exa 1.2 Relative Speed of Spaceships

9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 2 R e l a t i v e Speed o f s p a c e s h i p s :

Pg : 20 ( 2 0 0 8 )
c = 1;
// For t h e s a k e o f s i m p l i c i t y , assume c =
1 , m/ s
u = 0.9* c ;
// V e l o c i t y o f a p p r o a c h o f s p a c e s h i p A
t o w a r d s s p a c e s h i p B , m/ s
v = -0.9* c ;
B t o w a r d s s p a c e s h i p A, m/ s
V = ( u - v ) /(1 - ( u * v ) / c ^2) ;
// V e l o c i t y A d d i t i o n
Rule g i v i n g r e l a t i v e s p e e d o f a p p r o a c h o f
s p a c e s h i p s , m/ s
printf ( \ nThe r e l a t i v e s p e e d o f B w . r . t . A = %5 . 3 f c
, V);
// R e s u l t
// The r e l a t i v e s p e e d o f B w . r . t . A = 0 . 9 9 4 c
Scilab code Exa 1.3 Relativistic Length Contraction

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 3 R e l a t i v i s t i c l e n g t h c o n t r a c t i o n
: Pg : 20 ( 2 0 0 8 )
L0 = 1;
// A c t u a l l e n g t h o f t h e m e t r e s t i c k , m
rel_mass = 3/2;
// R e l a t i v e mass o f s t i c k w . r . t .
r e s t i t s mass
// As m = m0/ s q r t ( 1 ( v / c ) 2 ) and L = L0 s q r t ( 1
( v/ c ) 2)
// Thus L/m = ( L0 /m0) ( 1 ( v / c ) 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r L
// L = (m0/m) L0 i . e .
L = 1/ rel_mass * L0 ;
// Apparent l e n g t h o f t h e
m e t r e rod , m
printf ( \ nThe a p p a r e n t l e n g t h o f t h e m e t r e r o d = %5
. 3 f m , L ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The a p p a r e n t l e n g t h o f t h e m e t r e r o d = 0 . 6 6 7 m
10
Scilab code Exa 1.5 Mass Energy Equivalence

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 5 MassEnergy E q u i v a l e n c e : Pg : 22

(2008)
U = 7.5 e +011;
// T o t a l e l e c t r i c a l e n e r g y
g e n e r a t e d i n a c o u n t r y , kWh
kWh = 1000*3600;
// C o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r f o r
k i l o w a t t h o u r i n t o j o u l e , J /kWh
c = 3 e +08;
// Speed o f l i g h t , m/ s
m = ( U * kWh ) / c ^2;
// Mass e q u i v a l e n t o f e n e r g y , kg
printf ( \ nThe mass c o n v e r t e d i n t o e n e r g y = %2d kg ,
m);
// R e s u l t
// The mass c o n v e r t e d i n t o e n e r g y = 30 kg
Scilab code Exa 1.6 Energy Equivalent of Mass

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 6 Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f mass : Pg

:22 (2008)
m = 1;
// Mass o f a s u b s t a n c e , kg
c = 3 e +08;
U = m * c ^2;
// Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f mass , J
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y e q u i v a l e n t o f mass = %1 . 0 e J ,
U);
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y e q u i v a l e n t o f mass = 9 e +016 J
Scilab code Exa 1.7 Relativistic Variation of Mass with Speed
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 7 R e l a t i v i s t i c v a r i a t i o n o f mass

w i t h s p e e d : Pg : 22 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m0 = 1e -024;
// Mass o f a p a r t i c l e , kg
v = 1.8 e +08;
// Speed o f t h e p a r t i c l e , m/ s
c = 3 e +08;
m = m0 / sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2) ;
// Mass o f t h e moving
p a r t i c l e , kg
printf ( \ nThe mass o f moving p a r t i c l e = %4 . 2 e kg , m
);
// R e s u l t
// The mass o f moving p a r t i c l e = 1 . 2 5 e 024 kg
Scilab code Exa 1.8 Increase in Mass of Water

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 8 I n c r e a s e i n mass o f w a t e r : Pg :

23 ( 2 0 0 8 )
c = 3 e +08;
T1 = 273;
// I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f water , K
T2 = 373;
// F i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f water , K
M = 1 e +06;
// Mass o f water , kg
C = 1 e +03;
// S p e c i f i c h e a t o f water , c a l / kgK
J = 4.18;
// J o u l e s m e c h a n i c a l e q u i v a l e n t o f
heat , c a l / j o u l e
U = M * C *( T2 - T1 ) * J ;
// I n c r e a s e i n e n e r g y o f
water , J
m = U / c ^2;
// I n c r e a s e i n mass o f water , kg
printf ( \ nThe i n c r e a s e i n mass o f w a t e r = %4 . 2 e kg ,
m);
// R e s u l t
// The i n c r e a s e i n mass o f w a t e r = 4 . 6 4 e 006 kg
Scilab code Exa 1.9 Ratio of Rest Mass and Mass in Motion
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 9 R a t i o o f r e s t mass and mass i n

m o t i o n : Pg : 2 3 ( 2 0 0 8 )
c = 1;
// For c o n v e n i e n c e , s p e e d o f l i g h t i s
assumed t o be u n i t y , m/ s
v = 0.5* c ;
// V e l o c i t y o f moving p a r t i c l e , m/ s
// As m0 = m s q r t ( 1 ( v / c ) 2 ) , and m0/m = r e l m a s s ,
we have
rel_mass = sqrt (1 - ( v / c ) ^2) ;
// R a t i o o f r e s t
mass and t h e moving mass
printf ( \ nThe r a t i o o f r e s t mass and t h e mass i n
m o t i o n = %6 . 4 f kg , rel_mass ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r a t i o o f r e s t mass and t h e mass i n m o t i o n =
0 . 8 6 6 0 kg
Scilab code Exa 1.10 Heat Equivalent of Mass

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 0 Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f mass : Pg : 2 3

(2008)
c = 3 e +08;
J = 4.18;
// J o u l e s e q u i v a l e n t o f h e a t , j o u l e
per c a l o r i e
m = 4.18 e -03;
// Mass o f t h e s u b s t a n c e , kg
U = m * c ^2;
// Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f mass , J
Q = U/J;
// Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f mass , c a l o r i e
printf ( \ nThe h e a t e q u i v a l e n t o f mass = %1 . 0 e c a l ,
Q);
// R e s u l t
// The h e a t e q u i v a l e n t o f mass = 9 e +013 c a l
Scilab code Exa 1.11 Variation of Space and Time
13
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 1 V a r i a t i o n o f s p a c e and t i m e :

Pg : 23 ( 2 0 0 8 )
L = 0.5;
// S h o r t e n e d l e n g t h o f t h e rod , m
L0 = 1;
// A c t u a l l e n g t h o f t h e rod , m
t0 = 1;
// A c t u a l t i m e on t h e s p a c e s h i p , s
c = 3 e +08;
v = sqrt (1 - ( L / L0 ) ^2) * c ;
// Speed o f t h e
s p a c e s h i p , m/ s
t = t0 / sqrt (1 - ( v / c ) ^2) ;
// D i l a t e d t i m e f o r
stationary observer , s
printf ( \ nThe s p e e d o f l i g h t = %5 . 3 e m/ s , v ) ;
printf ( \ nThe t i m e d i l a t i o n c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o 1 s on
t h e s p a c e s h i p = %d s , round ( t ) ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The s p e e d o f l i g h t = 2 . 5 9 8 e +008 m/ s
// The t i m e d i l a t i o n c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o 1 s on t h e
spaceship = 2 s
Scilab code Exa 1.12 Mean Lifetime of a Moving Meason

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 2 Mean l i f e t i m e o f a moving

meason : Pg : 24 ( 2 0 0 8 )
c = 1;
assumed t o be u n i t y
t0 = 2e -08;
// Mean l i f e t i m e o f p i meson a t r e s t
, s
v = 0.8* c ;
// V e l o c i t y o f moving p i meason , m/ s
t = t0 / sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2) ;
// Mean l i f e t i m e o f
moving p i meason , s
printf ( \ nThe mean l i f e t i m e o f moving meason = %4 . 2 e
s , t);
// R e s u l t
// The mean l i f e t i m e o f moving meason = 3 . 3 3 e 008 s
14
Scilab code Exa 1.13 Velocity of One Atomic Mass Unit

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 3 V e l o c i t y o f one a t o m i c mass

u n i t : Pg : 24 ( 2 0 0 8 )
c = 1;
assumed t o be u n i t y , m/ s
m0 = 1;
// For c o n v e n i e n c e , r e s t mass i s assumed
t o be u n i t y
// Here 2m0 c 2 = m c 2 m0 c 2 = KE which g i v e s
m = 3* m0 ;
// Atomic mass i n motion , kg
// As m = m0/ s q r t ( 1 ( v / c ) 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r v
v = sqrt (1 - ( m0 / m ) ^2) * c ;
// V e l o c i t y o f one
a t o m i c mass , m/ s
printf ( \ nThe v e l o c i t y o f one a t o m i c mass = %5 . 3 f c ,
v);
// R e s u l t
// The v e l o c i t y o f one a t o m i c mass = 0 . 9 4 3 c
Scilab code Exa 1.14 Speed of an Electron for an Equivalent Proton Mass
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 4 Speed o f an e l e c t r o n f o r an

e q u i v a l e n t p r o t o n mass : Pg : 25 ( 2 0 0 8 )
c = 3 e +08;
m0 = 1;
// For c o n v e n i e n c e , r e s t mass o f an
e l e c t r o n i s assumed t o be u n i t y
m = 2000* m0 ;
// R e s t mass o f a p r o t o n , u n i t s
v = sqrt (1 - ( m0 / m ) ^2) * c ;
// Speed o f t h e moving
e l e c t r o n , m/ s
printf ( \ nThe s p e e d o f t h e moving e l e c t r o n = %4 . 2 e m
/ s ( approx . ) , v);
// R e s u l t
15
// The s p e e d o f t h e moving e l e c t r o n = 3 . 0 0 e +008 m/ s

( approx . )
Scilab code Exa 1.15 Speed at Total Energy Twice the Rest Mass Energy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 5 Speed a t t o t a l e n e r g y t w i c e

t h e r e s t mass e n e r g y : Pg : 25 ( 2 0 0 8 )
c = 1;
// Speed o f l i g h t i s assumed t o be u n i t y ,
m/ s
m0 = 1;
// For c o n v e n i e n c e , r e s t mass o f t h e
p a r t i c l e i s assumed t o be u n i t y , kg
m = 2* m0 ;
// Mass o f t h e moving p a r t i c l e when m c
2 = 2m0 c 2 , kg
v = sqrt (1 - ( m0 / m ) ^2) * c ;
// Speed o f t h e moving
p a r t i c l e , m/ s
printf ( \ nThe s p e e d o f t h e moving
p a r t i c l e = %5 . 3 f c
, v);
// R e s u l t
// The s p e e d o f t h e moving
p a r t i c l e = 0.866 c
Scilab code Exa 1.16 Relative Velocity and Mass

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 6 R e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y and mass : Pg

:26 (2008)
c = 3 e +08;
u = 2 e +08;
// Speed o f f i r s t p a r t i c l e , m/ s
v = -2 e +08;
// Speed o f s e c o n d p a r t i c l e , m/ s
u_prime = ( u - v ) /(1 - u * v / c ^2) ;
// V e l o c i t y
a d d i t i o n r u l e g i v i n g r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y , m/ s
m0 = 3e -025;
// R e s t mass o f e a c h p a r t i c l e , kg
m = m0 / sqrt (1 - ( u_prime / c ) ^2) ;
// Mass o f one
p a r t i c l e r e l a t i v e t o t h e o t h e r , kg
16
8
9
10
11
12
printf ( \ nThe r e l a t i v e s p e e d o f one p a r t i c l e

t h e o t h e r = %5 . 3 e m/ s , u_prime ) ;
printf ( \ nThe mass o f one p a r t i c l e r e l a t i v e
o t h e r = %3 . 1 e kg , m ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r e l a t i v e s p e e d o f one p a r t i c l e w . r . t
o t h e r = 2 . 7 6 9 e +008 m/ s
// The mass o f one p a r t i c l e r e l a t i v e t o t h e
7 . 8 e 025 kg
w. r . t
to the
the
other =
Scilab code Exa 1.17 Relativistic Variation of density with Velocity

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 7 R e l a t i v i s t i c v a r i a t i o n o f
d e n s i t y w i t h v e l o c i t y : Pg : 26 ( 2 0 0 8 )
c = 1;
// Speed o f l i g h t i s assumed t o be u n i t y
f o r c o n v e n i e n c e , m/ s
v = 0.9* c ;
// Speed o f moving frame , m/ s
rho_0 = 19.3 e +03;
// D e n s i t y o f g o l d i n r e s t
frame , kg m e t r e p e r c u b e
L0 = 1;
// A c t u a l l e n g t h i s assumed t o be u n i t y ,
m
m0 = 1;
// R e s t mass o f g o l d i s assumed t o be
u n i t y , kg
V0 = m0 / rho_0 ;
// Volume o f g o l d i n r e s t frame ,
metre cube
L = L0 * sqrt (1 - ( v / c ) ^2) ;
// R e l a t i v i s t i c Length
C o n t r a c t i o n Formula , m
y = 1;
// Width o f g o l d b l o c k i s assumed t o be
unity , m
z = 1;
// H e i g h t o f g o l d b l o c k i s assumed t o be
unity , m
V = L * y * z * V0 ;
// Volume o f g o l d a s o b s e r v e d from
moving frame , m e t r e c u b e
m = m0 / sqrt (1 - ( v / c ) ^2) ;
// Mass o f g o l d a s
o b s e r v e d from moving frame , kg
17
// D e n s i t y o f g o l d a s o b s e r v e d from
moving frame , kg p e r m e t r e c u b e
14 printf ( \ nThe d e n s i t y o f g o l d a s o b s e r v e d from
moving f r a m e = %5 . 1 f e +003 kg p e r m e t r e c u b e , rho
/1 e +03) ;
15 // R e s u l t
16 // The d e n s i t y o f g o l d a s o b s e r v e d from moving f r a m e
= 1 0 1 . 6 e +003 kg p e r m e t r e c u b e
13 rho = m / V ;
Scilab code Exa 1.18 Electrons Accelerated to Relativistic Speeds

1
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3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 8 E l e c t r o n s a c c e l e r a t e d t o
r e l a t i v i s t i c s p e e d s : Pg : 27 ( 2 0 0 8 )
U = 1 e +09*1.6 e -019;
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e
electrons , J
// As U = m c 2 , s o l v i n g f o r m
m = U / c ^2;
// Mass o f moving e l e c t r o n s , kg
m0 = 9.1 e -031;
// R e s t mass o f an e l e c t r o n , kg
mass_ratio = m / m0 ;
// R a t i o o f a moving e l e c t r o n
mass t o i t s r e s t mass
c = 3 e +08;
// As m = m0/ s q r t ( 1 ( v / c ) 2 ) , R e l a t i v i s t i c mass o f
e l e c t r o n , kg , s o l v i n g f o r v , we have
v = sqrt (1 - ( m0 / m ) ^2) * c ;
// V e l o c i t y o f moving
vel_ratio = v / c ;
// R a t i o o f e l e c t r o n v e l o c i t y t o
the v e l o c i t y of l i g h t
U0 = m0 * c ^2;
// R e s t mass e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n , J
ene_ratio = U / U0 ;
// R a t i o o f e l e c t r o n e n e r g y t o
i t s r e s t mass e n e r g y
printf ( \ nThe r a t i o o f a moving e l e c t r o n mass t o i t s
r e s t mass %4 . 2 e , mass_ratio ) ;
printf ( \ nThe r a t i o o f e l e c t r o n v e l o c i t y t o t h e
v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t = 1 %5 . 3 e , (1 - vel_ratio ^2)
/2) ;
18
15
16
17
18
19
printf ( \ nThe r a t i o o f e l e c t r o n e n e r g y t o i t s r e s t
mass e n e r g y = %5 . 3 e , ene_ratio ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r a t i o o f a moving e l e c t r o n mass t o i t s r e s t
mass 1 . 9 5 e +003
// The r a t i o o f e l e c t r o n v e l o c i t y t o t h e v e l o c i t y o f
l i g h t = 1 1 . 3 1 0 e 007
// The r a t i o o f e l e c t r o n e n e r g y t o i t s r e s t mass
e n e r g y = 1 . 9 5 4 e +003
Scilab code Exa 1.19 Electron Speed Equivalent of Twice its Rest Mass
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 9 E l e c t r o n s p e e d e q u i v a l e n t o f
t w i c e i t s r e s t mass : Pg : 28 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m0 = 9.1 e -031;
m = 2* m0 ;
// Mass o f moving e l e c t r o n , kg
c = 3 e +08;
v = sqrt (1 - ( m0 / m ) ^2) * c ;
printf ( \ nThe s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n s o t h a t i t s mass
becomes t w i c e i t s r e s t mass = %5 . 3 e m/ s , v ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n s o t h a t i t s mass becomes
t w i c e i t s r e s t mass = 2 . 5 9 8 e +008 m/ s
Scilab code Exa 1.20 Electron Speed Equivalent of Twice its Rest Mass
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 2 0 E l e c t r o n
t w i c e i t s r e s t mass : Pg : 28
2 m0 = 9.1 e -031;
// R e s t mass
3 m = 2* m0 ;
// Mass o f moving
19
speed e q u i v a l e n t of
(2008)
o f an e l e c t r o n , kg
e l e c t r o n , kg
4 c = 3 e +08;
5 // As m = m0/ s q r t ( 1 ( v / c ) 2 ) , R e l a t i v i s t i c mass o f
6
7
8
9
v = sqrt (1 - ( m0 / m ) ^2) * c ;
printf ( \ nThe s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n s o t h a t i t s mass
becomes t w i c e i t s r e s t mass = %5 . 3 e m/ s , v ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n s o t h a t i t s mass becomes
t w i c e i t s r e s t mass = 2 . 5 9 8 e +008 m/ s
Scilab code Exa 1.21 Fractional Speed of Electron

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 2 1 F r a c t i o n a l s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n :
Pg : 2 9 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m0 = 9.1 e -031;
c = 3 e +08;
E = 0.5*1 e +06*1.6 e -019;
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f
electron , J
// As E = (m m0) c 2 , s o l v i n g f o r m
m = E / c ^2+ m0 ;
// Mass o f moving e l e c t r o n , kg
v = sqrt (1 - ( m0 / m ) ^2) * c ;
printf ( \ nThe s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n r e l a t i v e t o s p e e d o f
l i g h t = %5 . 3 f , v / c ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n r e l a t i v e t o s p e e d o f l i g h t
= 0.863
Scilab code Exa 1.22 Effective Mass and Speed of Electron

20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 2 2 E f f e c t i v e mass and s p e e d o f

e l e c t r o n : Pg : 29 ( 2 0 0 8 )
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
// E l e c t r o n v o l t e q u i v a l e n t o f 1
j o u l e , eV/ j o u l e
U = 2*1 e +06* e ;
// T o t a l e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n , J
// As E = (m m0) c 2 , s o l v i n g f o r m
m = U / c ^2;
// E f f e c t i v e mass o f e l e c t r o n , kg
m0 = 0.511*1 e +06* e / c ^2;
// R e s t mass o f t h e
e l e c t r o n , kg
v = sqrt (1 - ( m0 / m ) ^2) * c ;
printf ( \ nThe e f f e c t i v e mass o f e l e c t r o n = %4 . 1 e kg
, m);
printf ( \ nThe r e l a t i v i s t i c s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n = %4 . 2
f c m , v / c ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e f f e c t i v e mass o f e l e c t r o n = 3 . 6 e 030 kg
// The r e l a t i v i s t i c s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n = 0 . 9 7 c m
Scilab code Exa 1.23 Energy Released in Fission

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 2 3 Energy r e l e a s e d i n f i s s i o n : Pg

: 30 ( 2 0 0 8 )
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
// Charge on an e l e c t r o n , coulomb
r0 = 1.2 e -015;
// E q u i l i b r i u m n u c l e a r r a d i u s , m
A = 238;
// Twice t h e mass o f e a c h f r a g m e n t
q1 = 46* e ;
// Charge on f i r s t f r a g m e n t , coulomb
q2 = 46* e ;
// Charge on s e c o n d f r a g m e n t , coulomb
R = r0 *( A /2) ^(1/3) ;
d = 2* R ;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two f r a g m e n t s , m
U = q1 * q2 *9 e +09/ d ;
// Energy r e l e a s e d i n f i s s i o n ,
21
J
11 printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y r e l e a s e d i n f i s s i o n o f U
( 9 2 , 2 3 8 ) = %3d MeV , U /( e *1 e +06) ) ;
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The e n e r g y r e l e a s e d i n f i s s i o n o f U( 9 2 , 2 3 8 ) = 258
MeV
Scilab code Exa 1.24 Relativistic Speed Form Relativistic Mass

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 2 4 R e l a t i v i s t i c s p e e d form

r e l a t i v i s t i c mass : Pg : 30 ( 2 0 0 8 )
c = 3 e +08;
m0 = 1/2;
// R e s t mass o f t h e p a r t i c l e , MeV/ c 2
m = 1/ sqrt (2) ;
// R e l a t i v i s t i c mass o f t h e
p a r t i c l e , MeV/ c 2
v = sqrt (1 - ( m0 / m ) ^2) * c ;
// R e l a t i v i s t i c
v e l o c i t y o f p a r t i c l e , m/ s
printf ( \ nThe r e l a t i v i s t i c v e l o c i t y o f p a r t i c l e = %4
. 2 e m/ s , v ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r e l a t i v i s t i c v e l o c i t y o f p a r t i c l e = 2 . 1 2 e +008
m/ s
Scilab code Exa 1.25 Decay of muon

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 2 5 Decay o f muon : Pg : 31 ( 2 0 0 8 )
2 c = 3 e +08;
3 v = 0.992* c ;
// R e l a t i v i s t i c s p e e d o f muon , m/ s
4 S = 60*1 e +03;
// D i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d by muon
b e f o r e i t decays , m
22
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
t_prime = S / v ;
// Time m e a s u r e d by o b s e r v e r on
e a r t h ( D i l a t e d Time ) , s
t = t_prime * sqrt (1 - ( v / c ) ^2) ;
// Time m e a s u r e d
by muon i n i t s own frame , s
s = v*t;
// D i s t a n c e c o v e r e d by t h e muon i n i t s
own f r a m e o f r e f e r e n c e , m
printf ( \ nThe t i m e m e a s u r e d by o b s e r v e r on e a r t h (
D i l a t e d Time ) = %5 . 3 e s , t_prime ) ;
printf ( \ nThe t i m e m e a s u r e d by muon i n i t s own f r a m e
= %4 . 2 e s , t ) ;
printf ( \ nThe d i s t a n c e c o v e r e d by t h e muon i n i t s
own f r a m e o f r e f e r e n c e = %4 . 2 f km , s /1 e +03) ;
// R e s u l t
// The t i m e m e a s u r e d by o b s e r v e r on e a r t h ( D i l a t e d
Time ) = 2 . 0 1 6 e 004 s
// The t i m e m e a s u r e d by muon i n i t s own f r a m e = 2 . 5 5
e 005 s
// The d i s t a n c e c o v e r e d by t h e muon i n i t s own f r a m e
o f r e f e r e n c e = 7 . 5 7 km
Scilab code Exa 1.26 Decay of Unstable Particle

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 2 6 Decay o f u n s t a b l e p a r t i c l e : Pg

: 31 ( 2 0 0 8 )
c = 3 e +08;
v = 0.9* c ;
// R e l a t i v i s t i c s p e e d o f u n s t a b l e
t0 = 1e -06;
// Time o f d e c a y o f u n s t a b l e p a r t i c l e
i n r e s t frame , s
t = t0 / sqrt (1 - ( v / c ) ^2) ;
// Time o f d e c a y o f
u n s t a b l e p a r t i c l e i n moving frame , s
s = v*t;
// D i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d by u n s t a b l e
p a r t i c l e b e f o r e i t d e c a y s i n moving frame , m
printf ( \ nThe d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d b e f o r e t h e u n s t a b l e
p a r t i c l e d e c a y s = %4 . 2 e m , s ) ;
23
8
9
// R e s u l t
// The d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d b e f o r e t h e u n s t a b l e
p a r t i c l e d e c a y s = 6 . 1 9 e +002 m
24
Chapter 2
Quantum Mechanicsq
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Threshold Wavelength of Tungsten

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 1 T h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h o f
t u n g s t e n : Pg : 4 ( 2 0 0 8 )
phi = 4.5*1.6 e -019;
// Work f u n c t i o n f o r
tungesten , j o u l e
h = 6.6 e -034;
// Planck s c o n s t a n t , J s
c = 3 e +08;
// As p h i = h c /L0 , s o l v i n g f o r L0
L0 = h * c / phi ;
// T h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h o f
tungesten , m
printf ( \ nThe t h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h o f t u n g e s t e n =
%4d a n g s t r o m , L0 /1 e -010) ;
// R e s u l t
// The t h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h o f t u n g e s t e n = 2 7 5 0
angstrom
Scilab code Exa 2.2 Maximum Velocity of Photoelectrons

1
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 2 Maximum v e l o c i t y o f

p h o t o e l e c t r o n s : Pg : 4 4 ( 2 0 0 8 )
25
// Work f u n c t i o n f o r
photoelectric surface , joule
h = 6.6 e -034;
e = 1.6 e -019;
// E l e c t r o n i c c h a r g e , coulomb
m = 9.1 e -031;
// Mass o f t h e e l e c t r o n , kg
f = 1 e +15;
// F r e q u e n c y o f i n c i d e n t p h o t o n s , Hz
c = 3 e +08;
// KE = 1/2 m v 2 = h f phi , s o l v i n g f o r v , we
have
v = sqrt (2*( h * f - phi ) / m ) ;
// Maximum v e l o c i t y o f
p h o t o e l e c t r o n s , m/ s
printf ( \ nThe maximum v e l o c i t y o f p h o t o e l e c t r o n s =
%5 . 3 e m/ s , v ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The maximum v e l o c i t y o f p h o t o e l e c t r o n s = 2 . 0 9 7 e
+005 m/ s
2 phi = 4*1.6 e -019;

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Scilab code Exa 2.3 Energy of Photoelectrons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 3 Energy o f p h o t o e l e c t r o n s : Pg : 4 5

(2008)
h = 6.6 e -034;
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
// Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 j o u l e ,
j o u l e /eV
L = 1800 e -010;
// Wavelength o f i n c i d e n t l i g h t , m
L0 = 2300 e -010;
tungsten , m
E = h * c *(1/ L - 1/ L0 ) ;
// Energy o f p h o t o e l e c t r o n s
e m i t t e d from t u n g s t e n , j o u l e
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y o f p h o t o e l e c t r o n s e m i t t e d from
t u n g s t e n = %3 . 1 f eV , E / e ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f p h o t o e l e c t r o n s e m i t t e d from
t u n g s t e n = 1 . 5 eV
26
Scilab code Exa 2.4 Longest Wavelength of Incident Radiation

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 4 L o n g e s t w a v e l e n g t h o f i n c i d e n t
r a d i a t i o n : Pg : 4 5 ( 2 0 0 8 )
h = 6.624 e -034;
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
// Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , j o u l e
/eV
phi = 6* e ;
// Work f u n c t i o n o f metal , j o u l e
f0 = phi / h ;
// T h r e s h o l d f r e q u e n c y f o r m e t a l
s u r f a c e , Hz
L0 = c / f0 ;
// T h r e s h o l d ( L o n g e s t ) w a v e l e n g t h f o r
metal , m
printf ( \ nThe l o n g e s t w a v e l e n g t h o f i n c i d e n t
r a d i a t i o n = %4d a n g s t r o m , L0 /1 e -010) ;
// R e s u l t
// The l o n g e s t w a v e l e n g t h o f i n c i d e n t r a d i a t i o n =
2070 angstrom
Scilab code Exa 2.5 Threshold Frequency and Wavelength

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 5 T h r e s h o l d f r e q u e n c y and

w a v e l e n g t h : Pg : 4 6 ( 2 0 0 8 )
h = 6.62 e -034;
phi = 3.31 e -019;
// Work f u n c t i o n o f metal ,
joule
c = 3 e +08;
f0 = phi / h ;
// T h r e s h o l d f r e q u e n c y f o r m e t a l
s u r f a c e , Hz
L0 = c / f0 ;
// T h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h f o r metal , m
printf ( \ nThe t h r e s h o l d f r e q u e n c y f o r m e t a l = %1 . 0 e
Hz , f0 ) ;
27
printf ( \ nThe t h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h f o r m e t a l = %4d

a n g s t r o m , round ( L0 /1 e -10) ) ;
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The t h r e s h o l d f r e q u e n c y f o r m e t a l = 5 e +014 Hz
11 // The t h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h f o r m e t a l = 6 0 0 0
angstrom
8
Scilab code Exa 2.6 Maximum Velocity of Emitted Electrons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 6 Maximum v e l o c i t y o f e m i t t e d

e l e c t r o n s : Pg : 4 6 ( 2 0 0 8 )
h = 6.624 e -034;
c = 3 e +08;
m = 9.1 e -031;
// Mass o f an e l e c t r o n , kg
e = 1.6 e -019;
/eV
L = 4300 e -010;
phi = 5* e ;
// Work f u n c t i o n o f n i c k e l s u r f a c e ,
joule
f0 = phi / h ;
// T h r e s h o l d f r e q u e n c y f o r n i c k e l , Hz
L0 = c / f0 ;
// T h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h f o r n i c k e l , m
printf ( \ nThe t h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h f o r n i c k e l = %4d
a n g s t r o m , L0 /1 e -10) ;
printf ( \ n S i n c e %4d A < %4d A, t h e e l e c t r o n s w i l l
n o t be e m i t t e d . , L0 /1 e -010 , L /1 e -010) ;
phi = 2.83* e ;
// Work f u n c t i o n o f p o t a s s i u m
surface , joule
f0 = phi / h ;
// T h r e s h o l d f r e q u e n c y f o r p o t a s s i u m ,
Hz
L0 = c / f0 ;
// T h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h f o r p o t a s s i u m
, m
printf ( \ nThe t h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h f o r p o t a s s i u m =
%4d a n g s t r o m , L0 /1 e -10) ;
printf ( \ n S i n c e %4d A > %4d A, t h e e l e c t r o n s w i l l be
e m i t t e d . , L0 /1 e -010 , L /1 e -010) ;
28
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
// Now KE = 1/2 m v0 2 = h f h f 0 , where v0 i s t h e

maximum v e l o c i t y
// s o l v i n g f o r v0 , we have
v0 = sqrt (2* h * c / m *(1/ L - 1/ L0 ) ) ;
// Maximum
v e l o c i t y o f p h o t o e l e c t r o n s , m/ s
printf ( \ nThe maximum v e l o c i t y o f p h o t o e l e c t r o n s =
%5 . 3 e m/ s , v0 ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The t h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h f o r n i c k e l = 2 4 8 4
angstrom
// S i n c e 2 4 8 4 A < 4 3 0 0 A, t h e e l e c t r o n s w i l l n o t be
emitted .
// The t h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h f o r p o t a s s i u m = 4 3 8 8
angstrom
// S i n c e 4 3 8 8 A > 4 3 0 0 A, t h e e l e c t r o n s w i l l be
emitted .
// The maximum v e l o c i t y o f p h o t o e l e c t r o n s = 1 . 4 3 3 e
+005 m/ s
Scilab code Exa 2.7 Maximum Energy of Ejected Electrons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 7 Maximum e n e r g y o f e j e c t e d

e l e c t r o n s : Pg : 4 7 ( 2 0 0 8 )
h = 6.6 e -034;
c = 3 e +08;
L = 2537 e -010;
L0 = 3250 e -010;
// T h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h o f s i l v e r
, m
// As U = h ( f f 0 ) , t h e k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e j e c t e d
electrons
U = h * c *(1/ L - 1/ L0 ) ;
// Maximum e n e r g y o f
ejected electrons , J
printf ( \ nThe maximum e n e r g y o f e j e c t e d e l e c t r o n s =
%5 . 3 e J , U ) ;
// R e s u l t
29
10
// The maximum e n e r g y o f e j e c t e d e l e c t r o n s = 1 . 7 1 2 e
019 J
Scilab code Exa 2.8 Maximum Kinetic Energy and Stopping Potential of
Ejected Electrons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 8 Maximum k i n e t i c e n e r g y and

s t o p p i n g p o t e n t i a l o f e j e c t e d e l e c t r o n s : Pg : 4 7
(2008)
h = 6.624 e -034;
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
/eV
phi_0 = 1.51* e ;
// Work f u n c t i o n o f t h e m e t a l
surface , J
L = 4000 e -010;
f = c/L;
// F r e q u e n c y o f i n c i d e n t l i g h t , Hz
U = h * f - phi_0 ;
// Maximum k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f
ejected electrons , J
V = U/e;
// S t o p p i n g p o t e n t i a l f o r e j e c t e d
electrons , volt
printf ( \ nThe maximum e n e r g y o f e j e c t e d e l e c t r o n s =
%5 . 3 f eV , U / e ) ;
printf ( \ nThe s t o p p i n g p o t e n t i a l o f e j e c t e d
e l e c t r o n s = %5 . 3 f V , V ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The maximum e n e r g y o f e j e c t e d e l e c t r o n s = 1 . 5 9 5
eV
// The s t o p p i n g p o t e n t i a l o f e j e c t e d e l e c t r o n s =
1.595 V
Scilab code Exa 2.9 Work Function of Metal

30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 9 Work f u n c t i o n o f m e t a l : Pg : 4 8

(2008)
h = 6.624 e -034;
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
/eV
V = 1;
// S t o p p i n g p o t e n t i a l f o r t h e e l e c t r o n s
e m i t t e d from t h e metal , V
L = 2500 e -010;
f = c/L;
// F r e q u e n c y o f i n c i d e n t l i g h t , Hz
// Now KE = h f p h i = e V, E i n s t e i n s
P h o t o e l e c t r i c equation , s o l v i n g f o r phi
phi = h * f - e * V ;
// Work f u n c t i o n o f m e t a l
printf ( \ nThe work f u n c t i o n o f m e t a l = %5 . 3 f eV ,
phi / e ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The work f u n c t i o n o f m e t a l = 3 . 9 6 8 eV
Scilab code Exa 2.10 Energy of Electrons Emitted From the Surface of
Tungsten
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 1 0 Energy o f e l e c t r o n s e m i t t e d

from t h e s u r f a c e o f t u n g s t e n : Pg : 4 8 ( 2 0 0 8 )
h = 6.624 e -034;
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
/eV
L = 1800 e -010;
L0 = 2300 e -010;
tungsten , m
E = h * c *(1/ L - 1/ L0 ) ;
// E i n s t e i n s p h o t o e l e c t r i c
equation f o r k i n e t i c energy of emitted electrons
, J
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n s e m i t t e d from t h e
s u r f a c e o f t u n g s t e n = %3 . 1 f eV , E / e ) ;
31
9
10
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n s e m i t t e d from t h e s u r f a c e
o f t u n g s t e n = 1 . 5 eV
Scilab code Exa 2.11 Energy of Photon

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 1 1 Energy o f p h o t o n : Pg : 4 9

(2008)
h = 6.624 e -034;
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
/eV
L = 1800 e -010;
L0 = 2300 e -010;
tungsten , m
E = h * c *(1/ L - 1/ L0 ) ;
// E i n s t e i n s p h o t o e l e c t r i c
equation f o r k i n e t i c energy of emitted electrons
, J
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n s e m i t t e d from t h e
s u r f a c e o f t u n g s t e n = %3 . 1 f eV , E / e ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n s e m i t t e d from t h e s u r f a c e
o f t u n g s t e n = 1 . 5 eV
Scilab code Exa 2.12 Velocity of the Emitted Electron

1
2
3
4
5
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 1 2 V e l o c i t y o f t h e e m i t t e d
e l e c t r o n : Pg : 4 9 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m = 9.1 e -031;
// Mass o f e l e c t r o n , kg
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
/eV
phi = 2.3* e ;
// Work f u n c t i o n o f metal , J
32
6 L = 4300 e -010;
7 // As 1/2 m v 2 = h f p h i = h c /L phi , E i n s t e i n
8
9
10
11
12
s photoelectric equation
// S o l v i n g f o r v
v = sqrt (2*( h * c / L - phi ) / m ) ;
// V e l o c i t y o f
e m i t t e d e l e c t r o n , m/ s
printf ( \ nThe v e l o c i t y o f e m i t t e d e l e c t r o n = %4 . 2 e
eV , v ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The v e l o c i t y o f e m i t t e d e l e c t r o n = 4 . 5 5 e +005 eV
Scilab code Exa 2.13 Energy of a Quantum of Light

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 1 3 Energy o f a quantum o f l i g h t :

Pg : 5 0 ( 2 0 0 8 )
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
/eV
L = 5.3 e -07;
E = h*c/L;
// Energy o f t h e i n c i d e n t l i g h t , J
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y o f i n c i d e n t l i g h t = %4 . 2 f eV ,
E/e);
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f i n c i d e n t l i g h t = 2 . 3 4 eV
Scilab code Exa 2.14 Ratio of Masses of a Proton and an Electron

// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 1 4 R a t i o o f m a s s e s o f a p r o t o n
and an e l e c t r o n : Pg : 5 4 ( 2 0 0 8 )
2 RH = 1.09678 e +07;
// Rydberg c o n s t a n t f o r
hydrogen , p e r m e t r e
3 RHe = 1.09722 e +07;
// Rydberg c o n s t a n t f o r h e l i u m
, per metre
1
33
MH_m_ratio = ( RH - 1/4* RHe ) /( RHe - RH ) ;

// R a t i o
o f mass o f a p r o t o n t o t h a t o f an e l e c t r o n
5 printf ( \ nThe r a t i o o f mass o f a p r o t o n t o t h a t o f
an e l e c t r o n = %4d , MH_m_ratio ) ;
6 // R e s u l t
7 // The r a t i o o f mass o f a p r o t o n t o t h a t o f an
e l e c t r o n = 1869
Scilab code Exa 2.15 First Bohr Orbit in Hydrogen Atom

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 1 5 F i r s t Bohr O r b i t i n h y d r o g e n

atom : Pg : 5 6 ( 2 0 0 8 ) s
n = 1;
// P r i n c i p l e quantum number o f f i r s t o r b i t
i n Hatom
h = 6.624 e -034;
// Planck s C o n s t a n t , J s
c = 3 e +08;
epsilon_0 = 8.85 e -012;
// A b s o l u t e e l e c t r i c a l
p e r m i t t i v i t y o f f r e e s p a c e , coulomb s q u a r e p e r
newton p e r m e t r e s q u a r e
Z = 1;
// Atomic number o f h y d r o g e n
m = 9.1 e -031;
e = 1.6 e -019;
r = epsilon_0 * n ^2* h ^2/( %pi * m * Z * e ^2) ;
// R a d i u s o f
f i r s t Bohr s o r b i t , m
v = Z * e ^2/(2*8.85 e -012* h * n ) ;
e l e c t r o n i n t h e f i r s t Bohr o r b i t , m/ s
printf ( \ nThe r a d i u s o f f i r s t Bohr o r b i t = %5 . 3 f
a n g s t r o m , r /1 e -010) ;
printf ( \ nThe v e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n i n f i r s t Bohr
o r b i t = ( 1 / %3d ) c , 1/ v * c ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r a d i u s o f f i r s t Bohr o r b i t = 0 . 5 3 1 a n g s t r o m
// The v e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n i n f i r s t Bohr o r b i t =
(1/137) c
34
Scilab code Exa 2.16 Wavelength of Balmer H beta Line

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 1 6 Wavelength o f Balmer H b e t a

l i n e : Pg : 5 7 ( 2 0 0 8 ) s
L_Hb = 6563 e -010;
// Wavelength o f H b e t a l i n e , m
R = 1.097 e +07;
// Rydberg c o n s t a n t , p e r m e t r e
L1 = 36/(5* R ) ;
// Wavenumber o f H a l p h a l i n e , p e r
metre
L2 = 16/(3* R ) ;
// Wavenumber o f H b e t a l i n e , p e r
metre
L_ratio = L2 / L1 ;
// R a t i o o f w a v e l e n g t h s o f
H b e t a and H a l p h a l i n e s
L2 = L_ratio * L1 ;
// Wavelength o f Balmer H b e t a
line , m
printf ( \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f Balmer H b e t a l i n e = %4d
a n g s t r o m , L2 /1 e -010) ;
// R e s u l t
// The w a v e l e n g t h o f Balmer H b e t a l i n e = 4 8 6 1
angstrom
Scilab code Exa 2.17 First Excitation Energy of Hydrogen Atom

1
2
3
4
5
6
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 1 7 F i r s t e x c i t a t i o n e n e r g y o f
h y d r o g e n atom : Pg : 58 ( 2 0 0 8 ) s
n1 = 1;
// P r i n c i p l e quantum number o f f i r s t
o r b i t i n Hatom
n2 = 2;
// P r i n c i p l e quantum number o f s e c o n d
o r b i t i n Hatom
m = 9.1 e -031;
// Mass o f t h e e l e c t r o n , C
e = 1.6 e -019;
h = 6.624 e -034;
35
8
9
10
11
epsilon_0 = 8.85 e -012;

U = m * e ^4/(8* epsilon_0 ^2* h ^2) *(1/ n1 ^2 - 1/ n2 ^2) ;
// F i r s t e x c i t a t i o n e n e r g y o f h y d r o g e n atom , J
printf ( \ nThe f i r s t e x c i t a t i o n e n e r g y o f h y d r o g e n
atom = %5 . 2 f eV , U / e ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The f i r s t e x c i t a t i o n e n e r g y o f h y d r o g e n atom =
1 0 . 1 7 eV
Scilab code Exa 2.18 Energy Difference in the Emission or Absorption of

Sodium D1 Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 1 8 Energy d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e

e m i s s i o n o r a b s o r p t i o n o f sodium D1 l i n e : Pg : 5 8
(2008) s
h = 6.624 e -034;
c = 3 e +08;
L = 590 e -09;
// Wavelenght o f sodium D1 l i n e , m
E = h*c/L;
// Energy d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e e m i s s i o n
o r a b s o r p t i o n o f sodium D1 l i n e , J
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e e m i s s i o n o r
a b s o r p t i o n o f sodium D1 l i n e = %4 . 2 e J , E ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e e m i s s i o n o r
a b s o r p t i o n o f sodium D1 l i n e = 3 . 3 7 e 019 J
Scilab code Exa 2.19 Wavelength of First Line of Balmer Series

// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 1 9 Wavelength o f f i r s t l i n e o f
Balmer s e r i e s : Pg : 5 8 ( 2 0 0 8 ) s
2 n1 = 2;
// Ground l e v e l o f Balmer l i n e i n Hatom
1
36
3 n2 = 4;
// T h i r d l e v e l o f Balmer l i n e i n Hatom
4 R = 1.097 e +07;
5 L2 = 1/((1/ n1 ^2 - 1/ n2 ^2) * R ) ;
// Wavelength o f
s e c o n d l i n e o f Balmer s e r i e s , m
6 n2 = 3;
// S e c o n d l e v e l o f Balmer l i n e i n Hatom
7 L1 = 1/((1/ n1 ^2 - 1/ n2 ^2) * R ) ;
// Wavelength o f
8
9
10
11
12
13
f i r s t l i n e o f Balmer s e r i e s , m
L_ratio = L1 / L2 ;
// Wavelength r a t i o o f f i r s t and
s e c o n d l i n e o f Balmer s e r i e s , m
L2 = 4861;
// Given w a v e l e n g t h o f s e c o n d l i n e o f
Balmer s e r i e s , a n g s t r o m
L1 = L2 * L_ratio ;
// Wavelength o f f i r s t l i n e o f
Balmer s e r i e s , a n g s t r o m
printf ( \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f f i r s t l i n e o f Balmer
s e r i e s = %4d a n g s t r o m , L1 ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The w a v e l e n g t h o f f i r s t l i n e o f Balmer s e r i e s =
6562 angstrom
Scilab code Exa 2.20 Minimum Energy of the Electrons in Balmer Series
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 2 0 Minimum e n e r g y o f t h e

e l e c t r o n s i n Balmer s e r i e s : Pg : 5 9 ( 2 0 0 8 )
n1 = 2;
// Ground l e v e l o f Balmer l i n e i n Hatom
n2 = 3;
// S e c o n d l e v e l o f Balmer l i n e i n Hatom
m = 9.1 e -031;
e = 1.6 e -019;
h = 6.624 e -034;
epsilon_0 = 8.85 e -012;
E = m * e ^4/(8* epsilon_0 ^2* h ^2) *(1/ n1 ^2 - 1/ n2 ^2) ;
// Minimum e n e r g y r e q u i r e d by an e l e c t r o n t o
c o r r e s p o n d t o f i r s t wavenumber o f Balmer s e r i e s ,
J
37
printf ( \nMinimum e n e r g y r e q u i r e d
c o r r e s p o n d t o f i r s t wavenumber
%4 . 2 f , E / e ) ;
10 // R e s u l t
11 // Minimum e n e r g y r e q u i r e d by an
c o r r e s p o n d t o f i r s t wavenumber
1.88
9
by an e l e c t r o n t o
o f Balmer s e r i e s =
e l e c t r o n to
o f Balmer s e r i e s =
Scilab code Exa 2.21 Ionization Potential of Hydrogen Atom

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 2 1 I o n i z a t i o n p o t e n t i a l o f
h y d r o g e n atom : Pg : 5 9 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m = 9.1 e -031;
e = 1.6 e -019;
h = 6.626 e -034;
epsilon_0 = 8.85 e -012;
phi = m * e ^4/(8* epsilon_0 ^2* h ^2) ;
// Work f u n c t i o n
o r i o n i z a t i o n e n e r g y o f h y d r o g e n atom , J
printf ( \ nThe i o n i z a t i o n e n e r g y o f h y d r o g e n atom =
%5 . 2 f eV , phi / e ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The i o n i z a t i o n e n e r g y o f h y d r o g e n atom = 1 3 . 5 5 eV
Scilab code Exa 2.22 Wavelength of Second Number of Balmer Series of

Hydrogen
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 2 2 Wavelength o f s e c o n d number o f
Balmer s e r i e s o f h y d r o g e n : Pg : 6 0 ( 2 0 0 8 )
2 n1 = 2;
// P r i n c i p l e quantum number o f s e c o n d
o r b i t i n Hatom
1
38
// P r i n c i p l e quantum number o f t h i r d
o r b i t i n Hatom
R = 1.097 e +07;
L1 = 1/((1/ n1 ^2 - 1/ n2 ^2) * R ) ;
// Wavelength o f
f i r s t Balmer l i n e , m
n2 = 4;
// P r i n c i p l e quantum number o f t h i r d
o r b i t i n Hatom
L2 = 1/((1/ n1 ^2 - 1/ n2 ^2) * R ) ;
// Wavelength o f
s e c o n d Balmer l i n e , m
L_ratio = L2 / L1 ;
// Wavelength r a t i o o f s e c o n d
and f i r s t l i n e o f Balmer s e r i e s
L1 = 6563 e -010;
// Given w a v e l e n g t h o f f i r s t l i n e
o f Balmer s e r i e s , m
L2 = L_ratio * L1 ;
// Wavelength o f s e c o n d Balmer
line , m
printf ( \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f s e c o n d Balmer l i n e = %4e
m , L2 ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The w a v e l e n g t h o f s e c o n d Balmer l i n e = 4 . 8 6 1 4 8 1 e
007 m
3 n2 = 3;
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Scilab code Exa 2.23 Wavelength of Emitted Light

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 2 3 Wavelength o f e m i t t e d l i g h t :

Pg : 6 0 ( 2 0 0 8 )
e = 1.6 e -019;
h = 6.624 e -034;
n = 2;
// P r i n c i p a l quantum number f o r s e c o n d
o r b i t i n Hatom
V = 13.6;
// I o n i z a t i o n p o t e n t i a l o f Hatom , V
U1 = -1* V * e ;
// Energy o f e l e c t r o n i n f i r s t o r b i t
, J
U2 = U1 / n ^2;
// Energy o f e l e c t r o n i n s e c o n d
orbit , J
// As U2 U1 = h c /L , s o l v i n g f o r L
39
// Wavelength o f l i g h t e m i t t e d
i n t h e t r a n s i t i o n from s e c o n d o r b i t t o t h e f i r s t
orbit , m
10 printf ( \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t e m i t t e d i n t h e
t r a n s i t i o n from s e c o n d o r b i t t o t h e f i r s t o r b i t =
%4d a n g s t r o m , L /1 e -010) ;
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t e m i t t e d i n t h e t r a n s i t i o n
from s e c o n d o r b i t t o t h e f i r s t o r b i t = 1 2 1 7
angstrom
9 L = h * c /( U2 - U1 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.24 Radius and Speed of Electron in the First Bohr Orbit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 2 4 R a d i u s and s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n

i n t h e f i r s t Bohr o r b i t : Pg : 6 1 ( 2 0 0 8 ) s
m = 9.1 e -031;
e = 1.6 e -019;
h = 6.626 e -034;
epsilon_0 = 8.85 e -012;
Z = 1 , n = 1;
r_H = epsilon_0 * n ^2* h ^2/( %pi * m * Z * e ^2) ;
// R a d i u s
o f f i r s t Bohr o r b i t , m
v_H = Z * e ^2/(2* epsilon_0 * n * h ) ;
// V e l o c i t y o f t h e
e l e c t r o n i n t h e f i r s t Bohr o r b i t , m/ s
printf ( \ nThe r a d i u s o f f i r s t Bohr o r b i t = %4 . 2 e m ,
r_H ) ;
printf ( \ nThe v e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n i n t h e f i r s t
Bohr o r b i t = %3 . 1 e m/ s , v_H ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r a d i u s o f f i r s t Bohr o r b i t = 5 . 3 1 e 011 m
// The v e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n i n t h e f i r s t Bohr
o r b i t = 2 . 2 e +006 m/ s
40
Scilab code Exa 2.25 Radius and Velocity of Electron for H and He
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 2 5 R a d i u s and v e l o c i t y o f

e l e c t r o n f o r H and He : Pg : 6 1 ( 2 0 0 8 ) s
m = 9.1 e -031;
e = 1.6 e -019;
h = 6.624 e -034;
epsilon_0 = 8.85 e -012;
c = 3 e +08;
Z = 1 , n = 1;
// Atomic number and p r i n c i p a l
quantum number o f Hatom
r_H = epsilon_0 * n ^2* h ^2/( %pi * m * Z * e ^2) ;
// R a d i u s
o f f i r s t Bohr o r b i t f o r Hatom , m
v_H = Z * e ^2/(2* epsilon_0 * n * h ) ;
e l e c t r o n i n t h e f i r s t Bohr o r b i t o f Hatom , m/ s
r_H ) ;
Bohr o r b i t = %3 . 1 e m/ s , v_H ) ;
printf ( \ nThe v e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n i n Hatom
compared t o t h e v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t = %4 . 2 e , v_H / c
);
Z = 2;
// Atomic number o f Heatom
r_He = r_H / Z ;
// R a d i u s o f f i r s t Bohr o r b i t f o r
Heatom , m
v_He = 2* v_H ;
// V e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n i n t h e
f i r s t Bohr o r b i t o f Heatom , m/ s
r_He ) ;
Bohr o r b i t = %3 . 1 e m/ s , v_He ) ;
printf ( \ nThe v e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n i n Heatom
41
19
20
21
//
//
//
22
//
23
24
//
//
25
//
compared t o t h e v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t = %5 . 3 e , v_He /
c);
Result
The r a d i u s o f f i r s t Bohr o r b i t = 5 . 3 1 e 011 m
The v e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n i n t h e f i r s t Bohr
o r b i t = 2 . 2 e +006 m/ s
The v e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n i n Hatom compared
t o t h e v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t = 7 . 2 8 e 003
The r a d i u s o f f i r s t Bohr o r b i t = 2 . 6 5 e 011 m
The v e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n i n t h e f i r s t Bohr
o r b i t = 4 . 4 e +006 m/ s
The v e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n i n Heatom compared
t o t h e v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t = 1 . 4 5 6 e 002
Scilab code Exa 2.26 Difference in Wavelength in the Spectra of Hydrogen and Deuterium
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 2 6 D i f f e r e n c e i n w a v e l e n g t h i n
t h e s p e c t r a o f h y d r o g e n and d e u t e r i u m : Pg : 6 2
(2008)
R_H = 1.097 e +07;
// Rydberg c o n s t a n t f o r Hatom ,
per metre
M_H = 1;
// Mass o f Hatom , amu
M_D = 2* M_H ;
// Mass o f Datom , amu
m = 0.000549* M_H ;
// Mass o f an e l e c t r o n , amu
R_D = R_H *(1+ m / M_H ) /(1+ m / M_D ) ;
// Rydberg
c o n s t a n t f o r Datom , p e r m e t r e
n1 = 2 , n2 = 3;
// P r i n c i p a l qunatum numbers f o r
f i r s t l i n e o f Balmer s e r i e s
L_H = 1/( R_H *(1/ n1 ^2 - 1/ n2 ^2) ) ;
// Wavelength o f
Hatom , m
L_D = 1/( R_D *(1/ n1 ^2 - 1/ n2 ^2) ) ;
// Wavelength o f
Datom , m
delta_H = ( L_H - L_D ) /1 e -010;
// D i f f e r e n c e i n
w a v e l e n g t h i n t h e s p e c t r a o f h y d r o g e n and
42
deuterium , angstrom
11 printf ( \ nThe d i f f e r e n c e i n w a v e l e n g t h i n t h e
s p e c t r a o f h y d r o g e n and d e u t e r i u m = %3 . 1 f
a n g s t r o m , delta_H ) ;
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The d i f f e r e n c e i n w a v e l e n g t h i n t h e s p e c t r a o f
h y d r o g e n and d e u t e r i u m = 1 . 8 a n g s t r o m
Scilab code Exa 2.27 Ionization Energy of Hydrogen Atom With Orbiting
Muon
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 2 7 I o n i z a t i o n e n e r g y o f h y d r o g e n
atom w i t h o r b i t i n g muon : Pg : 6 3 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m = 9.1 e -031;
e = 1.6 e -019;
h = 6.624 e -034;
epsilon_0 = 8.85 e -012;
m1 = 200* m ;
// Mass o f muon , kg
phi1 = m1 * e ^4/(8* epsilon_0 ^2* h ^2) ;
// I o n i z a t i o n
e n e r g y o f Hatom w i t h muon , J
printf ( \ nThe i o n i z a t i o n e n e r g y o f h y d r o g e n atom
w i t h o r b i t i n g muon = %4 . 2 e eV , phi1 /1.6 e -019) ;
// R e s u l t
// The i o n i z a t i o n e n e r g y o f h y d r o g e n atom w i t h
o r b i t i n g muon = 2 . 7 1 e +003 eV
Scilab code Exa 2.28 Photon Emitted by Hydrogen Atom

1
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 2 8 Photon e m i t t e d by h y d r o g e n

atom : Pg : 6 4 ( 2 0 0 8 )
43
2 e = 1.6 e -019;
/eV
3 h = 6.624 e -034;
4 c = 3 e +08;
5 E1 = -13.6;
// Energy o f e l e c t r o n i n t h e
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
first
o r b i t o f h y d r o g e n atom , eV
n = 2;
// P r i n c i p a l quantum number f o r s e c o n d
orbit
E2 = E1 / n ^2;
// Energy o f e l e c t r o n i n t h e s e c o n d
o r b i t o f h y d r o g e n atom , eV
E = ( E2 - E1 ) * e ;
// Energy o f p h o t o n e m i t t e d ,
joule
P = E/c;
// Momentum o f photon , kgm/ s
L = ( h / P ) /1 e -010;
// d e B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f
photon , a n g s t r o m
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y o f p h o t o n e m i t t e d by h y d r o g e n
atom %5 . 2 e J , E ) ;
printf ( \ nThe momentum o f p h o t o n = %4 . 2 e kgm/ s , P )
;
printf ( \ nThe d e B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f p h o t o n = %4d
angstrom , L);
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f p h o t o n e m i t t e d by h y d r o g e n atom
1 . 6 3 e 018 J
// The momentum o f p h o t o n = 5 . 4 4 e 027 kgm/ s
// The d e B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f p h o t o n = 1 2 1 7
angstrom
Scilab code Exa 2.29 Energy Required to Create a Vacancy in Cu

// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 2 9 Energy r e q u i r e d t o c r e a t e a
v a c a n c y i n Cu : Pg : 6 4 ( 2 0 0 8 )
2 n = 1;
// P r i n c i p a l quantum number o f K s h e l l
3 Z = 29;
// Atomic number o f c o p p e r
4 U = 13.6;
// I o n i z a t i o n p o t e n t i a l o f h y d r o g e n
1
44
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
atom , eV
E1 = Z ^2* U / n ^2;
// Energy r e q u i r e d t o c r e a t e a
v a c a n c y i n K s h e l l o f c o p p e r atom , eV
n = 2;
// P r i n c i p a l quantum number o f L s h e l l
E2 = Z ^2* U / n ^2;
// Energy r e q u i r e d t o c r e a t e a
v a c a n c y i n K s h e l l o f c o p p e r atom , eV
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y r e q u i r e d t o c r e a t e a v a c a n c y i n
K s h e l l o f c o p p e r atom = %5 . 2 e eV , E1 ) ;
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y r e q u i r e d t o c r e a t e a v a c a n c y i n
L s h e l l o f c o p p e r atom = %5 . 2 e eV , E2 ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y r e q u i r e d t o c r e a t e a v a c a n c y i n K
s h e l l o f c o p p e r atom = 1 . 1 4 e +004 eV
// The e n e r g y r e q u i r e d t o c r e a t e a v a c a n c y i n L
s h e l l o f c o p p e r atom = 2 . 8 6 e +003 eV
Scilab code Exa 2.30 Excitation Potential for Mercury

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 3 0 E x c i t a t i o n p o t e n t i a l f o r
m e r c u r y : Pg : 6 5 ( 2 0 0 8 )
e = 1.6 e -019;
/eV
h = 6.624 e -034;
c = 3 e +08;
L = 2537 e -010;
// Wavelength o f a b s o r b e d l i n e o f
Hg , m
V = h * c /( e * L ) ;
// E x c i t a t i o n p o t e n t i a l f o r Hg , v
printf ( \ nThe e x c i t a t i o n p o t e n t i a l f o r Hg = %3 . 1 f V
, V);
// R e s u l t
// The e x c i t a t i o n p o t e n t i a l f o r Hg = 4 . 9 V
Scilab code Exa 2.31 Atomic Number of Impurity in Zinc Target

45
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 3 1 Atomic number o f i m p u r i t y i n

Z i n c t a r g e t : Pg : 6 5 ( 2 0 0 8 )
L1 = 1.43603 e -010;
// Wavelength o f
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c K a l p h a l i n e from Zn , m
Z1 = 30;
// Atomic number o f z i n c
L2 = 0.53832 e -010;
// Wavelength o f unknown l i n e
from Zn , m
// As ( 1 / L1 ) / ( 1 / L2 ) = ( Z1 / Z2 ) 2 , s o l v i n g f o r Z2
Z2 = Z1 *( L1 / L2 ) ^(1/2) ;
// Atomic number o f
i m p u r i t y i n Zn t a r g e t
printf ( \ nThe a t o m i c number o f i m p u r i t y i n Zn t a r g e t
= %2d , round ( Z2 ) ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The a t o m i c number o f i m p u r i t y i n Zn t a r g e t = 49
Scilab code Exa 2.32 Mu mesonic Atom Subjected to Bohr Orbit

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 3 2 Mum e s o n i c atom s u b j e c t e d t o

Bohr o r b i t : Pg : 6 5 ( 2 0 0 8 )
Z = 3;
// Atomic number o f Mum e s o n i c atom
m_e = 9.1 e -031;
e = 1.6 e -019;
h = 6.624 e -034;
epsilon_0 = 8.85 e -012;
m = 200* m_e ;
// Mass o f a muon , kg
// As r H = e p s i l o n 0 h 2 / ( %pi m ( e 2 ) and r =
e p s i l o n 0 n 2 h 2 / ( %pi mZ ( e 2 )
// r = r H g i v e s
n = sqrt ( m / m_e * Z ) ;
// V a l u e o f n f o r which r =
r H
n1 = 1 , n2 = 2;
// P r i n c i p a l quantum numbers
corresponding to f i r s t e x c i t a t i o n
U = m * e ^4* Z ^2/(8* epsilon_0 ^2* h ^2*1.6 e -019) *(1/ n1
46
13
14
15
16
17
^2 -1/ n2 ^2) ;
// F i r s t e x c i t a t i o n p o t e n t i a l o f
t h e atom , eV
printf ( \ nThe v a l u e o f n f o r which r a d i u s o f o r b i t
i s e q u a l t o Bohr r a d i u s = %2d , round ( n ) ) ;
printf ( \ nThe f i r s t e x c i t a t i o n p o t e n t i a l o f t h e atom
= %4 . 2 e eV , U ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The v a l u e o f n f o r which r a d i u s o f o r b i t i s e q u a l
t o Bohr r a d i u s = 24
// The f i r s t e x c i t a t i o n p o t e n t i a l o f t h e atom = 1 . 8 3
e +004 eV
47
Chapter 3
Matter Waves Wave Particle
Duality and Uncertainty
Principle
Scilab code Exa 3.1 Kinetic Energy of an Electron

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 1 : K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f an
e l e c t r o n : Pg : 77 ( 2 0 0 8 )
h = 6.6 e -034;
// Planck s c o n s t a n t , Js
m = 9.1 e -031;
// mass o f an e l e c t r o n , kg
L = 9e -010;
// w a v e l e n g t h o f an e l e c t r o n , m
// s i n c e E = (m v 2 ) / 2 , Energy o f an e l e c t r o n , j o u l e
// t h u s v = s q r t ( 2 E/m) , s o l v i n g f o r L i n t e r m s o f E
, we have
// L = h / s q r t ( 2 mE) , w a v e l e n g t h o f an e l e c t r o n , m
// On s o l v i n g f o r E
E = h ^2/(2* m * L ^2)
printf ( \ nThe k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f an e l e c t r o n = %6 . 4 f
eV , E /1.6 e -019) ;
// R e s u l t
// The k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f an e l e c t r o n = 1 . 8 4 6 8 eV
48
Scilab code Exa 3.2 Wavelength of Electrons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 2 : Wavelength o f e l e c t r o n s : Pg :
78 ( 2 0 0 8 )
h = 6.6 e -034;
m = 9.1 e -031;
// mass o f an e l e c t r o n , kg
e = 1.6 e -019;
E = 100* e ;
// Energy o f beam o f e l e c t r o n s , j o u l e
// s i n c e E = (m v 2 ) / 2 ;
// Energy o f beam o f
electron , joule
p = sqrt (2* m * E ) ;
// Momentum o f beam o f e l e c t r o n s
, kgm/ s
L = h/p;
// w a v e l e n g t h o f a beam o f e l e c t r o n , m
printf ( \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f e l e c t r o n s = %4 . 2 f
a n g s t o r m , L /1 e -010) ;
// R e s u l t
// The w a v e l e n g t h o f e l e c t r o n s = 1 . 2 2 a n g s t o r m
Scilab code Exa 3.3 Momentum of Photon

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 3 : Momentum o f p h o t o n : Pg : 78
(2008)
h = 6.624 e -034;
L = 6e -07;
// w a v e l e n g t h o f photon , m
M = h/L;
// Momentum o f photon , kgm/ s
printf ( \ nThe momentum o f p h o t o n = %5 . 3 e kgm/ s , M )
;
// R e s u l t
// The momentum o f p h o t o n = 1 . 1 0 4 e 027 kgm/ s
49
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Momentum of an electron

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 4 : Momentum o f an e l e c t r o n : Pg :
78 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m = 9.1 e -031;
E = 1.6 e -010;
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f an e l e c t r o n ,
joule
// S i n c e E = p 2 / 2 m;
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f an
electron , joule
p = sqrt (2* m * E ) ;
// Momentum o f an e l e c t r o n , kgm
/s
printf ( \ nThe momentum o f an e l e c t r o n = %3 . 1 e kgm/ s
, p);
// R e s u l t
// The momentum o f an e l e c t r o n = 1 . 7 e 020 kgm/ s
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Wavelength of a Particle

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 5 : w a v e l e n g t h o f a p a r t i c l e : Pg
: 79 ( 2 0 0 8 )
h = 6.624 e -034;
m = 9e -031;
U = 1.6 e -017;
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f an p a r t i c l e ,
joule
// S i n c e U = (m v 2 ) / 2 ;
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f a
particle , joule
// s u c h t h a t v = s q r t ( 2 U/m) ;
L = h / sqrt (2* m * U ) ;
// w a v e l e n g t h o f a p a r t i c l e , m
printf ( \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f a p a r t i c l e = %5 . 3 f
a n g s t o r m , L /1 e -010) ;
// R e s u l t
// The w a v e l e n g t h o f a p a r t i c l e = 1 . 2 3 4 a n g s t o r m
50
Scilab code Exa 3.6 Comparison of Energy of Photon and Neutron

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 6 : Comparison o f e n e r g y o f
p h o t o n and n e u t r o n : Pg : 79 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m = 1.67 e -027;
// Mass o f n e u t r o n , kg
L = 1e -010;
// Wavelength o f n e u t r o n and photon ,
m
c = 3 e +08;
// V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t , m/ s
h = 6.624 e -034;
// P l a n c k s c o n s t a n t , j o u l e s e c o n d
U_1 = h * c / L ;
// Energy o f photon , j o u l e
// S i n c e U 2 = (m v 2 ) / 2 , Energy o f n e u t r o n , j o u l e
// Thus v = h/m L 2 , V e l o c i t y o f t h e p a r t i c l e , m/ s
// on s o l v i n g f o r U 2
U_2 = h ^2/(2* m * L ^2) ;
// Energy o f photon , j o u l e
printf ( \ nThe r a t i o o f e n e r g y o f p h o t o n and n e u t r o n
= %4 . 2 e , U_1 / U_2 ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r a t i o o f e n e r g y o f p h o t o n and n e u t r o n = 1 . 5 1 e
+005
Scilab code Exa 3.7 de Broglie Wavelength of Electrons

1
2
3
4
5
6
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 7 : deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f
e l e c t r o n s : Pg : 80 ( 2 0 0 8 )
L_1 = 3e -07;
// Wavelength o f u l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t ,
m
L_0 = 4e -07;
ultraviolet light , m
m = 9.1 e -031;
c = 3 e +08;
h = 6.624 e -034;
51
// Maximum K i n e t i c e n e r g y
of emitted electrons , j o u l e
// s i n c e U = m v 2 / 2 , K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n s ,
joule
// Thus v = s q r t ( 2 U/m) , s o t h a t L 2 becomes
L_2 = h / sqrt (2* m * U ) ;
// w a v e l e n g t h o f e l e c t r o n s ,
m
printf ( \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e e l e c t r o n s = %3 . 1 f
a n g s t o r m , L_2 /1 e -010) ;
// R e s u l t
// The w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e e l e c t r o n s = 1 2 . 1 a n g s t o r m
7 U = h * c *(1/ L_1 -1/ L_0 ) ;

8
9
10
11
12
13
Scilab code Exa 3.8 de Broglie Wavelength of Accelerated Electrons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 8 : deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f
a c c e l e r a t e d e l e c t r o n s : Pg : 80 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m = 9.1 e -031;
e = 1.6 e -019;
// Charge on an e l e c t r o n , Coulamb
h = 6.624 e -034;
V = 1;
// For s i m p l i c i t y , we assume r e t a r d i n g
p o t e n t i a l t o be u n i t y , v o l t
// S i n c e e V = (m v 2 ) / 2 ;
// Energy o f e l e c t r o n ,
joule
v = sqrt (2* e * V / m ) ;
// V e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n s , m/ s
L = h /( m * v ) ;
// Wavelength o f e l e c t r o n s , m
printf ( \ nThe deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f a c c e l e r a t e d
e l e c t r o n s = %5 . 2 f / s q r t (V) , L /1 e -010) ;
// R e s u l t
// The deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f a c c e l e r a t e d
e l e c t r o n s = 1 2 . 2 8 / s q r t (V)
Scilab code Exa 3.9 Wavelength of Matter Waves

52
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 9 : Wavelength o f m a t t e r waves :

Pg : 81 ( 2 0 0 8 )
E = 2e -016;
// Energy o f e l e c t r o n s , j o u l e
h = 6.624 e -034;
m = 9.1 e -031;
// mass o f t h e e l e c t r o n , kg
// s i n c e E = (m v 2 ) / 2 , t h e e n e r g y o f an e l e c t r o n ,
joule
// s u c h t h a t v = s q r t ( 2 E/m) ;
// As L = h/mv , w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e e l e c t r o n , m
// on s o l v i n g f o r L i n t e r m s o f E
L = h / sqrt (2* m * E ) ;
// w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e e l e c t r o n ,
m
printf ( \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e e l e c t r o n = %5 . 3 f
a n g s t o r m , L /1 e -010) ;
// R e s u l t
// The w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e e l e c t r o n = 0 . 3 4 7 a n g s t o r m
Scilab code Exa 3.10 Momentum of Proton

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 1 0 : Momentum o f p r o t o n : Pg : 81
(2008)
U = 1.6 e -010;
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f p r o t o n , j o u l e
h = 6.624 e -034;
m = 1.67 e -027;
// mass o f p r o t o n , kg
v = sqrt (2* U / m ) ;
// V e l o c i t y o f p r o t o n , m/ s
p = m*v;
// Momentum o f p r o t o n , kg m/ s
printf ( \ nThe momentum o f p r o t o n = %4 . 2 e kgm/ s , p ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The momentum o f p r o t o n = 7 . 3 1 e 019 kgm/ s
Scilab code Exa 3.11 Wavelength of an Electron

53
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 1 1 : Wavelength o f an e l e c t r o n :
Pg : 82 ( 2 0 0 8 )
U = 1.6 e -013;
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e e l e c t r o n ,
joule
h = 6.624 e -034;
m = 9.1 e -031;
v = sqrt (2* U / m ) ;
// V e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n , m/ s
L = h /( m * v ) ;
// Wavelength o f t h e e l e c t r o n , m
printf ( \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f an e l e c t r o n = %5 . 3 e
a n g s t o r m , L /1 e -010) ;
// R e s u l t
// The w a v e l e n g t h o f an e l e c t r o n = 1 . 2 2 8 e 002
angstorm
Scilab code Exa 3.12 de Broglie Wavelength of Thermal Neutrons

1 6 // S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 1 2 : DeB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
t h e r m a l n e u t r o n s : Pg : 82 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m = 1.6749 e -027;
// Mass o f n e u t r o n , kg
h = 6.624 e -034;
k = 1.38 e -021;
// Boltzmann c o n s t a n t , j o u l e p e r
kelvin
T = 300;
// T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e r m a l n e u t r o n s ,
kelvin
// S i n c e m v 2 / 2 = ( 3 / 2 ) k T ;
// Energy o f
neutron , j o u l e
v = sqrt (3* k * T / m ) ;
// V e l o c i t y o f n e u t r o n s , m/ s
L = h /( m * v ) ;
// Wavelength o f n e u t r o n s , m
printf ( \ nThe deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e r m a l
n e u t r o n s = %5 . 3 f a n g s t o r m , L /1 e -010) ;
// R e s u l t
// The deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e r m a l n e u t r o n s =
0 . 1 4 5 angstorm
54
Scilab code Exa 3.13 Kinetic Energy of a Proton

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 1 3 : K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f a p r o t o n :
Pg : 82 ( 2 0 0 8 )
L = 1e -010;
// w a v e l e n g t h o f p r o t o n , m
m = 1.67 e -027;
// Mass o f p r o t o n , kg
h = 6.624 e -034;
// S i n c e L = h / (m v ) ;
// w a v e l e n g t h o f p r o t o n , m
v = h/m*L;
// V e l o c i t y o f p r o t o n , m/ s
v_k = h ^2/(2* L ^2* m ) ;
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f p r o t o n ,
joule
printf ( \ nThe k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f p r o t o n = %3 . 1 e eV ,
v_k /1.6 e -019) ;
// R e s u l t
// The k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f p r o t o n = 8 . 2 e 002 eV
Scilab code Exa 3.14 Energy of Electrons in a One Dimensional Box

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 1 4 : Energy o f e l e c t r o n s i n a one

d i m e n s i o n a l box : Pg : 85 ( 2 0 0 8 )
n1 = 1 , l = 0 , ml = 0 , ms = 1/2;
// Quantum
numbers o f f i r s t e l e c t r o n
n2 = 1 , l = 0 , ml = 0 , ms = -1/2;
// Quantum
numbers o f s e c o n d e l e c t r o n
// The l o w e s t e n e r g y c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e g r o u n d s t a t e
of electrons
n = n1 ;
// n1 = n2 = n
m = 9.1 e -031;
h = 6.626 e -034;
a = 1;
// For c o n v e n i e n c e , l e n g t h o f t h e box i s
55
// Lowest e n e r g y o f
9 E = 2* n ^2* h ^2/(8* m * a ^2) ;
electron , joule
printf ( \ nThe l o w e s t e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n = %6 . 4 e / a 2
, E);
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The l o w e s t e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n = 1 . 2 0 6 2 e 037/ a 2
10
Scilab code Exa 3.15 Lowest Energy of Three Electrons in Box

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 1 5 : Lowest e n e r g y o f t h r e e

e l e c t r o n s i n box : Pg : 8 5 ( 2 0 0 8 )
n1 = 1 , l = 0 , ml = 0 , ms = 1/2;
// Quantum
numbers o f f i r s t e l e c t r o n
n2 = 1 , l = 0 , ml = 0 , ms = -1/2;
// Quantum
numbers o f s e c o n d e l e c t r o n
n3 = 2 , l = 0 , ml = 0 , ms = +1/2;
// Quantum
numbers o f t h i r d e l e c t r o n
// The l o w e s t e n e r g y c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e g r o u n d s t a t e
of electrons
m = 9.1 e -031;
h = 6.626 e -034;
a = 1;
// For c o n v e n i e n c e , l e n g t h o f t h e box i s
E = ( n1 ^2* h ^2/(8* m * a ^2) + n2 ^2* h ^2/(8* m * a ^2) ) + n3 ^2* h
^2/(8* m * a ^2) ;
// Lowest e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n ,
joule
printf ( \ nThe l o w e s t e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n = %6 . 4 e / a 2
, E);
// R e s u l t
// The l o w e s t e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n = 3 . 6 1 8 5 e 037/ a 2
Scilab code Exa 3.16 Zero Point Energy of System

56
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 1 6 : Z e r o p o i n t e n e r g y o f s y s t e m
: Pg : 86 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m = 9.1 e -031;
a = 1e -010;
// Length o f box , m
h = 6.624 e -034;
n = 1;
// P r i n c i p a l quantum number f o r t h e l o w e s t
energy l e v e l
E1 = 2* h ^2/(8* m * a ^2) ;
// Energy f o r t h e two
e l e c t r o n s y s t e m i n t h e n =1 e n e r g y l e v e l , j o u l e
E2 = 8*(2^2* h ^2) /(8* m * a ^2) ;
// Energy f o r t h e
e i g h t e l e c t r o n system in the n = 2 energy l e v e l ,
joule
E = E1 + E2 ;
// T o t a l l o w e s t e n e r g y o f system ,
joule
printf ( \ nThe z e r o p o i n t e n e r g y o f s y s t e m = %4 . 2 e J
, E);
// R e s u l t
// The z e r o p o i n t e n e r g y o f s y s t e m = 2 . 0 5 e 016 J
Scilab code Exa 3.17 Mean Energy Per Electron at 0K

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 1 7 : Mean e n e r g y p e r e l e c t r o n a t
0K : Pg : 86 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m = 9.1 e -031;
a = 50 e -010;
// Length o f m o l e c u l e , m
h = 6.624 e -034;
E = h ^2/(8* m * a ^2) ;
// Energy p e r e l e c t r o n , j o u l e
printf ( \ nThe mean e n e r g y p e r e l e c t r o n a t 0K = %3 . 1 e
eV , E /1.6 e -019) ;
// R e s u l t
// The mean e n e r g y p e r e l e c t r o n a t 0K = 1 . 5 e 002 eV
Scilab code Exa 3.18 Lowest Energy of Two Electron System

57
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 1 8 : Lowest e n e r g y o f two

e l e c t r o n s y s t e m : Pg : 87 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m = 9.1 e -031;
a = 1e -010;
h = 6.624 e -034;
E = 2* h ^2/(8* m * a ^2) ;
// Energy o f two e l e c t r o n
system , j o u l e
printf ( \ nThe l o w e s t e n e r g y o f two e l e c t r o n s y s t e m =
%4 . 1 f , eV , E /1.6 e -019) ;
// R e s u l t
// The l o w e s t e n e r g y o f two e l e c t r o n s y s t e m = 7 5 . 3 ,
eV
Scilab code Exa 3.19 Total Energy of the Three Electron System
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 1 9 : T o t a l e n e r g y o f t h e t h r e e
e l e c t r o n s y s t e m : Pg : 87 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m = 9.1 e -031;
h = 6.624 e -034;
a = 1e -010;
// Length o f t h e m o l e c u l e , m
E = 6* h ^2/(8* m * a ^2) ;
// Energy o f t h r e e e l e c t r o n
system , j o u l e
printf ( \ nThe t o t a l e n e r g y o f t h r e e e l e c t r o n s y s t e m
= %6 . 2 f , eV , E /1.6 e -019) ;
// R e s u l t
// The t o t a l e n e r g y o f t h r e e e l e c t r o n s y s t e m =
2 2 6 . 0 2 , eV
Scilab code Exa 3.20 Minimum Uncertainity in the Velocity of an Electron

1
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 2 0 : Minimum u n c e r t a i n i t y i n t h e
v e l o c i t y o f an e l e c t r o n : Pg : 92 ( 2 0 0 8 )
58
2 m = 9.1 e -031;
3 del_x = 1e -010;
// Length o f t h e box , m
4 h_bar = 1.054 e -034;
// Reduced P l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ,
j o u l e second
del_v = h_bar /( m * del_x ) ;
// Minimum u n c e r t a i n i t y
i n v e l o c i t y , m/ s
6 printf ( \ nThe minimum u n c e r t a i n i t y i n t h e v e l o c i t y
o f e l e c t r o n = %4 . 2 e m/ s , del_v ) ;
7 // R e s u l t
8 // The minimum u n c e r t a i n i t y i n t h e v e l o c i t y o f
e l e c t r o n = 1 . 1 6 e +006 m/ s
5
Scilab code Exa 3.21 Uncertainity in Momentum and Kinetic Energy of

the Proton
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 2 1 : U n c e r t a i n i t y i n momentum
and k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e p r o t o n : Pg : 92 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m = 1.67 e -027;
// Mass o f a p r o t o n , kg
del_x = 1e -014;
// U n c e r t a i n i t y i n p o s i t i o n , m
h_bar = 1.054 e -034;
j o u l e second
del_p = h_bar / del_x ;
// Minimum u n c e r t a i n i t y i n
momentum , kgm/ s
del_E = del_p ^2/(2* m ) ;
k i n e t i c energy , j o u l e
printf ( \ nThe minimum u n c e r t a i n i t y i n momentum o f
t h e p r o t o n = %5 . 3 e kgm/ s , del_p ) ;
printf ( \ nThe minimum u n c e r t a i n i t y i n k i n e t i c e n e r g y
o f t h e p r o t o n = %5 . 3 e eV , del_E /1.6 e -019) ;
// R e s u l t
// The minimum u n c e r t a i n i t y i n momentum o f t h e
p r o t o n = 1 . 0 5 4 e 020 kgm/ s
// The minimum u n c e r t a i n i t y i n k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e
p r o t o n = 2 . 0 7 9 e +005 eV
59
Scilab code Exa 3.22 Uncertainity in the Position of an Electron

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 2 2 : U n c e r t a i n i t y i n t h e
p o s i t i o n o f an e l e c t r o n : Pg : 93 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m = 9.1 e -031;
v = 600;
// Speed o f e l e c t r o n , m/ s
h_bar = 6.6 e -034;
j o u l e second
p = m*v;
// Momentum o f e l e c t r o n , kgm/ s
del_p = 5e -05* m * v ;
momentum , kgm/ s
del_x = h_bar /(4* %pi * del_p ) ;
// U n c e r t a i n i t y i n
position , m
printf ( \ nThe u n c e r t a i n i t y i n t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e
e l e c t r o n = %5 . 3 f mm , del_x /1 e -03) ;
// R e s u l t
// The u n c e r t a i n i t y i n t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e e l e c t r o n
= 1 . 9 2 4 mm
Scilab code Exa 3.23 Uncertainity in the Position of a Bullet

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 2 3 : U n c e r t a i n i t y i n t h e
p o s i t i o n o f a b u l l e t : Pg : 93 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m = 0.025;
// Mass o f an b u l l e t , kg
v = 400;
// Speed o f b u l l e t , m/ s
h_bar = 6.6 e -034;
j o u l e second
p = m*v;
// Momentum o f b u l l e t , kgm/ s
del_p = 2e -04* p ;
momentum , kgm/ s
position , m
60
b u l l e t = %5 . 3 e m , del_x ) ;
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The u n c e r t a i n i t y i n t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e b u l l e t =
2 . 6 2 6 e 032 m
8
Scilab code Exa 3.24 Unertainity in the Position of an Electron

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5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 2 4 : U n e r t a i n i t y i n t h e p o s i t i o n
o f an e l e c t r o n : Pg : 94 ( 2 0 0 8 )
m = 9.1 e -31;
v = 300;
// Speed o f e l e c t r o n , m/ s
h_bar = 6.6 e -034;
j o u l e second
p = m*v;
// Momentum o f e l e c t r o n , kgm/ s
del_p = 1e -04* p ;
momentum , kgm/ s
position , m
e l e c t r o n = %5 . 3 f mm , del_x /1 e -03) ;
// R e s u l t
// The u n c e r t a i n i t y i n t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e e l e c t r o n
= 1 . 9 2 4 mm
Scilab code Exa 3.25 Unertainity in the Velocity of an Electron

// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 2 5 : U n e r t a i n i t y i n t h e v e l o c i t y
o f an e l e c t r o n : Pg : 94 ( 2 0 0 8 )
2 m = 9.1 e -31;
3 del_x = 1e -10;
4 h_bar = 6.6 e -034;
j o u l e second
1
61
5
6
7
8
9
del_p = m * del_v ;
// U n c e r t a i n i t y i n Momentum o f
e l e c t r o n , kgm/ s
del_v = h_bar /(2* %pi * del_x * m ) ;
// Minimum
u n c e r t a i n i t y i n v e l o c i t y o f an e l e c t r o n , m/ s
printf ( \ nThe u n c e r t a i n i t y i n t h e v e l o c i t y o f t h e
e l e c t r o n = %3 . 2 e m/ s , del_v ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The u n c e r t a i n i t y i n t h e v e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n
= 1 . 1 5 e +006 m/ s
Scilab code Exa 3.26 Minimum Uncertainity in the Energy of the Excited
State of an Atom
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex3 . 2 6 : Minimum u n c e r t a i n i t y i n t h e
e n e r g y o f t h e e x c i t e d s t a t e o f an atom : Pg : 94
(2008)
del_t = 1e -08;
// L i f e t i m e o f an e x c i t e d s t a t e
o f an atom , s e c o n d s
h_bar = 1.054 e -034;
j o u l e second
del_E = h_bar / del_t ;
the energy of e x c i t e d state , j o u l e
printf ( \ nThe minimum u n c e r t a i n i t y i n t h e e n e r g y o f
t h e e x c i t e d s t a t e = %5 . 3 e j o u l e , del_E ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The minimum u n c e r t a i n i t y i n t h e e n e r g y o f t h e
e x c i t e d s t a t e = 1 . 0 5 4 e 026 j o u l e
62
Chapter 4
Mechanics
Scilab code Exa 4.1 Percentage Transmission of Beam Through Potential

Barrier
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex4 . 1 : P e r c e n t a g e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f
beam t h r o u g h p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r : Pg : 124 ( 2 0 0 8 )
eV = 1.6 e -019;
// Energy r e q u i r e d by an e l e c t r o n
t o move t h r o u g h a p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r o f one v o l t ,
joules
m = 9.1 e -031;
E = 4* eV ;
// Energy o f e a c h e l e c t r o n , j o u l e
Vo = 6* eV
// H e i g h t o f p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r , j o u l e
a = 10 e -010;
// Width o f p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r , m
h_bar = 1.054 e -34;
// Reduced Planck s c o n s t a n t ,
Js
k = 2* m *( Vo - E ) / h_bar ^2
// S i n c e 2 k a = 2 a [ 2 m ( VoE) 1 / 2 ] / h b a r s o
pow = 2* a / h_bar *[2* m *( Vo - E ) ]^(1/2) ;
// Power o f
exponential in the e x p r e s s i o n f o r T
T = [16* E / Vo ]*[1 - E / Vo ]* exp ( -1* pow ) ;
//
T r a n s m i s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e beam t h r o u g h t h e
potential barrier
percent_T = T *100;
printf ( \ nThe p e r c e n t a g e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f beam
63
t h r o u g h t p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r = %5 . 3 e p e r c e n t ,
percent_T ) ;
14 // R e s u l t
15 // The p e r c e n t a g e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f beam t h r o u g h t
p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r = 1 . 8 2 8 e 004 p e r c e n t
Scilab code Exa 4.2 Width of the Potential Barrier

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2
3
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8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex4 . 2 : Width o f t h e p o t e n t i a l
b a r r i e r : Pg : 125 ( 2 0 0 8 )
A = 222;
// Atomic w e i g h t o f r a d i o a c t i v e atom
Z = 86;
// Atomic number o f r a d i o a c t i v e atom
eV = 1.6 e -19;
// Energy r e q u i r e d by an e l e c t r o n
t o move t h r o u g h a p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r o f one v o l t ,
joules
epsilon_0 = 8.854 e -012;
e = 1.6 e -19;
r0 = 1.5 e -015;
// N u c l e a r r a d i u s c o n s t a n t , m
r = r0 * A ^(1/3) ;
// R a d i u s o f t h e r a d i o a c t i v e atom
, m
E = 4* eV *1 e +06;
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f an a l p h a
particle , joule
// At t h e d i s t a n c e o f c l o s e s t a p p r o a c h , r1 , E = 2 ( Z
2) e 2 / ( 4 %pi e p s i l o n 0 r 1 )
// S o l v i n g f o r r1 , we have
r1 = 2*( Z -2) * e ^2/(4* %pi * epsilon_0 * E ) ;
// The
d i s t a n c e form t h e c e n t r e o f t h e n u c l e u s a t which
PE = KE
a = r1 - r ;
// Width o f t h e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r , m
printf ( \ nThe w i d t h o f t h e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r o f t h e
a l p h a p a r t i c l e = %5 . 2 e m , a ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The w i d t h o f t h e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r o f t h e a l p h a
64
p a r t i c l e = 5 . 1 3 e 014 m
Scilab code Exa 4.3 Energy of Electrons Through the Potential Barrier
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4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex4 . 3 : Energy o f e l e c t r o n s t h r o u g h
t h e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r : Pg : 125 ( 2 0 0 8 )
h_bar = 1.054 e -34;
Js
Vo = 8e -019;
// H e i g h t o f p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r ,
joules
m = 9.1 e -031;
a = 5e -010;
// Width o f p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r , m
T = 1/2;
// T r a n s m i s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f e l e c t r o n s
// As T = 1 / ( ( 1 + mVo2 a 2 ) /2Eh 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r
E we have
E = m * Vo ^2* a ^2/(2*(1/ T -1) * h_bar ^2*1.6 e -019) ;
//
Energy o f h a l f o f t h e e l e c t r o n s t h r o u g h t h e
p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r , eV
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n s t h r o u g h t h e
p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r = %5 . 2 f eV , E ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n s t h r o u g h t h e p o t e n t i a l
b a r r i e r = 4 0 . 9 6 eV
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Zero Point Energy of a System

// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex4 . 4 : Z e r o p o i n t e n e r g y o f a
s y s t e m : Pg : 126 ( 2 0 0 8 )
2 h = 6.626 e -034;
3 x = 1e -02;
// D i s p l a c e m e n t o f t h e s p r i n g a b o u t
i t s mean p o s i t i o n , m
4 F = 1e -02;
// F o r c e a p p l i e d t o t h e s p r i n g mass
system , N
1
65
5 m = 1e -03;
// Mass o f a t t a c h e d t o t h e s p r i n g , kg
6 // As F = k x , k = 4 %pi 2 f 2m i s t h e s t i f f n e s s
7
8
9
10
11
constant , s o l v i n g f o r f ,
f = sqrt ( F /(4* %pi ^2* m * x ) ) ;
// F r e q u e n c y o f
o s c i l l a t i o n s o f masss p r i n g system , Hz
U = 1/2* h * f ;
// Z e r o p o i n t e n e r g y o f t h e mass
s p r i n g system , J
printf ( \ nThe z e r o p o i n t e n e r g y o f t h e masss p r i n g
s y s t e m = %4 . 2 e J , U ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The z e r o p o i n t e n e r g y o f t h e masss p r i n g s y s t e m =
1 . 6 7 e 033 J
66
Chapter 5
Atomic Physics
Scilab code Exa 5.1 L S coupling for two electrons

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6
7
8
9
10
11
// S c i l a b Code Ex5 . 1 LS c o u p l i n g f o r two e l e c t r o n s :

Pg : 1 4 5 ( 2 0 0 8 )
// For 2D( 3 / 2 ) s t a t e
l2 = 1;
// O r b i t a l quantum number f o r p s t a t e
l1 = 1;
// O r b i t a l quantum number f o r p s t a t e
printf ( \ nThe v a l u e s o f o r b i t a l quantum number L ,
f o r l 1 = %d and l 2 = %d a r e : \n , l1 , l2 ) ;
for L = l2 - l1 :1: l2 + l1
printf ( %d , L ) ;
end
// R e s u l t
// The v a l u e s o f o r b i t a l quantum number L , f o r l 1 =
1 and l 2 = 1 a r e :
// 0 1 2
Scilab code Exa 5.2 Term Values for L S Coupling

1
// S c i l a b Code Ex5 . 2 Term v a l u e s f o r LS c o u p l i n g :

Pg : 1 4 5 ( 2 0 0 8 )
67
2 // For 2D( 3 / 2 ) s t a t e
3 // Set I v a l u e s o f L and S
4 L = 1;
// O r b i t a l quantum number
5 S = 1/2;
// S p i n quantum number
6 printf ( \ nThe term v a l u e s f o r L = %d and S = %2 . 1 f (
Ps t a t e ) a r e : \ n ,L , S ) ;
J1 = 3/2;
// T o t a l quantum number
printf ( %dP(%2 . 1 f ) \ t , 2* S +1 , J1 ) ;
J2 = 1/2;
printf ( %dP(%2 . 1 f ) , 2* S +1 , J2 ) ;
7
8
9
10
11
12 // Set I I v a l u e s o f L and S
13 L = 2;
14 S = 1/2;
15 printf ( \ nThe term v a l u e s f o r L = %d and S = %2 . 1 f (
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Ps t a t e ) a r e : \ n ,L , S ) ;
J1 = 5/2;
printf ( %dD(%2 . 1 f ) \ t , 2* S +1 , J1 ) ;
J2 = 3/2;
printf ( %dD(%2 . 1 f ) , 2* S +1 , J2 ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The term
are :
23 // 2P ( 1 . 5 )
24 // The term
are :
25 // 2D ( 2 . 5 )
v a l u e s f o r L = 1 and S = 0 . 5 ( Ps t a t e )
2P ( 0 . 5 )
v a l u e s f o r L = 2 and S = 0 . 5 ( Ps t a t e )
2D ( 1 . 5 )
Scilab code Exa 5.4 Angle Between l and s State

// S c i l a b Code Ex5 . 4 A n g l e b e t w e e n l and s f o r 2D
( 3 / 2 ) s t a t e : Pg : 1 4 6 ( 2 0 0 8 )
2 // For 2D( 3 / 2 ) s t a t e
3 l = 2;
68
4 s = 1/2;
5 j = l+s;
6 // Now by c o s i n e r u l e o f LS c o u p l i n g
7 // c o s ( t h e t a ) = ( j ( j +1) l ( l +1)s ( s +1) ) / ( 2 s q r t ( s
8
9
10
11
( s +1) ) s q r t ( l ( l +1) ) ) , s o l v i n g f o r t h e t a
theta = acosd (( l *( l +1) + s *( s +1) -j *( j +1) ) /(2* sqrt ( s *( s
+1) ) * sqrt ( l *( l +1) ) ) ) ;
// A n g l e b e t w e e n l and s
f o r 2D( 3 / 2 ) s t a t e
printf ( \ nThe a n g l e b e t w e e n l and s f o r 2D( 3 / 2 )
s t a t e = %5 . 1 f d e g r e e s , theta ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The a n g l e b e t w e e n l and s f o r 2D( 3 / 2 ) s t a t e =
118.1 degrees
69
Chapter 6
X Rays
Scilab code Exa 6.1 Wavelength of X rays

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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex6 . 1 : Wavelength o f Xr a y s : Pg :
156 ( 2 0 0 8 )
h = 6.6 e -034;
V = 50000;
// P o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e , v o l t s
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
// Charge o f an e l e c t r o n , c o u l o m b s
L_1 = h * c /( e * V ) ;
// w a v e l e n g t h o f Xr a y s , m
L = L_1 /1 e -010;
// w a v e l e n g t h o f Xr a y s , a n g s t o r m
printf ( \ nThe s h o r t e s t w a v e l e n g t h o f Xr a y s = %6 . 4 f
angstorm , L);
// R e s u l t
// The s h o r t e s t w a v e l e n g t h o f Xr a y s = 0 . 2 4 7 5
angstorm
Scilab code Exa 6.2 Plancks constant

1
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex6 . 2 : Planck s c o n s t a n t : Pg : 156

(2008)
70
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
L = 24.7 e -012;
// Wavelength o f Xr a y s , m
V = 50000;
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
// S i n c e e V = h c /L ;
// Energy r e q u i r e d by an
e l e c t r o n t o move t h r o u g h a p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r o f
one v o l t , j o u l e s
// s o l v i n g f o r h
h = e*V*L/c;
// Planck s c o n s t a n t , J o u l e s e c o n d
printf ( \ nh = %3 . 1 e J s , h ) ;
// R e s u l t
// h = 6 . 6 e 034 J s
Scilab code Exa 6.3 Short Wavelength Limit

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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex6 . 3 : S h o r t w a v e l e n g t h l i m i t : Pg :
156 ( 2 0 0 8 )
V = 50000;
h = 6.624 e -034;
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
// S i n c e e V = h c /L ;
// s o l v i n g f o r L
L = h * c /( e * V ) ;
// S h o r t w a v e l e n g t h l i m i t o f Xray
, m
printf ( \ n S h o r t w a v e l e n g t h l i m i t o f Xr a y = %6 . 4 f
a n g s t o r m , L /1 e -010) ;
// R e s u l t
// S h o r t w a v e l e n g t h l i m i t o f Xr a y = 0 . 2 4 8 4 a n g s t o r m
Scilab code Exa 6.4 Wavelength Limit of X rays

71
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex6 . 4 : Wavelength l i m i t o f Xr a y s :
Pg : 157 ( 2 0 0 8 )
V = 20000;
// P o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e , v o l t
h = 6.624 e -034;
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
// S i n c e e V = h c /L ;
// s o l v i n g f o r L
L = h * c /( e * V ) ;
// Wavelength l i m i t o f Xr a y s , m
printf ( \ n S h o r t w a v e l e n g t h l i m i t o f Xr a y = %6 . 4 f
a n g s t o r m , L /1 e -010) ;
// R e s u l t
// S h o r t w a v e l e n g t h l i m i t o f Xr a y = 0 . 6 2 1 0 a n g s t o r m
Scilab code Exa 6.5 Minimum Voltage of an X ray Tube

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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex6 . 5 : Minimum v o l t a g e o f an Xr a y
t u b e : Pg : 157 ( 2 0 0 8 )
h = 6.625 e -034;
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
L = 1e -010;
// Wavelength o f Xr a y s , m
// S i n c e e V = h c /L ;
// s o l v i n g f o r V
V = h * c /( L * e ) ;
printf ( \ nThe minimum v o l t a g e o f an Xr a y t u b e = %5
. 2 f kV , V /1 e +03) ;
// R e s u l t
// The minimum v o l t a g e o f an Xr a y t u b e = 1 2 . 4 2 kV
72
Scilab code Exa 6.6 Minimum Wavelength Emitted by an X ray Tube

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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex6 . 6 : Minimum w a v e l e n g t h e m i t t e d
by an Xr a y t u b e : Pg : 157 ( 2 0 0 8 )
h = 6.625 e -034;
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
V = 4.5 e +04;
// A c c e l e r a t i n g p o t e n t i a l o f Xr a y
tube , v o l t
// Energy r e q u i r e d by
// S i n c e e V = h c / L min ;
an e l e c t r o n t o move t h r o u g h a p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r
o f one v o l t , j o u l e s
// s o l v i n g f o r L min
L_min = h * c /( V * e ) ;
// Minimum w a v e l e n g t h e m i t t e d
by an Xr a y tube , m
printf ( \ nThe minimum w a v e l e n g t h e m i t t e d by t h e X
r a y t u b e = %5 . 3 f a n g s t r o m , L_min /1 e -010) ;
// R e s u l t
// The minimum w a v e l e n g t h e m i t t e d by t h e Xr a y t u b e
= 0 . 2 7 6 angstrom
Scilab code Exa 6.7 Critical Voltage for Stimualted Emission

1
2
3
4
5
6
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex6 . 7 : C r i t i c a l v o l t a g e f o r
s t i m u a l t e d e m i s s i o n : Pg : 158 ( 2 0 0 8 )
h = 6.625 e -034;
c = 3 e +08;
e = 1.6 e -019;
L_k = 0.178 e -010;
// Wavelength o f k a b s o r p t i o n
e g d e o f Xr a y s , m
// S i n c e e V c r i t i c a l = h c /L ;
// Energy r e q u i r e d
by an e l e c t r o n t o move t h r o u g h a p o t e n t i a l
73
7
8
9
10
11
b a r r i e r o f one v o l t , j o u l e s
// s o l v i n g f o r V c r i t i c a l
V_critical = h * c /( L_k * e ) ;
// C r t i c a l v o l t a g e f o r
stimulated enission , volt
printf ( \ nThe c r i t i c a l v o l t a g e f o r s t i m u l a t e d
e m i s s i o n = %4 . 1 f kV , V_critical /1 e +03) ;
// R e s u l t
// The c r i t i c a l v o l t a g e f o r s t i m u l a t e d e m i s s i o n =
6 9 . 8 kV
74
Chapter 7
Molecular Physics
Scilab code Exa 7.1 Frequency of Oscillation of a Hydrogen Molecule

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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex7 . 1 : F r e q u e n c y o f o s c i l l a t i o n o f
a h y d r o g e n m o l e c u l e : Pg : 170 ( 2 0 0 8 )
K = 4.8 e +02;
// F o r c e c o n s t a n t , N/m
m = 1.67 e -027;
// Mass o f h y d r o g e n atom , kg
mu = m /2;
// Reduced mass o f t h e system , kg
v = 1/(2* %pi ) * sqrt ( K / mu ) ;
// F r e q u e n c y o f
o s c i l l a t i o n o f a h y d r o g e n m o l e c u l e , Hz
printf ( \ nThe f r e q u e n c y o f o s c i l l a t i o n o f a h y d r o g e n
m o l e c u l e = %3 . 1 e Hz , v ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The f r e q u e n c y o f o s c i l l a t i o n o f a h y d r o g e n
m o l e c u l e = 1 . 2 e +014 Hz
Scilab code Exa 7.2 Bond Length of Carbon Monoxide

// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex7 . 2 : bond Length o f c a r b o n
monoxide : Pg : 170 ( 2 0 0 8 )
2 h = 6.626 e -034;
1
75
3 c = 2.997 e +010;
// Speed o f l i g h t , cm/ s
4 B = 1.921;
// R o t a t i o n a l c o n s t a n t f o r CO,
5 nu_bar = 2* B ;
// Wavenumber o f f i r s t l i n e
p e r cm
in
r o t a t i o n s p e c t r a o f CO, p e r cm
// Reduced mass o f t h e CO
system , p e r cm
I = 2* h /(8* %pi ^2* nu_bar * c ) ;
// Moment o f i n e r t i a
o f CO m o l e c u l e a b o u t t h e a x i s o f r o t a t i o n , kgm/ s
r = sqrt ( I / mu ) ;
// Bond l e n g t h o f CO m o l e c u l e , m
printf ( \ nThe bond l e n g t h o f CO m o l e c u l e = %5 . 2 f
a n g s t r o m , r /1 e -010) ;
// R e s u l t
// The bond l e n g t h o f CO m o l e c u l e = 1 . 1 3 a n g s t r o m
6 mu = 11.384 e -027;
7
8
9
10
11
Scilab code Exa 7.3 Intensity Ratio of J states for HCL Molecule
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex7 . 3 : I n t e n s i t y r a t i o o f J s t a t e s
f o r HCL m o l e c u l e : Pg : 171 ( 2 0 0 8 )
e = 1.6 e -019;
// Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /eV
K = 1.38 e -23;
// Boltzmann c o n s t a n t , J /K
T = 300;
// A b s o l u t e room t e m p e r a t u r e , K
J1 = 0;
// R o t a t i o n a l quantum number f o r g r o u n d
level
J2 = 10;
// R o t a t i o n a l quantum number f o r 10 t h
level
EJ1 = J1 *( J1 +1) *1.3 e -03;
// Energy o f g r o u n d
l e v e l o f HCL m o l e c u l e , eV
EJ2 = J2 *( J2 +1) *1.3 e -03;
// Energy o f 10 t h l e v e l
o f HCL m o l e c u l e , eV
// As n10 / n0 i s p r o p o t i o n a l t o ( 2 J +1) exp ( ( EJ2EJ1 )
) /KT, s o
I_ratio = (2* J2 +1) /(2* J1 +1) * exp ( -( EJ2 - EJ1 ) /( K * T / e )
);
// I n t e n s i t y r a t i o o f J10 and J1 s t a t e s
printf ( \ nThe i n t e n s i t y r a t i o o f Js t a t e s f o r HCL
m o l e c u l e = %4 . 2 f , I_ratio ) ;
76
12
13
// R e s u l t
// The i n t e n s i t y r a t i o o f Js t a t e s f o r HCL m o l e c u l e
= 0.08
Scilab code Exa 7.4 CO Molecule in Lower State

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex7 . 4 : CO m o l e c u l e i n l o w e r s t a t e :
Pg : 171 ( 2 0 0 8 )
R = 1.13 e -010;
// Bond l e n g t h o f CO m o l e c u l e , m
h_red = 1.054 e -034;
Js
mu = 1.14 e -026;
// Reduced mass o f t h e system , kg
J = 1;
// R o t a t i o n a l quantum number f o r l o w e s t
state
I = mu * R ^2;
// Moment o f i n e r t i a o f CO m o l e c u l e
a b o u t t h e a x i s o f r o t a t i o n , kgm e t r e s q u a r e
EJ = J *( J + 1) * h_red ^2/(2* I ) ;
// Energy o f t h e CO
molecule in the lowest state , J
omega = sqrt (2* EJ / I ) ;
// A n g u l a r v e l o c i t y o f t h e
CO m o l e c u l e i n t h e l o w e s t s t a t e , r a d p e r s e c
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y o f t h e CO m o l e c u l e i n t h e
l o w e s t s t a t e = %4 . 2 e J , EJ ) ;
printf ( \ nThe a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y o f t h e CO m o l e c u l e i n
t h e l o w e s t s t a t e = %4 . 2 e r a d / s e c , omega ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f t h e CO m o l e c u l e i n t h e l o w e s t s t a t e
= 7 . 6 3 e 023 J
// The a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y o f t h e CO m o l e c u l e i n t h e
l o w e s t s t a t e = 1 . 0 2 e +012 r a d / s e c
77
Chapter 8
Raman Effect and
Spectroscopic techniques
Scilab code Exa 8.1 Stokes and Anti Stokes Wavelength

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex8 . 1 : S t o k e s and a n t i s t o k e s
w a v e l e n g t h : Pg : 184 ( 2 0 0 8 )
c = 3 e +08;
Lo = 2537 e -010;
// Wavelength o f t h e e x c i t i n g
l i n e , metre
Ls = 2683 e -010;
// Wavelength o f s t o k e s l i n e ,
metre
Lm = ( Ls * Lo ) /( Ls - Lo ) ;
// Raman s h i f t , p e r m
printf ( \ nThe Raman s h i f t = %5 . 3 e p e r cm , 1/ Lm *1 e
-02) ;
Lo1 = 5461 e -010;
// Wavelength o f e x c i t i n g l i n e
f o r s t o k e s wavelength , metre
Ls = ( Lm * Lo1 ) /( Lm - Lo1 ) ;
// S t o k e s w a v e l e n g t h
f o r t h e new e x c i t i n g l i n e , m e t r e
Las = ( Lm * Lo1 ) /( Lm + Lo1 ) ;
// AntiS t o k e s
w a v e l e n g t h f o r t h e new e x c i t i n g l i n e , m e t r e
printf ( \ nThe s t o k e s w a v e l e n g t h f o r t h e new e x c i t i n g
l i n e = %4d a n g s t r o m , Ls /1 e -010) ;
printf ( \ nThe a n t i s t o k e s w a v e l e n g t h f o r t h e new
78
12
13
14
//
//
//
15
//
e x c i t i n g l i n e = %4d a n g s t r o m , Las /1 e -010) ;

Result
The Raman s h i f t = 2 . 1 4 5 e +003 p e r cm
The s t o k e s w a v e l e n g t h f o r t h e new e x c i t i n g l i n e =
6185 angstrom
The a n t i s t o k e s w a v e l e n g t h f o r t h e new e x c i t i n g
l i n e = 4888 angstrom
Scilab code Exa 8.2 Wvelength of Infrared Absorption Line

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex8 . 2 : Wvelength o f i n f r a r e d
a b s o r p t i o n l i n e : Pg : 185 ( 2 0 0 8 )
L1 = 4554;
// w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e s t o k e s l i n e ,
angstorm
L2 = 4178;
// w a v e l e n g t h o f a n t i s t o k e s l i n e ,
angstorm
Lm = 2* L1 * L2 /[ L1 - L2 ];
// Wavelength o f i n f r a r e d
a b s o r p t i o n l i n e , angstorm
printf ( \ nThe Wavelength o f i n f r a r e d a b s o r p t i o n l i n e
= %5 . 3 e a n g s t o r m , Lm ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The Wavelength o f i n f r a r e d a b s o r p t i o n l i n e =
1 . 0 1 2 e +005 a n g s t o r m
79
Chapter 9
Interaction of Charged
Particles and Neutrons With
Matter
Scilab code Exa 9.1 Maximum Energy Transferred by Alpha Particles

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 1 Maximum e n e r g y t r a n s f e r r e d by

a l p h a p a r t i c l e s : Pg : 2 0 1 ( 2 0 0 8 )
E_alpha = 3 e +06;
// I n c i d e n t e n e r g y o f a l p h a
p a r t i c l e s , eV
m = 9.1 e -031;
M = 4*1.67 e -027;
// Mass o f an a l p h a p a r t i c l e , kg
// As E a l p h a = 1/ 2M v 2 s o E e l e c t r o n = 1/ 2m ( 2 v
) 2
// From t h e two e q u a t i o n s
E_electron = 4* E_alpha * m / M ;
// Maximum e n e r g y o f
e l e c t r o n , eV
printf ( \ nThe maximum e n e r g y t r a n s f e r r e d by a l p h a
p a r t i c l e s t o t h e e l e c t r o n = %5 . 3 f keV ,
E_electron /1 e +03) ;
// R e s u l t
// The maximum e n e r g y t r a n s f e r r e d by a l p h a p a r t i c l e s
t o t h e e l e c t r o n = 1 . 6 3 5 keV
80
Scilab code Exa 9.2 Rate of Energy Loss and Range of Deuteron and Alpha Particle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
// S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 2 Rate o f e n e r g y l o s s and r a n g e

o f d e u t e r o n and a l p h a p a r t i c l e : Pg : 2 0 1 ( 2 0 0 8 )
E_loss_P = 59;
// S p e c i f i c r a t e o f e n e r g y l o s s
p e r u n i t mass p e r u n i t a r e a o f p r o t o n , keV p e r mg
cm s q u a r e
R_prime_P = 50;
// Range o f p r o t o n , mg p e r cm
Z_D = 1;
// Atomic number o f d e u t e r o n
m_D = 2;
// Mass o f d e u t e r o n , u n i t s
E_loss_D = Z_D ^2* E_loss_P ;
// S p e c i f i c r a t e o f
e n e r g y l o s s p e r u n i t mass p e r u n i t a r e a o f
d e u t e r o n , keV p e r mg cm s q u a r e
R_prime_D = R_prime_P * m_D / Z_D ^2;
// Range o f
d e u t e r o n , mg p e r cm s q u a r e
Z_alpha = 2;
// Atomic number o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e
m_alpha = 4;
// Mass o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e , u n i t s
E_loss_alpha = Z_alpha ^2* E_loss_P ;
// S p e c i f i c
r a t e o f e n e r g y l o s s p e r u n i t mass p e r u n i t a r e a
o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e , keV p e r mg cm s q u a r e
R_prime_alpha = R_prime_P * m_alpha / Z_alpha ^2;
//
Range o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e , mg p e r cm s q u a r e
printf ( \ nThe s p e c i f i c r a t e o f e n e r g y l o s s p e r u n i t
mass p e r u n i t a r e a o f d e u t e r o n = %2d keV p e r mg
cm s q u a r e , E_loss_D ) ;
printf ( \ nThe r a n g e o f d e u t e r o n = %3d mg p e r cm
s q u a r e , R_prime_D ) ;
printf ( \ nThe s p e c i f i c r a t e o f e n e r g y l o s s p e r u n i t
mass p e r u n i t a r e a o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e = %2d keV
p e r mg cm s q u a r e , E_loss_alpha ) ;
printf ( \ nThe r a n g e o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e = %2d mg p e r
cm s q u a r e , R_prime_alpha ) ;
// R e s u l t
81
// The s p e c i f i c
per unit area
square
18 // The r a n g e o f
19 // The s p e c i f i c
per unit area
cm s q u a r e
20 // The r a n g e o f
17
r a t e o f e n e r g y l o s s p e r u n i t mass
o f d e u t e r o n = 59 keV p e r mg cm
d e u t e r o n = 100 mg p e r cm s q u a r e
r a t e o f e n e r g y l o s s p e r u n i t mass
o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e = 236 keV p e r mg
a l p h a p a r t i c l e = 50 mg p e r cm s q u a r e
Scilab code Exa 9.3 Thickness of Concrete Collimator

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 3 T h i c k n e s s o f c o n c r e t e
c o l l i m a t o r : Pg : 2 0 2 ( 2 0 0 8 )
rho = 2200 e -03;
// D e n s i t y o f c o n c r e t e , g p e r cm
mu_m = 0.064;
// Mass a t t e n u a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f
c o n c r e t e , cm s q u a r e p e r g
mu = rho * mu_m ;
// L i n e a r a t t e n u a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
o c o n c r e t e , p e r cm
// As a t t e n u a t i o n e x p o n e n t i a l i s exp (mu x ) = 1 e +06 ,
solving for x
x = - log (1 e -06) / mu ;
printf ( \ nThe r e q u i r e d t h i c k n e s s o f c o n c r e t e t o
a t t e n u a t e a c o l l i m a t e d beam = %2d cm , x ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r e q u i r e d t h i c k n e s s o f c o n c r e t e t o a t t e n u a t e a
c o l l i m a t e d beam = 98 cm
Scilab code Exa 9.4 Average Number of Collsions for Thermalization of

Neutrons
// S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 4 A v e r a g e number o f c o l l s i o n s f o r
t h e r m a l i z a t i o n o f n e u t r o n s : Pg : 2 0 2 ( 2 0 0 8 )
2 A = 9;
// Mass number o f b e r y l l i u m
1
82
// L o g a r i t h m i c e n e r g y
decrement of energy d i s t r i b u t i o n of neutron
E0 = 2;
// I n i t i a l e n e r g y o f n e u t r o n s , MeV
En_prime = 0.025 e -06;
// Thermal e n e r g y o f t h e
n e u t r o n s , MeV
n = 1/ xi * log ( E0 / En_prime ) ;
// A v e r a g e number o f
c o l l i s i o n s needed f o r neutrons to t h e r m a l i z e
En_half = 1/2* E0 ;
// H a l f o f t h e i n i t i a l e n e r g y
o f n e u t r o n s , MeV
n_half = 1/ xi * log ( E0 / En_half ) ;
// Number o f
c o l l s i o n s f o r h a l f the i n i t i a l energy of neutrons
printf ( \ nThe a v e r a g e number o f c o l l s i o n s f o r
t h e r m a l i z a t i o n o f n e u t r o n s = %2d , n ) ;
printf ( \ nThe number o f c o l l s i o n s f o r h a l f t h e
i n i t i a l e n e r g y o f n e u t r o n s = %3 . 1 f , n_half ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The a v e r a g e number o f c o l l s i o n s f o r
t h e r m a l i z a t i o n o f n e u t r o n s = 88
// The number o f c o l l s i o n s f o r h a l f t h e i n i t i a l
energy of neutrons = 3.4
3 xi = 2/ A - 4/(3* A ^2) ;
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Scilab code Exa 9.5 Change in Voltage Across a G M Tube

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 5 Change i n v o l t a g e a c r o s s a G.M.

t u b e : Pg : 2 0 2 ( 2 0 0 8 )
e = 1.6 e -019;
W = 25;
// I o n i z a t i o n p o t e n t i a l o f g a s ( Ar /N2 ) ,
eV
E = 5 e +06;
// Energy o f i n c i d e n t a l p h a p a r t i c l e s ,
eV
C = 1e -010;
// C a p a c i t y o f t h e system , f a r a d
N = E/W;
// Number o f i o n s p r o d u c e d
delta_V = N * e / C ;
// Change i n v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e
G.M. tube , v o l t
printf ( \ nThe c h a n g e i n v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e G.M. t u b e
83
= %3 . 1 e v o l t , delta_V ) ;
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The c h a n g e i n v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e G.M. t u b e = 3 . 2 e
004 v o l t
84
Chapter 10
Structure of Nuclei
Scilab code Exa 10.1.1 Energy and Mass Equivalence of Wavelength

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// S c i l a b Code Ex10 . 1 . 1 Energy and mass e q u i v a l e n c e

o f w a v e l e n g t h : Pg : 2 0 9 ( 2 0 0 8 )
e = 1.6 e -019;
me = 9.1 e -031;
// Mass o f en e l e c t r o n , kg
L = 4.5 e -013;
// Wavelength o f gamma ray , m
h = 6.626 e -034;
c = 3 e +08;
U = h*c/L;
// Energy e q u i v a l e n c e o f w a v e l e n g t h , J
m = U / c ^2;
// Mass e q u i v a l e n t o f w a v e l e n g t h , kg
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y e q u i v a l e n c e o f w a v e l e n g t h %3 . 1 e
m = %4 . 2 f MeV , L , U /( e *1 e +06) ) ;
printf ( \ nThe mass e q u i v a l e n c e o f w a v e l e n g t h %3 . 1 e m
= %4 . 2 f me , L , m / me ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y e q u i v a l e n c e o f w a v e l e n g t h 4 . 5 e 013 m =
2 . 7 6 MeV
// The mass e q u i v a l e n c e o f w a v e l e n g t h 4 . 5 e 013 m =
5 . 3 9 me
85
Scilab code Exa 10.1.2 Binding Energy per Nucleon for Oxygen Isotopes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
// S c i l a b Code Ex10 . 1 . 2 B i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n
f o r o x y g e n i s o t o p e s : Pg : 2 1 0 ( 2 0 0 8 )
mp = 1.007276;
// Mass o f p r o t o n , amu
mn = 1.008665;
// Mass o f n e u t r o n , amu
amu = 931;
// Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 amu , MeV
// For I s o t o p e O16
M_O16 = 15.990523;
// Mass o f O16 i s o t o p e , amu
Z = 8;
// Number o f p r o t o n s
N = 8;
// Number o f n e u t r o n s
BE = (8*( mp + mn ) - M_O16 ) * amu ;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f
O16 i s o t o p e , MeV
BE_bar16 = BE /( Z + N ) ;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r
n u c l e o n o f O16 i s o t o p e , MeV
// For I s o t o p e O18
M_O18 = 17.994768;
// Mass o f O18 i s o t o p e , amu
Z = 8;
// Number o f p r o t o n s
N = 10;
// Number o f n e u t r o n s
BE = (8* mp +10* mn - M_O18 ) * amu ;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f
O18 i s o t o p e , MeV
BE_bar18 = BE /( Z + N ) ;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r
n u c l e o n o f O18 i s o t o p e , MeV
printf ( \ nThe b i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n o f O16
i s o t o p e = %5 . 3 f MeV , BE_bar16 ) ;
printf ( \ nThe b i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n o f O18
i s o t o p e = %5 . 3 f MeV , BE_bar18 ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The b i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n o f O16 i s o t o p e =
7 . 9 7 2 MeV
// The b i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n o f O18 i s o t o p e =
7 . 7 6 3 MeV
Scilab code Exa 10.2.1 Range of Alpha Emitters of Uranium
86
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// S c i l a b Code Ex10 . 2 . 1 Range o f a l p h a e m i t t e r s o f

uranium : Pg : 2 1 4 ( 2 0 0 8 )
L1 = 4.8 e -018;
// Decay c o n s t a n t o f f i r s t a l p h a
emitter , per sec
L2 = 4.225 e +03;
// Decay c o n s t a n t o f s e c o n d a l p h a
e m i t t e r , p e r s e c
L3 = 3.786 e -03;
// Decay c o n s t a n t o f t h i r d a l p h a
emitter , per sec
R1 = 4.19;
// Range o f f i r s t a l p h a e m i t t e r , cm
R2 = 7.86;
// Range o f s e c o n d a l p h a e m i t t e r , cm
// From G e i g e r N u t t a l law , l o g R = A l o g L + B
// P u t t i n g R1 , L1 and R2 , L2 , s u b t r a c t i n g and
solving for A
A = log ( R2 / R1 ) / log ( L2 / L1 ) ;
// S l o p e o f s t r a i g h t
l i n e b e t w e e n R and L
B = poly (0 , B ) ;
// I n t e r c e p t o f s t r a i g h t l i n e
b e t w e e n R and L
B = roots ( log ( R2 ) -A * log ( L2 ) -B ) ;
// Other c o n s t a n t
o f G e i g e r N u t t a l law
R3 = exp ( A * log ( L3 ) + B ) ;
// Range o f t h i r d a l p h a
e m i t t e r o f uranium , cm
printf ( \ nThe r a n g e o f t h i r d a l p h a e m i t t e r o f
uranium = %5 . 3 f cm , R3 ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r a n g e o f t h i r d a l p h a e m i t t e r o f uranium =
6 . 5 5 4 cm
Scilab code Exa 10.3.1 Binding Energy per Nucleon of Helium

1
2
3
4
5
o f h e l i u m : Pg : 2 1 9 ( 2 0 0 8 )
amu = 931;
// Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f amu , MeV
mp = 1.007895;
mn = 1.008665;
M_He = 4.00260;
// Atomic w e i g h t o f h e l i u m , amu
87
6 dm = 2*( mp + mn ) - M_He ;
// Mass d i f f e r e n c e , amu
7 BE = dm * amu ;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f h e l i u m , MeV
8 BE_bar = BE /4;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n , MeV
9 printf ( \ nThe b i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n o f h e l i u m =
%6 . 4 f MeV , BE_bar ) ;
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The b i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n o f h e l i u m = 7 . 1 0 3 5
MeV
Scilab code Exa 10.3.2 Energy Released in the Fusion of Deuterium

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// S c i l a b Code Ex10 . 3 . 2 Energy r e l e a s e d i n t h e

f u s i o n o f d e u t e r i u m : Pg : 2 2 0 ( 2 0 0 8 )
e = 1.6 e -019;
Q = 43;
// Energy r e l e a s e d i n f u s i o n o f s i x
d e u t e r i u m atoms , MeV
N = 6.023 e +026;
// Avogadro s number , No . o f
atoms p e r kg
n = N /2;
// Number o f atoms c o n t a i n e d i n 1 kg o f
deuterium
U = Q /6* n * e *1 e +06;
// Energy r e l e a s e d due t o
f u s i o n o f 1 kg o f d e u t e r i u m , J
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y r e l e a s e d due t o f u s i o n o f 1 kg
o f d e u t e r i u m = %5 . 3 e J , U ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y r e l e a s e d due t o f u s i o n o f 1 kg o f
d e u t e r i u m = 3 . 4 5 3 e +014 J
Scilab code Exa 10.3.3 Mass of Deuterium Nucleus

// S c i l a b Code Ex10 . 3 . 3 Mass o f d e u t e r i u m n u c l e u s :
Pg : 220 ( 2 0 0 8 )
2 amu = 1.6 e -027;
// Mass o f a n u c l e o n , kg
1
88
3 mp = 1.007895;
4 mn = 1.008665;
5 BE = 2/931;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f two n u c l e o n s ,
amu
6 M_D = ( mp + mn - BE ) * amu ;
// Mass o f a d e u t e r i u m
n u c l e u s , kg
7 printf ( \ nThe mass o f d e u t e r i u m n u c l e u s = %5 . 3 e kg ,
M_D ) ;
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The mass o f d e u t e r i u m n u c l e u s = 3 . 2 2 3 e 027 kg
Scilab code Exa 10.3.4 Binding Energy per Nucleon of Ni

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
o f Ni 64: Pg : 220 ( 2 0 0 8 )
amu = 931;
// Mass o f a n u c l e o n , MeV
MH = 1.007825;
// Mass o f hydrogen , amu
Me = 0.000550;
// Mass o f e l e c t r o n , amu
Mp = MH - Me ;
Mn = 1.008665;
m_Ni = 63.9280;
// Mass o f Ni 64 atom , amu
MNi = m_Ni -28* Me ;
// Mass o f n i 64 n u c l e u s , amu
m = (28* Mp +36* Mn ) - MNi ;
BE = m * amu ;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f Ni 64 , MeV
BE_bar = BE /64;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n o f
Ni 64 , MeV
printf ( \ nThe b i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n o f Ni 64 =
%4 . 2 f MeV , BE_bar ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The b i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n o f Ni 64 = 8 . 7 7
MeV
Scilab code Exa 10.3.5 Energy Released during Fusion of two Deuterons
89
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b Code Ex10 . 3 . 5 Energy r e l e a s e d d u r i n g

f u s i o n o f two d e u t e r o n s : Pg : 221 ( 2 0 0 8 )
e = 1.6 e -019;
x = 1.1;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n o f
d e u t e r i u m , MeV
y = 7.0;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n o f h e l i u m
4 , MeV
E = ( y - 2* x ) *1 e +06* e ;
// Energy r e l e a s e d when
two d e u t r o n n u c l e i f u s e t o g e t h e r , MeV
printf ( \ nThe b i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n o f
d e u t e r i u m = %4 . 2 e J , E ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The b i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n o f d e u t e r i u m =
7 . 6 8 e 013 J
Scilab code Exa 10.3.6 Binding Energy and Packing Fraction of Helium
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// S c i l a b Code Ex10 . 6 B i n d i n g e n e r g y and p a c k i n g

f r a c t i o n o f h e l i u m : Pg : 221 ( 2 0 0 8 )
amu = 931;
// Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f amu , MeV
mp = 1.00814;
mn = 1.00898;
m_He = 4.00387;
// Mass o f h e l i u m , amu
A = 4;
// Mass number o f h e l i u m
m = 2*( mp + mn ) - m_He ;
dm = m_He - A ;
// Mass d e f e c t o f He
BE = dm * amu ;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f He , MeV
p = dm / A ;
// P a c k i n g f r a c t i o n o f He
printf ( \ nThe b i n d i n g e n e r g y o f h e l i u m = %6 . 3 f MeV ,
BE ) ;
printf ( \ nThe p a c k i n g f r a c t i o n o f h e l i u m = %5 . 3 e , p
);
// R e s u l t
// The b i n d i n g e n e r g y o f h e l i u m = 2 8 . 4 1 4 MeV
// The p a c k i n g f r a c t i o n o f h e l i u m = 9 . 6 7 5 e 004
90
Scilab code Exa 10.3.7 Mass of Yukawa Particle

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
// S c i l a b Code Ex10 . 7 Mass o f Yukawa p a r t i c l e : Pg :

222 ( 2 0 0 8 )
h = 6.626 e -034;
// Reduced Planck s c o n s t a n t , J s
e = 1.6 e -019;
R0 = 1.2 e -015;
// N u c l e a r r a d i u s c o n s t a n t , m
R = 2* R0 ;
// Range o f n u c l e a r f o r c e , m
v = 1 e +08;
// Speed o f t h e p a r t i c l e , m/ s
S = R;
// D i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d by p a r t i c l e w i t h i n
the nucleus , m
dt = S / v ;
// t i m e t a k e n by t h e p a r t i c l e t o t r a v e l
a c r o s s the nucleus , s
// From H e i s e n b e r g s u n c e r t a i n t y p r i n c i p l e , dE . d t =
h b a r , s o l v i n g f o r dE
dE = h /(1 e +06* e * dt ) ;
// Energy o f Yukawa p a e t i c l e
, MeV
m = dE /0.51;
// Approximate mass o f Yukawa
p a r t i c l e , e l e c t r o n i c mass u n i t
printf ( \ nThe mass o f Yukawa p a r t i c l e = %3d me , m ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The mass o f Yukawa p a r t i c l e = 338 me
Scilab code Exa 10.3.8 Maximum Height of the Potential Barrier for Alpha Penetration
// S c i l a b Code Ex10 . 8 Maximum h e i g h t o f t h e
p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r f o r a l p h a p e n e t r a t i o n : Pg : 2 2 2
(2008)
2 epsilon_0 = 8.854 e -12;
1
91
= 92;
// Atomic number o f U92 n u c l e u s
= 2;
// Atomic number o f He n u c l e u s
= 1.6 e -019;
= 9.3 e -015;
// R a d i u s o f r e s i d u a l n u c l e u s , m
= 1/(4* %pi * epsilon_0 ) * Z * z * e ^2/( R *1.6 e -013) ;
//
Maximum h e i g h t o f p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r , MeV
8 printf ( \ nThe maximum h e i g h t o f t h e p o t e n t i a l
b a r r i e r f o r a l p h a p e n e t r a t i o n = %2d MeV , U ) ;
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The maximum h e i g h t o f t h e p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r f o r
a l p h a p e n e t r a t i o n = 28 MeV
3
4
5
6
7
Z
z
e
R
U
92
Chapter 11
Nuclear Reactions
Scilab code Exa 11.1 Energy Balance of a Nuclear Reaction

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex11 . 1 : Energy b a l a n c e o f a n u c l e a r
r e a c t i o n : Pg : 229 ( 2 0 0 8 )
mu = 931.5;
M_D = 2.0141;
// Mass o f d e u t e r i u m atom , amu
M_He = 3.01603;
// Mass o f h e l i u m 3 , amu
mn = 1.008665;
MD = (2* M_D - M_He - mn ) ;
// Mass d e f e c t o f t h e
r e a c t i o n , amu
Q = MD * mu ;
// Energy b a l a n c e o f t h e n u c l e a r
r e a c t i o n , MeV
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y b a l a n c e o f t h e n u c l e a r r e a c t i o n
= %4 . 2 f MeV , Q ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y b a l a n c e o f t h e n u c l e a r r e a c t i o n = 3 . 2 6
MeV
Scilab code Exa 11.2 Threshold Energy for the Reaction
93
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex11 . 2 : T h r e s h o l d e n e r g y f o r t h e
r e a c t i o n : Pg : 2 2 9 ( 2 0 0 8 )
mu = 931.5;
mx = 1.008665;
Mx = 13.003355;
// Mass o f c a r b o n atom , amu
M_alpha = 4.002603;
// Mass o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e ,
amu
M_Be = 10.013534;
// Mass o f b e r y l l i u m , amu
MD = ( Mx + mx - M_Be - M_alpha ) ;
// Mass d e f e c t
o f t h e r e a c t i o n , amu
Q = MD * mu ;
// Qv a l u e o f t h e n u c l e a r r e a c t i o n ,
MeV
E_th = -Q *(1 + mx / Mx ) ;
// T h r e s h o l d e n e r g y f o r
t h e r e a c t i o n i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y , MeV
printf ( \ nThe t h r e s h o l d e n e r g y o f t h e r e a c t i o n i s =
%4 . 2 f MeV , E_th ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The t h r e s h o l d e n e r g y o f t h e r e a c t i o n i s = 4 . 1 3
MeV
Scilab code Exa 11.3 Gamma Ray Emission

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// S c i l a b c o d e : Ex11 . 3 : Gamma r a y e m i s s i o n : Pg : 229

(2008)
h_bar = 1.0 e -034;
// Order o f r e d u c e d Planck s
constant , Js
e = 1.0 e -019;
// Order o f e n e r g y e q u i v a l e n t o f 1
eV , J /eV
tau1 = 1e -009;
// L i f e t i m e o f gamma r a y e m i s s i o n
, sec
tau2 = 1e -012;
// L i f e t i m e o f gamma r a y e m i s s i o n
, sec
W1 = h_bar / tau1 ;
// F u l l w i d t h a t h a l f maxima f o r
tau1 , eV
W2 = h_bar / tau2 ;
// F u l l w i d t h a t h a l f maxima f o r
94
8
9
10
11
12
tau2 , eV
printf ( \ nThe f u l l w i d t h a t h a l f
%1 . 0 e eV , tau1 , W1 / e ) ;
printf ( \ nThe f u l l w i d t h a t h a l f
%1 . 0 e eV , tau2 , W2 / e ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The f u l l w i d t h a t h a l f maxima
eV
// The f u l l w i d t h a t h a l f maxima
eV
95
maxima f o r %1 . 0 e =
maxima f o r %1 . 0 e =
f o r 1 e 009 = 1 e 006
f o r 1 e 012 = 1 e 003
Chapter 12
Nuclear Models
Scilab code Exa 12.1 Rate of Consumption of U235 Per Year

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 1 Rate o f c o n s u m p t i o n o f U235

p e r y e a r : Pg : 2 4 6 ( 2 0 0 8 )
e = 1.6 e -019;
amu = 1.6 e -027;
P_out = 250 e +06;
// Output power o f n u c l e a r
reactor , J/ s
E = 200 e +06* e ;
// Energy r e l e a s e d p e r f i s s i o n o f
U235 , J
n = P_out / E ;
// Number o f f i s s i o n s p e r s e c o n d
m = 235* amu ;
m_sec = m * n ;
// Consumption p e r s e c o n d o f U235 ,
kg
m_year = m_sec *365*24*60*60;
// Consumption p e r
y e a r o f U235 , kg
printf ( \ nThe r a t e o f c o n s u m p t i o n o f U235 p e r y e a r
= %5 . 2 f kg , m_year ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r a t e o f c o n s u m p t i o n o f U235 p e r y e a r = 9 2 . 6 4
kg
96
Scilab code Exa 12.2 Rate of Fission of U 235

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 2 Rate o f f i s s i o n o f U235: Pg

:246 (2008)
e = 1.6 e -019;
E1 = 32 e +06;
// Energy r e l e a s e d p e r s e c o n d , J
E2 = 200 e +06;
// Energy r e l e a s e d p e r f i s s i o n , J
N = E1 / E2 ;
// Number o f atoms u n d e r g o i n g f i s s i o n
per second
printf ( \ nThe number o f atoms u n d e r g o i n g f i s s i o n p e r
s e c o n d = %1 . 0 e , N / e ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The number o f atoms u n d e r g o i n g f i s s i o n p e r s e c o n d
= 1 e +018
Scilab code Exa 12.3 Binding Energy of Helium Nucleus

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 3 B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f h e l i u m
n u c l e u s : Pg : 247 ( 2 0 0 8 )
e = 1.6 e -019;
amu = 931;
m = 2*1.007825+2*1.008665 -4.002603;
// Mass
d i f f e r e n c e i n f o r m a t i o n o f He , amu
E = m * amu ;
// Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f mass
d i f f e r e n c e f o r He n u c l e u s , MeV
printf ( \ nThe minimum e n e r g y r e q u i r e d t o b r e a k He
n u c l e u s = %5 . 2 f MeV , E ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The minimum e n e r g y r e q u i r e d t o b r e a k He n u c l e u s =
2 8 . 2 8 MeV
97
Scilab code Exa 12.4 Energy Released During Fusion of Deuterium Nuclei
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 4 Energy r e l e a s e d d u r i n g f u s i o n

o f d e u t e r i u m n u c l e i : PG : 247 ( 2 0 0 8 )
e = 1.6 e -019;
amu = 931.5;
M_H = 2.014102;
// Mass o f h y d r o g e n n u c l e u s , amu
M_He = 4.002603;
// Mass o f h e l i u m n u c l e u s , amu
m = 2* M_H - M_He ;
E = m * amu ;
// Energy r e l e a s e d d u r i n g f u s i o n o f
d e u t e r i u m n u c l e i , MeV
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y r e l e a s e d d u r i n g f u s i o n o f
d e u t e r i u m n u c l e i = %6 . 3 f MeV , E ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y r e l e a s e d d u r i n g f u s i o n o f d e u t e r i u m
n u c l e i = 2 3 . 8 4 7 MeV
Scilab code Exa 12.5 Energy Required to Break One Gram Mole of Helium
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 5 Energy r e q u i r e d t o b r e a k

gram mole o f h e l i u m : Pg : 247 ( 2 0 0 8 )
amu = 931.5;
// Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 amu ,
mp = 1.007825;
mn = 1.008665;
M_He = 4.002603;
// Mass o f h e l i u m n u c l e u s ,
N = 6.023 e +023;
// Avogadro s number , g / mol
m = 2* mp +2* mn - M_He ;
E1 = m * amu ;
// Energy r e q u i r e d t o b r e a k one
o f He , MeV
98
one
MeV
amu
atom
// Energy r e q u i r e d t o b r e a k one gram

mole o f He , MeV
10 printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y r e q u i r e d t o b r e a k one gram mole
o f He = %5 . 3 e MeV , E ) ;
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The e n e r g y r e q u i r e d t o b r e a k one gram mole o f He
= 1 . 7 0 4 e +025 MeV
9 E = N * E1 ;
Scilab code Exa 12.6 Energy Liberated During Production of Alpha Particles
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 6 Energy l i b e r a t e d d u r i n g

p r o d u c t i o n o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e s : Pg : 248 ( 2 0 0 8 )
amu = 931;
mp = 1.007825;
M_Li = 7.016005;
// Mass o f l i t h i u m n u c l e u s , amu
M_He = 4.002604;
// Mass o f h e l i u m n u c l e u s , amu
dm = M_Li + mp -2* M_He ;
disp ( dm )
U = dm * amu ;
// Energy l i b e r a t e d d u r i n g p r o d u c t i o n
o f two a l p h a p a r t i c l e s , MeV
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y l i b e r a t e d d u r i n g p r o d u c t i o n o f
two a l p h a p a r t i c l e s = %5 . 2 f MeV , U ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y l i b e r a t e d d u r i n g p r o d u c t i o n o f two
a l p h a p a r t i c l e s = 1 7 . 3 4 MeV
Scilab code Exa 12.7 Kinetic Energy of Neutrons

// S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 7 K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f n e u t r o n s : Pg
: 248 ( 2 0 0 8 )
2 d = 2.2;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f d e u t e r i u m , MeV
3 H3 = 8.5;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f t r i t i u m , MeV
1
99
4 He4 = 28.3;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f h e l i u m , MeV
5 KE = He4 -d - H3 ;
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e n e u t r o n ,
MeV
6 printf ( \ nThe k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e n e u t r o n = %4 . 1 f
MeV , KE ) ;
7 // R e s u l t
8 // The k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e n e u t r o n = 1 7 . 6 MeV
Scilab code Exa 12.8 Consumption Rate of U 235

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 8 Consumption r a t e o f U235: Pg :

248 ( 2 0 0 8 )
N = 6.023 e +026;
atoms p e r kg
e = 1.6 e -019;
P = 100 e +06;
// A v e r a g e power g e n e r a t i o n , J / s
U = P *365*24*60*60;
// Energy r e q u i r e d i n one
year , J
U1 = 180 e +06* e ;
// Energy p r o d u c e d by one atom
f i s s i o n o f U235
n = U / U1 ;
// Number o f atoms r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e
e n e r g y i n one y e a r
M = n *235/ N ;
// Mass o f U235 r e q u i r e d p e r y e a r ,
kg
printf ( \ nThe r a t e o f c o n s u m p t i o n o f U235 p e r y e a r
= %7 . 4 f kg , M ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r a t e o f c o n s u m p t i o n o f U235 p e r y e a r =
4 2 . 7 2 3 7 kg
Scilab code Exa 12.9 Minimum Disintegraton Energy of Nucleus
100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 9 Minimum d i s i n t e g r a t o n e n e r g y

o f n u c l e u s : Pg : 249 ( 2 0 0 8 )
mn = 1.008665;
mp = 1.007276;
amu = 931;
BE = 2.21;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f d e u t r o n n u c l e u s ,
MeV
E = BE / amu ;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f d e u t r o n n u c l e u s ,
amu
M_D = mp + mn - E ;
// Mass o f d e u t e r i u m n u c l e u s , amu
printf ( \ nThe mass o f d e u t e r i u m n u c l e u s = %8 . 6 f amu
, M_D ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The mass o f d e u t e r i u m n u c l e u s = 2 . 0 1 3 5 6 7 amu
Scilab code Exa 12.10 Rate of Fission of U 235

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 1 0 Rate o f f i s s i o n o f U235 : Pg

: 249 ( 2 0 0 8 )
N = 6.023 e +026;
atoms p e r kg
e = 1.6 e -019;
P = 1;
// A v e r a g e power g e n e r a t i o n , J / s
U = P *365*24*60*60;
// Energy r e q u i r e d i n one
year , J
U1 = 200 e +06* e ;
// Energy p r o d u c e d by one atom
f i s s i o n o f U235
n = U / U1 ;
// Number o f atoms u n d e r g o i n g f i s s i o n
per year
M = n/N;
// Mass o f U235 r e q u i r e d p e r y e a r , kg
printf ( \ nThe r a t e o f f i s s i o n o f U235 p e r y e a r = %5
. 3 e kg , M ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r a t e o f f i s s i o n o f U235 p e r y e a r = 1 . 6 3 6 e
009 kg
101
Scilab code Exa 12.11 Energy Released During Fission of U 235

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 1 1 Energy r e l e a s e d d u r i n g

f i s s i o n o f U235: Pg : 250 ( 2 0 0 8 )
N = 6.023 e +023;
// Avogadro s number
A = 235;
// Mass number o f U235
n = N /235;
// Number o f atoms i n 1 g o f U235
E = 200;
// Energy p r o d u c e d by f i s s i o n o f 1 U235
atom , MeV
U = n*E;
// Energy p r o d u c e d by f i s s i o n o f 1 g o f U
235 atoms , MeV
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y p r o d u c e d by f i s s i o n o f 1 g o f U
235 atoms = %5 . 3 e MeV , U ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y p r o d u c e d by f i s s i o n o f 1 g o f U235
atoms = 5 . 1 2 6 e +023 MeV
Scilab code Exa 12.12 Minimum Energy of Gamma Photon for Pair Production
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 1 2 Minimum e n e r g y o f gamma

p h o t o n f o r p a i r p r o d u c t i o n : Pg : 250 ( 2 0 0 8 )
c = 3.0 e +08;
me = 9.1 e -031;
e = 1.6 e -019;
mp = me ;
// Mass o f p o s i t r o n , kg
U = ( me + mp ) * c ^2/( e *1 e +06) ;
// Energy o f gammar a y
photon , MeV
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y o f gammar a y p h o t o n = %5 . 3 f MeV
, U);
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f gammar a y p h o t o n = 1 . 0 2 4 MeV
102
Scilab code Exa 12.13 Uranium Atom Undergoing Fission in a Reactor

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 1 3 Uranium atom u n d e r g o i n g

f i s s i o n i n a r e a c t o r : Pg : 250 ( 2 0 0 8 )
P_out = 800 e +06;
// Output power o f t h e r e a c t o r ,
J/ s
E1 = P_out *24*60*60;
// Energy r e q u i r e d one day ,
J
eta = 0.25;
// E f i i c i e n c y o f r e a c t o r
N = poly (0 , N ) ;
// D e c l a r e N a s t h e v a r i a b l e
E2 = N *200 e +06*1.6 e -019* eta ;
// U s e f u l e n e r g y
p r o d u c e d by N atoms i n a day , J
N = roots ( E2 - E1 ) ;
// Number o f U235 atoms
consumed i n one day
m = N *235/6.023 e +026;
// Mass o f uranium
c o n s u m p t i o n i n one day , kg
printf ( \ nThe number o f U235 atoms consumed i n one
day = %4 . 2 e atoms , N ) ;
printf ( \ nThe mass o f uranium c o n s u m p t i o n i n one day
= %4 . 2 f kg , m ) ;
11
12
13
// R e s u l t
// The number o f U235 atoms consumed i n one day =
8 . 6 4 e +024 atoms
14 // The mass o f uranium c o n s u m p t i o n i n one day = 3 . 3 7
kg
Scilab code Exa 12.14 Amount of Uranium Fuel Required For One Day
Operation
1
// S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 1 4 Amount o f uranium f u e l

r e q u i r e d f o r one day o p e r a t i o n : Pg : ( 2 0 0 8 )
103
2 e = 1.6 e -019;
3 eta = 0.20;
// E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e n u c l e a r r e a c t o r
4 E1 = 100 e +06*24*60*60;
// A v e r a g e e n e r g y r e q u i r e d
p e r day , J
5 m = poly (0 , m ) ;
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// S u p p o s e amount o f f u e l
r e q u i r e d be m kg
n = m *6.023 e +026/235;
// Number o f uranium atoms
E = 200 e +06* e ;
// Energy r e l e a s e d p e r f i s s i o n o f
U235 , J
U = E*n;
// T o t a l e n e r g y r e l e a s e d by f i s s i o n o f U
235 , J
E2 = U * eta ;
// U s e f u l e n e r g y p r o d u c e d by n atoms
i n a day , J
m = roots ( E2 - E1 ) ;
printf ( \ nThe mass o f uranium f u e l r e q u i r e d f o r one
day o p e r a t i o n = %6 . 4 f kg / day , m ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The mass o f uranium f u e l r e q u i r e d f o r one day
o p e r a t i o n = 0 . 5 2 6 7 kg / day
Scilab code Exa 12.15 Binding Energy of Fe Using Weizsaecker Formula

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 1 5 B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f Fe u s i n g
W e i z s a e c k e r f o r m u l a : Pg : 251 ( 2 0 0 8 )
amu = 931.5;
A = 56;
// Mass number o f Fe
Z = 26;
// Atomic number o f Fe
av = 15.7;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y p e r n u c l e o n due t o
volume e f f e c t , MeV
as = 17.8;
// S u r f a c e e n e r g y c o n s t a n t , MeV
ac = 0.711;
// Coulomb e n e r g y c o n s t a n t , MeV
aa = 23.7;
// a s y m m e t r i c e n e r g y c o n s t a n t , MeV
ap = 11.18;
// P a i r i n g e n e r g y c o n s t a n t , MeV
BE = av * A - as * A ^(2/3) - ac * Z ^2* A ^( -1/3) - aa *( A -2* Z )
^2* A ^( -1) + ap * A ^( -1/2) ;
// W e i z s a e c k e r
104
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
S e m i e m p i r i c a l mass f o r m u l a
M_Fe = 55.939395;
// Atomic mass o f Fe 56
mp = 1.007825;
mn = 1.008665;
E_B = ( Z * mp +( A - Z ) * mn - M_Fe ) * amu ;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y
o f Fe 56 , MeV
printf ( \ nThe b i n d i n g e n e r g y o f Fe 56 u s i n g
W e i z s a e c k e r f o r m u l a = %6 . 2 f MeV , BE ) ;
printf ( \ nThe b i n d i n g e n e r g y o f Fe 56 u s i n g mass
d e f e c t = %6 . 2 f MeV , E_B ) ;
printf ( \ nThe r e s u l t o f t h e s e m i e m p i r i c a l f o r m u l a
a g r e e s w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e w i t h i n %3 . 1 f
p e r c e n t , abs (( BE - E_B ) / BE *100) ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The b i n d i n g e n e r g y o f Fe 56 u s i n g W e i z s a e c k e r
f o r m u l a = 4 8 7 . 7 5 MeV
// The b i n d i n g e n e r g y o f Fe 56 u s i n g mass d e f e c t =
4 8 8 . 1 1 MeV
// The r e s u l t o f t h e s e m i e m p i r i c a l f o r m u l a a g r e e s
with the experimental value within 0 . 1 percent
105

Atomic and Nuclear Physics - N. Subrahmanyam, B. Lal and J. Seshan

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Atomic and Nuclear Physics - N. Subrahmanyam, B. Lal and J. Seshan

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

3 Matter Waves Wave Particle Duality and Uncertainty Principle

8 Raman Effect and Spectroscopic techniques

9 Interaction of Charged Particles and Neutrons With Matter

List of Scilab Codes

Relative Speed of Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Longest Wavelength of Incident Radiation . . . . . . .

Minimum Wavelength Emitted by an X ray Tube . . .

Minimum Disintegraton Energy of Nucleus . . . . . .

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Relative Speed of Approach

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 R e l a t i v e Speed o f a p p r o a c h : Pg

Scilab code Exa 1.2 Relative Speed of Spaceships

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 2 R e l a t i v e Speed o f s p a c e s h i p s :

Scilab code Exa 1.3 Relativistic Length Contraction

Scilab code Exa 1.5 Mass Energy Equivalence

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 5 MassEnergy E q u i v a l e n c e : Pg : 22

Scilab code Exa 1.6 Energy Equivalent of Mass

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 6 Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f mass : Pg

Scilab code Exa 1.7 Relativistic Variation of Mass with Speed

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 7 R e l a t i v i s t i c v a r i a t i o n o f mass

Scilab code Exa 1.8 Increase in Mass of Water

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 8 I n c r e a s e i n mass o f w a t e r : Pg :

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 9 R a t i o o f r e s t mass and mass i n

Scilab code Exa 1.10 Heat Equivalent of Mass

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 0 Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f mass : Pg : 2 3

Scilab code Exa 1.11 Variation of Space and Time

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 1 V a r i a t i o n o f s p a c e and t i m e :

Scilab code Exa 1.12 Mean Lifetime of a Moving Meason

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 2 Mean l i f e t i m e o f a moving

Scilab code Exa 1.13 Velocity of One Atomic Mass Unit

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 3 V e l o c i t y o f one a t o m i c mass

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 4 Speed o f an e l e c t r o n f o r an

// The s p e e d o f t h e moving e l e c t r o n = 3 . 0 0 e +008 m/ s

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 5 Speed a t t o t a l e n e r g y t w i c e

Scilab code Exa 1.16 Relative Velocity and Mass

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 6 R e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y and mass : Pg

printf ( \ nThe r e l a t i v e s p e e d o f one p a r t i c l e

Scilab code Exa 1.17 Relativistic Variation of density with Velocity

Scilab code Exa 1.18 Electrons Accelerated to Relativistic Speeds

Scilab code Exa 1.21 Fractional Speed of Electron

Scilab code Exa 1.22 Effective Mass and Speed of Electron

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 2 2 E f f e c t i v e mass and s p e e d o f

Scilab code Exa 1.23 Energy Released in Fission

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 2 3 Energy r e l e a s e d i n f i s s i o n : Pg

Scilab code Exa 1.24 Relativistic Speed Form Relativistic Mass

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 2 4 R e l a t i v i s t i c s p e e d form

Scilab code Exa 1.25 Decay of muon

Scilab code Exa 1.26 Decay of Unstable Particle

// S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 2 6 Decay o f u n s t a b l e p a r t i c l e : Pg

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Threshold Wavelength of Tungsten

Scilab code Exa 2.2 Maximum Velocity of Photoelectrons

// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 2 Maximum v e l o c i t y o f

2 phi = 4*1.6 e -019;

Scilab code Exa 2.3 Energy of Photoelectrons

// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 3 Energy o f p h o t o e l e c t r o n s : Pg : 4 5

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Longest Wavelength of Incident Radiation

Scilab code Exa 2.5 Threshold Frequency and Wavelength

// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 5 T h r e s h o l d f r e q u e n c y and

printf ( \ nThe t h r e s h o l d w a v e l e n g t h f o r m e t a l = %4d

Scilab code Exa 2.6 Maximum Velocity of Emitted Electrons

// S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 6 Maximum v e l o c i t y o f e m i t t e d