Chapter 1 : Introduction to

Thermofluids And Fluid Mechanics

Fluid properties such as density, shear stress, velocity and etc.
Viscosity, and its correlation with human blood. tension and capillary
effect, surface tension in biomedical engineering.

Course Outcome
Ability to explain and analyze the fundamental principles of fluid
mechanics.

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INTRODUCTION TO FLUID
MECHANICS
Define and explain fluid properties such as density, shear
stress, velocity and etc.
Define, explain and derive viscosity, and explain its
correlation with human blood. Viscosity measurement.
Define and explain the surface tension and capillary effect.
Explain the effect of surface tension in biomedical
engineering.
Thermal-fluid sciences: The physical sciences that deal with
energy and the transfer, transport, and conversion of energy.
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APPLICATION AREAS OF THERMAL

FLUID SCIENCE

Designing Radiator:
1. Amount of energy transfer from a knowledge of the
properties of coolant, thermodynamics.
2. Size of inner and outer fins, heat transfer.
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3. Size and type of the waterENTpump,
fluid mechanics.
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INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL
FLUID SCIENCES
Subcategories of
Fluid Mechanics
Thermodynamics
Heat Transfer

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THERMODYNAMICS
The science that studies energy and the transformation of
energy into work, or moving things around.

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THERMODYNAMICS LAWS
The First law
Conservation of energy principle
(energy change from on state to another,
cannot be destroyed).
The Second law
Energy has quality and quantity, actual
processes occur in the direction of
decreasing quality of energy.
The Zeroth law
Thermal Equilibrium (temperature
measurement)

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HEAT TRANSFER
The science that deal with the determination of the rates of
such energy transfers.

Heat
A form of energy that can be
transferred from one system to another
as a result of temperature difference.

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Comparison Between Thermodynamics and

Heat Transfer
Thermodynamics

Heat Transfer

Amount (how much) of heat

transfer.
amount of heat from thermos
when hot coffee cool down
from 90 to 80 degrees

Rate (how long) of heat transfer

Equilibrium state

Non-equilibrium state

How long does it take for hot

coffee to cool down from 90 to
80 degrees

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Next
Lecture

Fluid Mechanics
The sciences that deals with the behavior of fluids at
rest (fluids statics) or fluids in motion (fluid
dynamics), and interaction of fluids with solids or
other fluids at the boundaries.

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APPLICATION AREAS OF THERMAL

FLUID SCIENCE
Pumping of blood to all
parts of human body,
Fluid Mechanics.
Energy conversion in
cells,
Thermodynamics.
Heat generated and
rejected from bodies,
adjusting clothes to the
environment to control
heat transfer, Heat
Transfer.

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DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEOUS
Every terms in an equation must have the same dimensions.
Spotting Errors in unit;
E (kJ) = 25 kJ + 7 kJ/Kg
Fundamental Dimension: M,L,T
Obtain formulas from unit;
= 850kg/m3; V = 2 m3

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FLUID MECHANICS - CATEGORIES

Also referred as Fluid Dynamics.
Incompressible (density constant, e.g. Water, gases at low speed),
HYDRODYNAMICS.
Compressible (density change significantly) fluid flow, nozzles at high
speed, GAS DYNAMICS.
AERODYNAMICS, flow of gases (especially air) over bodies,
aircraft, automobiles.

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WHAT IS FLUID?
Fluid

A substance in the gas or liquid phase.

A liquid takes the shape of the container, free
surface under gravity.
Gases cannot form a free surface

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STRESS (FORCE/AREA) ON FLUID

The normal stress and shear stress at the surface of

a fluid element.
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DISTINCTION BETWEEN SOLID

AND FLUID
Solid
Resist an applied shear stress by deforming.
Stress proportional to strain.
Fluid
Deforms continuously under the influence of
shear stress.
Stress proportional to strain rate.
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VISCOSITY

Density & specific weight measure heaviness

What is measured by viscosity?

Easiness of fluid to flow.

Internal resistance of fluid to motion.
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VISCOSITY
U(h)=V
y
No slip condition

Moveable Plate
B
Oil
between
two
plates

d (small deformation)
Stationary Plate

U(0)=0
Velocity gradient , dU/dy = V/h

Applied force
Frictional force

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VISCOSITY (P. 424)

F = A, = F/A, is shear stress

Based on the experimental analysis;

FAV/h or F/AV/h
A:Interface area between fluid and plate
Shear Stress acting on fluid layer is defined as,
Finally, V/h du/dy
= du/dy, is viscosity
[Compare with F = N]
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THE ROTATING-DRUM
VISCOMETER (P. 431)

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VISCOMETRY (P. 435)

How is viscosity
measured? A rotating
viscometer.
Two concentric
cylinders with a fluid in
the small gap .
Inner cylinder is
rotating, outer one is
fixed.
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MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY
(P. 435)
T FR

-----(1)

du
F A A
dy
V
F A
A 2RL
l

V R

2N

4 R NL
T
l

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VISCOSITY
NEWTONIAN & NON NEWTONIAN
(P. 431)
Bingham Plastic Toothpaste and Mayonnaise
Shear thinning - Latex
Newtonian - Oil, Water
Shear thickening - quicksand

d/dt

Newtonian constant viscosity

Non-Newtonian (apparent viscosity)
Shear thinning viscosity , shearing rate (velocity gradient)
Shear thickening viscosity , shearing rate (velocity gradient)
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Bingham plastic constant viscosity

but ELECTRONIC
at certain amount shear stress, fluid starts
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shearing

BLOOD
Blood is a living tissue composed of blood cells
suspended in plasma.
It consists of aqueous and cellular phase.
The cellular phase is about 45% of the blood.
It contains 95% red blood cells, 0.13% white blood
cells and 4.9% platelets.

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BLOOD
The plasma (aqueous phase) is about 55% of the
blood
It contains water 92%, miscellaneous elements
and 7% protein fibrinogen, globulin and
albumin.

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BLOOD VISCOSITY
Blood non-Newtonian but could behave as
Newtonian at higher shear rates (>100 1/s)

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FACTORS AFFECTS BLOOD

VISCOSITY
The percentage of red blood cell in blood
(Hematrocit). Higher Red Cell, Higher Viscosity .
A normal Hematrocit in human males is 42 to 45%.
The effect of temperature on the viscosity of bloods
is still not clearly established. Temperature
decrease, viscosity increase.
Implications:
When a person's hand is cooled by exposure to a
cold environment, the increase in blood viscosity
contributes to the decrease in blood flow.
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FACTOR AFFECT BLOOD

VOSCOSITY
The apparent viscosity increases with the increase of tube
diameter, Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect.

Larger Arteries
RBCs have great random motion: some move horizontally, others
vertically, and others with an angle. Thus, internal friction is great,
which increases viscosity.
Smaller Arteries
RBCs have no random motion: each RBC must move singly, one after
the other. Thus, internal friction
is minor,
which decreases viscosity.
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SURFACE TENSION (P. 436)

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SURFACE TENSION
The cohesive forces between molecules down into a liquid
are shared with all neighboring atoms and balance each
other because of symmetry.
The attractive forces acting on the surface molecule are not
symmetric, and the attractive forces applied by the gas
molecules above are very small. It experiences forces only
sideways and downward, which creates the surface tension
effect.

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LUNG PHYSIOLOGY AND

PATHOLOGY

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Respiration System

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Lung physiology and pathology (1/3)

Alveoli
Gas exchange from lung to the blood or vice
versa
Spherical in shape and are connected to
terminal bronchi in lung
Size vary widely
Walls are covered with thin films of water.
Surface tension acts on the alveoli.

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Lung physiology and pathology (2/3)

SURFACE TENSION has tendency to collapsed the
alveoli. Also, it would be difficult to re-expand the
alveoli.

SURFACTANTS (lipoprotein-rich phospholipid) is

secreted to prevent collapsed of alveoli (exhale) and
avoid overdistension of alveoli (inhale)

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Lung physiology and pathology (3/3)

Fetuses produce surfactant in week 24 to 28. By week
35, fetuses have enough surfactant.
Danger to premature infant (before week 30),
respiratory distress syndrome (hard to breath) due to
lack of surfactant.
Labored breathing and incomplete expansion of the
lungs. Synthetic surfactants.

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SURFACE TENSION

Table shows the surface tension of water.

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CAPILLARY EFFECT OF SURFACE

TENSION (P. 438)
Capillary effect is the rise
or fall of a liquid in a smalldiameter tube.
The curved free surface in
the tube is call the
meniscus.
2
W mg Vg g (R h) Force balance can describe
magnitude of capillary rise.
Fsurface 2R s cos

2 s
h
cos
gR
For water-glass in atmospheric

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CAPILLARY EFFECT
When the attractive forces are between unlike
molecules, they are said to be adhesive forces. The
adhesive forces between water molecules and the
walls of a glass tube are stronger than the cohesive
forces (attraction between like molecules) lead to an
upward turning meniscus at the walls of the vessel
and contribute to capillary action.

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SUMMARY

Definition of thermal fluid and its application

Definition of subcategories of thermal-fluid science.
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics.
Viscosity and its relation to human blood.
Surface tension and its relation to Biomedical field.

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REFERENCE
1. Biofluid Mechanics: The Human Circulation
2. Thermal-Fluid Sciences, Yunus A. Cengel, Robert H. Turner, John
M. Cimbala
3. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Biomechanics/Hemodynamics
4. http://www.vilastic.com/FAQ_Blood.htm

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