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Index

S.
No.
1

Experiment

To verify Kirchoffs Voltage law

To verify Kirchoffs current law

To verify maximum power transmission


theorm
To verify superposition principle

5
6
7

8
9

10

To verify ohms law

To measure active and reactive power in


single phase AC circuit
To perform open and short circuit test on a
one phase transformer and determine its
equivalent circuit and its efficiency
To verify thevenins and nortons theorm
To verify line voltage , phase voltage line
current and phase current relationship in a
star and delta three phase balanced circuit
To perform load test on DC shunt motor.

Submitted by:
Shivam Parmar(14103036)
Harnarinder Kaur(14103043)
Arvind(14103044)
Vandana Bassi(14103045)
Nikita Katnoria(14103046)

Remarks

Experiment-1
Aim: To verify ohms law.
Apparatus required:
s.n
o
1
2
3

Apparatus

range

type

quantity

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Rheostat

0-300V
0-5A
0-110
ohms

AC
AC

1
1
2

4
5
6
7

Connecting wires
Multimeter
Mains supply
Auto transformer

AC
AC

1
1
1

Diagram:

Theory:Resistance is the property of a component which restricts


the flow of electric current. Energy is used up as the voltage
across the component drives the current through it and this
energy appears as heat in the component.
Ohms Law If I be the current flowing through a conductor and V
be the potential difference across its ends,
the according to Ohms law,

V=IxR

I =V/R

R = V/I

V = Volts,

I=Current in amperes, R = Resistance in ohms


Formula used:V=IxR ; I =V/R ;

R = V/I.

Procedure:1. Draw a neat circuit diagram as shown in the figure.


2. Decide the appropriate ranges of voltmeter, ammeter, etc.
3. Prepare requisition slip indicating the apparatus along with
range, type and quantity.
4. Set a value of rheostat with the help of multi-meter or other
arrangements. (Before placing in the circuit)
5. Connect the various apparatus as shown in the circuit diagram.
6. Take sufficient number of observations for different values of
applied voltage and measure the ratio of voltage drop across the
resistance and the current through the circuit.
7. Repeat the above steps 4 to 6 for different values of
resistances.
8. Draw the voltage vs current graph for 3 sets of readings.
Observations:
10 division in voltmeter = 20V
1 division in voltmeter = 2 V
Least count of voltmeter = 2V
10 divsions in ammeter = 0.2A
1 division in ammeter = 0.02A
Least count of ammeter = 0.02A
S.No.
Volt
1
237
2
230
3
221
4
210
5
202

A
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2

R = V/I
91.15
92
92.08
91.3
91.82

Calculations:
Average Value of R = 91.67
Actual Resistance = 91.00
Result:1. Observed value of Resistance is 91.67
%age error = 0.74%
2. Ohms Law is verified as the I vs V graph is a straight line.
Sources of error: 1. Heating up of apparatus
2. Observation without removing parallax
3. Loose connections
4. Positioning error
Precautions :1. Switch on the circuit only for a short duration to
avoid heating.
2. Make sure the connections are tight.
3. Do not touch metallic contacts.
4. Work on electrical equipment must be done only after the
power has been disconnected.
5. Do not overload circuits or wiring.

GRAPH:

Experiment -2

Aim: To verify kirchoffs voltage law(KVL)


Apparatus required:
s.no Apparatus
1
Voltmeter
2
Rheostat

3
Connecting wires
4
Multimeter
5
Mains supply
6
Auto transformer
Diagram:

range
0-250V
0110ohm
s

type
AC

AC
AC

quantity
4
3

1
1
1

Theory:1. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law or KVL, states that in any


closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to
the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop which is
also equal to zero. In other words the algebraic sum of all voltages
within the loop must be equal to zero. This idea by Kirchhoff is
known as the Conservation of Energy.
2. Starting at any point in the loop continue in the same direction
noting the direction of all the voltage drops, either positive or
negative, and returning back to the same starting point. It is
important to maintain the same direction either clockwise or anticlockwise or the final voltage sum will not be equal to zero. We can
use Kirchhoffs voltage law when analyzing series circuits.

Procedure:1. Draw neat and clear circuit diagram


2. Select appropriate ranges of voltmeter and ammeter etc.
3. Prepare requisition slip indicating the apparatus along with
range, type and quantity.
4. Set the values of rheostat resistances with the help of
multimeter (before placing in the circuit)
5. Connect the various apparatus as shown in the diagram.
6. Set the value of applied voltage with the help of auto
transformer and maintain this voltage for different set of readings.
7. Take sufficient number of observations of voltage drop across
different branches.
8. Change the rheostat value after removing from the circuit.
9. Reconnect the circuit and repeat step (7) for 4 to 5 observations
Observations:
R1 = 22.75
R2 = 22.31
R3 = 22.29
S.No.
Vmain(V)

V1

V2

V3

1
2
3

42
53
55

22
27
28

23
29
30

66
85
87

Result: KVL HAS BEEN VERIFIED

V1 = V 2
+V3
45
56
58

Sources of error: 1. Heating up of apparatus


2. Observation without removing parallax
3. Loose connections
4. Positioning error

Precautions:1. Switch on the circuit only for a short duration to


avoid heating.
2. Make sure the connections are tight.
3. Do not touch metallic contacts.
4. Work on electrical equipment must be done only after the
power has been disconnected.
5. Do not overload circuits or wiring.

Experiment-3
Aim: To verify kirchoffs current law(KCL).
Apparatus required:
s.n
o
1
2

Apparatus

range

type

Ammeter
Rheostat

0-5A
0110ohms

AC

3
4
5
6

Connecting wires
Multimeter
Mains supply
Auto transformer

AC
AC

quantit
y
3
3

1
1
1

Diagram:

Theory: Kirchhoffs Current Law states that: In any electrical


circuit, the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a point or a
junction is zero. It means that the total current leaving a junction
is equal to the total current entering that junction.
Incoming Currents = Outgoing Currents

Procedure: 1. Draw neat and clear circuit diagram.


2. Select appropriate ranges of voltmeter and ammeter etc.
3. Prepare requisition slip indicating the apparatus along with
range, type and quantity.
4. Set the values of rheostat resistances with the help of multimeter (before placing in the circuit)
5. Connect the various apparatus as shown in the diagram.
6. Set the value of applied voltage with the help of auto
transformer and maintain this voltage for different set of readings.
7. Take sufficient number of observations of current in different
branches.
8. Change the rheostat value after removing from the circuit.
9. Reconnect the circuit and repeat step (7) for 4 to 5
observations
Observations:
R1 = 22.75
R2 = 22.31
R3 = 22.29
S.No.

Vmain(V)

I1

I2

I3

1
2
3

66
85
87

0.74
0.74
0.94

0.355
0.455
0.470

0.35
0.44
0.45

Result:KCL HAS BEEN VERIFIED


Sources of error:1. Heating up of apparatus
2. Observation without removing parallax
3. Loose connections

I1 = I2 +
I3
0.705
0.895
0.920

4. Positioning error

Precautions:1. Switch on the circuit only for a short duration to


avoid heating.
2. Make sure the connections are tight.
3. Do not touch metallic contacts.
4. Work on electrical equipment must be done only after the
power has been disconnected.
5. Do not overload circuits or wiring.

Experiment-4
Aim:To verify maximum power transfer theorem.
Apparatus required:
s.n
o
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Apparatus

range

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Rheostat
Connecting wire
Multimeter
Mains supply
Autotransformer

0-300V
AC
0-5A
AC
0-110 ohms

1
1
2

AC
AC

1
1
1

Diagram:

type

quantity

Theory: The power transferred from a supply source to a load is


maximum when the resistance of the load is equal to the internal
resistance of the source. In other words, a resistive load will
consume maximum power from the supply when the load resister
is equal to the equivalent (Thevenin) network resistor.
Formula used: Rload = Rsource
Iload =Vsource/ (Rsource + Rload)
= Vsource/ (Rsource + Rsource)
= Vsource / 2Rsource
PMax = I2loadRload
Procedure:
1. Draw neat and clear circuit diagram.
2. Select appropriate ranges of voltmeter and ammeter etc.
3. Prepare requisition slip indicating the apparatus along with
range, type and quantity.
4. Set the value of rheostat to be used as internal resistance of the
source with the help of multimeter (before placing in the circuit)
and do not change for a set of observations.
5. Connect the various apparatus as shown in the circuit diagram.
6. Set the value of load resistance and the value of voltage applied
to the circuit using the auto transformer.
7. Do not change the voltage applied during a set of observations.
8. Change the value of load resistance and record the values of
voltage across load and current through it
9. Take sufficient number of readings.
10. Repeat steps (6) to (9) for different values of voltage and
internal resistance.

Observations:Ri=103 Constant voltage=160V


S.n
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

VL

IL

RL

25
35
42
50
55
70
74
78
82
84

1.31
1.22
1.16
1.08
1.02
0.80
0.86
0.82
0.78
0.76

19.08
28.62
36.2
46.19
53.92
77.77
86.05
95.12
105.13
110.52

32.75
42.7
48.72
54
56.1
63
63.64
63.96
63.96
63.84

:Ri=50 Constant voltage=100V


S.n
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

VL

IL

RL

22
34
41
45
50
55
61
65
69

1.41
1.33
1.18
1.12
1.02
0.9
0.81
0.75
0.69

15.60
25.56
34.74
40.17
50.92
61.11
75.31
86.6
100

30.75
45.22
48.38
50.4
51
49.5
48.8
48.75
47.61

Result: Power transfer at RLoad is maximum when


RSource = RLoad.
Sources of error:
1. Heating up of apparatus
2. Observation without removing parallax
3. Loose connections

4. Positioning error
Precautions:
1. Switch on the circuit only for a short duration to avoid heating.
2. Make sure the connections are tight.
3. Do not touch metallic contacts.
4. Work on electrical equipment must be done only after the power
has been disconnected.
5. Do not overload circuits or wiring.
GRAPH

Experiment-5
Aim: To verify superposition principle with ac dc sources.
Apparatus required:
s.n
o
1
2
3

Apparatus

Range type

Power supplies
Ammeter
Rheostat

230V
0-5A
0110oh
m

4
5
6

Connecting wires
Multimeter
Auto transformer

AC
AC

0-250V AC

quantit
y
2
1
3

1
2

Theory:The superposition theorem for electrical circuit states that


the response (Voltage or Current) in any branch of a bilateral
linear circuit having more than one independent source equals the
algebraic sum of the responses caused by each independent
source acting alone, while all other independent sources are
replaced by their internal impedances. To ascertain the
contribution of each individual source, all of the other sources first
must be turned off (set to zero) by:

1. Replacing all other independent voltage sources with a short


circuit(thereby eliminating difference of potential i.e. V=0, internal
impedance of ideal voltage source is Zero (short circuit).
2. Replacing all other independent current sources with an open
circuit (thereby eliminating current i.e. I=0, internal impedance of
ideal current source is infinite (open circuit).
3. This procedure is followed for each source in turn, and then the
resultant responses are added to determine the true operation of
the circuit. The resultant circuit operation is the superposition of
the various voltage and current sources.
Procedure:1. Draw neat and clear circuit diagram.
2. Select appropriate ranges of voltmeter and ammeter etc.
3. Prepare requisition slip indicating the apparatus along with
range, type and quantity.
4. Set the value of rheostat to be used as internal resistance of
the source with the help of multi-meter (before placing in the
circuit) and do not change for a set of observations.
5. Connect the various apparatus as shown in the circuit diagram.
6. Set the value of voltage source using auto transformer and do
not change them for set of observations.
7. Take the reading in the load branch with both sources active in
the circuit.
8. Short circuit one source at a time and replace it with its internal
resistance and observe the readings in the load branch.
9. Disconnect the branch resistances and measure their value
with the help of multimeter.
10.Repeat steps (7) and (8) for new values of rheostats and take
the readings.
Observations:
S.No.

V1

V2

I1

I2

I(calculat

I(observ

1
2
3
4

30
30
30
30

30
30
30
30

36
26
-26
-35

36
49
49
43.5

ed)
72
72
23
8.5

ed)
72.5
72
23.5
8.5

Result: SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE IS VERIFIED


Sources of error: 1. Heating up of apparatus
2. Observation without removing parallax
3. Loose connections
Precautions: 1. Switch on the circuit only for a short duration to
avoid heating.
2. Make sure the connections are tight.
3. Do not touch metallic contacts.
4. Work on electrical equipment must be done only after the power
has been disconnected.
5. Do not overload circuits or wiring.

Experiment-6
Aim:To measure active and reactive power in single phase
ac circuit.
Apparatus required:
s.no
1.
2
3

Apparatus
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Rheostat

4
5

Wattmeter
Capacitor

6
7
8
9

Connecting wires
Multimeter
Mains supply
Auto transformer

Range
0-300V
0-2.5 A
0-110
ohms

type
AC
AC

quantity
1
1
1

AC

1
1

200mF/400
v-2A
230V,50 hz AC
AC

1
1
1

Diagram:

Theory:In an AC circuit the power which is actually consumed is


called active power. The power is consumed only in resistance.

The power consumed in inductance and resistance is called


reactive power; it does not contribute to any useful work, however,
this power is required for the generation of magnetic flux in the
circuit.

Active power = VI cos(I cos is the component of current I in


phase with voltage)
Reactive power = VI sin (I sin is the component of current I 90o
out of phase
with voltage)

Formula: W = VI cos,
Z = V/I R = Z cos
XC = Z sin

Procedure:1. Draw a neat and well labeled circuit diagram.


2. Select appropriate range of various apparatus.
3. Prepare the requisition slip indicating the range, type and
quantity of apparatus.
4. Note the multiplying factor of the wattmeter according to the
range of current and voltage.
5. Make neat and tight connections as shown in the circuit
diagram.
6. Set an appropriate value for voltage in auto transformer.
7. Vary the load resistance and record the readings of voltmeter,
ammeter and wattmeter in the observations table.
8. Plot the variation of active power and reactive power with the
change in load parameters (R and C

Observations:
S.no

Power
(Active)

Cos Sin

1
2
3
4
5
6

136
146
156
164
174
184

0.72
0.78
0.84
0.89
0.94
0.97

50
60
70
80
90
100

0.549
0.527
0.534
0.548
0.55
0.55

0.836
0.849
0.845
0.836
0.835
0.835

Power
(reactive
)
81.861
95.187
110.73
122.02
136.572
152.286

Sources of error:
1. Heating up of apparatus
2. Observation without removing parallax
3. Loose connections
Precautions :
1. Switch on the circuit only for a short duration to avoid heating.
2. Make sure the connections are tight.
3. Do not touch metallic contacts
. 4. Work on electrical equipment must be done only after the
power has been disconnected.
5. Do not overload circuits or wiring

GRAPH

Experiment-7
Aim: To perform open and short circuit test on a 1-phase
transformer and determine its equivalent circuit and its
efficiency.
Apparatus required:
s.n
o
1.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Apparatus

Range

type

quantity

Power
supply
Wattmeter
Wattmeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Connecting
wires
Transforme
r

230 V /50 Hz, 230


V/115
0-1 A/300V
0-10 A/75V
0-1 A
0-300 V
0-10 A

AC

AC
AC
AC
AC
AC

2 KVA/50 Hz

AC

1
1
1
1
1
As per
req.
1

Diagram:
Open circuit test

Short circuit test

Equivalent ckt:

Theory:
The performance of a transformer is evaluated from the
parameters of its equivalent circuit. Open circuit and short
circuit tests help to determine the constants of equivalent
open and short circuits and the losses in transformer. These
tests enable the e ciency and voltage regulation to be
calculated without actually loading the transformer. The power
requirement to conduct these tests is very small compared to
the power required in full load test.

Procedure: OPEN CIRCUIT


1. Draw a neat and well labeled circuit diagram.
2. Select appropriate range of various apparatus.
3. Prepare the requisition slip indicating the range, type and
quantity of
4. Connect the various apparatus using connecting wires as
shown in the
circuit diagram.

5. Apply rated voltage to the primary of transformer keeping


secondary open
6. Record

the

reading

of

Wattmeter,

Ammeter

and

voltmeter in the table.


SHORT CIRCUIT
1. For fig b repeat steps 1 to 4 for the short circuit test.
2. Short circuit the secondary side of the transformer
through an ammeter.
3. Apply controlled voltage through auto transformer such
that rated current
4. Record

the

observations(readings

of

wattmeter

,voltmeter and ammeter).


Observations:
Open Circuit:
Voc
230V

P
5.5*8= 44

Ioc
0.65

Cos
0.294

SC Test
Vsc
12.6V

P
100

Isc
8.7

Cos
0.911

Sources of error:

1. Heating up of apparatus
2. Parallax error
3. Loose connections
4. Positioning error
Precautions :
1. In the short circuit test, only rated current is to be
circulated irrespective of the applied voltage.
2. In the open circuit test, only rated voltage is to be
applied irrespective of the current.
3. Violation of step 2 may lead to burning of the transformer.

Experiment-8

Aim: To verify thevenin and nortons theorem.


Apparatus required:
s.n
o
1
2
3
4
5

Apparatus

range

Power supply
Auto transformer
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat

230 V
AC
0-260 V AC
0-5 A
AC
AC
0110oh
m

6
7

Connecting wires
Multimeter

Diagram:

type

quantit
y

Theory:Thevenin theorem:
Thevenins theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can
be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source
VTh in series with a resistor RTh, where VTh is the open-circuit
voltage at the terminals and RTh is the input or equivalent
resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are
turned off.
Norton's theorem:
Nortons theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source IN
in parallel with a resistor RN, where IN is the short-circuit current
through the terminals and RN is the input or equivalent resistance
at the terminals when the independent sources are turned off.

Procedure:1. Draw a neat circuit diagram as shown in the figure.


2. Decide the appropriate ranges of the voltmeter, ammeter, etc.
3. Prepare requisition slip indicating the apparatus along with the
range, type and quantity.
4. Set values of the rheostats with the help of multi-meter or
other arrangements before placing in the circuit.
5. Set the value of applied voltage with the help of autotransformer and maintain this voltage for different set of readings.
(NOTE: Do not change the applied voltage as it indicates the
source voltage in practice.)
6. Calculate the current flowing through the load resistance with
the help of the ammeter.
7. This current value will be used to verify that current through
load resistance when equivalent Thevenin or Norton circuits are
used is same as obtained otherwise.
8. Thevenin resistance/Norton resistance:
Remove RL from the circuit terminals A and B.
Now remove the battery from the circuit (short the battery) and
view inwards from the terminals A and B.
Calculate the equivalent resistance of the network as viewed
from these terminals. This is the Thevenin/Norton resistance.
9. Thevenin voltage:
Remove RL from the circuit terminals A and B. The terminals
have now become opencircuited.
Calculate the open circuit voltage VOC across terminals A and B
when they are open i.e. RL is removed. This is called Thevenin
voltage.

10.Norton current:
Remove RL and short circuit the terminals A and B.
Calculate the current flowing in the branch AB
. This is the short circuit current also called as Norton's current.
11.Now construct the equivalent Thevenin and Norton circuit and
measure the value of current flowing through the load resistance.
12.Verify that the value obtained is same as obtained in the
original circuit.
Observations:
V = 230
Il = 0.44A
Rl = 100 ohm.
Vl = 44.2V
Vth = 114V
Isc = 0.76 A
Ith = 1.52A
V = 230 V
Rth = 230/1.52 = 151.31 ohms
For thevnin :
Il = Vth/(Rth + Rl) = 114/(151.31+100) = 0.454A
For Norton :
Il = Isc* rth/(Rth + Rl) = 0.76*151.31/(151.31+100) = 0.457A
Result: HENCE, THEVENIN AND NORTON THEOREMS ARE
VERIFIED.
Sources of error: 1. Heating up of apparatus
2. Observation without removing parallax
3. Loose connections

Precautions :1. Switch on the circuit only for a short duration to


avoid heating.
2. Make sure the connections are tight.
3. Do not touch metallic contacts.
4. Work on electrical equipment must be done only after the
power has been disconnected.
5. Do not overload circuits or wiring.

Experiment-9
Aim: To verify line voltage, phase voltage, line current and
phase current relationship in a star and delta 3-phase
balanced circuit.
Apparatus required:
s.n Apparatus
o
1
Ammeter
2
Voltmeter

Connecting Wires

Load

Diagram:

rang type
e
0-5 A AC
0AC
300
V

3phase

Quantit
y
6
6

As per
req.
1

Theory: The voltage induced in each winding is called the


phase voltage and current in each winding is likewise known
as phase current. However, the voltage available between any
pair of terminal is called line voltage and the current flowing in
each line is called line current.
Procedure:

1.Draw neat and clear circuit diagram.

2. Select appropriate ranges of the various components


like voltmeter and ammeter etc.

3 .Prepare requisition slip indicating the apparatus along


with range, type and quantity of apparatus required and
the required apparatus issued.Make neat and tight
connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
4.Connect the 3-phase load as shown in the figure
for the star connection.
5. Put on the load with the help of switches equally for each
phase after closing the switch.
6. Take sucient number of readings of the currents and the
voltages in each line and phase.
7. Connect load as shown in figure for Delta connection.
8. Repeat step 6 and 7.
9. Verify the ratio of line current to the phase current and line
voltage to phase voltage in each type of connection.

Observations:

Star
Load 1

I1
0.44

I2
0.44

I3
0.44

Load 2

0.85

0.85

0.85

Load 3

1.05

1.04

1.05

Load 4

1.68

1.68

1.68

Load 5

2.20

2.21

2.21

V
229V
132V
229V
132V
229V
132V
229V
132V
229V
132V

Vl
Vphase
Vl
Vphase
Vl
Vphase
Vl
Vphase
Vl
Vphase

Delta
A1(1-3)
0.70
1.13
1.49

A2(1-2)
0.70
1.13
1.13

A3(2-3)
0.70
1.13
1.49

Il1
1.24
1.85
2.5

Il2
1.24
1.85
2.5

Il3
1.25
1.84
2.5

In star connection, the ratio of line voltage to phase


voltage comes out to be 3 and the ratio of line current to
phase current is 1.
Hence,IL = IPh
VL = 3VPh
In delta connection, the ratio of line voltage to phase voltage is
1 and the ratio of line current to phase current comes out to be
3.
Hence,IL = 3IPh
VL = VPh
Sources of error:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Heating up of apparatus
Parallax error
Loose connections
Positioning error

Precautions:
1. Make sure the connections are tight.

2. Do not touch live contacts.


S. No. Apparatus

Range

Type

Qty

Ammeter

0-1A

AC

Voltmeter

0 - 300 V

AC

Rheostat

0 - 110 Ohms

Connecting wires

Tachometer

D.C. Motor

3 Point Starter

1
1
1

Alter connections, if required, only after the power supply has


been disconnected.
4. Do not overload circuits or wiring. (limit to the rated
currents)
AIM:To obtain the performance characteristics of the given
dc shunt motor.
APPARATUS:

3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Specifications: DC Compound motor, V=230V, I=8.56A,


Power=2hp, RPM=1450

THEORY:

Speed of shunt motor can be expressed as


N=(V-IaRa)/KO
V- Voltage
P=2NT/60

The motor when connected across a constant voltage supply


draws constant field current. The flux which is proportional to
field current is thus constant. When motor is loaded I increases,
but since R is very small the voltage drop IR is small as compare
to V. This causes a small drop in speed on loading. The torque
developed is proportional to I.

PROCEDURE:
1. Draw a neat and clean circuit diagram.
2. Choose the appropriate range of ammeter, voltmeter etc.
3. Prepare a requisition slip indicating the apparatus along
with the range, type and quality.
4. Connect the apparatus as shown in the diagram without
the belt on the pulley.
5 After making the connections make sure that loading
conditions of device is appropriate.(eg. No Load for dc shunt
motor and full load for dcc series motor. In the present case
device is dc shunt motor, it should be started at no load)
6. After making the connections switch on the supply.
7. Rotate movable arm of the starter gradually to switch on
the motor till the arm gets held up by the electromagnet.
8. Note the values of ammeter, voltmeter, tachometer at no
load.
9. Increase the load by tightening the spring balance and
note down the values of ammeter, voltmeter and
tachometer. Also record the reading of the load at both the
pulleys.
10. Repeat steps 8 and 9 for different values of load.
Plot output vs. speed, output vs.Armature current and
Output vs. Efficiency curves.

OBSERVATIONS: Radius of shaft= 10.5 cm = 0.105m


S
N
o.

Curre
nt

N(rp
m)

Volta
ge

1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.

1.2

13
80
13
14
13
00
12
80

2.2
4.5
5.5

W1(k
g)

W2(k
g)

F
1

210 0

210 2.1

0.2
5
0.7
5
0.8
5

209 5.5
209 7.4

F2

Power

Efficiency
(%)

0 0

2
1
5
5
7
4

176.
2
452.
38
623.
80

242. 52.65
2
615. 65.44
54
835. 72.70
72

2.
5
7.
5
8.
5

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Heating up of apparatus
Observation without removing parallax
Loose connections
Positioning error

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Switch on the circuit only for a short duration to avoid heating.
2. Make sure the connections are tight.
3. Do not touch metallic contacts.

4. Work on electrical equipment must be done only after the power


has been disconnected.
5. Do not overload circuits or wiring.

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