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C.P. Espinola, E. Galamiton, K.D. Geronimo, A.C. Greas, J.N. Guce, O. Icamen
Group 3, 2FPH, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Espaa, Manila
ABSTRACT
Extraction is a technique that uses two immiscible phases to disperse the substance from one phase into the other. The concept of immiscibility is one of
the factors of theory in extraction. There are two kinds of extraction, the single and multiple extractions. In this experiment, caffeine was extracted from
tea leaves by means of the multiple extraction procedure. Ten grams of tea bag was boiled in a solution of 4.4 grams of anhydrous sodium carbonate
and 100 milliliters of distilled water, at that juncture was placed in a separatory funnel with 60 milliliters of dichloromethane. Through the use of
Erlenmeyer flask containing half a spatula of anhydrous sodium sulfate, the extract was sapped, then and there transported into an evaporating dish and
subsequently evaporated to dryness. The extract collected was weighed and found to be 1.05 grams. The percentage yield was calculated by dividing
the mass of crude caffeine by the mass of the tea leaves used. The percentage yield was 10.5%. The outcomes in this multiple extractions experiment
were compared with the results gained from single extractions in terms of their efficacy.
I.
Introduction
Extractions are a way to separate a desired
substance when it is mixed with others. The mixture
is brought into contact with a solvent in which the
substance of interest is soluble, but the other
substances present are insoluble. It makes use of
two immiscible phases to separate the substance
from one phase into the other. Typical lab
extractions are of organic compounds out of an
aqueous phase and into an organic phase. The
distribution of a solute between two phases is an
equilibrium condition described by partition theory.1
The technique used to separate an organic
compound from a mixture of compounds is called
extraction. Extraction process selectively dissolves
one or more of the mixture compounds into a
suitable solvent. The solution of these dissolved
compounds is referred to as the Extract. Here the
organic solvent dichloromethane is used to extract
caffeine from an aqueous extract of tea leaves
because caffeine is more soluble in dichloromethane
(140 mg/ml) than it is in water (22 mg/ml).2
Single extraction is commonly used on the small
scale in chemical labs.3 It is normal to use a
separating funnel. Multiple extraction is known as an
elegant way to increase the extraction yield.
Different solvents dissolve different components of a
material extracted.4
II.
Methodology
1. The Experimental Set-up
For
the
caffeine
to
dissolve
into
the
dichloromethane, physical exacerbation was
required. The separatory funnel was rotated on the
palm, permitting the substances to swirl, and
intermittently opening the cap to allow air to drip.
5.
III.
10 g
Evaporating dish
and Caffeine
87.35g
Empty
Evaporating dish
86.30g
Caffeine
1.05g
Percentage recovery:
% Yield =
1.05
10
100
100
= 10.5 % yield
A percentage yield of 10.5% is obtained after
computing the ratio of weight of crude caffeine and
weight of tea leaves multiplied by 100%. Therefore,
in every 10 grams of tea leaves it contains 1.05
grams of caffeine.
Figure 2.9 Preparation to be evaporated
b) Formation of Emulsions
Emulsions are small droplets of the organic layer
that are suspended in the aqueous that are
result of vigorous shaking of separatory funnel.
Conclusion
V.
References
From book:
[5] Bathan, G.I., Bayquen, A.V., Crisostomo, A.B.C.,
Cruz, C.T., De Guia, R.M., Farrow, F.L., Pea, G.T.,
Sarile, A.S. & Torres, P.C. (2014). Laboratory
Manual in Organic Chemistry. Manila: C&E
Publishing, Inc. p.27-28
From internet:
[1] [No author mentioned] Definition of Extraction
http://www.chemicool.com/definition/extraction.html
[2] [No author mentioned] Extraction of Caffeine
from Tea
vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=3&brch=64&sim=169&cnt=1
[3] [No author mentioned] Liquid-liquid Extraction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%E2%80%93liqui
d_extraction#Batchwise_single_stage_extractions
[4] [No author mentioned] Multiple Extraction
http://www.funqa.com/chemistry/2501-1-Chemistry4.html
[6] Postu, A. Isolation of Caffeine from Tea Leaves
via Acid-Base Liquid-Liquid Extraction,
http://edspace.american.edu/ap7794a/wpcontent/uploads/sites/159/2015/03/Isolation-ofCaffeine-from-Tea-Leaves-via-Acid-Base-LiquidLiquid-Extraction.pdf