Grappling (Agarre): techniques, maneuvers, and counters applied to an opponent i

n order to gain a physical advantage, such as improving relative position, escap

ing, submitting, or injury to the opponent.
>Clinching (Abrazar): both competitors on their feet using various clinch holds
applied to the upper body of the opponent. Clinching is generally used to set up
or defend against throws or takedowns.
>Takedowns: used by one grappler to manipulate his opponent from a position wher
e both are initially standing, to a position on the ground. The grappler complet
ing the takedown aims to end on top of the opponent in a position of relative co
ntrol.
>Throws: A throw is a technique in which one grappler lifts or off-balances his
opponent and maneuvers him forcefully through the air or to the ground. The purp
ose of throws varies among the different disciplines of grappling with some emph
asizing throws with the potential to incapacitate the opponent, while leaving th
e thrower standing, or to gain a takedown or controlling position.
>Sprawling: A sprawl is a defensive technique done usually when the opponent att
empts a takedown. It is performed by shifting the legs backwards and spread out
in one fast motion. If done correctly one will land on their opponent's back and
gain control.
>Submission holds: There are generally two types of submission holds: those that
would potentially strangle or suffocate an opponent (chokes), and those that wo
uld potentially cause injury to a joint or other body part (locks). In sport gra
ppling, a competitor is expected to submit, either verbally or by tapping the op
ponent, to admit defeat when he is caught in a submission hold that he cannot es
cape. Competitors who refuse to "tap out" risk unconsciousness or serious injury
.
>Securing or Controlling Techniques: A pin involves holding an opponent on his b
ack in a position where he is unable to attack. In some styles of competitive gr
appling a pin is an instant victory, and in other styles it is considered a domi
nant position that is rewarded with points. Other controlling techniques are use
d to hold an opponent face down on the ground or on all fours in order to preven
t an escape or attack. Either of these types of technique may also be used as a
prelude to a submission hold.
>Escapes: In a general sense, an escape is accomplished by maneuvering out of da
nger or from an inferior position; for example when a grappler who is underneath
side control moves to guard or gets back to a neutral standing position, or whe
n a grappler is able to maneuver out of a submission attempt and back to a posit
ion where he is no longer in immediate danger of being submitted.
>Turnovers: used to maneuver an opponent who is on all fours or flat on their st
omach to their back, in order to score points, prepare for a pin or in order to
gain a more dominant position.
>Reversals or Sweeps: These occur when a grappler who was underneath his opponen
t on the ground is able to maneuver so that he gains a top position over his opp
onent.