HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

HUMANDEVELOPMENT
A. Definition
Developmenta progressive series of changes that occur as a result of maturation
andexperience
B. TheDevelopmental Changes
Thegoal of developmental changes is to enable people to adapt to the environmentin which
they live; achieve through self realization or as it sometimes calledself actualization.
Because selfrealization plays an important role in mental health, people who make
goodpersonal and social adjustments must have opportunities to express theirinterests and
desires in ways that give them satisfaction but at the same time,conform to the accepted
standards. Lack of these opportunities will result infrustrations and generally negative
attitudes toward people and toward life ingeneral.
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

SignificantFacts About Development

Early foundations are critical
Rolesof maturation and learning in development
Developmentfollows a definite and predictable pattern
Allindividuals are different
Eachphase of development has characteristicbehavior.
Eachphase of development has hazards
Developmentis Aided by Stimulation
Developmentis Affected by Cultural Changes
SocialExpectations for Every Stage of Development
TraditionalBelief about People of all Ages

D.
1.

Stagesin the Life Span

The Prenatal Period:Begins at conception and ends at birth.
Approximately270 to 280 days or nine calendar months

2.
Infancy: Birthto the end of second week

The shortest of all developmental periods

Time of radical adjustments

Plateauin development

Hazardous period
3.
Babyhood: End of second week to end of second year

True foundation of age

Ageof rapid growth and change

Ageof decreasing dependency

Ageof increased individuality

Thebeginning of socialization

Appealingage

Beginningof creativity

Hazardousage
4.
Early Childhood: twoto six years
Characteristics:
Parents problem or troublesome age
Educators preschool age
5.
Late Childhood: Sixto ten or twelve years
Characteristics:

Parents troublesome age/sloppyage/quarrelsome age

Educators Elementary school age
Psychologists gang age/age ofconformity
6.
Puberty or Preadolescence: Tenor twelve to thirteen or fourteen years

Overlappingperiod

Shortperiod

Dividedinto stages (prepubescent, pubescent and post pubescent stages)

Timeof rapid growth and change

Occursat a variable age

7.
Adolescence:Thirteen or fourteen to eighteen years

Animportant period

Atransitional period

Aperiod of change

Aproblem age

Atime of search of identity

Adreaded age

Atime of unrealism

Athreshold of adulthood
8.
Early Adulthood:Eighteen to forty years

Reproductiveage

Problemage

Periodof emotional tension

Periodof social isolation

Timeof commitment

Often a period of dependency

Timeof value change

Timeof adjustment to new lifestyle

Creativeage
9.
Middle Age:forty to 60 years

Adreaded period

Atime of transition

Atime of stress

Adangerous age

Anawkward age

Atime of evaluation

Evaluatedby a double standard

Thetime of empty nest

Atime of boredom
10. Old Age or Senescence:sixty years to death

A period of decline

Judge by different criteria

There are many stereotypes of old people

Social attitudes towards old age

Elderly have a minority group status

Aging requires role changes

Poor adjustments id characteristics of old age

The desire for rejuvenation is widespread in old age

E. TheDevelopmental Tasks
Purposes
1.
Servesas guidelines that enable individuals to know what society expects of them
atgiven ages.
2.
Itmotivates individuals to do what the social group expects them to do at certainages
during their lives

3.
Itshow individuals what lies ahead and what they will be expected to do when
theyreach their next stage development.
DevelopmentalTask during the Life Span
1. Babyhoodand Early Childhood
1.1 Learningto take solid foods
1.2 Learningto walk and talk
1.3 Learningto control the elimination of body waste
1.4 Learningsex differences and sexual modest
1.5 Gettingready to read
1.6 Learningto distinguish right and wrong and beginning to develop a conscience
2. LateChildhood
2.1 Learningphysical skills necessary for ordinary games
2.2 Buildingwholesome attitude toward oneself as a growing organism
2.3 Learningto get along with age-mates
2.4 Beginningto develop appropriate masculine on feminine social roles
2.5 Developingfundamental skills in reading, writing and calculating
2.6 Developingconcepts necessary for everyday living
2.7 Developinga conscience , as sense of morality, and a scale of values
2.8 Developingattitudes toward social groups and institutions
2.9 Achievingpersonal independence
3. Adolescence
3.1 Achievingnew and more mature relations with age-mates or both sexes
3.2 Achievinga masculine of feminine social role
3.3 Acceptingones physique and using ones body effectively
3.4 Desiring,accepting, and achieving socially responsible behavior
3.5 Achievingemotional independence from parents and other adults
3.6 Preparingfor an economic career
3.7 Preparingfor marriage and family life
3.8 Acquiringa set of values and an ethical system as a guide to behavior-developing
anideology
4. EarlyAdulthood
4.1 gettingstarted in an occupation
4.2 Selectinga mate
4.3 Learningto live with a mai
4.4 Startinga family
4.5 Rearingchildren
4.6 Managinga home
4.7 Takingon civic responsibility
4.8 Findinga congenial social group
5. MiddleAge
5.1Achieving adult civic and social responsibility
5.2Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adult
5.3Developing adult leisure-time activities
5.4Relating oneself to ones spouse as a person
5.5Accepting and adjusting to physiological changes of middle age
5.6Reaching and maintaining satisfactory performance in ones occupation career
57Adjusting to aging parents
6. OldAge
6.1 Adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health
6.2 Adjusting to retirement and reduced income
6.3 Adjusting to death of spouse
6.4 Establishing an explicit affiliation with member ofones age group
6.5 Establishing satisfactory physical living arrangement

6.6 Adopting to social roles in a flexible way

F. FACTORSINFLUENCING MASTERY OF DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
Handicapsto Mastery
1.
Aretarded developmental level
2.
Lackof opportunity to learn the developmental tasks or lack of guidance in theirmastery
3.
Lackof motivation
4.
Poorhealth
5.
Physicaldefects
6.
Alaw intellectual level
Aidsto Mastery
1.
Anormal or accelerated developmental level
2.
Opportunitiesto learn the developmental tasks and guidance in mastering them
3.
Motivation
4.
Goodhealth and the absence
5.
Ahigh level of intelligence
6.
creativity
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
I.Concepts and Principles of Human Behavior
A. Definition
HumanBehavior- voluntary or involuntary attitude of a person adopts tofit
societys idea
of rightand wrong.
B.Viewpoints in the Study of Human Behavior
1. Neurological- emphasizeshuman actions in relation to events taking place inside
the body,
especially the brain and the nervous system.
2. Behavioral- focuseson the external activities that can be observed and
measured.
3. Cognitive- concernedwith the way the brain processes and transforms
information in various
ways.
4. Psychoanalytical- emphasizesunconscious motives stemming from represses
sexual and
aggressiveimpulses in childhood.
5. Humanistic- focuseson the subjects experience, freedom of choice and
motivation towards
self- actualization.
C. Factors that Affect Human Behavior
1. Heredity-itis determined by genes. Genes are segments of cell structures
calledchromosomes by which parents pass on traits to their offspring.
2. Environment- consistsof the conditions and factors that surround and influence on
individual.
3. Learning-is the process by which behavior changes as a result of experience or
practice.
D.Motivation of Human Behavior
1.The Needs Theory of Human Motivation
Thistheory states that, throughout the life, desires, wishes and
drives,collectively called needs, motive all.When not fulfilled, these needs place the

individual under stress and in order to relieve the tensions created, one hasto strive for
appropriate satisfactions.
Theseneeds are arranged according to its hierarchy, to wit:
1. Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, air, etc.
2. Safety needs: the need for freedom from threat and danger
3. The Sense of Belonging and Love Needs: the need for affiliation,belongings
and
acceptance
4. Esteem Needs: the need for achievements, strength, competence,reputation
and status or
prestige
5. The Need for Self- Actualization: the need for self fulfillment to
realizepotentialities to
become what one iscapable of becoming.
2. The Psychodynamics of Human Motivation
Psychodynamics , which literally meansmotivation to action, define human
behavior in
terms of the inner personality of theinner self. The concept
of subjective life and inner
forces within,called mental personality. It
claimedthat the mind has three levels by which its
psychic forces operate,
namely: the Id, Ego and Superego.
E. Causes and Conflicts in HumanBehavior
1. Physical Causes
Refers to natural causes, like typhoon, earthquake, fire, flood, storm, etc
2. Social Conflicts
Restrictions of rules in the home, school and community
3. Economic Conflict
Result from ones inability to acquire material things because of poverty, or other financial
obligation
F. TwoBasic Types of Human Behavior
<img><img> <img>
Type
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1. Inherited
Behavior

Concept
Behavioralresponse or reflex exhibited by
people due to their geneticendowment or
theprocess of natural selection.

Example
Breathing,ingesting food,
voiding waste,mating and
Defendingoneself.

<img>
2. Learned
Involves cognitive adaptation thatenhances
Verbal Communication,
Behavior
the human beings ability to cope withchanges Logical problem
solvingtechniques,
In the environment andto manipulate the
job skills,etc.
Environment in ways toimprove the changes
For service
G. Other types of Behavior
<img><img><img>
Types
1. Habitual
2. <img><img>Instinctive
3. <img>Symbolic
4. Complex
situation

Behavior
Motor,emotional, language
Unlearnedbehavior
Substitutebehavior
Twoor more habitual behavior occur in one

H.Causes of Human Behavior

1. Sensation-feeling or impression of stimulus
1.1 Visual- sight
1.2 Olfactory-smell
1.3 Cutaneous-touch
1.4 Auditory-hearing
1.5 Gustatory-taste
2. Perception-knowledge of stimulus
3. Awareness- psychological activity, it is accordance withthe interpretation and
experience of
objectsof stimulus
I. Attributes of Human Behavior
1. Duration- how long in terms offunctions of time.
2. Extensity- spatialcharacteristics.
3. Intensity- magnitude,disintegrative.
4. Quantity- normal or abnormal,unacceptability.
J.Characteristics of Behavior
1. Primarily native or learned.
2. Evokedby external stimuli or internal need.
3. Automatic,voluntary, conscious motor or intentional.
K. Personality Dimensions that Affect Human Behavior
<img><img><img>
Types
Characteristics
Effect
<img>
1. Extraversion
greatest role

Frequently seek stimulation, excitement

Andthrills

<img>
2. Neuroticism
influence the

Get them in trouble

incrime and delinquency

Intensely react to stress, generallymoody, Enhance habits and

touchy, sensitive toslights and anxious or individual tobehave anti-socially
nervous.

<img>
3. Psychoticism
individualw/

cold cruelty, social insensitivity,disregard

for danger,troublesome behavior, dislike
of others, attractiontowards the unusual

Impulse aggressive

outappreciable conscience or
concern forothers

FRUSTRATION IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Frustration Defined
Frustration refers to the situation whichblocks the individuals motivated behavior.
Sustained frustration may becharacterized by anxiety, irritability, fatigue or depression.
Three Basic Forms ofConflict
1. Approach-Avoidance Conflict - Approach can beindicated by a plus sign and avoidance
is represented by a minus sign.Approach-avoidance occurs when an
<a>individual</a>moves closer to a seemingly desirable object, only to have the
potentiallynegative consequences of contacting that object push back against the
closingbehavior.

2. Approach-Approach Conflict - This is aconflict resulting from the necessity of choosing

between two desirablealternatives. There are usually two desirable thingsare wanted, but
only one option can be chosen.
3. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict - Thisform of conflict involves two undesirable or
unattractive alternatives where aperson has to decide of choosing one of the undesirable
things. A conflict betweentwo dangers or threats is usually more disturbing. For example, a
man maydislike his job intensely but fear the threat of unemployment if he quits.
Manifestation of Frustration
An individual may manifestfrustration by anxiety, irritability, emotional tension,
depression or fatigue.The frustrated individuals are usually unhappy or restless. Frustration
mayusually starts if a person failed to satisfy his needs or goals in life.Obstacles and
difficulties sometimes stand a way in the between the individualand his goal. Some of the
reason why some people failed to realize or achievetheir goals is the following:
1. Unrealistic Goals itcan be seen when a persons level of aspiration is much higher
than his levelof achievement.
2. Harmful or Antisocial Goals when a persons desire or intention to reach his goal
isharmful to others.
3. Conflicting Goals when two or more goals of a person rebound to his personal
interest and thebenefit of the goal is one sided.
4. Environmental Difficulties when goals cannot be simply attained due to so
manyhindrances within a person.
Coping Mechanism
Copingmechanism is defined as the way people react to frustration. People differin
the way they react to frustration. This could be attributed to individualdifferences and the
way people prepared in the developmental task they facedduring the early stages of their
life.
DevelopmentalTask refers to the task imposed on the individual by maturation
andculture that prepares a person to the next stages of their life.
Frustration Tolerance
The ability to withstand frustration withoutdeveloping inadequate modes of
response such as being emotionally depressed orirritated, becoming neurotic, or becoming
aggressive.
Some people can manage to withstandprolonged period of frustration without
showing any sign of abnormality.However, some may exhibit abnormal behavior.
Afrustration reaction can be broadly classified into fight-flight:
1. Fight is manifestedby fighting the problem in a constructive and direct way by means
of breakingdown the obstacles preventing the person reaching his goals.
2. Flight it can bemanifested by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent and giving up.
Reactionsto frustration can also be recognized into different types such as:
1. Direct approach - can be seen amongpeople who handle their problems in a very
objective way. They identify firstthe problem, look for the most practical and handy way to
solve it, andproceeded with the constructive manner of utilizing the solution which
willproduce the best results.
2. Detour - when an individualrealizes that in finding for the right solution of the problem,
he always endup with a negative outcome or result. Thus, he tries to make a detour or
changedirection first and find out if the solution or remedy is there.
3. Substitution - most of time areresulted to in handling frustration when an original plan
intended to solve theproblem did not produce the intended result, thus the most practical
way toface the problem, is to look for most possible or alternative means.
4. Withdrawal or retreat- iscorresponding to running away from the problem or flight
which to some is thesafest way.
5. Developing feeling ofinferiority -comes when a person is unable to hold on to any
solution which gives a positiveresult. Being discourage to go on working for a way to handle

a frustrationcould result to diminishing self-confidence, until the time when

inferioritycomplex sets in.
6. Aggression - is a negativeoutcome of a person's inability to handle frustration rightly.
Manifestation inphysical behavior can be observed in one's negative attitudes towards life
bothin the personal and professional aspect.
7. Use of DefenseMechanism is the most tolerated way of handling frustration. It is a
mans last resultwhen a person attempts to overcome fear from an anticipated situation or
event.
Defense Mechanism An unconsciouspsychological process that serves as safety
valve that provides relief fromemotional conflict and anxiety. A form of self-deception that a
person may notbe aware of. It is often resulted to whenever equilibrium is threatened
bysevere emotional injury arising from frustration.
Common Defense Mechanisms
1.

Displacement - strong emotion, such as anger, is displaced onto another person or

object as the recipient of said emotion (anger), rather than being focused on the person
or object which originally was the cause of said emotion.
2.
Rationalization - isthe defense mechanism that enables individuals to justify their
behavior tothemselves and others by making excuses or formulating fictitious,
sociallyapproved arguments to convince themselves and others that their behavior islogical
and acceptable
3.
Compensation - isthe psychological defense mechanism through which people
attempt to overcomethe anxiety associated with feelings of inferiority and inadequacy in
one is ofpersonality or body image, by concentrating on another area where they canexcel.
1.
Projection - manifest feelings and ideas which are unacceptable to the ego or the
superego and are projected onto others so that they seem to have these feelings or
ideas, which free the individual from the guilt and anxiety associated with them.
2.
Reaction formation - is defined as the development of a trait or traits which are the
opposite of tendencies that we do not want to recognize. The person is motivated to act
in a certain way, but behaves in the opposite way. Consequently, he is able to keep his
urges and impulses under control.
6.
Denial when a person uses this,he refuses to recognize and deal with reality
because of strong inner needs.
7.
Repression is unconscious process whereby unacceptable urges or painful
traumatic experiences arecompletely prevented from entering consciousness.
1.
Suppression - which is sometimes confused with that of repression, is a conscious
activity by which an individual attempts to forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and
experiences by pushing them out of his mind.
9.
Identification - in this defense mechanism, an individual seeks toovercome his own
feelings of inadequacy, loneliness, or inferiority by takingon the characteristics of someone
who is important to him. An example, is achild who identifies with his parents who are seen
as models of intelligence,strength and competence
1.
Substitution - through this defense mechanism, the individual seeks to overcome
feelings of frustration and anxiety by achieving alternate goals and gratifications.
Unanswered emotions of love, unfulfilled longings, unattainable plans and ambitions, and
unacceptable urges and impulses, will create feelings of anxiety and guilt unless some
substitute gratification is attained.
2.
Fantasy - this is resulted to whenever unfulfilled ambitions and unconscious drives
do not materialize.

12. Regression a person reverts toa pattern of feeling, thinking or behavior which was
appropriate to an earlierstage of development.
13. Sublimation isthe process by which instinctual drives which consciously
unacceptable arediverted into personally and socially accepted channels. It is a positive
andconstructive mechanism for defending against own unacceptable impulses andneeds.
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
A. Definitions
Abnormal Behavior is abehavior that fails to meet the characteristics of a normal person
such as:
freeexpression of personality; adequate security feeling; efficient contact withreality;
adaptability to group norms; emotional maturity; adequate selfknowledge; and Integrated
and consistent personality.
Criminal Psychology is a study that deals on criminal behavior.
B. Typesof Abnormal Behavior
1.

PERSONALITYDISORDER
It originates duringearly development process leading to maladaptive
behavior.
Classification of Personality Disorder
<img> <img>
<img>Classification
Characteristics
1. Passive-Aggressive
Passive dependent aggressivedue to
overindulgence.
2. Hysterical personality disorder
Easilyexcitable emotional instability, dramatically
attention getting, immature, with tendencyto sexualize
<img> contacts with opposite sex.
3. Compulsive Personality Disorder Excessive concern forconformity, rigid, maybe
intelligent
<img>
but trait of characterexplains his undoing.
4. Paranoid Personality
Hypersensitive unwarrantedsuspicion, jealousy, envy,
feelings of excessive importance
2.

NEUROSES
Neurosesor psychoneuroses are behavioral disorder brought about by
emotional tensionresulting from frustration, conflicts, repression or insecurity.
Theycompromise with reality by developing imaginary ailments, phobias, obsessions,
compulsion, anxiety ordepression.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Factors to be Considered in Understandingthe Causes of Neuroses

Predisposingor Constitutional Factors
ChildhoodDevelopment Patterns
TheImmediate Life Situation
TheCultural Factor
Classification of Neuroses According to the Most Striking Symptoms

1. Anxiety Reactions

Principallymanifested in diffused and consciously experience feelings of anxiety

andapprehension for which there seem to be no specific basis in reality.
2. Hysteria
Manifested byexperiencing disabilities which include paralysis of the limbs,
intenseaches and pains, deafness, blindness, loss of voice, continuous vomiting, heador
hand tremors without any pathological basis.
Forms of Hysteria
2.1 Amnesia- adisorder in which the individual cannot recall his or her name and
remembers little or nothing about the past.
Typesof Amnesia
a)
Anterograde-the inability to retain information which has just been seen or read.
b)
Retrograde-the inability to recall any event which took place during certain period
oftime.
c)
Localized-the inability to recall events which are related to a particular situation.
2.2 Fugue- an amnesia statewhere one wonders away from his or her home or usual
surroundings and whenawareness set in, there is no recollection as to how he or she came to
bethere.
2.3 Multiple Personality- adramatic form of Hysteria where the patient develops two or
more separated andvery different personalities.
2.4 Somnambulism- adreamlike state where the person walks about and carries on
certain activitieswhich are not remembered later.
3. Psychastenia
A psychoneurotic conditionaccompanied by a vast range of mental and emotional
symptoms which cannot becontrolled. The person is fear-ridden by unreasonable dreads or
phobias, obsessionsand compulsion. Other symptoms of Psychastenia are unreasonable
elation,constant depression or over inhibition.
Formsof Psychastenia
3.1 Phobias- anirrational or exaggerated fear of an object, person, act or situation.
Characteristics of Phobia
a) Reasons for the fear do not make sense.
b) The fear paralyzes instead of enhances theability to deal with the problem.
c) The fear seems to be caused by the threat ofa discharge of self destructive aggressions.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)

SomeExamples of Phobias
Achluphobia or nyctophobia- fear of dark
Acrophobia- fear of high places
Aerophobia- fear of flying
Agoraphobia- fear of open spaces
Ailurophobia- fear of cats
Anglophobia- fear of pain
Amaxophobia- fear of vehicles and driving
Anthophobia- fear of flowers
Antrophobia- fear of people
Aquaphobia- fear of water

k)
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p)
q)
r)
s)
t)
u)
v)
w)
x)
y)
z)
aa)
bb)
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dd)
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Arachnophobia- fear of spiders

Astraphobia- fear of thunder, lightning orstorms
Cheimophobia- fear of cold
Claustrophobia- fear of closed places
Gynophobia- fear of dogs
Dipsophobia- fear of drinking
Ecophobia or Oikophobia - fear of home
Electrophobia- fear of electricity
Erythrophobia- fear of blushing
Gamophobia-fear of marriage
Hematophobia- fear of blood
Hydrophobia- fear of water
Ideaphobia- fear of thoughts
Ochlophobia- fear of crowds
Ophidiophobia- fear of snakes
Ornithophobia- fear of birds
Pathophobia- fear of disease
Phobophobia- fear of developing a phobia
Rypophobia- fear of dirt
Sitophobia- fear of eating
Taphophobia- fear of being buried alive
Thermophobia- fear of heat
Xenophobia- fear of strangers

3.2 Obsession- anidea or series of ideas which recur so frequently that it interferes
withnormal thinking.
3.3 Compulsion- anirresistible tendency to perform an act or ritual which the individual
feels
tocompelled to carry out even though it it recognized as irrational- he or she mustdo so in
order to reduce the tension.
Examples of Compulsion
1. Arithmomania- the impulse to count everything.
2. Dipsomania-the impulse to drink liquor
3. Homicidalmania- the impulse to kill
4. Kleptomania-the impulse to steal
5. Megalomania-the impulse for fame or power
6. Pyromania-the impulse to set things on fire
7. Suicidalmania- the impulse to take ones life
4. Traumatic Neuroses
Itis manifested in a situation where the individual fears for his or her
safety.
5. Operational Fatigue
Otherwise known as war neuroses, itis manifested in response to a battle
environment.
3.PSYCHOSES
Seriousmental illness where behavior is unpredictable. Psychotic persons have a
whollyunrealistic interpretation of the self and the life around them. Their ego haslost
control over the personality. Theyhave great mood swings- extreme depression to extreme
exaltation. They are quitand docile at one moment and hyperactive, even violent, the next.
They aresocially inept.

Classification of Psychoses
Organic/Somatogenic
Stemfrom a wide variety of causes, but damage or injury to the brain or other partsof
the central nervous system is always involved.
1.

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

Types of Organic Psychoses

Psychosesassociated with infectious disease
Psychosesassociated with toxins
Psychosesassociated with head injuries
Psychosesassociated with old age

Symptoms of Organic Psychoses

a)
Impairment of intellectual functions
b)
Emotional instability, shown by generalirritability or violent mood swings without
apparent cause.
c)
Inappropriate behavior and changes in generalconduct, including lack of interest in
personal appearance, neglect ofresponsibilities and an anti social behavior.
2. FunctionalPsychosis
Aserious mental disorder involving the total personality with no observable tissue
damage. Having no organic basis, theseailments are believed to result from years of living
under emotional stress.
Formsof Functional Psychosis
2.1 Schizophrenia-apsychotic condition marked by withdrawal from reality, indifference
concerning everyday problems, andtendency to live in a world of fantasy. It was formerly
called dementia praecoxby Emil Kreaplin, a GermanPsychiatrist. The term schizophrenia
was given by Eugene Bleuler whichliterally means splitting of theminds. It may be
simple (withdraws from social contact); hebephrenic (fits of laughter orchildish giggling,
grimacing for hours without apparent reasons; catatonic (cycles of psychomotorreactions in
stupor); paranoidSchizophrenia (marked by delusions and hallucinations).
2.2 Affective Disorder-characterizedby periods of depression or elation orboth (manic,
depressed and mixed)
2.3 Paranoia-main symptom is characterized by suspicion.
Typesof Paranoia
a)
PersecutoryParanoia- having delusions of persecution. The person believesthat
some persons are plotting to harm him or her in some way.
b)
LitigiousParanoia- having delusions of both persecution and grandeur, andmay go to
great lengths to bring alleged persecutors to court.
c)
EroticParanoia- also called amorous paranoia- having delusions that acertain person
is in love with him or her.
d)
ExaltedParanoia- having grandiose delusions and believes him/ herself assomeone
with great power or importance; usually a religious crusader, a socialreformer, or inventor.
e)
JealousParanoia- the most numerous, marked by extreme and irrationaljealousy.
4.ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY
Thisis a mentally- disturbed person who is opposed to the principles upon
whichsociety
is based.
Characteristics of Anti-Personality
a)
A classic manipulator or con artist.
b)
One of the most significant characteristicsof this personality is the absence of
conscience or any guilt feeling.
c)
The person has not incorporate the moralvalues of society into his life.

d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
He is

He is often a glib and convincing speaker andpresents himself extremely well.

The anti-social personality is selfish andstrives for physical pleasure.
Most of his pursuits revolves aroundmanipulating people to acquire personal gains.
He is often impulsive and demands immediatelysatisfaction.
He is unable to learn from past experiences.
also a chronic liar