Professional Documents
Culture Documents
S.
No.
1
Experiment
5
6
7
8
9
10
Submitted by:
Shivam Parmar(14103036)
Harnarinder Kaur(14103043)
Arvind(14103044)
Vandana Bassi(14103045)
Nikita Katnoria(14103046)
Remarks
Experiment-1
Aim: To verify ohms law.
Apparatus required:
s.n
o
1
2
3
Apparatus
range
type
quantity
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Rheostat
0-300V
0-5A
0-110
ohms
AC
AC
1
1
2
4
5
6
7
Connecting wires
Multimeter
Mains supply
Auto transformer
AC
AC
1
1
1
Diagram:
V=IxR
I =V/R
R = V/I
V = Volts,
R = V/I.
A
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
R = V/I
91.15
92
92.08
91.3
91.82
Calculations:
Average Value of R = 91.67
Actual Resistance = 91.00
Result:1. Observed value of Resistance is 91.67
%age error = 0.74%
2. Ohms Law is verified as the I vs V graph is a straight line.
Sources of error: 1. Heating up of apparatus
2. Observation without removing parallax
3. Loose connections
4. Positioning error
Precautions :1. Switch on the circuit only for a short duration to
avoid heating.
2. Make sure the connections are tight.
3. Do not touch metallic contacts.
4. Work on electrical equipment must be done only after the
power has been disconnected.
5. Do not overload circuits or wiring.
GRAPH:
Experiment -2
3
Connecting wires
4
Multimeter
5
Mains supply
6
Auto transformer
Diagram:
range
0-250V
0110ohm
s
type
AC
AC
AC
quantity
4
3
1
1
1
V1
V2
V3
1
2
3
42
53
55
22
27
28
23
29
30
66
85
87
V1 = V 2
+V3
45
56
58
Experiment-3
Aim: To verify kirchoffs current law(KCL).
Apparatus required:
s.n
o
1
2
Apparatus
range
type
Ammeter
Rheostat
0-5A
0110ohms
AC
3
4
5
6
Connecting wires
Multimeter
Mains supply
Auto transformer
AC
AC
quantit
y
3
3
1
1
1
Diagram:
Vmain(V)
I1
I2
I3
1
2
3
66
85
87
0.74
0.74
0.94
0.355
0.455
0.470
0.35
0.44
0.45
I1 = I2 +
I3
0.705
0.895
0.920
4. Positioning error
Experiment-4
Aim:To verify maximum power transfer theorem.
Apparatus required:
s.n
o
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Apparatus
range
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Rheostat
Connecting wire
Multimeter
Mains supply
Autotransformer
0-300V
AC
0-5A
AC
0-110 ohms
1
1
2
AC
AC
1
1
1
Diagram:
type
quantity
VL
IL
RL
25
35
42
50
55
70
74
78
82
84
1.31
1.22
1.16
1.08
1.02
0.80
0.86
0.82
0.78
0.76
19.08
28.62
36.2
46.19
53.92
77.77
86.05
95.12
105.13
110.52
32.75
42.7
48.72
54
56.1
63
63.64
63.96
63.96
63.84
VL
IL
RL
22
34
41
45
50
55
61
65
69
1.41
1.33
1.18
1.12
1.02
0.9
0.81
0.75
0.69
15.60
25.56
34.74
40.17
50.92
61.11
75.31
86.6
100
30.75
45.22
48.38
50.4
51
49.5
48.8
48.75
47.61
4. Positioning error
Precautions:
1. Switch on the circuit only for a short duration to avoid heating.
2. Make sure the connections are tight.
3. Do not touch metallic contacts.
4. Work on electrical equipment must be done only after the power
has been disconnected.
5. Do not overload circuits or wiring.
GRAPH
Experiment-5
Aim: To verify superposition principle with ac dc sources.
Apparatus required:
s.n
o
1
2
3
Apparatus
Range type
Power supplies
Ammeter
Rheostat
230V
0-5A
0110oh
m
4
5
6
Connecting wires
Multimeter
Auto transformer
AC
AC
0-250V AC
quantit
y
2
1
3
1
2
V1
V2
I1
I2
I(calculat
I(observ
1
2
3
4
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
36
26
-26
-35
36
49
49
43.5
ed)
72
72
23
8.5
ed)
72.5
72
23.5
8.5
Experiment-6
Aim:To measure active and reactive power in single phase
ac circuit.
Apparatus required:
s.no
1.
2
3
Apparatus
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Rheostat
4
5
Wattmeter
Capacitor
6
7
8
9
Connecting wires
Multimeter
Mains supply
Auto transformer
Range
0-300V
0-2.5 A
0-110
ohms
type
AC
AC
quantity
1
1
1
AC
1
1
200mF/400
v-2A
230V,50 hz AC
AC
1
1
1
Diagram:
Formula: W = VI cos,
Z = V/I R = Z cos
XC = Z sin
Observations:
S.no
Power
(Active)
Cos Sin
1
2
3
4
5
6
136
146
156
164
174
184
0.72
0.78
0.84
0.89
0.94
0.97
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.549
0.527
0.534
0.548
0.55
0.55
0.836
0.849
0.845
0.836
0.835
0.835
Power
(reactive
)
81.861
95.187
110.73
122.02
136.572
152.286
Sources of error:
1. Heating up of apparatus
2. Observation without removing parallax
3. Loose connections
Precautions :
1. Switch on the circuit only for a short duration to avoid heating.
2. Make sure the connections are tight.
3. Do not touch metallic contacts
. 4. Work on electrical equipment must be done only after the
power has been disconnected.
5. Do not overload circuits or wiring
GRAPH
Experiment-7
Aim: To perform open and short circuit test on a 1-phase
transformer and determine its equivalent circuit and its
efficiency.
Apparatus required:
s.n
o
1.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Apparatus
Range
type
quantity
Power
supply
Wattmeter
Wattmeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Connecting
wires
Transforme
r
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
2 KVA/50 Hz
AC
1
1
1
1
1
As per
req.
1
Diagram:
Open circuit test
Equivalent ckt:
Theory:
The performance of a transformer is evaluated from the
parameters of its equivalent circuit. Open circuit and short
circuit tests help to determine the constants of equivalent
open and short circuits and the losses in transformer. These
tests enable the e ciency and voltage regulation to be
calculated without actually loading the transformer. The power
requirement to conduct these tests is very small compared to
the power required in full load test.
the
reading
of
Wattmeter,
Ammeter
and
the
observations(readings
of
wattmeter
P
5.5*8= 44
Ioc
0.65
Cos
0.294
SC Test
Vsc
12.6V
P
100
Isc
8.7
Cos
0.911
Sources of error:
1. Heating up of apparatus
2. Parallax error
3. Loose connections
4. Positioning error
Precautions :
1. In the short circuit test, only rated current is to be
circulated irrespective of the applied voltage.
2. In the open circuit test, only rated voltage is to be
applied irrespective of the current.
3. Violation of step 2 may lead to burning of the transformer.
Experiment-8
Apparatus
range
Power supply
Auto transformer
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
230 V
AC
0-260 V AC
0-5 A
AC
AC
0110oh
m
6
7
Connecting wires
Multimeter
Diagram:
type
quantit
y
Theory:Thevenin theorem:
Thevenins theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can
be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source
VTh in series with a resistor RTh, where VTh is the open-circuit
voltage at the terminals and RTh is the input or equivalent
resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are
turned off.
Norton's theorem:
Nortons theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source IN
in parallel with a resistor RN, where IN is the short-circuit current
through the terminals and RN is the input or equivalent resistance
at the terminals when the independent sources are turned off.
10.Norton current:
Remove RL and short circuit the terminals A and B.
Calculate the current flowing in the branch AB
. This is the short circuit current also called as Norton's current.
11.Now construct the equivalent Thevenin and Norton circuit and
measure the value of current flowing through the load resistance.
12.Verify that the value obtained is same as obtained in the
original circuit.
Observations:
V = 230
Il = 0.44A
Rl = 100 ohm.
Vl = 44.2V
Vth = 114V
Isc = 0.76 A
Ith = 1.52A
V = 230 V
Rth = 230/1.52 = 151.31 ohms
For thevnin :
Il = Vth/(Rth + Rl) = 114/(151.31+100) = 0.454A
For Norton :
Il = Isc* rth/(Rth + Rl) = 0.76*151.31/(151.31+100) = 0.457A
Result: HENCE, THEVENIN AND NORTON THEOREMS ARE
VERIFIED.
Sources of error: 1. Heating up of apparatus
2. Observation without removing parallax
3. Loose connections
Experiment-9
Aim: To verify line voltage, phase voltage, line current and
phase current relationship in a star and delta 3-phase
balanced circuit.
Apparatus required:
s.n Apparatus
o
1
Ammeter
2
Voltmeter
Connecting Wires
Load
Diagram:
rang type
e
0-5 A AC
0AC
300
V
3phase
Quantit
y
6
6
As per
req.
1
Observations:
Star
Load 1
I1
0.44
I2
0.44
I3
0.44
Load 2
0.85
0.85
0.85
Load 3
1.05
1.04
1.05
Load 4
1.68
1.68
1.68
Load 5
2.20
2.21
2.21
V
229V
132V
229V
132V
229V
132V
229V
132V
229V
132V
Vl
Vphase
Vl
Vphase
Vl
Vphase
Vl
Vphase
Vl
Vphase
Delta
A1(1-3)
0.70
1.13
1.49
A2(1-2)
0.70
1.13
1.13
A3(2-3)
0.70
1.13
1.49
Il1
1.24
1.85
2.5
Il2
1.24
1.85
2.5
Il3
1.25
1.84
2.5
Heating up of apparatus
Parallax error
Loose connections
Positioning error
Precautions:
1. Make sure the connections are tight.
Range
Type
Qty
Ammeter
0-1A
AC
Voltmeter
0 - 300 V
AC
Rheostat
0 - 110 Ohms
Connecting wires
Tachometer
D.C. Motor
3 Point Starter
1
1
1
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:
1. Draw a neat and clean circuit diagram.
2. Choose the appropriate range of ammeter, voltmeter etc.
3. Prepare a requisition slip indicating the apparatus along
with the range, type and quality.
4. Connect the apparatus as shown in the diagram without
the belt on the pulley.
5 After making the connections make sure that loading
conditions of device is appropriate.(eg. No Load for dc shunt
motor and full load for dcc series motor. In the present case
device is dc shunt motor, it should be started at no load)
6. After making the connections switch on the supply.
7. Rotate movable arm of the starter gradually to switch on
the motor till the arm gets held up by the electromagnet.
8. Note the values of ammeter, voltmeter, tachometer at no
load.
9. Increase the load by tightening the spring balance and
note down the values of ammeter, voltmeter and
tachometer. Also record the reading of the load at both the
pulleys.
10. Repeat steps 8 and 9 for different values of load.
Plot output vs. speed, output vs.Armature current and
Output vs. Efficiency curves.
Curre
nt
N(rp
m)
Volta
ge
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
1.2
13
80
13
14
13
00
12
80
2.2
4.5
5.5
W1(k
g)
W2(k
g)
F
1
210 0
210 2.1
0.2
5
0.7
5
0.8
5
209 5.5
209 7.4
F2
Power
Efficiency
(%)
0 0
2
1
5
5
7
4
176.
2
452.
38
623.
80
242. 52.65
2
615. 65.44
54
835. 72.70
72
2.
5
7.
5
8.
5
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Heating up of apparatus
Observation without removing parallax
Loose connections
Positioning error
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Switch on the circuit only for a short duration to avoid heating.
2. Make sure the connections are tight.
3. Do not touch metallic contacts.