Professional Documents
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Compiled by :
Yuyun Margiyanti
Muslimatul Mufidati
Desi Puryani
Lulu Fitriana
Ragil Budiarto
(5213415001)
(5213415005)
(5213415021)
(5213415023)
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PREFACE
Thanks to Almighty Allah SWT for the blessings of his grace,
and that we were given the opportunity to be able to compile a
working paper entitled " Additive Used in Pulping Process is
properly and correctly, and on time.
This paper contains all about Additive Used in Pulping Process
consist of : Additives used in mechanical pulping, in bleaching
process, in sizing process additive used as pigment and filler and
about environmental issue because industry of paper and ita
handling. This paper was compiled with help from various parties.
Both parties come from outside as well as from parties concerned
itself. And because the aid and help of God Almighty, these paper
can be finally resolved.
The compilers also thanked to Mr.Achmad Chafidz
M.S.S.T.,M.Sc.,as the lecture in pulp & paper subject.who have many
professors help compilers in order to complete this paper.
Hopefully this paper can give a broader insight to the reader
about Additive Used in Pulping Process.
Thank you.
Semarang, October 10th 2016
Author
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................
CONTENT
Additives Used In Mechanical Process....................
Additives Used In Bleaching Process.......................
Additives Used In Sizing and Resist Penetration Process
Additives Used For Waste Paper..............................
Additives Used As Pigment.....................................
Additives Used As Filler...........................................
Public Health and Environmental Issues.................
Handling.................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................
2
3
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17
18
Letter designation
Chlorine
Sodium hypochlorite
Chlorine dioxide
Oxygen
Ozone
Paa
usually being more soluble at lower pH) and TCF stages rely more
heavily on oxygen-based bleaching agents, which are more
susceptible to the detrimental effects of these metal ions. Chelant
washes are usually carried out at or near pH 7. Lower pH solutions
are more effective at removing transition metals, but also remove
more of the beneficial metal ions, especially magnesium
Other bleaching agents
A variety of more exotic bleaching agents have been used on
chemical pulps. They include peroxyaceticacid, peroxyformic
acid, potassium
peroxymonosulfate (Oxone), dimethyldioxirane, which
is
generated in situfrom acetone and potassium peroxymonosulfate,
and peroxymonophosphoric acid
Enzymes like xylanase have been used in pulp bleaching to increase
the efficiency of other bleaching chemicals. It is believed that
xylanase does this by cleaving lignin-xylan bonds to make lignin
more accessible to other reagents.[2] It is possible that other
enzymes such as those found in fungi that degrade lignin may be
useful in pulp bleaching.
ADDITIVE USED IN SIZING AND RESIST PENETRATION
PROCESS
Roasin Soap
Formula : Sodium Abietate (C19H29COONa)
Composition: The word "rosin" refers to a series of chemicals
isolated from the "tall oil" that is produced during kraft pulping of
softwood species. One of the major components of softwoodwood
rosin is abietic acid, a partially unsaturated compound with three
fused six-membered rings and one carboxyl group. It is common to
treat the native rosin with fumaric acid, converting at least some of
the abietic acid and related compounds to tricarboxylic species
called "fortified rosin." These acids are tacky solids at room
temperature. Something has to be done before they can be added
effectively to a paper machine. One of these things is to saponify
the rosin by addition of base so that it becomes soluble in water.
Hydrous kaolin clay is popular paper filler due to its low price, low
abrasiveness, good availability and relatively white in color. Before 1990s it is most
uses paper filler in Europe and the United States. The sources of kaolin clay are
china, USA, Canada, Australia, UK, Brazil, Ukraine, Germany, Iran, Bulgaria,
France, Korea, India and the Czech republic.
Calcined Kaolin Clay
Calcined kaolin clay is an anhydrous form of china clay and the chemical
formulae is Al2O3.2SiO2. It is produced by calcinations process heating hydrous
kaolin clay at 1000C. At the end of this process brightness and the light scattering
coefficient is increased. Hence improve opacity. The opacity of calcined kaolin is
better than GCC or PCC and less than titanium dioxide.
Uses benefits of kaolin clay
Kaolin clay provides smooth surface of the paper, improves opacity, gloss and
printability. The particles of china clay provide the paper high density, as a result
reduces the coating penetration into the paper. The light scattering coefficient is
increased hence increase the opacity and brightness. Less wire abrasion therefore
extends life time of the wire cloth in paper machine compare with the GCC and PCC.
Improve dewatering. Kaolin clay decreases the strength of paper and creates little
foam.
Pulping Process
Total
Suspended
(kg/tonne)
Groundwood
5070
1020
TMP
4550
2550
CTMP
5055
4095
1530
Kraft, bleached
2050
7085
Solids BOD
(kg/tonne)
Sulphite,
yield
low- 3090
Sulphite,
yield
high- 9095
140250
De-inking,
tissue
non- 175180
1080
Waste paper
110115
40125
515
of
HANDLING
Water solution
A relatively recent pollution control strategy to eliminate water
pollution entirely is the closed mill concept. Such mills are an
attractive alternative in locations that lack large water sources to
act as process-supply or effluent-receiving streams. Closed systems
have been successfully implemented in CTMP and sodium-base
sulphite mills. What distinguishes closed mills is that liquid effluent
is evaporated and the condensate is treated, filtered, then reused.
Other features of closed mills are enclosed screen rooms, countercurrent washing in the bleach plant, and salt control systems.
Although this approach is effective at minimizing water pollution, it
is not yet clear how worker exposures will be affected by
concentrating all contaminant streams within the mill. Corrosion is a
major issue facing mills using closed systems, and bacteria and
endotoxin concentrations are increased in recycled process water.
Solids Handling
The composition of solids (sludges) removed from liquid effluent
treatment systems varies, depending on their source. Solids from
primary treatment principally consist of cellulose fibres. The major
component of solids from secondary treatment is microbial cells. If
the mill uses chlorinated bleaching agents, both primary and
secondary solids may also contain chlorinated organic compounds,
an important consideration in determining the extent of treatment
required. Prior to disposal, sludges are thickened in gravity
sedimentation units and mechanically dewatered in centrifuges,
vacuum filters or belt or screw presses. Sludges from primary
treatment are relatively easy to dewater. Secondary sludges contain
a large quantity of intracellular water and exist in a matrix of slime;
therefore they require the addition of chemical flocculants. Once
sufficiently dewatered, sludge is disposed of in land-based
applications (e.g., spread on arable or forested land, used as
BIBILOGRAPHY
Chan-Yeung, M and J Malo. 1995.. In Forestry products Occupational
and Environmental Respiratory Disease, edited by P Harber, MB
Schenker and JR Balmes. St. Louis: Mosby-Yearbook Inc.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
1994. 1993 Yearbook of Forest Products. Rome: FAO.
Rix, BA and E Lynge. 1996. Industrial hygiene measurements in a
new industry: The repulping and deinking of paper waste. Am J Ind
Med 30:142-147.
Schwartz, DA. 1994. Acute inhalational injury. In Textbook of Clinical
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, edited by L Rosenstock
and MR Cullen. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.
Smook, GA. 1989. Handbook for Pulp and Paper Technologists.
Atlanta, GA: Technical Association for the Pulp and Paper Industry.
Springer, AM. 1986. Industrial Environmental Control Pulp and
Paper Industry
. New York: John Wiley and Sons.