LECTURE 2

Rectification:
Rectifiers are classified into two categories.
Uncontrolled
Controlled

Uncontrolled Rectifiers:
o Uses or built with diodes.
o Subdivided into two; (half wave and full-wave

Controlled Rectifiers:
o Subdivided into semi-controlled rectifiers and fully-controlled rectifiers.
o Fully controlled rectifiers uses only SCRs
o Both diodes and SCRs are used in Semi-controlled rectifiers

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

DC-DC CONVERTERS

Built with controllable switches

Also known as SMPS
Types:
Step-down or Buck
Step-up or Boost
Fly-back converter
Resonant converter
Applications:
DC drive
Battery charger
DC power supply
Renewable Energy
Distributed Generation

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

DC-AC CONVERTERS
Converter that changes a DC voltage to an
alternating voltage is called an inverter.
Built with controllable switches
Typical applications:
AC Drives
UPS
Frequency Inverter

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

AC-AC CONVERTERS
Also known as
cycloconverter or cycloinverter
Uses SCRs
Typical Applications;
Washing Machines
Nuclear Reactor Control Rod
Welding
Food Mixers
Oil Well Drilling
Paper Mills

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

APPLICATIONS OF PE
Air Conditioning
Aircraft Power Supplies
Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Electric Power Systems
Battery Charger
Elevators
Games
Laser Power Supplies
Machine Tools
Motor Control

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

CHAPTER 2
Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

POWER ELECTRONIC SWITCHES

Semi Conductors
Fast Switching
Operates as Switch
Low Switching Loss
High Efficiency
Small Weight & Small Volume

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

P-E-S CONT
Operate as Switches Not as Amplifiers
Operate in Saturation Region
Turns ON/OFF By Control ActionControllable by Current/Voltage- Or
Uncontrollable

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

SWITCHES
Power Diodes
Thyristor & Triac
Controllable Switches

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

DIODES
P-N Junction Device
Blocks voltage when Reverse Biased
Conducts when Forward Biased

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

10

Terminology Related to
Characteristics of Power Diode
Forward Voltage
Breakdown Voltage
PIV
Reverse Current
Forward Recovery Time
Reverse Recovery Time

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

11

COMMON TYPES OF DIODES

Small signal used in general purpose
Silicon Rectifier used for power
conversion
Photo diodes dependent on light
Zener Diode voltage referencing
Light Emitting Diode - signalling

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

12

DATA SHEET
Repetitive Peak Inverse Voltage
Current Ratings
Average current
RMS current
Peak current

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

13

THYRISTORS

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

14

THYRISTORS
G
A

C
I

3 Terminals- Cathode, Anode, Gate

It is a Semi-Controlled Diode-turn on can
be controlled
Diode turns ON when VAC > 0 and OFF
when I = 0.
Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

15

CHARACTERISTIC OF THYRISTOR

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

16

IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY RELATING TO

THYRISTOR OPERATION

Latching Current
Holding Current
Break-over Voltage
Gate Current
Reverse Break-over Voltage
Forward Blocking
Forward conducting
Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

17

Thyristor turns on when VAC >0 and Gate

Current is applied. [positive]
By delaying [Delay Angle or Firing Angle]
when Gate Current is applied we control
the Output Voltage:
VL

VL
IL

IL

~
IG
R Load
Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

R- L Load
18

T1

Vs

T2

IG
R-Load

= Delay/ Firing Angle

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

19

GATE DRIVE REQUIREMENTS

Snubber Circuits:
To protect a thyristor from large Di/Dt during
turn-on and large Dv/Dt durring turn off.

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

20

CONTROLLABLE SWITCHES

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

21

TRANSISTORS
Bipolar Junction Transistor BJT
Metal-Oxide Semi Conductor Field Effect
Transistor MOSFET
Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor IGBT

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

22

MOSFET
Voltage Controlled
Apply small voltage 15V between Gate
and Source-Turns ON MOSFET
Apply zero voltage-Turns OFF the Device
D
D- Drain
G- Gate
G
S- Source
S
Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

23

Carries Low Gate Current

Switching Frequency > 100 kHz
Few Kilowatts [600V, 200A]
Does not block Reverse Voltage

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

24

IGBT
C O

G- Gate
C- Collector
E- Emitter

G
+

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

E-

Low Voltage VGE

To Turn ON
Zero VGE to Turn
OFF
[33 kV 12 kA ]
[45 kV 900A]
Introduction to Power Electronics

25

BJT Current Controlled

C- Collector
B- Base
E- Emitter

Current in Base controls delivery of current

from Collector
High current in Base drives BJT into
saturation making it to operate like a
closed switch
Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

26

Removal of Base Current causes a BJT to

stop conducting- an Open Switch
Disadvantages:
Base Current is about 10% of Collector
Current.
Does not block Reverse Voltage

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

27

EXTENSION OF POWER SWITCH

RATINGS
Series connection to increase the voltage
ratings.
Parallel connection to increase the current
ratings of the design.

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

28

SERIES CONNECTION
Two 1200 V thyristors are series
connected and 2000 V is connected
across them. The forward blocking
characteristic of T1 has a slope of 16.7 u
A/V, T2 has a slope of 12.5 u A/V.
1. Show how will they share the voltage
2. Voltage equalizing resistor of 6800 OHM are now
connected across each T. Compute the voltage
across each T and the power dissipation in the
equalizing resistor.
Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

29

PARALLEL CONNECTION
Carry an equal currents due to different
on-state characteristics.
Result in increased heat.
Cause switch failure.

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

30

CALCULATIONS

He who asks is a fool for five minutes,

but he who does not ask remains a fool
forever.
Chinese proverb

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Introduction to Power Electronics

31