Surds PDF

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Surds and indices
This chapter deals with defining the system of real numbers, distinguishing between
rational and irrational numbers, performing operations with surds, using integers
and fractions for index notation, and converting between surd and index forms.
After completing this chapter you should be able to:
define real numbers and distinguish
between rational and irrational
numbers
simplify expressions involving surds
expand expressions involving surds
rationalise the denominators of
simple surds
use the index laws to define
fractional indices
translate expressions in surd form

and index form
evaluate numerical expressions
involving fractional indices
use the calculator to evaluate
fractional powers of numbers
evaluate a fraction raised to the
power of 1
prove general properties of real numbers.
NUMBER & ALGEBRA ACMNA 264
Diagnostic test
___
___
correct?
A the square root of 4 is 2 or 2
B 4 = 2
__
__
A 306
__
. .
2 Convert 0.312 to a fraction.
104
78
39
B ____
C ___
A ____
125
333
25
9
___
16
26
D ___
75
3
2_4
D 4.7
4 (3 5 ) =
B 225
__
__
B 82
__
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A 4 2 2 5
B 9
C 7
D 7 + 4 5
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2
O 7
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C 16 10 =
37
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1
B _5
A 5
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D 35
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C 10
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3
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4
__
B k3
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__
B 1010 25
C 85
D 215 + 610
___
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C k4
D k7
C 6
D 40.5
2
__
A 18
A 815
1
___
D ____
10
18 When evaluated, 273 =
___
9 410 25 + 610 =
___
10
D ____
6
17 In index form, k3 =
1
D 2_9
C 4_3
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1
__
2
A k 12
B 2_3
__
5
C ___
3
___
___3
___
B 7 + 210
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15
5
A___
D 900
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C 22
__
5__
=
15 Expressed with a rational denominator, ____
23
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C 14
____
C 150
40
__ =
7 ____
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1
4_9
D 10 26
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____
B 180
1
B _8
__
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C 10 43
14 (5 + 2 ) 2 =
D 42
__
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A 8
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B 10 2 6
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C 162
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A 30
__
A 7
6 Written in the form n , 56 =

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A 10 2 3
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A 28
____
D 180
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D 95
C 15
5 In simplest form, 32 =
___
C 1030
13 (23 + 5 )(23 5 ) =
A 45
__
B 302
12 2 (5 23 ) =
3 Which of the following

is not a rational number?
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D 2 5
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D 4 = 2
B 42
11 23 56 =
C 4 = 2
A 11
__
A 20
__
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C 23 + 2
__
___
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10 18 + 2 =
1 Which of the following statements is not
19
___
(__35)
B 9
=
3
A 1_3
B _5
C _3
1
D __
15
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
The Diagnostic Test questions refer to the sections of text listed in the table below.
Question
48
9, 10
1114
15
1618
19
Section
Insight Maths 9 Australian Curriculum
A Square root of a number

The square root of a number, x, is the number
that when multiplied by itself is equal to x.
For example, the square root of 9 is 3 or 3,
since 32 = 9 and (3) 2 = 9.
11004 An aerial photo of a square
__
house block (say 900 square metres).
is the positive
square root of
x.
__
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For example, 9 = 3 and 9 = 3. x is
then the negative square root of x.
Needs to be square.
EXAMPLE 1
Find the following.
a the square root of 81
b 8 1
a the square root of 81 = 9 or 9
b 81 = 9
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Exercise 11A
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c 81
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1 Find the following.

a i the square root of 4
b i the square root of 25
c i the square root of 49
d i the square root of 64
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ii
ii
ii
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4
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iii
iii
iii
iii
25
___
49
___
64
___
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4
___
25
___
49
64
___
Since there is___

no number that when multiplied by itself is equal to 9, it is not possible to nd 9 .
We say that 9 is undened. __
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The square root of 0 is 0, since 00 = 0. Zero is neither positive nor negative but we dene 0 = 0.
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
In general:
__
x is undened for x < 0
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x = 0 for x = 0
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x is the positive square root of x when x > 0.
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x is the negative square root of x when x > 0.
EXAMPLE 2
Find the following, where possible.
___
a 36
___
a 36 = 6
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b 36
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b 36 = 6
____
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c 36
d 0
c undened
d 0
Chapter 11 Surds and indices
2 Find the following, where possible.

____
_____
a 100
b 100
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f 16
____
g 16
____
l 81
____
k 25
__
c 4
h 49
____
m 64
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d 0
__
i 1
e 16
__
j 1
n 100
o 1
____
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B Recurring decimals
3
As a decimal, _8 = 0.375 and _3 = 0.333 33

3
When converted to a decimal, the fraction _8 terminates. That

is, the digits after the decimal point stop after 3 places have
been lled. We call this a terminating decimal.
When converted to a decimal, all

fractions either terminate or recur.
When the fraction _3 is converted to a decimal, the digits after the decimal point keep repeating or recurring.
We call this a recurring decimal.
.
0.3333 is written 0. 3.
We call this dot notation.
The dot above the 3 indicates that this digit recurs.
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EXAMPLE 1
Write the following recurring decimals using dot notation.
a 0.4444
b 0.411 11
d 0.415 415 415
e 0.415 341 534 153
.
a 0. 4
. .
d 0. 41 5
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c 0. 4 1
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b 0.4 1
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e 0. 415 3
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0.414 141
The dots are put above the rst and last

digits of the group of digits that repeat.
Exercise 11B UNC
1 Write the following recurring decimals using dot notation.

a 0.7777
b 0.355 55
c 0.282 828
e 0.678 467 846 784 f 1.4444
g 6.922 22
i 0.234 234 234
j 0.033 33
k 0.909 090
m 0.217 77
11005 Photo of an aerial view of an
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
iron ore train or similar (say Pilbra)
d 0.325 325 325

h 0.494 949
l 0.536 666
EXAMPLE 2
Use your calculator to convert the following fractions to decimals.
5
_
8
2
_
3
a By calculating 5 8 or using the fraction key, _58 = 0.625.

b By calculating 2 3 or using the fraction key, the display could show 0.666666666 or 0.666666667,
depending on the calculator used.
.
Both are approximations for the recurring decimal 0. 6. In the rst case the calculator has truncated the
answer (because of the limitations of the display), and in the second case the calculator has automatically
rounded up to the last decimal place.
.
2
Hence _3 = 0. 6.
2 Convert the following fractions to decimals.

a
7
_
8
5
_
9
11
__
18
f 1_23
c
h
1
_
6
22
__
33
2
d ___
11
5
e 1__
12
13
i 1__
22
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EXAMPLE 3
Convert the following decimals to fractions.
a 0.8
b 0.63
8
4
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a 0.8 = __
10 = 5
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63
b 0.63 = ___
100
3 Convert the following decimals to fractions.

a 0.6
b 0.78
c
11
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24
148
c 0.148 = ____
1000
37
= ___
250
d 0.08
0.125
e 0.256
EXAMPLE 4
Convert the following recurring decimals to fractions.
.
..
a 0. 4
b 0. 5 7
.
Let n = 0. 4.
n = 0.4444
Then
10n = 4.4444
By subtraction, 9n = 4
4
Hence
n = __
9
.
4
0. 4 = _9
..
Let n = 0. 5 7
n = 0.575757
Then
100n = 57.575757
57 19
Hence
n = ___ = ___
99 33
..
19
__
0. 5 7 = 33
4 Convert the following recurring decimals to fractions.

.
.
.
a 0. 2
b 0. 3
c 0. 5
d 0. 8
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
Before subtracting, multiply by the

power of 10 that makes the decimal
parts the same.
e 0. 7
5 Convert 0. 9 to a fraction. Discuss the result with your class.

..
..
..
a 0. 4 6
b 0. 9 1
c 0. 3 0
..
..
d 0. 6 3
e 0. 9 8

. .
. .
. .
a 0. 58 6
b 0. 23 9
c 0. 85 2
. .
. .
d 0. 42 3
e 0. 61 5
Hint: Before subtracting

multiply by 1000.
EXAMPLE 5
Convert the following recurring decimals to fractions.
.
.
a 0.3 5
b 0.512
.
Let n = 0.3 5.
n = 0.35555
Then
10n = 3.5555
and
100n = 35.5555
32 16
Hence
n = ___ = ___
90 45
.
16
__
0.35 = 45
Make the decimal parts the

same before subtraction.
.
Let n = 0.512
n = 0.512222
Then
100n = 51.2222
and
1000n = 512.2222
461
Hence
n = ____
900
.
461
0.512 = ___
900

.
.
.
a 0.3 8
b 0.65
c 0.92
.
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a 0.546
b 0.723
c 0.762
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d 0.1 6
d 0.905
e 0.0 9
.
e 0.049
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In general:
Step 1: Let n equal the recurring decimal.
Step 2: Multiply n by the positive power of the decimal place before the rst repeating digit.
Step 3: Multiply n by the positive power of the decimal place of the last repeating digit.
Step 4: Subtract Step 2 from Step 3.
Step 5: Solve for n as a fraction.
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10 Convert. .the following recurring decimals to fractions, using the. .multiples of n given.
a 0.057 (10n and 1000n)
b 0.3045 (100n and 10 000n)
. .
. .
c 0.2205 (n and 10 000n)
d 0.1275 (10n and 10 000n)
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
C Real number system

Real numbers are those that can be represented by points on a number line. Real numbers are either rational
or irrational.
A rational number is a real number that can be expressed
a
as the ratio __ of two integers, where b 0.
b
An irrational number is a real number that is not rational.
Think: rational means 'ratio-nal'.
EXAMPLE 1
Show that the following are rational numbers.
a 2_34
b 0.637
c 3
e 3.1
d 0. 4
Any terminating or recurring decimal is

11
a rational number.
4
a
3
__
_
This is in the form , where a and b are integesr; hence 2 4 is a rational number.
b
a 2_34 = ___
637
b 0.637 = ____
1000
a
This is in the form __, where a and b are integers; hence 0.637 is a rational number.
b
c 3 = _31
a
This is in the form __, where a and b are integers; hence 3 is a rational number.
b
.
d 0. 4 = _49
.
a
This is in the form __, where a and b are integers; hence 0. 4 is a rational number.
b
1
e 3.1 = 3__
10
31
= __
10
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a
This is in the form __, where a and b are integers; hence 3.1 is a rational number.
b
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Exercise 11C
2
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3
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5
1
_
7
1
_
2
converted to a decimal, the decimal

either terminates or recurs.
b 1_58
c 4_23
e
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5
__
12
f 69%
g 6.5%
h 17_23 %
EXAMPLE 2
Convert the following real numbers to decimals and discuss whether they are rational or irrational.
__
a 2
Using a calculator:
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a 2 = 1.414 213 562
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b 5
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NUMBER & ALGEBRA
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Show that the following are rational numbersE
by expressing them in the form __.
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a 4
b 0.91
c
5
d 0.7
e 5
f 2.84
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4
R i 16
g 0.53
h 2.6
j __
k 30%
l 7.3%
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UN rational numbers to decimals.
Convert the following
When a rational number is
b 5 = 2.236 067 978
Since neither decimal terminates or recurs (although we can show answers to only 9 decimal places,
the limit of the calculator display) these numbers cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers and
hence are not rational. They are irrational numbers.
EXAMPLE 3
Determine whether the following real numbers are rational or irrational.
___
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a 6
___49
16
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a 6 = 2.449 897 43
Since__the decimal neither terminates nor recurs, it cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers,
so 6 is an irrational number.
___
___49 = __7 (since __7 __7 = ___49)

16
16
___
16
a
This is in the form __, where a and b are integers, so ___ is a rational number.
49
b
3 Determine whether the following real numbers are rational or irrational

__
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a 8
___
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b 9
c 11
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4
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25
___16
5
EXAMPLE 4
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Using a calculator 6 = 2.449 489 743 Write true or false for the following statements and discuss.
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a 6 = 2.44
b 6 = 2.449
c 6 = 2.4494
a 2.442 = 5.9536
b 2.4492 = 5.997 601
c 2.44942 = 5.999 560 36
The statement is false.

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E as a decimal.
written
Because 6 is irrational, its exact value cannot be
T
ECapproximations for 6 .
The values given in parts a, b and c are rational
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Using a calculator, 2 = N
1.414 213 562 Write true or false for the following statements.
U
a 2 = 1.41
b 2 = 1.414
c 2 = 1.4142
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5 Write rational approximations, correct to 3 decimal places, for the following.

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a 11
b 15
c 37
d 99
____
e 151
6 a Using a ruler and set square, copy the diagram.

P1
1
O
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
b Use Pythagorass rule to calculate the length of the interval OP1.

__
c Using a pair of compasses, with point at O, accurately mark the position of 2 on the number line.
7 a Extend the diagram in question 6 as shown.

P2
1
P1
2
1
O
3
b Calculate the length of OP2.

__
c Mark the position of 3 on the number line.
__
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8 Extend the diagram in question 7 to show the positions on the number line of 4 , 5 , 6 ,
Extension
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9 Proof that 2 is irrational
__
In Example 2 we cannot be certain that the decimal form

of 2 does not terminate or recur after some large
__
number of decimal places; hence it is not a proof that 2 is irrational. Work through thesg proof with your
teacher.
__
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a
Assume that 2 is rational. That is, assume that 2 can be written in the form __, where a and b are integers
b
and the fraction is written in its simplest form (that is, a and b have no common factors).
__
a
If
2 = __
b
a2
then, squaring both sides,
2 = __2
b
and
a 2 = 2b 2 . (1)
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Hence a 2 is even (any multiple of 2 is even) and therefore a is even.

If a is even, then a may be written in the form 2k, where k is an integer.
a = 2k
a 2 = 4k 2
Substituting a 2 = 4k 2 into (1), 4k 2 = 2b 2
b 2 = 2k 2
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Hence b 2 is even and therefore b is even.
a
But if a and b are both even, the fraction __ cannot be in its simplest form, which contradicts our original
b
statement.
__
a
Therefore
2 cannot be written in the form __, where a and b are integers with no common factor.
__
b
Hence 2 is not rational; it is irrational.
D Properties of surds
__
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The set of irrational numbers contains numbers such as 2 , 2 , , etc.

3
A set is a group of objects

(numbers, letters, names, etc.).
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
In section C we distinguished between rational and irrational numbers.

__
Irrational numbers that contain the radical sign 8 are called surds.
When working with surds we may use the following properties:
If x > 0 and y > 0,
__
__
(x ) = x = x
2
__
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xy = x y
__
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x__
x__
___
y = y
Exercise 11D
1 Simplify the following.
___
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a (11 )2
b 112
__
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d 82
h (52 )2
i (107 )2
__
g (23 )2
f (32 )2
__
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c ( 8 )2
e (6 )2
__
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j (45 )2
EXAMPLE 2
Simplify the following.
__
__
a 5 3
__
__
__
__
__
__
Use the property xy = x y .

__
__
b 6 7
__
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a 5 3 = 5 3
___
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= 15
= 42

__
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a 2 7
___
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b 6 7 = 6 7
__
___
__
b 3 10
__
__
__
f 3 2 5
___
e 13 17
__
__
c 5 2
___
__
__
g 7 5 10
EXAMPLE 3
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d 7 11
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a 28
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Use the property xy = x y

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a 28 = 2 14 or 4 7
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= 2 14 or 4 O
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Since 4 is a perfect square,
N 4 simplies to 2, so choose the second product.
U
28 = 4 7
__
___
__
__
__
___
__
__
__
= 2 7
__
= 27
b Look for factors of 45, one of which is a perfect square.

___
__
__
45 = 9 5
__
= 3 5
__
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
= 35

___
___
a 12
b 20
___
___
f 90
g 50
c 18
___
h 75
d 27
____
i 200
e 8
___
j 98
l 32
m 48
n 72
o 12 8
___
k 24
10
___
___
___
___
___
__
___
EXAMPLE 4
__
___
__
___
a 3 12
__
__
__
__
b 2 6
___
a 3 12 = 36
___
b 2 6 = 12
__
=6
__
= 4 3
__
= 23

__
__
__
___
a 8 2
b 2 32
___
__
__
f 14 2
___
__
c 5 20
___
__
h 15 3
__
g 8 5
__
___
___
d 2 10
___
__
e 10 5
__
__
j 3 8
__
i 15 5
EXAMPLE 5
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Express 35 in the form n .

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= 9 5
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= 45
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5 Express in the form n .

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a 32
b 23
EXAMPLE 6
___
16
a ___
25
__
4
_
5
6 Simplify
the following.
___
a
21
___9
9
___
16
___
__
e 107
___
11
___
25
___
1
2_4
__
x
x
__ .
Use the property __y = ___
y
___
___
16
___
16
a ___ = ____
25
25
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c 45
11
___
11
___
= ____
25
25
___
11
____
=
5
___
___
1
6_4
___
7
1_9
__
9
= __
4
__
___
17
___
25
___
1
2_4
9
__
= ___
4
3
1
= __ = 1_2
2
___
9
___
25
___
___
___
5
___
16
___
3
1_4
___16
11
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
__
35 = 3 5
___
5
2_9
11
EXAMPLE 7
___
12
____
a __
3
__
___
40
__
c ____
5
__
x
x
__ .
Use the property __y = ___
___
___
y
12
12
__ = ___
a ____
3
3
__
= 4
___
15
__
b ____
5
___
___
___
15
15
__ = ___
b ____
5
5
__
= 3
__
=2
= 22

___
___
___
18
__
b ____
2
24
__
a ____
6
___
( )
___
30
__
f ____
6
___
20
___
d ____
10
24
__
e ____
8
24
__
h ____
2
32
____
__
2
54
__
j ____
3
___
___
24
____
__
3
___
18
__
c ____
3
___
8 Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons.
___
__
__
__
a (5 )2 = 5
b 3 7 = 21
c (42 )2 = 8
___
___
40
40
__ = ___
c ____
5
5
__
= 8
___
__
12
f ____
= 6
2
__
e 20 5 = 10
___
1
1_4
1
1_2
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h
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d 18 = 23
___
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of surds
E Addition and subtraction
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11006 Photo of an Arabic or Latin
The term surd traces back to the Arab

mathematician al-Khwarizmi (about 825 ad)
who referred to rational and irrational numbers
as audible and inaudible respetively. This
eventually led to the Arabic asamm (deaf, dumb)
for irrational numbers being translated as surdus
(deaf, mute) in Latin.
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scholar or of a person with hand to ear

or a hearing aid or old-fashion hearing
trumpert
Surds can be added or subtracted only if they are

like surds (that is, if they have the same value
under the radical sign).
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
EXAMPLE 1
__
__
__
__
a 32 + 52
__
a 32 + 52 = 82
12
__
__
__
__
b 85 25
__
b 85 25 = 65
Exercise 11E
__
__
a 53 + 43
___
___
___
d 510 710
__
__
___
b 711 + 611
__
g 156 36 46
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
c 75 35
e 63 + 43 + 53
f 83 + 53 73
h 85 35 + 25
i 35 85 + 25
EXAMPLE 2
__
__
__
a 2 2 + 53 + 32
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
b 76 + 47 36 57
Collect like surds.

__
__
__
__
__
__
__
a 42 + 53 + 32 =42 + 32 + 53
__
__
__
= 72 + 53

__
__
__
a 52 + 43 + 62
__
__
__
b 76 + 47 36 57 = 76 36 + 47 57
__
= 46 7
__
__
__
__
___
__
__
__
b 73 + 45 + 35
c 57 210 + 37
e 710 46 610
f 52 + 63 32 + 3
S
F
O
g 63 + 27 53 47
h 105 43 53 + 2 5
i 411 310 611 210
O
R
P
EXAMPLE 3
GE
A
P
D
E b 50 18
a 18 + 2
T
EC
R
Convert to like surds before adding or subtracting.
R
O
a 18 + 2 = 9
b 50 18 = 25 2 9 2
C2 + 2
N
U32 + 2
=
= 52 32
___
__
__
__
___
__
___
__
__
__
__
__
__
___
__
___
__
__
__
__
___
___
___
___
__
___
___
___
___
___
___
e 45 + 20
__
___
__
h 62 18 22
__
___
__
b 12 + 53
g 24 + 36 46

__
___
__
a 56 + 24 35
___
__
__
__
___
__
___
___
d 28 + 27 + 63 + 12
__
__
__
b 50 + 63 8
___
___
__
__
e 75 20 + 45 56
___
__
___
___
c 20 25
___
___
f 54 24
___
i 75 48 27
___
__
___
__
__
c 810 + 45 90
f
___
__
__
___
__
__
e 6 5 5 6 = 0
____
72 3 8 + 6 3 108
__
__
___
__
__
__
__
__
a 5 + 3 = 8
b 35 25 = 1
c 24 6 = 6
d 43 + 27 = 610
___
__
__
__
___
__
= 22

___
__
a 18 + 42
__
___
__
= 42
d 62 8
__
__
___
___
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
__
d 65 + 211 3 5
___
75 25 = 50
13
F Multiplication of surds
__
Surds can be multiplied using the properties
__
and
__
x = x
__
__
y = xy .
EXAMPLE 1
__
__
__
a 4 37
b 35 23
__
__
a 4 37 = 4 3 7
__
__
__
__
__
d 58 43
__
__
__
__
b 35 23 = (2 3) (5 3 )
___
__
= 127
__
__
c 62 38
__
__
__
__
c 62 38 = (6 3) (2 8 )
__
= 615
d 58 43 = (5 4) (8 3 )
___
___
= 18 16
= 20 24
= 18 4
= 20 4 6
= 72
= 20 26
__
__
__
__
= 406
S
F
O
O
R
P
E
AG
Exercise 11F
P
D
E
e 105 T
37
C
hR2E
32 52
ORk 66 22

__
a 5 23
__
__
__
___
__
__
__
b 2 62
d 33 62
g 62 318
__
___
__
__
C
N
U
j 53 28
__
__
__
c 47 10
__
__
f 67 76
___
__
i 5 320
___
__
l 310 2
EXAMPLE 2
__
__
__
__
__
a 3(7 + 26 )
__
__
b 2 (7 35 )
__
__
__
c 43 (25 + 32 )
__
__
a 3(7 + 26 ) = 3 7 + 3 26
__
__
__
__
__
= 37 + 66
__
__
__
__
Use the distributive law to remove

grouping symbols: a(b + c) = ab + ac
b 2 (7 35 ) = 2 7 + 2 (35 )
___
__
___
= 14 310
__
__
__
__
__
__
c 43 (25 + 32 ) = 43 25 + 43 32
___
__
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
= 815 + 126

__
__
a 5(6 + 3 )
__
__
__
d 3 (5 + 2 )
___
__
___
g 210 (62 310 )
14
__
__
___
__
b 2(5 + 43 )
c 4(210 32 )
e 5 (6 43 )
__
__
__
h 52 (35 26)
f 2 (3 5 + 27 )
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
i 36 (43 + 28 )
EXAMPLE 3
__
__
__
a (5 + 3)(5 4)
__
__
__
__
__
__
Use binomial expression to remove grouping symbols:

(a + b)(c + d) = a(c + d) + b(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
= 5 45 + 35 12
__
__
__
__
__
a (5 + 3) (5 4) = 5 (5 4) + 3(5 4)
__
__
__
b (23 25 )(43 + 5 )
= 7 5
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
b (23 25 )(43 + 5 ) = 23 (43 + 5 ) 25 (43 + 5 )

___
___
= 24 + 215 815 10
___
= 14 615

__
__
a (3 + 5)(3 + 2)
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
e (32 + 4)(22 7)
f (25 3)(45 + 3)
__
__
__
g (52 33 )(32 + 43 )
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
a (2 3 )(2 + 3 ) = ( 2 )2 ( 3 )2
__
__
__
= 2 3 = 1

__
__
a (5 3)(5 + 3)
__
__
__
__
__
___
__
(a + b)(a - b) = a2 - b2
(a - b)(a + b) = a2 - b2
__
___
__
__
b ( 10 + 7 )( 10 7 )
__
__
__
__
e (45 32 )(45 + 32 )
__
d ( 6 3 8 )( 6 + 3 8 )
__
__
P
D
E
T
(82 + 35 )(82 35 ) = (8 2 )C
(3 5 )
E
R
R== 64128245 =9 635
O
C
N
U
__
__
i (26 43 )(36 3 )
S
F
O
O
b (8 2 +P
3R
5 )(8 2 35 )
E
AG Use the special binomial expansions:
a ( 2 3 )( 2 + 3 )
__
h (37 + 52 )(7 42 )
EXAMPLE 4
___
c (10 6)(10 1)
__
d (23 + 5)(3 + 1)
___
__
b (7 + 3)(7 4)
__
__
__
c (27 + 5 )(27 5 )
__
___
__
___
f (5 2 + 3 10 )(5 2 3 10 )
EXAMPLE 5
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
a (7 + 3 )2 = (7 )2 + 2 7 3 + (3 )2
Use the binomial expansions of perfect squares:
___
__
__
b (35 25 )2
= 7 + 221 + 3
__
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
__
a ( 7 + 3 )2
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
__
__
__
__
b (35 25 )2 = (3 5 )2 2 3 5 2 2 + (2 2 )2
(a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
___
= 9 5 12 10 + 4 2
___
= 45 1210 + 8
___
= 53 1210
15

__
a (3 + 6)2
__
__
__
__
c (10 5 )2
e (37 25 )2
f ( 11 5 5 )2
__
d (25 + 3)2
___
b (5 + 2 )2
___
__
__
__
___
__
__ __
a 4 35 = 126 0
b 7 (2 3) = 14 3
__
__
__
__
__
__ __
__
__
c 23 (32 + 3 ) = 66 + 6
d (32 + 53 )(2 3 ) = 9 + 26
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
e (6 + 3)(26 5) = 36 2
f (25 3 )(25 + 3 ) = 17
__
__
__ __
__
__
g (5 + 7 )(5 7 ) = 24
h (5 + 3 )2 = 8
___
___
__
i (27 10 )2 = 38 470
G Rationalising the denominator

To rationalise the denominator of a fraction means to convert it to an equivalent fraction with a rational
(non-surd) denominator.
EXAMPLE 1
S
F
O 53
O
R d ____
Rationalise the denominator of each of the following.

__
3
__
5__
1__
___
___
___
a
b
c
7
7
7
P
E
G5 7
5 A ___
___
___
P
Db 7 = 7 7
__
__
E
T
C
__
3
__
3 ___
__
7
__
c ___
= ___
7
7
7
___
21
= ____
7
__
7
1__
1__ ___
a ___
__
= ___
7
7
7
__
7
= ___
7
__
__
__
RE
R
O
__
__
7
__
___
=1
7
__
__
__
NC
__
57
= ____
7
__
__
5__3 ___
5__3
7
= ____
__
d ____
7
7
7
___
521
= _____
7
Remember:
__
x = x
__
Exercise 11G
1 Rationalise the denominator of each of the following.
1__
a ___
1__
b ___
1
___
c ____
5__
d ___
3__
e ___
8__
f ___
__
__
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
3
__
g ___
5
__
7
__
h ___
3
10
7
___
11
__
i ____
__
__
4___
3
____
10
2
__
j ___
7
3__2
k ____
5
3__7
m ____
6
5__5
n ____
2
4__
10
o _____
3
__
16
__
___
11007 Photo of a person or hands

trimming and loosening the roots of a
root-bound plant lifted from a pot
EXAMPLE 2
Rationalise the denominator of each of the following.
5__
1__
a ____
b ____
47
47
__
__
5__
3
c ____
47
__
__
7
1__
1__ ___
a ____
__
= ____
47
47 7
__
7
= _____
47
__
7
___
=
28
__
__
___
521
= _____
28
57
= ____
28

1 __
a ____
2 3
1__
b ____
35
4__
c ____
52
10
__
f ____
43
5___
7
g _____
310
6__
2
h ____
53
___
__
__
__
__
a Expand and simplify (5 + 3 )(5 3 ).

b Hence rationalise the denominator of each of the following.
P
D
E
T
C
__ 1 __
i ________
5 + 3
__
__
E
R
R
=2
O
__
__
___
S
F
O
O
R
__
__
ii ________
5 3
___
a (5 + 3 )(5 3 ) = 5 15 + 15 3
b
NC
2__
7
j ____
56
P
E
AG 1
__
__
__
3___
5
_____
211
EXAMPLE 3
__
5__
e ____
32
8__
d ____
37
Extension
__
__
5__
3
53__ ___
7
c ____
= ____
__
47
47 7
7
5__
5__ ___
b ____
= ____
__
47
47 7
Remember: (a + b)(a b) = a2 b2.
__
__
__
3
5
__ 1 __ = ________
__ 1 __ ________
__
i ________
5 + 3
5 + 3
5 3
__
__
5 3
_______
2
(a b) is called the conjugate of (a + b),

and (a + b) is the conjugate of (a b).
__
__
3
5 + __
1 __ ________
__ 1 __ = _______
__
__
ii ________
5 3
5 + 3
5 3
__
__
5 + 3
= ________
2
__
11008 Photo or drawing of Yin-yang

__
__
symbol with + and sign
__
3 a Expand and simplify (7 + 2 )( 7 2 ).

1 __
__
ii ________
7 + 2
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
__ 1 __
i ________
7 2
___
__
___
__
4 a Expand and simplify (10 + 3 )(10 3 ).

b Hence rationalise the denominator of the following.
__
1___
i ____
+ 3
10
___1 __
ii _________
10 3
17
__
__
__
__

__1
i _______
__ 1
ii ______
5 + 2
5 2
__
__

10 __
ii ______
5 __
i ______
6 + 3
6 3
EXAMPLE 4
__
__
__
__
a Expand and simplify (5 2 + 3 )(5 2 3 ).

b Hence rationalise
the denominator of each of the following.
__
__
__
__
__
2 __
2 __
3
ii __________
5 2 3
6 __
__
i _________
5 2 + 3
__
__
__
__
a (52 + 3 )(52 3 ) = (5 2 )2 ( 3 )2
__
__
= 25 2 3
= 47
__
Simplify the numerator

as much as possible.
__
__
3
5 2__ __
6 __ ________
6 __ _________
__
= __
i ________
52 + 3 52 + 3
5 2 3
___
ii
_____
10 3 3 2
= ____________
47
C
N
U
__
__
DP
E
T
C
RE
R
O
__
__
__
_____
__
S
F
O
O
R
__
__
__
17 3 6
= _________
47
__

b Hence rationalise
the denominator of each of the following.
__
5 __
__
i _________
23 + 2
__
7 __
__
ii _________
23 2
__
__
8 a Expand and simplify (32 + 5)(32 5).

__
2__+ 3
i _______
32 + 5
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
__
__ 1
a ______
6 2
___ 3 __
b _________
10 + 2
5 + 1__
__
c ________
3 2
10 2
___
d _______
10 + 2
2 __
2 __
3
e __________
2 2 + 3
2__
5 + 3__
2
f __________
25 32
___
18
__
3__
24
ii _______
32 5
__
__
__
__
P= _______________________
10 2 + 2 6 5 6 3
E
47
AG
___
5 12 18
= ____________
47
5 4 3 9 2
= _________________
47
__
2__
2 __
3
2 __
3 ________
3
2__
52 + __
________
= ________
__
52 3
52 3
52 + 3
__
__
__
H Fractional indices
A surd can be expressed in index form as a fractional index.
n
__
In general,
where n is the nth root of a.
4
__
We say that:
1
__
= an
is in surd form.
1
__
a4 is in index form
1
2
EXAMPLE 1
1
__
__
a Use the index laws to simplify (a4)4.

1
__
b Simplify (4 a )4.
__
c Hence show that a4 = 4 a .

1
__
__
1
__
a (a4)4 = a4 4
__
__
__
S
F
O
O
R
= a1
=a
1
__
__
b (4 a )4 = 4 a 4 a 4 a 4 a
=a
1
__
__
__
P
E
AG
c Since (a4)4 = (4 a )4 = a, then a4 = 4 a .
P
D
E
T
C
Exercise 11H
RE
R
O
1
__
1 a Use the index laws to simplify (a2)2.

__
C
N
U
b Simplify (a )2.
1
__
__
c Hence show that a2 = a .
1
__
2 a Use the index laws to simplify (a3)3.

__
b Simplify (3 a )3.
1
__
__
c Hence show that a3 = 3 a .
EXAMPLE 2
Write the following in index form.
__
__
1
__
a 7 = 73
3
3 Write the following in index form.

___
__
3
a 10
b 7
6
___
e 56
__
f 3 y
__
__
__
c 5
__
5
g k
1
__
= m5
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
a 7
___
d 38
__
h n x
19
EXAMPLE 3
Write the following in surd form.
1
___
1
__
a k5
b z10
1
__
1
___
__
a k 5 = 5 a
b z10 = 10z
4 Write the following in surd form.

1
__
1
__
1
__
a m4
b y2
1
__
d t8
1
__
1
__
e 176
1
__
c p3
f 254
1
__
g 623
h xn
EXAMPLE 4
Evaluate the following.
1
__
1
__
a 252
b 2564
___
1
__
1
__
a 252 = 25
____
b 2564 = 256
4
=5
= 4 (since 4 4 4 4 = 256)
P
E
AGi 64
5 Evaluate the following.

1
__
1
__
a 492
1
__
b 273
1
__
1
__
c 6254
1
__
g 1212
h 814
EXAMPLE 5
d 325
P
D
E
T
C
1
__
f 83
S
F
O
O
R
1
__
3
1
__
e 1 000 0006
1
___
j 110
RE
R
O
1
__
Use your calculator to evaluate 125 correct to 2 decimal places.

1
__
5
12 1.64
Check:
12
12 1.64
___
C
N
U
122
SHIFT
Some calculators have different keys

for these operations.
6 Use your calculator to evaluate the following, correct to 2 decimal places.

1
__
1
__
a 53
b 24
1
__
1
__
c 2985
d 412
EXAMPLE 6
Write the following in index form.
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
__
1 3
__
__
a (m )3 = (m2)
1
__
3
= m2
3
__
= m2
20
___
b m3
a (m )3
___
1
__
b m3 = (m3)2
1
3 __
2
=m
3
__
= m2
1
__
e 8316

___
__
a (m )5
b m5
___
___
4
4
e 103
f (10 )3
__
__
d a5
__
h (n x )7
c (a )5
__
g (7 x )n
EXAMPLE 7
Write the following in surd form.
5
__
3
__
a k4
b w3
3
__
1
__
5
__
1
__
a k 4 = (k4)3 or (k3)4
__
__
1
__
__
= (k )3 or k3
4
1
__
b w 3 = (w3)5 or (w5)3
= (3 w )5
___
or w5
3
8 Write the following in surd form.

2
__
4
__
a k3
3
__
b m3
5
__
d a5
n
__
3
__
e 176
3
__
c t2
f 254
5
__
g x5
h xn
EXAMPLE 8
S
F
O
O
R
Evaluate the following.

5
__
3
__
a 83
b 252
5
__
4
__
DP
E
T
C
RE
R
O
b 8
NC
3
__
f 83
___
3
__
= 25
= 32
a 92
P
E
AG = 5
__
a 83 = (8 )5
2
__
3
3
__
b 252 = (25 )3
3
__
= 125
5
__
4
__
c 164
d 273
3
__
g 492
e 42
3
__
h 325
i 10 0004
2
__
j 1253
__
10 Use your calculator to evaluate the following, correct to 2 decimal places where necessary.
4
__
b 7293
3
__
c 16 8075
3
__
d 2984
13
___
e 102410
11009 Photo of students using a

calculator to work out fractional
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
3
__
a 612
indices
21
Some properties of real numbers
Exercise 11I
1 Use the fraction key on your calculator to evaluate (as fractions) the following.
a
(__52)
a
2 Show that __b
()
(__65)
(__97)
(__23)
(__34)
b
= __
a.
3 If a and b are real numbers, determine whether the following
A counter example is an example that

demonstrates the statement is false.
statements are true or false. If false, give a counter example.

(Hint: Try several different pairs of real numbers to test the truth of the statements.)
a i a + b is a real number.
ii a b is a real number.
iii a b is a real number.
iv a b is a real number.
b i a+b=b+a
ii a b = b a
iii a b = b a
iv a b = b a
c i (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
ii (a b) c = a (b c)
iii (a b) c = a (b c)
iv (a b) c = a (b c)
d i a0=0
ii a + 0 = a
e i a1=a
ii a a = 1
S
F
O
O
R
P
E
Gstatements are true or false. If false give
If m and n are rational numbers, determine whether the following
A
P
a counter example.
ED
a m + n is always rational.
b m n is always rational.
T
C
c m n is always rational.
d m n is always rational.
E
R
Rcondition.
Find a pair of surds that satisfy each
O
Remember:
C
gives
product.
a The product of the surds
is
irrational.
N
U
gives
quotient.
b The product of the surds is rational.
c The quotient of the surds is irrational.
d The quotient of the surds is rational.
6 a Write three consecutive integers starting with y.

b Hence show that the sum of any three consecutive
Consecutive means in order

and without gaps.
integers is divisible by 3.
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
7 a Show that any even real number can be written in the form 2k, where k is an integer.
b Show that any odd real number can be written in the form 2k + 1, where k is an integer.
c Hence prove the following properties of real numbers.
i The sum of any two even numbers is even.
ii The sum of any two odd numbers is even.
iii The sum of an even number and an odd number is odd.
iv The product of two even numbers is even.
v The product of an odd number and an even number is even.
vi The product of two odd numbers is odd.
22
Language in mathematics
1 a Explain, in words, how to calculate:
i the square of a number
ii the square root of a number.
b Write down the:
i square of 9
ii square root(s) of 9.
c Which of the following numbers are perfect squares: 1, 4, 12, 25, 27, 200?
d Write in words:
1
__
__
__
i m2
ii m
iii m
iv m2
2 What is a:
a real number?
b rational number?
c irrational number?
3 Use words from the list below to complete the following statements.
a
b
c
d
radical, terminating, false, rationalising, recurring

Every rational number can be expressed as a _____ or _____ decimal.
Converting the denominator
of a fraction into a rational number is called _____ the denominator.
__
The mathematical sign is called the _____ sign.
A counter example is an example that demonstrates that a statement is _____.
S
F
O
O
R
4 Write down an example of three consecutive integers.

5 a Find the sum and the product of 5 and 9.
b What is the quotient when 13 is divided by 5?
P
E
6 Use a dictionary to write down two meanings of each word.
AG
P
a general
b property
c index
D
E
T been spelt incorrectly. Rewrite them with the correct spelling.
7 Three of the words in the following listC
have
E intejer
ratio, convurt, indixes, recur,R
fractional,
R
O
C
Terms
N
U
approximation
binomial expansion
conjugate
consecutive
convert
counter
fractional
like surds
radical sign
square
example
general
perfect square
ratio
square root
denominator
index law
power
rational
surd
distributive law
indices
product
rationalise
terminating
dot notation
integer
property
real number
undened
expansion
irrational
quotient
recurring
Check your skills

___
C 25 = 5
____
D 25 = 5
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
1 Which of the following statements is not correct?

___
A the square root of 25 is 5 or 5
B 25 = 5
...
2 Convert 0. 312 to a fraction.

78
A ___
25
103
B ____
300
39
C ____
125
103
D ____
330
C 3_34
D 21
3 Which of the following is not a ___

rational number?
___
A 17
___16
9
23
__
4 (23 )2 =
A 12
B 36
__
D 6
C 6
___
5 In simplest form, 80 =
__
___
A 108
B 810
___
__
C 220
D 45
__
__
6 Written in the form n , 27 =

___
___
A 14
B 28
___
____
C 98
D 196
___
50
__ =
7 ____
5
A 10
___
1
9_4
___
__
__
B 10
C 25
D 52
B 3_12
C 3_14
D 9_12
___
37
A ____
2
__
__
__
9 65 23 + 35 =
__
__
___
__
__
__
C 56
P
E
AG
__
__
12 5 (32 3) =
___
A 310 3
__
__
DP
__
___
B 602
E
T
C
RE
R
O
___
___
B 30 15
C
N
U
__
__
13 ( 6 2 6 )( 6 + 2 2 ) =
__
__
A 20
B 2 6 4 2
C 524
___
___
C 310 15
__
C 2 8 3
__
D 120
___
___
C 5 214
B 25
D 2
___
D 9 214
__
3__2
=
15 Expressed with a rational denominator, ____
25
__
__
32
32
A ____
B ____
5
10
___
310
C _____
10
6___
D _____
210
1
__
16 122 =
A 6
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
__
D 3 10 35
__
14 (7 2 )2 =
A 5
B
3
1
_
6
___
C 12
1
___
144
__
17 In index form, k4 =
A k 12
4
__
3
__
B k3
C k4
D k1
B 21_13
C 8
3
__
18 When evaluated, 164 =

A 12
24
__
S
F
O
O
D 35
R
__
B 53
11 43 52 =
__
A 206
__
__
D 42 + 35
C 72
___
10 12 + 27 =
___
A 39
__
__
B 95 23
A 77
1
_
8
4
19 __3
()
A _43
1
__
12
3
_
4
D _34
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections listed in
thetable.
Question
48
9, 10
1114
15
1618
19
Section
11A
Review set
1 Find the following, where possible.

___
a Square root of 16
b 16
___
____
c 16
2 Convert the following rational numbers to decimals.

a _38
b 23%
c
__
d 16
1
_
3
e 0
d 3_12
a
b
3 Show that the following are rational numbers by expressing them in the form __.
.
S
d
0.
5
F
O
Determine whether the following real numbers are rational or irrational.
RO
P
3
16
E
a 3
b 5
c 9
d __
e ___
9
4
G
A
P
D
E c 6 7
a (2 )
b (52 )
d 35 27
T
C
E
Rform.
Express the following in simplest
R
Ob 20
a 18
c 3 12
d 8 3
C
UN in the form n .
Express the following
a 3_14
c 0.83
__
__
___
__
__
__
___
__
__
__
___
___
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
b 52
a 25

___
16
___
25
___
___
17
___
25
15
__
e ____
20
__
f ____
___
__
__
___
f
___
___
1
4_4
___
___
b 27 6 = 21
= 2_2
__
c 50 18
__
__
c 45 = 53
__
20
e ____
= 5
2
__
___
b 82 66 + 46
___
4
1_9
___
21
__
h ____
__
d 2 32 = 8
11 Write true or false.

__
__
__
a 6 + 3 = 9
b 3___
5 = 15
___

__
__
__
a 53 + 73 23
24
__
g ____
9 Write true or false.

__
a 72 = 7
__
___
___
1
2_4
___
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
b 5
___
d 25 + 20
__
__
__
c 57 47 = 7
25

__
__
a 28 52
__
__ __
d 5 (7 + 2 )
__
__
g (6 + 3) (6 3)
__
__
___
b 68 23
__
__
__
e 32 (25 33 )
__
h (37 + 4)2
c 4 510
__
__
__
__
f (3 + 22 )(23 2 )
13 Rationalise the denominator of:
__
3
___
b _____
210
1
___
a ____
10
__
__
14 a Expand and simplify (2 + 1)(2 1).

1
2 + 1
__
.
b Hence rationalise the denominator of ______
15 Write each of the following as a surd.

1
__
2
__
3
__
1
__
a k3
b k5
c k4
d k3

__
_
a z
b 3 y
c m5

5
__
a 42
c 83
(5)
18 Write __4
11B
__
___
d 3 y2
4
__
1
__
b 252
2
__
d 3433
S
F
O
O
R
as a fraction.
P
E
AG
Review set
1 Find the following where possible.

___
a Square root of 36
b 36
P
D
E c 36
T
C
___
RE
R
O

a _58
b 49%
c
NC
____
__
d 36
2
_
3
e 0
d 4_12
a
3 Show that the following are rational numbers, by expressing them in the form __.
b
.
a 3_13
b 4
c 0.27
d 0. 3
4 Determine whether the following real numbers are rational or irrational.
__
a 5.2
___
__
c 36
b 7

__
a (3 )2
__
b (53 )2
6 Express the following in simplest form.

__
___
a 8
b 45
d
__
__
__
__
c 5 6
c 8 2
___
5
__
8
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
8 Simplify
the following.
__
9
a __
4
___
18
__
e ____
6
26
11
___
4
___
24
__
f ____
6
__
___
7
1_9
___
24
__
g ____
2
__
d 8 6
__
__
__
b 43
___
16
d 27 62
__
7 Express the following in the form n .

__
a 27
___9
___
1
3_4
___
45
__
h ____
5
9 Write___
true or false.
a 102 = 10
__
__
___
___
b 5___
3 = 15
__
20
e ____
= 5
4
___
d 2 18 = 6
the following.
10 Simplify
__
__
__
a 4___
2 + 52 102
___
c 45 20
b 5__
3 6___
5 45
d 36 + 24
11 Write__ true __or false.

___
a 7__+ 5 =
12
__
c 66 56 = 1
b ___
27 ___
12 = ___
15
d 20 10 = 10

___
__
a 212 53
__ ___
__
d 3 (10 3 )
___
__
___
__
g ( 10 6 )( 10 + 6 )
__
__
__
__
___
___
___
__
__
__
__
S
F
O
O
R
__
__ .
__
b Hence rationalise the denominator of ________
5 2
1
__
b n4
RE
R
O

__
__
a m
b 3 w
C
N
U
(3)
18 Write __5
11C
P
E
AG
Pc
D
E
T
C

1
__
a 83
= 3_2
__
14 a Expand and simplify ( 5 + 2 )( 5 2 ).
1
__
c 3 72
__ __
__
__
f (7 + 3 )(7 23 )
2__
b ____
35
1__
a ___
5
a n2
___
1
9_4
__
b 46 23
__
__
__
e 25 (23 35 )
__
h (26 5)2
13 Rationalise the denominator of:
__
c 54 = 63
4
__
3
__
d n5
n3
__
__
d 4 y3
c t3
3
__
1
__
b 492
3
__
c 164
d 3242
as a fraction.
Review set
1 Find the following where possible. __

a Square root of 9 b
9 c
__
___
__
d 9
e 0

1
_
8
b 137%
5
_
9
d 5_23
a
b
3 Show that the following are rational numbers by expressing them in the form __.
a 1_78
b 2
c 0.314
d 0. 6
4 Determine whether the following real numbers are rational or irrational.

__
a 17
___
b 11
____
c 100
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
7
__
9
___
___25
16
27

__
a (7 )2
__
___
__
__
c 5 11
b (27 )2
6 Express the following in simplest form.

___
___
a 60
b 54
___
__
d 36 25
___
__
c 20 5
__
d 24 2
__
7 Express the following in the form n .

__
a 102
___
9
___
16
___
___
__
b 37
____
17
___
16
___
30
___
e ____
10
___
___
___
__
b 43 = 12
c 63 = 73
___
40
e ____
= 10
4
the following.
10 Simplify
__
__
__
a 25 + 8 5 5
b 63 53 + 27
11 Write___true or___false. ___

a 10 + 10 = 20
b 12 3 = 3
__
__
___
the following.
12 Simplify
__
__
a 28 58
__ __
__
d 3 (6 + 5 )
__
__ __
__
g (5 + 37 )(5 37 )
60
__
h ____
5
___
d 27 3 = 9
1___16
___
48
__
g ____
6
__
__
___
__
__
__
__
RE
R
O
C
N
U
= 1_3
S
F
O
O
R
__
___
__
c 3 27
___
___
f (10 + 5)(10 6)
__
2__
b ____
37
__
1
5 23 .
__
b Hence rationalise the denominator of ________

1
__
NUMBER & ALGEBRA
2
__
c w2
d w3

__
_
a n
b 4 z
c n2
the following.
17 Evaluate
1
__
2
a 16
c 92613
(3)
__
18 Write 8
28
3
__
1
__
b w6
as a fraction.
3
__
b 252
__
__
___
d ( m2 )2
4
__
__
d 28 2 7 = 2 7
14 a Expand and simplify (5 + 23 ) (5 23 ).
a w3
___
d 3 + 27
P
E
AG
__
c 95 85 = 1
b 48 26
__
__
__
e 52 (35 22 )
__
__
h (5 + 23 )2
__
___
P
D
E
T
C
__
___
4
1_9
c 32 18
13 Rationalise the denominator of the following

1__
a ___
7
___
27
__
f ____
3
9 Write__true or false.
a 32 = 3
____
9
1___
16
3
__
d 12964

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11

Surds and indices

translate expressions in surd form

NUMBER & ALGEBRA ACMNA 264

18 When evaluated, 273 =

6 Written in the form n , 56 =

3 Which of the following

1 Which of the following statements is not

NUMBER & ALGEBRA

Insight Maths 9 Australian Curriculum

A Square root of a number

11004 An aerial photo of a square

house block (say 900 square metres).

a the square root of 81 = 9 or 9

1 Find the following.

Since there is___

NUMBER & ALGEBRA

Chapter 11 Surds and indices

2 Find the following, where possible.

As a decimal, _8 = 0.375 and _3 = 0.333 33

When converted to a decimal, the fraction _8 terminates. That

When converted to a decimal, all

The dots are put above the rst and last

Exercise 11B UNC

1 Write the following recurring decimals using dot notation.

11005 Photo of an aerial view of an

NUMBER & ALGEBRA

iron ore train or similar (say Pilbra)

Insight Maths 9 Australian Curriculum

d 0.325 325 325

a By calculating 5 8 or using the fraction key, _58 = 0.625.

2 Convert the following fractions to decimals.

3 Convert the following decimals to fractions.

4 Convert the following recurring decimals to fractions.

NUMBER & ALGEBRA

Before subtracting, multiply by the

5 Convert 0. 9 to a fraction. Discuss the result with your class.

Chapter 11 Surds and indices

6 Convert the following recurring decimals to fractions.

7 Convert the following recurring decimals to fractions.

Hint: Before subtracting

Make the decimal parts the

8 Convert the following recurring decimals to fractions.

9 Convert the following recurring decimals to fractions.

NUMBER & ALGEBRA

C Real number system

Insight Maths 9 Australian Curriculum

Think: rational means 'ratio-nal'.

Any terminating or recurring decimal is

converted to a decimal, the decimal

a 2 = 1.414 213 562

NUMBER & ALGEBRA

b 5 = 2.236 067 978

Chapter 11 Surds and indices

___49 = __7 (since __7 __7 = ___49)

3 Determine whether the following real numbers are rational or irrational

The statement is false.

5 Write rational approximations, correct to 3 decimal places, for the following.

6 a Using a ruler and set square, copy the diagram.

b Use Pythagorass rule to calculate the length of the interval OP1.

Insight Maths 9 Australian Curriculum

7 a Extend the diagram in question 6 as shown.

b Calculate the length of OP2.

_49 = 7 (since 7 7 = ___49)