UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON

EXAMINATION FOR INTERNAL STUDENTS

MODULE CODE

CEGE1009

ASSESSMENT
PATTERN

CEGE1009A

MODULE NAME

Introduction to Civil and Environmental

Engineering

DATE

17-May-13

TIME

14:30

TIME ALLOWED

2 Hours 0 Minutes

Mechanisms: Soils and Fluids

2012/13-CEGE1009A-OO?-EXAM-?3
2012 University College London

TURN OVER

CEGEI009-007: Introduction to Civil and Environmental Engineering - Mechanisms Soils

and :Fluids
BEnglMEng
Course Examinations - 20] 3
Time allowed: 2 hours
Answer questions from each section in a separate answer book
Section A answer question 1 (30 marks) and either question 2 or question 3 (20 marks)
Section B answer question 4 (30 marks) and either question 5 or question 6 (20 marks)

SECTION A
Question 1
Give answers to all of the following questions (5 marks each):
(a) A cylinder of 1m in diameter is made with material of relative density 0.5. It is moored lD
fresh water by one end and the water level is 1m above the middle of the cylinder. Find the
tension of the mooring cable.
(b) A Pitot-static tube is placed in an air flow (p = 1.3kglm3). A co.nnected manometer shows
pressure difference 2Umm of water. What is velocity of the flow?
(c) A 2mm space between two parallel plates is filled with viscous fluid. One plate is moving
with velocity 1mls. Find the mean velocity of the flow between the plates and the flow rate
if the plates width is 20cm.
(d) Water (Il = 10-3 Pa s) flows through a pipe of 5mm in diameter with mean velocity a.2m/s.
Can the formula f = 16IRe be applied to calculate the friction factor for this flow?
(e) A lock gate is 2m high and 3m wide. It can rotate around a vertical hinge at one side.
Calculate the maximal force applied to the gate by water, and maximal moment about the
hinge.
(f) Calculate the minimal head of the pump required to pump 1m3 ofwater per second to the height
10m trough a pipe with cross section area 0.1 m 2 Assume constant friction coefficient f = 0.01
and neglect all losses in fittings.

Question 2
A tank 900mm square in plan is filled with water and is drained via a 60mm diameter pipe, 6m in length.
The pipe has two bends along its length with head loss coefficients k = 0.6 each, and for the entry of the
pipe k = 0.5. The outlet of the pipe is 230mm below the level of the base of the tank. The value of a
friction factor f = 0.008 can be assumed constant.
(a) What is the depth h of water in the tank when the rate of flow through the pipe is 7 litres per
second?
[7 marks]
(b) How fast does the pressure at the bottom of the tank changes for this value of h ?

[6 marhJ
(c) What is the value ofthe flow rate when the tank is half empty?
[5 marks]
(d) Justify application of steady-flow equations to this problem.
[2 marks]

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TURNOVER

Figure Q3

Question 3

A liquid with a relative density (I = 1.15 flows from a 50mm diameter pipe A through an abrupt
enlargement into a lOOmm diameter pipe B, the two pipes being coaxial and horizontal (Figure Q3). At
some distance downstream of the enlargement in pipe B is a Pitot tube which is facing upstream and
connected to one limb of a vertical V-tube manometer containing mercury of relative density 13.56. The
other limb of the manometer is connected to a static pressure bole in the wall of pipe A. Neglecting
frictional effects at the pipe walls, calculate the mass flow rate of the liquid when the difference in
manometer levels h = 46mm. A head loss coefficient at an abrupt enlargement from area Al to area A2
can be calculated by the formula k = (1 - A,IA2) 2.
[20 marks]

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CONTINUE

SECTION B
Question 4
(a) A soil sample has a void ratio e=O.74. Assnming 0;,=2..7, determine:

i)

Th~

dry unit weight

ii) The saturated unit weight

iii) The porosity

The same soil sample (with e=O.74, Gs=2.7) has a mass of 400g. After being dried in an
oven for 24 hours, the mass of the sample is 345.6g. Determme:
iv) The water content (w) [Note: also known as the moisture content, m]

v) The saturation ratio (ST)

A load is applied to a 4m deep layer of the same soil and the excess pore water pressures art.
allowed to dissipate. After a long period of time, the void ratio of the soil reduces to e=062.
Determine:
vi) The long-term settlement of the layer
[I ? marks]
(b) A direct shear box test is carried out on both a loose and a dense sample of sand. For each
sample, draw the expected paths of shear stress with horizontal displacemt:nt. Briefly
explain why the paths are different for each sample.
[4 marks]
(c) Figure Q4c depicts the flow net for flow under a dam. The soil has a unit weight of
y=20kN/m 3 . Point A is 10m below the soil surface, Point B is 12m below the soil surface,
and Pomt C is 3m below the soil surface.
For points A, B, and C, determine:

i) the head

ii) the pore pressme

For points A and C only, determine:

iii) the total stress

iv) the effective stress
v) If the permeability of the sol1 is k=3xlO- sm/s, determine the flow rate (Q) per metre
width of the dam.
vi) How high would the water level have to be on the left.. hand-side of the dam to cause the
qUick condition at point C? (Assume the dam will not overflow)
[14 marks]

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TURNOVER

40m

Figure Q4c
Question 5
A sample of nonnally consolidated clay (c'=O) failed under effective major and minor principal
stresses of 450kPa and 200kPa, respectively. Under rapid shearing, in which the pore pressures are
unable to dissipate, the same soil failed at a major and minor principal stress of 320kPa and 200kPa,
respectively.
(a) Draw the Mohr's drcle for both tests.
[4 marks]
(b) Detennine the effective fnction angle,

<il'.
[5 marks]

(c) Detennine th(" excess pore water pressure correspondmg to the second failure.
[5 marks]
(d) Determine the effective major and minor principal stresses corresponding to the second
failure
[4 marks]
(e) Determine the undrained shear strength corresponding to the rapId shearing conditions.
[2 marks]

Question 6
Assume th~ gravity retaining wall in Figure Q6 has only friction with the soil at the base, the soil i~
dry, and that the safety factor is applied to the passive earth pressure coefficient (Kp) and the
fricti0Ii with the base Phast;) only. The soil properties are the same on both sides of the wall.
(a) Detennine th{, minimum width of the wall to ensure the factor of safety against horizontal
sliding, FSsliding = 2.
[7 marks]

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CONTINUE

(b) Detennine the minimum width of the wall to ensure the factor of safety against overtunung
about the toe at Point A, FSovertuming = 2.
[7 marks]

(r) Due to flooding, the water level on both sides is now at the top uftht> wall. How would this
impact the stability of the wall?
[6 marks]

1
2m

J .

Concrete

Gravity
Retaining Wall

=28 0
Yc = 24kN/m3

=28 0
Ydry = 19kN/m3
<1>'

10m

<I>b3SlO

Soil

"'"''''~'''''''''''''''''''

Soil

2m

Water
yw = lOkN/m3
II'

~I

Figure Q6

TURNOVER

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CEGEI009 - Soils I
Fonnula Sheet
F=ma

C =D60

v=v:+v.=v:+vw+~

"

= w., + W

Ll= w-PL

-+ ey w = -'---''----'---''
(G s + e)y w
=- _....._l+e

G=YS= ~
S

Yw

W =_w
M
w = m =----l!.
Ms

r:

Ip

= 0.73 (w/..L -20)

h=h +hZ =~+z

1/

Yw

I1h

e=~

n= ~,

Ip

0"'
VCR=~
0"'

r:r

l+e

= w-wPL

LL-PI.

(],r w

D10

PI =LL-PL

Gv

V 1:;

rd,y =
Y ot

1/

1=

= Vw+~

V+V

r:

r:

V=-=

1
v=l+e=

Q= idA

k= QL
Aht
k = 2.303 aL loglo ( I1ho J
At

lM

I-n

Q=kHL(NfJ
Nil

Q = kH(N/J (per m for L::::1)

Nil.

(j'=a-u

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CONTINUE

(J"

Ko =_x =l-sin'
a'z

(J' + (J' (J' - O

(J' n = y 2 x + y x cos 2B + r sin 2B
2
xy
(J' - (J'

r = y 2 xsm
2B - r xy cos 2B

K =tan 2 (45 0

(J' =
1,

(J'\ + a 3
2

(J'
I

)= l-sin
2
1+sin

+ )= l+sin =N
2 l-sin

(J'~ = a;Kp +2cj"K;

a\ 2

(J'3

cos2B

a1

= N(J'3 + 2c~N~

Zcr

= rJK:

2c

(J'

sin2B

r = C+ (J'tan
1,"

=tan 2 (45

fI

2rxy
tan 2B = _--=:-
a y -ax

= Cu + (J' tan 'flu

'" =

MJ

~e

l+eo

&=-=-

su

~e

F
a a =(Jr +
A

S=I1H=-H
l+eo

v. _

p
-

1\..

FS

",.
_ base
'f'base -

FS

END OF PAPER

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