RAC Experiments Final

EXPERIMENT NO.
- 1
TITLE:- Trial on Vapour Compression Test Rig.
AIM:- To find Coefficient of Performance for Vapour Compression Refrigeration System.
THEORY:Refrigeration is a process by which the temperature of a given space is reduced below
that of the atmosphere or surroundings. Refrigeration can be realized by several methods, for
example, Ice refrigeration, Dry ice refrigeration, Evaporative refrigeration, Air refrigeration,
Vapour compression refrigeration etc. The modern refrigeration uses the vapour compression
refrigeration method. In this method, a closed system (the refrigerant) experiences a
thermodynamic cycle; by virtue of doing net work on the system in such a cycle, it is possible
to extract heat from a low temperature source ( the refrigerated space) and to reject heat to a
higher temperature sink (the atmosphere or cooling water).
Figure 1. shows the schematic of the vapour compression refrigeration machine. The
thermodynamic cycle in Temperature Entropy (T-S) and Pressure Enthalpy (P-H)
diagrams are shown in Figure 2. The cycle consists of the following Processes:
(1) (2): Isentropic compression (in ideal cycle) of vapour refrigerant from lower
pressure to higher pressure, temperature increases. (But in actual practice,
the process is not isentropic because of losses and inefficiency).
(2) (3): Condensation of high pressure and temperature of saturated/superheated
vapour to liquid at high pressure.
(3) (4): Constant enthalpy process in throttling valve or capillary tube expansion of
high pressure liquid refrigerant to lower pressure liquid vapour mixture,
temperature decreases.
(4) (1): Vaporisation of refrigerant in evaporator at constant lower pressure. Cooling
of atmosphere or surroundings takes place due to absorption of latent heat
in vaporisation.
Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik
In the ideal cycle the refrigerant enters the throttling valve/capillary as a liquid at (3)
and leaves at (4) at constant enthalpy as liquid-vapour mixture. The refrigerant enters the
evaporator and extracts heat from the refrigerated space at constant temperature (T1) and
lower pressure in the vapourisation process (4 1). The refrigerant may leave the evaporator
as a two phase mixture ar as a saturated vapour or as a slightly superheated vapour as shown
in Fig. 2. Ideally, the refrigerant is compressed to the condenser pressure in the isentropic
process (1 2). Heat is rejected from the condenser to the atmosphere or cooling water in the
process (2 3).
The coefficient of performance (COP) is defined as the ratio of the refrigeration
obtained to the net work done on the system in the cycle.
COP =
h h4
Q1
= 1
Wnet h2 h1
The actual coefficient of performance must take into account the effect of
irreversibilities in the individual processes as well as heat losses to or heat gain from the
surroundings through the walls of interconnecting piping.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:The refrigeration system consists of the following:
A. Base Stand:
This is made up of CRCI square tubes & sheets. This is painted specially with Powder
coating. All equipments are mounted on Base stand.
B. Trainer consists:
Hermetically Sealed compressor: This is used to take the refrigerant Vapor at low
pressure & low temperature & compress it to a high pressure & high temperature. The
capacity of compressor is 0 .75 HP
Condenser: The condenser is the forced air-cooled type for which condenser fan and
motor has been provided. The function of condenser is to convert high-pressure
refrigerant Vapor into high-pressure refrigerant liquid. The outside diameter of
condenser is 3/8. Size of condenser as per standard specification is 11 x 10 x 3
Rows
Expansion devices: (Capillary tube): Capillary tube is the expansion device which
is used for small units of to 3 tons. The purpose of expansion valve in a
refrigeration system is to reduce the high side pressure to the low side pressure so that
liquid can evaporate by picking up heat. The length and the small diameter reduce the
pressure from condensing pressure to evaporator pressure. Overall Dimension is
(Bore x Length) = 0.50 x 5 x 1
Drier: The primary function of the drier is to separate gas and liquid. The secondary
purpose is to remove moisture and filter out dirt.
Pt 100-sensors (pencil type & bulb type): The temperatures at different points in the
system are measured by using RTD (PT 100) sensors. These are Resistance
Temperature Detectors operating on principle of change in Resistance with change in
temperature.
Evaporator: This is made up of S.S material having inbuilt coil and heater. It is used
as a evaporator in the system.
C. Instrument panel consists:
The temperatures at different points are recorded in following order
T1 = Temperature at compressor suction
T2 = Temperature at compressor discharge
T3 = Temperature after condenser
T4 = Temperature after expansion
T5 = Temperature of tank water
Rotameter: This is a variable area glass tube liquid flow-measuring device. The glass
tube is enclosed in M.S. structure with transparent glass at two sides to read the
readings. Calibrated scale is mounted in the enclosure. The float is lifted up as liquid
flows through the glass tube and the lift is proportional to the flow rate. Its range is
6.8-68 LPH
Pressure gauge (0 to 300 PSI.): It is a Bourdon type pressure gauge. This is used to
measure pressures at discharge point of compressor.
Compound gauge (-30 to 150 PSI.): This Bourdon type pressure gauge measures
both negative pressure (Vacuum) as well as positive pressure. This is used to measure
pressures at suction point of compressor.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:1. Fill the evaporator tank up to the end level.

2. Ensure that hand valve is in fully closed.
3. Apply 230 V supply by inserting the three pin top in socket provided on the
distribution board in your laboratory.
4. Switch on the mains supply on/off switch.
5. Switch on electric heater by rotating dimmer in clockwise direction, and if the ambient
temp is less Please load the system initially to 35 0 C before starting the compressor.
6. Switch on the compressor on/off switch.
7. Check that compressor energy meter starts & Rotameter float is lifted up indicating
that the compressor is working. The pressure gauge reading is increasing and
compound gauge reading is decreasing.
8. Observe that Temperature of load tank (T5) decreases showing cooling effect.
9. Note down the readings according to observation table
10. Switch off the compressor on/off & stirrer on/off switch.
11. Switch off the main switch.
OBSERVATION TABLE:Sr.
No.
TEMPERATURES ( oC )
T1
T2
T3
T4
Refrigerant
Flow
T5
(LPH)
Suction
Pressure
(bar)
P1
Discharge
Pressure
(bar)
P2
Energy Meter
Reading
(Comp. Work)
(W)
Heater
Load
(W)
CALCULATION PROCEDURE:A. To Calculate Coefficient of Performance.

t1
1. C.O.P (Carnot Cycle) = ----------- (Where temperature is in 0 K)
t2 - t1
t1 = Saturation temperature at suction pressure of compressor (P1).
t2 = Saturation temperature at Discharge pressure of compressor (P2).
Refer table (Saturated properties of R -134a liquid and vapor)
2.
h1 h4
C.O.P. (Theoretical) = ----------h2 h1
Find out the enthalpy values using Property chart of R-134
h1 = Enthalpy (for gas) of R-134a at compressor inlet (P1)
h2 = Enthalpy (for gas) of R-134a at compressor exit (P2)
h3 = h4 = Enthalpy (for Liquid) of R-134a at condenser exit (P2)
3.
Refrigeration Effect
COP actual = -------------------------------------------Energy consumed by Compressor
Where,
Refrigeration Effect = mrefri. (h1 h4)
m refri. = Swept volume x Density of Refrigerant at Condenser Outlet
m refri. = {LPH / (1000 X 3600)} x Density of Refrigerant at Condenser Outlet
Refer the Property chart of R-134a. Find out the Density at condenser outlet temperature.
B. To Determine Compressor efficiency at various loads.

Compressor Work Done
Compressor Efficiency = ---------------------------------------------- X 100
Energy Consumed by Compressor
Where,
Compressor Work done = m refri (h2 - h1)

RESULT:A. Coefficient of Performance.
COP Carnot
COP Theoritical
COP Actual
B. Compressor efficiency at various loads

Sr.
Load
Compressor
No
(KW)
Efficiency
1.
2.
3.
4.
CONCLUSION:-
EXPERIMENT NO. - 2
TITLE:- Trial on Air Conditioning Test Rig.
AIM:- To conduct test on Air Conditioner and to find its Coefficient of Performance.
THEORY:-
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:The Air Conditioning test rig consists of the following:

1. Base Stand: This is made up of square tubes & sheets. This is painted specially with
Powder coating. All equipments are mounted on Base stand.
2. Air conditioner:
The air conditioner working on Simple Vapor compression cycle consists of following
items Compressor: The compressor is used for pumping the refrigerant through the
system. It is hermetically sealed type having capacity of 1 Ton.
Condenser: The function of condenser is to convert high-pressure Vapour into
high-pressure refrigerant liquid. It is air cooled finned type condenser. A fan is
used to force the air over the condenser.
Expansion device (Capillary tube): The function of Expansion device is to
reduce the pressure of the liquid R22 gas. When the liquid refrigerant passes
through the capillary, due to throttling its pressure as well as temperature
decreases.
Evaporator: It is a refrigerator or actual cooler where the cooling is required. Heat
is removed from air flowing over evaporator by the low temperature refrigerant in
the form of latent heat.
3. Control room (chamber): This is made plywood and lined with non-corrosive Stainless
steel sheet on inner side. It has doors at front with watching window, inlet / outlet duct
and recirculation duct of 250 X 250 mm cross sectional area. The doors inside ducts can
be adjusted for partial / complete recirculation of air. This also has Heater load bank,
steam injection facility & evaporator blower.
4. Instruments / Parts in Control room:
Electrical Air heater with dimmer (4 KW): Air heaters are provided for
additional loading facility. The heat generated is controlled using a dimmer
mounted on control panel.
Wet and dry bulb thermometer: The temperature of air measured by ordinary
thermometer is known as dry-bulb temperature. The temperature measured by the
thermometer when its bulb is covered with wet cloth & is exposed to current of
moving air is known as wet Bulb temperature. Suing DBT and WBT we can
determine the relative humidity of air.
In this system 4 wet and dry bulb thermometers are used. One is placed at inlet of
the duct, one at outlet of the duct, one is placed after Preheater and one is placed
in control room chamber.
Evaporator blower: The variable speed axial fan blower fitted in the chamber
sucks air and it flows over the evaporator coil before entering the chamber. The
blower speed is regulated by the dimmer mounted on control panel.
Steam Injection facility: This is used to inject the steam generated in steamer.
Injecting steam into the control room carries out humidification of air.
Preheater (500 Watt): It is used to increase the temperature of air flowing over
the evaporator.
The temperatures at different points are recorded in following order
T1 = Temperature at compressor suction
T2 = Temperature at compressor discharge
T3 = Temperature after condenser
T4 = Temperature after expansion
T5 = Temperature at fresh air inlet
T6 = Temperature at air entering evaporator
T7 = Temperature of air leaving evaporator
T8 = Temperature at chamber
Pt 100-sensors (pencil type & bulb type): The temperatures at different points in
the system are measured by using RTD (PT 100) sensors. These are Resistance
Temperature Detectors operating on principle of change in Resistance with change
in temperature.
Rotameter: This is a variable area glass tube liquid flow-measuring device. The
glass tube is enclosed in M.S. structure with transparent glass at two sides to read
the readings. Calibrated scale is mounted in the enclosure. The float is lifted up as
liquid flows through the glass tube and the lift is proportional to the flow rate.
Pressure gauge (0 to 500 PSI.): It is a Bourdon type pressure gauge. This is used
to measure pressures at discharge point of compressor.
Compound gauge. (-30 to 150 PSI.): This Bourdon type pressure gauge
measures both negative pressure (Vacuum) as well as positive pressure. This is
used to measure pressures at suction point of compressor.
Thermostat: During cooling mode, the temperature inside chamber is controlled
by the thermostat. When the temperature decreases below set temperature, the
supply to the compressor is cut off.
Temperature controller: To control the temperature inside cabinet, temperature
controller is used. When the temperature inside cabinet increases the set
temperature, the supply to the load bank heaters is cut off and restored when it
drops bellow set temperature.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:1. Conduct the experiment in Recirculation type air circulation system. For this close the
dampers in inlet and outlet duct.
2. Switch on the Main switch. Check that all indicators mounted on front panel are ON.
3. Adjust the load by switching on heaters one by one.
4. Switch on Preheater and adjust the blower speed at maximum setting.
5. Observe that temperature of control room starts increasing. When control room
temperature reaches to 35 0C, Switch on the electric supply for compressor.
6. Note down readings as per observation table.
7. Repeat the above procedure to get set of different readings at different control room
temperatures (T8) / different heater load setting.
8. Switch off the heaters, preheater first and then Compressor, blower & main switch
sequentially.
9. Calculate the COP as per the procedure of calculation given.
Humidification with heating:
1. Conduct the experiment in Recirculation type air circulation system. For the same
close the dampers in inlet and outlet duct.
2. Fill water in steamer.
3. Apply 230 V supply by inserting the three pin top in socket provided on the
distribution board in your laboratory.
4. Switch on the mains supply.
5. Switch on the steamer and wait until steam pressure is built.
6. Open the valve in Steam line and inject little quantity of steam in control room.
7. Wait for 2 minutes and note down DBT / WBT in side control room and ducts.
8. Repeat the procedure 2 3 times until temperature increases and note down readings.
9. Switch off Steamer.
76% RH
tw1 = 22oC
W1
W
tw1 = 14oC
W2
1
48% RH
td1 = 20oC
td2 = 25oC
DBT
Humidification with Heating

10
De-humidification with Cooling:

1. Ensure that steamer & Heater are off.
2. Switch ON the Compressor.
3. Note down DBT / WBT at an interval of 5 minutes as control temperature goes on
decreasing.
4. Note down readings until cabinet temperature reaches 25 C.
5. Switch off the compressor first & then main switch.
6. Refer the Psychometric chart to find out the Relative humidity.
91% RH
tw1 = 23oC
W1
W
tw1 = 14oC
W2
2
54% RH
td1 = 24oC
td2 = 19oC
DBT
Dehumidification with Cooling
OBSERVATION TABLE:TEMPERATURES ( oC )
Sr.
No
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Refrigerant
Flow
Suction
Pressure
(PSI)
Discharge
Pressure
(PSI)
Energy
Meter
Reading
Voltage
Current
(LPH)
P1
P2
(W)
(V)
(I)
11
Humidification
Sr.
No.
T8
Dehumidification
DBTC
WBTC
Sr. No.
T8
DBTC
WBTC
CALCULATION PROCEDURE:1. Convert the pressure in psi into bar

P1 (bar)
P2 (bar)
P1
= ------------ + 1
14.14
P2
= ------------ + 1
14.14
t1
2. COP (Carnot Cycle) = ----------- (Where temperature is in 0 K)
t2 - t1
Where,
t1 = Saturation temperature at suction pressure of compressor.
t2 = Saturation temperature at Discharge pressure of compressor.
Refer table (Saturated properties of R -22 liquid and vapor) Find out the enthalpy
values using Property chart of R-22
h1 = Enthalpy (for gas) of R-22 at compressor inlet (P1)
h2 = Enthalpy (for gas) of R-22 at compressor exit (P2)
h3 = h4 = Enthalpy (for Liquid) of R-22 at condenser exit (P2)
Plot the graph of Pressure Vs Enthalpy.
3.
COP Theoretical
h1 h4
= -------------h2 h1
12
4.
COP actual = -------------------------------------------Power consumed by Compressor
Where,
Refrigeration Effect = mrefri. (h1 h4)
= ------------ kW
Mass flow rate of Refrigerant
m refri. = {LPH / (1000 X 3600)} x Density of Refrigerant at Condenser Outlet

= ---------------- Kg / sec
Procedure to determine Relative Humidity Using Hygrometric Table:
The Dry bulb temperatures from 0o C to 40o C are given on Left hand side and
depression reading of 1o C to 16o C are given across the top. The Depression reading is
difference between DBT and WBT of air.
Mark the DBT and depression value i.e. difference between DBT and WBT and note down
the corresponding value of Relative Humidity.
RESULT:A. Coefficient of Performance.
COP Carnot
=
COP Theoritical
COP Actual
B. Relative Humidity
Humidification with heating
Sr.
No.
Control room
Temp.
(T8)
Relative
humidity
(%)
Dehumidification with cooling

Control room
Temp.
(T8)
Relative
humidity
(%)
CONCLUSION:-
13
14
Hygrometric chart:
Wet Bulb Depression o C (DBT WBT)
DBT
O
C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
32
34
36
38
40
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
81
61
44
25
81
64
47
29
13
82
64
49
33
17
83
65
49
36
21
83
67
51
36
25
11
84
68
53
38
24
15
85
70
55
41
27
14
85
71
57
44
30
17
86
72
59
46
33
21
86
73
60
48
36
24
12
87
74
62
50
38
27
16
87
75
63
52
41
30
19
88
76
65
54
43
32
22 12
88
77
66
55
45
35
25 15
89
78
67
57
47
37
27 18
89
78
68
58
48
39
30 21 12
89
79
69
59
50
41
32 24 15
90
80
70
61
52
43
34 26 18 10
90
80
71
62
53
45
36 28 21 13
90
81
72
63
54
46
38 30 23 16
91
81
73
64
56
48
40 32 25 18 11
91
82
73
65
57
49
42 34 27 20 14
91
82
74
66
58
50
43 36 29 23 16 10
91
83
75
67
59
52
45 38 31 25 18 12
91
83
75
68
60
53
46 39 33 27 20 15
92
84
76
68
61
54
47 41 35 28 22 17 11
92
84
76
69
62
55
49 42 36 30 24 19 13
92
84
77
70
63
56
50 44 38 32 26 21 15 10
92
85
77
70
64
57
51 45 39 33 28 23 17 12
92
85
78
71
64
58
52 46 40 35 29 24 19 14
10
93
85
78
72
65
59
53 47 42 36 31 26 21 16
12
93
86
79
73
67
61
55 49 44 39 34 29 24 20
15 11
93
86
80
74
68
62
56 51 46 41 36 32 27 23
19 15
93
87
81
75
69
63
58 53 48 43 38 34 30 26
22 18
94
87
81
75
70
64
59 54 50 45 40 36 32 28
24 20
94
88
82
76
71
66
61 56 51 47 42 38 34 30
27 23
Relative humidity (%)
15
EXPERIMENT NO. - 3
TITLE:- Trial on Ice Plant Test Rig.
AIM:- To estimate Coefficient of Performance of refrigeration cycle and the capacity of Ice
Plant.
THEORY:The conventional vapour compression refrigeration system is commonly used
for ice production. The indirect method of cooling is used for ice production. The brine
(solution of sodium chloride or potassium chloride in water) is cooled first in the evaporator
and then it is circulated around the can of ice which contains water. The heat is extracted
from the water through the can and is given to the brine. For increasing the heat transfer from
water in the ice can to the chilled brine, the brine solution is kept in constant motion by
agitators. The agitators are operated by means of electric motor. The brine temperature is
maintained by the refrigeration plant at 10 oC to 11 oC. The brine is continuously
circulated around the can till the water in the can is converted into ice.
The heat load (Refrigerating effect) on ice plant is the sum of
1. Sensible heat removed to cool the water from room temperature to freezing point.
2. Latent heat removed to convert water into ice at freezing point.
3. Sensible heat removed from ice for lowering the temperature of ice below freezing
point.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:The trainer has been designed to introduce working of ICE manufacturing
process. The ice plant works on Simple Vapor Compression Cycle and makes use of R 134a
as refrigerant. The capacity of ice plant is about 24 kg per day.
The ice plant trainer comprises of following components
A. Base Stand: This is made up of M.S. square tubes & sheets. This is painted specially
with Powder coating. All equipments are mounted on Base stand.
16
(Capillary Tube)
T2
ROTAMETER
T3
LPH
T4
P2
P1
T6
T5
T1
B. Components mounted on Base stand:
Compressor: It is a hermetically sealed compressor in which compressor and

driving motor both are enclosed in same unit. The Vapour Refrigerant at low
pressure is sucked by the compressor and delivered after compression to high
pressure & high temperature.
Condenser: The condenser condenses high-pressure refrigerant vapour into highpressure refrigerant liquid. The finned condenser is Forced air cooled, for which
fan and motor are provided with the system.
Expansion devices: A small bored capillary tube is used as expansion device. The
function of Expansion device is to throttle the liquid refrigerant and reduce its
pressure.
Brine solution tank: The Brine solution tank is an insulated chamber in which
evaporator coil is wound on inner side of the tank. The brine (solution of sodium
chloride or potassium chloride in water) is filled in the tank and ice cans are
placed in the tank on a Stainless steel stand. Each can holds 1 liter of water.
Stirrer: To ensure uniform temperature in brine tank, a stirrer is fitted in the tank.
A geared motor drives the stirrer at low speed so that brine solution is stirred
properly.
Temperature indicator: Multi point temperature indicator with eight point

selection switch has been provided to get the temperatures recorded by sensors at
different points. RTDs (PT 100) sensors are used to measure the temperatures at
following points
1. Compressor suction (T1)
2. Compressor discharge (T2)
3. After condensation (T3)
4. After expansion (T4)
5. Brine Temperature (T5)
6. Ice can temperature (T6)
17
Rotameter: The flow of liquid refrigerant after condensation can be measured by

Rotameter. It consists of a glass tube in which a metallic float is placed. With flow
of liquid, the float rises; the rise corresponds to the flow rate of liquid. A
calibrated scale is mounted to indicate the flow rate in L. P. H.
Energy meter: The digital energy meter mounted on panel measures the power
consumed by the compressor. We can determine the Power supplied to
compressor.
Pressure gauges: For indicating refrigerant R134a pressures at compressor
suction (P1) & compressor discharge pressure (P2), Bourdon type pressure gauges
are used(0-300psi).
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:1. Provide 230 V A. C. supplies to the trainer by inserting the three pin top in socket
provided on the distribution board in your laboratory.
2. Switch on the mains supply.
3. Switch ON the compressor, Rotameter float will lift and show refrigerant flow. Same
time Suction pressure will start decreasing and discharge pressure will start
increasing.
4. Note down the Suction and Discharge Pressure, temperatures T1 to T6, refrigerant
flow.
5. Switch on / off stirrer intermittently (about 10 mins).
6. When brine temperature T5 reaches 10 C, put the ice cans in the tank.
7. Start recording the time required for ice formation.
8. Take readings at the interval of 20 minutes approximately.
9. When ice is formed, record the time required for ice formation.
10. Remove the cans from brine tank.
11. Switch off compressor, stirrer and mains switch.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Sr.
No
Suction
Pressure
(PSI)
Discharge
Pressure
(PSI)
Energy
Meter
Reading
Refrigerant
Flow
P1
P2
(W)
(LPH)
Time
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
interval
(min.)
1
2
3
4
18
CALCULATION PROCEDURE:A. Capacity of the Ice-Plant:

Quantity of ice formed:
1 ice can =1kg of Water
(Weight of water in ice-cans ultimate turned into ice) X 24 X 60
= ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total time in minutes required for Ice formation
---- x 24 x 60
= ------------------------- = _____ kg / day
Time
B. Coefficient of Performance of Refrigeration Cycle:
1. Converting pressure in PSI in to bar:
P1
P1 (bar) = ------------ + 1
14.14
P2 (bar)
P2
= ------------ + 1
14.14
2. Finding corresponding temperatures at the respective pressures from the pressure-enthalpy

diagram for R-134a
t1 = Saturation temperature at suction pressure.
At P1 = _______ bar,
t1 = _________ 0C = _______ K
t2 = Saturation temperature at Discharge pressure

At P2 = _______ bar,
t2 = _________ 0C = _______ K
t1
3. C.O.P.(carnot) = ---------------t2 - t1
= _________
4. Finding enthalpies from the pressure-enthalpy diagram for R-134a:
h1 = _______ kJ /kg (at T1 & P1)
h2 = ________ kJ /kg (at T2 & P2)
h3 = h4 = ______ kJ /kg (at T3 & P2)
19
5.
h 1 h4
C.O.P.(Theoretical) = ------------------ = ________
h 2 h1
6.
Actual C. O. P.:
Refrigeration Effect = mice/day X {[(Cpw X ( Tw - 0 )] + L + [Cpice X ( 0 Tice )]
Where,
Cpw = Specific heat of water = 4.1868 kJ / kg K
Tw = T6 = Temp. of water in ice cans while placing the ice cans in the ice-plant
Tice= T6 = Final Temp. of Ice after Ice Formation.
L = Latent heat of fusion ice = 335 kJ / kg
Cpice = Specific heat of Ice = 1.74 kJ / kg K
Refrigeration Effect =
kJ / day
= _________/ (24 X 3600)
= _______kJ / s
Work of compressor = Mass flow rate of refrigerant per second X (h2 h1)
= LPH x 10-3 x (h2 h1)/3600
= _______kJ/s
Where,
= Density of refrigerant at condenser outlet.
Refer the Property chart of R-134a. Find out the Density at condenser outlet temperature.
7.
C. O. P.(Actual) = ---------------------------------------------Energy consumed by Compressor
= _________
RESULT:A. Capacity of Ice Plant = _______ kg / Day
B. Coefficient of Performance.
COP Carnot
= _______
COP Theoritical
= _______
COP Actual
= _______
CONCLUSION:
20
EXPERIMENT NO. - 4
TITLE:- Trial on Vapour Absorption Test Rig.
AIM:- To study Vapour Absorption refrigeration system and to estimate its Coefficient of
Performance.
THEORY:Simple Electrolux System:
Carl Munters and Baltzer Von Platen developed the domestic absorption type
refrigerator from an invention. This system is often called Munters Platen system. Ammonia
is used as a refrigerant. The operation of this system is based on the concept of Daltons Law.
The ammonia vapor in the condenser is condensed to liquid and flows to evaporator by
gravity. The whole plant is charged to a pressure of about 15 bars. In the evaporator the liquid
ammonia meets an atmosphere of hydrogen at about 12 bars. Thus the partial pressure of
ammonia falls to about 3 bar, keeping the same total pressure, and the temperature falls to
about - 100c. The vaporization of ammonia at this temperature produces refrigeration. Water
is used as a solvent for ammonia. It absorbs ammonia readily. If liquid ammonia is
introduced at the top of the system it passes on to the evaporator and vaporizes. Hydrogen
flows upwards in the evaporator counter - flows to liquid ammonia that falls from the top.
The ammonia vapor and hydrogen leave the top of the evaporator and flow through the gas
heat exchange getting warmed by the warmer hydrogen flowing through the evaporator. Both
the gases flow to the absorber. Weak aqua ammonia solution enters at the top of the absorber
and absorbs ammonia gas as it passes counter flow through the absorber. The hydrogen is not
soluble in weak aqua ammonia solution and gets separated and flows up to the evaporator
through the heat exchanger. Strong aqua ammonia solution leaves the bottom of the absorber
and passes on the generator.
Heat is supplied to the generator from external source by gas burner etc., expelling
ammonia vapor out from the strong solution. Here the problem is to raise the elevation of
week solution of ammonia also so that it can pass to the separator and flow back to the
absorber. Principle of bubble pump is used here. The delivery tube from the generator is
immersed below the liquid level in the generator. Thus as ammonia vaporizes in the tube,
they carry slugs of week solution also into the separating vessel. From the separating vessel,
weak solution flows to the absorber and ammonia vapor passes on to the condenser.
Thus cycle is completed. The total pressure in the condenser is approximately the same as in
evaporator. Since, in the condenser there is pure ammonia, the vapor pressure there is more or
less same as the total pressure. In the evaporator, there exists a mixture of ammonia vapor
and hydrogen gas. Thus ammonia vapor pressure is much less, this being equal to total
pressure minus the partial pressure of hydrogen. Being at a pressure below saturation
pressure, the ammonia readily evaporates in the evaporator and refrigerates. Thus
temperature equal to the saturation temperature of ammonia at its partial pressure is
theoretically obtained in the evaporator.
21
Figure 1:
Details about the absorption system
The continuous absorption type of cooling unit is operated by the application of a
limited amount of heat furnished by gas, electricity or kerosene. No moving parts are
employed.
The unit consists of four main parts - the boiler, condenser, evaporator and absorber. The
unit can be run on electricity, kerosene or gas. When the unit operates on kerosene or gas the
heat is supplied by a burner which is fitted underneath the central tube (A) and when the unit
operates on electricity the heat is supplied by a heating element inserted in the pocket (B).
The unit charge consists of a quantity of ammonia, water and hydrogen at a sufficient
pressure to condense ammonia at the room temperature for which the unit is designed.
When heat is supplied to the boiler system, bubbles of ammonia gas are produced which rise
and carry with them quantities of weak ammonia solution through the siphon pump (C). This
weak solution passes into the tube (D), whilst the ammonia vapor passes into the vapor pipe
(E) and on to the water separator. Here any water vapor is condensed and runs back into the
boiler system leaving the dry ammonia vapor to pass to the condenser.
Air circulating over the fins of the condenser removes heat from the ammonia vapor
to cause it to condense to liquid ammonia in which state it flows into the evaporator.
The evaporator is supplied with hydrogen. The hydrogen passes across the surface of the
ammonia and lowers the ammonia vapor pressure sufficiently to allow the liquid ammonia to
evaporate. The evaporation of the ammonia extracts heat from the food storage space, as
described above, thereby lowering the temperature inside the refrigerator.
22
The mixture of ammonia and hydrogen vapor passes from the evaporator to the
absorber. Entering the upper portion of the absorber is a continuous trickle of weak ammonia
solution fed by gravity from the tube (D). This weak solution, flowing down through the
absorber comes into contact with the mixed ammonia and hydrogen gases which readily
absorbs the ammonia from the mixture, leaving the hydrogen free to rise through the absorber
coil and to return to the evaporator. The hydrogen thus circulates continuously between the
absorber and the evaporator. The strong ammonia solution produced in the absorber flows
down to the absorber vessel and thence to the boiler system, thus completing the full cycle of
operation. The liquid circulation of the unit is purely gravitational. Heat is generated in the
absorber by the process of absorption. This heat must be dissipated into the surrounding air.
Heat must also be dissipated from the condenser in order to cool the ammonia vapor
sufficiently for it to liquefy. Free air circulation is therefore necessary over the absorber and
condenser. The whole unit operates by the heat applied to the boiler system and it is of
paramount importance that this heat is kept within the necessary limits and is properly
applied
Figure 2:
23
Working:
1. The arrangement of the components of the system is as shown in figure 2.
2. This type of refrigerator is known as three fluid absorption system in which refrigerant is
ammonia, solution used is aqua ammonia and third fluid used in evaporator is hydrogen
gas. The solution circulation pump is taken out of the system and test-rig is made
noiseless.
3. Circulation of system is achieved by providing high pressure in condenser and generator
and low pressure in evaporator and absorber.
4. The liquid ammonia flows under gravity into evaporator. As soon as ammonia liquid
enters the evaporator the partial pressure of ammonia decreases to 2 bars due to presence
of hydrogen and by absorbing latent heat ammonia converts into vapor.
5. The heavy mixture of ammonia vapor and hydrogen vapor coming out of evaporator is
passed to absorber. The weak solution of aqua ammonia is sprayed into the absorber
where it absorbs ammonia vapors and gets converted into strong solution of aqua
ammonia. The hydrogen left is recirculated into evaporator.
6. The strong solution of aqua ammonia from the absorber again enters into generator
through heat exchanger. The purpose of heat exchanger is to transfer the heat of weak
aqua ammonia solution to strong aqua ammonia solution to improve the overall
performance of system.
7. The strong aqua ammonia solution is heated in generator by electric heater. Due to
addition of heat ammonia vapors are released and strong solution gets converted into
weak solution, which is passed to absorber. Analyzer and rectifier remove moisture in
ammonia vapor and dehydrated ammonia vapors are passed to condenser.
8. The chief advantage of Electrolux refrigerator is that it has no moving parts. As no
compressor or pump is required it is very quiet in operation.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:1. Switch ON the supply to the trainer and switch ON the main switch to start the
trainer.
2. Check all the temperatures (i.e. 1,2,3,4,5,6)
3. Let the system run for some period (till the temperature in the evaporator tank starts
decreasing)
4. Now note down the readings as per the observation table.
5. When cabinet temperature (T6) reaches around 15C, switch on dimmer. Adjust the
load between 75 100 Volts. Ensure that the cabinet temperature does not increase
when bulb is switched on.
6. If T6 increases, reduce the power supplied to bulb.
7. Note down 5 6 readings at interval of 10 minutes.
8. Calculate the results as per the calculation procedure.
After application of full load:
9. Set the evaporator-cabin temperature at 30 C.
10. Rotate the dimmer stat at maximum position so that full load is applied.
11. Now note down the readings after every 15-20 minutes.
12. Continue the noting of readings till the temperature of the evaporator cabin comes
to stable condition.
24
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
SR.
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
POWER
TIME
NO.
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(V)
(A)
(watt)
DURATION
(min.)
WHERE,
T1: TEMPERATURE BEFORE GENERATOR.
T2: TEMPERATURE AFTER GENERATOR
T3: EVAPORATOR TEMPERATURE
T4: CONDENSER TEMPERATURE
T5: TEMPERATURE BEFORE ABSORBER
T6: CABINET TEMPERATURE
CALCULATION PROCEDURE:T3 (T2 T5)
1) COP (Theoretical)
-------------------------- = Maximum COP

T2 (T5 T3)
Where
T2: TEMPERATURE AFTER GENERATOR
T3: EVAPORATOR TEMPERATURE
T5: TEMPERATURE BEFORE ABSORBER
2) COP (Actual) = 70% maximum COP
RESULT:Coefficient of Performance:
COP Theoritical
= _______
COP Actual
= _______
CONCLUSION:
Vapor absorption refrigeration system (Electrolux type) and its working was studied.
The cooling effect of the system is less as compared to system working on vapor
compression refrigeration cycle.
25
EXPERIMENT NO. - 7
TITLE:- Determination of cooling load of Air Conditioning system for MQC Laboratory
(Case Study).
AIM:- To estimate the cooling load and refrigerating capacity of air conditioner for MQC
Laboratory.
Data for Case Study:Laboratory Dimensions: 9m x 7m x 4m
Window Dimensions: 2.23m x 2.18m
Door Dimensions: 2.5m x 1.2m
39 oC DBT
27 oC WBT
In Door Conditions:
25 oC DBT
50% RH
Sensible Heat Gain Factor for Glass:
North Glass: 50 W/m2
West Glass: 350 W/m2
Corrected Equivalent Temperature Difference:
North Wall: 12 oC
South Wall: 15 oC
East Wall:
12 oC
West Wall: 17 oC
Roof:
18 oC
Floor:
2.5 oC
For Glass Windows:
(td1 td2)
For Door on South Wall: 15 oC
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient:
Wall:
2.5 W/m2K
Roof:
2 W/m2K
Floor:
3 W/m2K
Door:
1.5 W/m2K
Windows:
6 W/m2K
Total Number of Occupants: 25
Occupancy Load:
Sensible Heat Load: 75 W/Person
Latent Heat Load: 55 W/Person
Ventilation Requirements: 0.3 m3/min per Person
Lighting Load: 240 W
Sensible Heat Load from other sources: 1500 W
Allowance Factor for Fluorescent Light: 1.25
Infiltration: One Air Change
Out Door Conditions:
Assume 30% fresh air and 70% recirculated air passing through the evaporator coil and the
By-Pass Factor of 0.15.
26
Solution:
Floor Plan of Laboratory:
One Glass Window of
2.23m x 2.18m
SGHF = 50 W/m2
te = 12oC
North Wall
7 meters
East Wall
9 meters
East Wall
te = 12oC
West Wall
Two Glass Windows of

2.23m x 2.18m each
SGHF = 350 W/m2
te = 17oC
N
W
South Wall
E
S
D
One Door of
2.5m x 1.2m
te = 15oC
Fig. 1: Floor Plan of MQC Laboratory.
Estimation of Sensible Heat Gain:

Area of Door = 2.5 x 1.2 = 3 m2
Area of Window = 2.23 x 2.18 = 4.8614 m2
27
Sr.
No.
Source
North Wall
South Wall
East Wall
West Wall
Roof
Floor
Door
Window
a) North Wall
(One window)
b) West Wall
(Two window)
Overall Heat
Transfer
Coefficient
(U)
W/m2K
2.5
2.5
2.5
Area (A)
(m2)
(7m x 4m) 4.8614
= 23.1386
(7m x 4m) 3
= 25
(9m x 4m) = 36
Equivalent
Temperature
Difference
(te) oC
Sensible Heat Gain

= U . A . te
(W)
12
2.5 x 23.1386 x 12
=694.158
15
2.5 x 25 x 15
=937.5
12
2.5 x 36 x 12
=1080
17
2.5 x 26.2772 x 17
(9m x 4m) 9.7228

= 26.2772
(7m x 9m) = 63
18
2 x 63 x 18
=2268
(7m x 9m) = 63
2.5
3 x 63 x 2.5
=472.5
15
1.5 x 3 x 15
=67.5
14
6 x 4.8614 x 14
408.3576
14
6 x 9.7228 x 14
816.7152
Total
7861.512
2.5
1.5
6
6
(2.5m x 1.2m)
=3
(2.23m x 2.18m)
= 4.8614
(2.23m x 2.18m) x 2
= 9.7228
=1116.781
Total Sensible Heat Gain in (KW) = 7.862 KW

Table 1: Sensible Heat Gain From Walls, Roof, Floor, Door and Windows.
Solar Heat Gain Through Glasses:

1.
Sensible Heat Gain Through North Glass
= Area of One Glass Window x SHGF for North Glass
=4.8614 x 50
=243.07 W
2.
Sensible Heat Gain Through West Glass
= Area of Two Glass Windows x SHGF for West Glass
= (4.8614 x 2) x 350
= 3402.98 W
Total Solar Heat Gain through North and West Glasses
= 243.07 + 3402.98
= 3646.05 W
= 3.646 KW
Heat Gain From Occupants:
1. Total Sensible Heat Gain from Persons
= QS/Person x No. of Persons
=75 x 25
=1875 W
= 1.875 KW
2. Total Latent Heat Gain from Persons
= QL/Person x No. of Persons
=55 x 25
=1375 W
= 1.375 KW
28
Heat Gain Due to Infiltration Air:

Amount of infiltrated air
V1 =
L W H AC 9 7 4 1
=
= 4.2m 3 / min
60
60
1. Sensible Heat Gain due to Infiltration Air:

= 0.02044 V1 (td1 td2)
=0.02044 x 4.2 x (39 25)
= 1.202 KW
2. Latent Heat Gain due to Infiltration Air:
From Psychrometric Chart: W1 = 0.0176 kg/kg of Dry Air and
W2 = 0.01 kg/kg of Dry Air
= 50 V1 (W1 W2)
= 50 x 4.2 x (0.0176 0.01)
= 1.596 KW
Ventilation Heat Load:

Volume of Ventilation or Outside Air
V = 0.3 m3/min/Person
= 0.3 x 25
= 7.5 m3/min
1. Outside Air Sensible Heat:
OASH = 0.02044 V (td1 td2)
=0.02044 x 7.5 x (39 25)
= 2.1462 KW
2. Outside Air Latent Heat:
From Psychrometric Chart: W1 = 0.176 kg/kg of Dry Air and
W2 = 0.01 kg/kg of Dry Air
OALH = 50 V (W1 W2)
= 50 x 7.5 x (0.0176 0.01)
= 2.85 KW
Sensible Heat Gain Due To Lighting:
= Total Wattage of Lights x Use Factor x Allowance Factor
= 240 x 1 x 1.25
= 300 W
= 0.3 KW
{ Use Factor is Taken as 1}
Total Room Sensible Heat:
RSH = {Heat Gain From Walls, Roof, Floor, Door & Windows (Table1)
+ Sensible Heat Gain Through Glasses
+ Sensible Heat Gain From Persons
+ Sensible Heat Gain Due To Infiltration Air
+ Sensible Heat Gain Due To Ventilation or Outside Air
+ Sensible Heat Gain Due To Lighting
+ Sensible Heat Gain From Other Sources}
RSH = 7.862 + 3.646 + 1.875 + 1.202 + 2.1462 + 0.3 + 1.5

RSH = 18.5312 KW
29
Total Room Latent Heat:

RLH = {Latent Heat Gain From Persons
+ Latent Heat Gain Due To Infiltration Air

+ Latent Heat Gain Due To Ventilation or Outside Air}
RLH = 1.375 + 1.596 + 2.85

RLH = 5.821 KW
Room Sensible Heat Factor:
RSHF =
RSH
18.5312
=
= 0.761
RSH + RLH 18.5312 + 5.821
RSHF = 0.761
Procedure for Psychrometric Chart:
Recirculated Air
Laboratory
2
td2 = 25 C DBT
50% RH
3
1
td1 = 39 oC DBT
tw1 = 27 oC WBT
Mixing
Conditioner
Fig. 2: Schematic diagram of the System.
h1
tw1 = 27oC
h3
W1
h2
h4
a
3
b
W2
2
4
ADP
RSHF = 0.761
50% RH
Alignment Circle
W
td6
td4
td2 = 25oC td3
td1 = 39oC
DBT
Fig. 3: Processes on Psychrometric Chart.
30
Mark the calculated value of RSHF = 0.761 on the sensible heat factor scale as point
a and join with point b which is the alignment circle (i.e. 26oC DBT and 50% RH), as
shown in Fig. 3. From point 2 draw a line 2 5 parallel to the line ab. This line 2 5 is
known as RSHF line. Since 30% of fresh air and 70% of recirculated air is mixed and
passed through conditioner coil, therefore mark the mixing point 3 on line 1 2, such
that:
Length 2 3 = Length 2 1 x 0.30
From Psychrometric Chart:
The DBT of air at point 3 is, td3 = 29.2 oC
The point 4 on line 2 5 and point 6 on the saturation curve (line 3 6) is marked as
follow:
By-Pass Factor of the coil (BPF) = 0.15
0.15 =
td 4 td6
t t
= d4 d6
t d 3 t d 6 29.2 t d 6
By Trial and error method, finding the td4 and td6:

td6 = 10.2 oC
td4 = 13.05 oC and
The point 4 represents the condition of air leaving the coil and entering the room. The point 6
represents the due point temperature of the coil.
From Psychrometric Chart:
h1 = 85 kJ/kg of dry air
h3 = 61.2 kJ/kg of dry air
Amount of Total Air (ma):
ma =
TotalRoomHeat
RSH + RLH
=
TotalHeat Re moved
h 2 h4
18.5312 + 5.821
51 35
m a = 1.522kg / sec
ma =
Capacity of Conditioner:
= ma (h3 h4)
= 1.522 x (61.2 35)
= 39.876 KW
= (39.876/3.5) TR
= 11.39 TR
{1 TR = 3.5 KW}
CONCLUSION:
The cooling load estimation for MQC Laboratory has been done. The total
head load in the lab is 24.35 KW and the conditioner required to take away the head load of
the Laboratory is of 11.39 TR capacity.
31

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EXPERIMENT NO.

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:1. Fill the evaporator tank up to the end level.

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

CALCULATION PROCEDURE:A. To Calculate Coefficient of Performance.

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

B. To Determine Compressor efficiency at various loads.

Compressor Work done = m refri (h2 - h1)

B. Compressor efficiency at various loads

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:The Air Conditioning test rig consists of the following:

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

4. Instruments / Parts in Control room:

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Humidification with Heating

De-humidification with Cooling:

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

CALCULATION PROCEDURE:1. Convert the pressure in psi into bar

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

m refri. = {LPH / (1000 X 3600)} x Density of Refrigerant at Condenser Outlet

Dehumidification with cooling

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Relative humidity (%)

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

B. Components mounted on Base stand:

Compressor: It is a hermetically sealed compressor in which compressor and

Temperature indicator: Multi point temperature indicator with eight point

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Rotameter: The flow of liquid refrigerant after condensation can be measured by

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

CALCULATION PROCEDURE:A. Capacity of the Ice-Plant:

2. Finding corresponding temperatures at the respective pressures from the pressure-enthalpy

t2 = Saturation temperature at Discharge pressure

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

-------------------------- = Maximum COP

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Two Glass Windows of

Estimation of Sensible Heat Gain:

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Sensible Heat Gain

(9m x 4m) 9.7228

Total Sensible Heat Gain in (KW) = 7.862 KW

Solar Heat Gain Through Glasses:

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Heat Gain Due to Infiltration Air:

1. Sensible Heat Gain due to Infiltration Air:

Ventilation Heat Load:

RSH = 7.862 + 3.646 + 1.875 + 1.202 + 2.1462 + 0.3 + 1.5

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik

Total Room Latent Heat:

+ Latent Heat Gain Due To Infiltration Air

RLH = 1.375 + 1.596 + 2.85

td2 = 25oC td3

Prepared By: Prof. S.B.Patil, METs IOE, BKC, Nashik