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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum
Phylum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
1 General description and familiar examples
1.1 Definition based on genetic relation
1.2 Definition based on body plan
2 Known phyla
2.1 Animal phyla
2.2 Land plant phyla (divisions)
2.3 Fungal divisions
2.4 Protista phyla (Divisions)
2.5 Bacterial phyla/divisions
2.6 Archaeal phyla/division/kingdoms
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
The hierarchy of
biological classification's
eight major taxonomic
ranks. A kingdom
contains one or more
phyla. Intermediate
minor rankings are not
shown.
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organisms need to be to be members of different phyla? The minimal requirement is that all organisms in a
phylum should be clearly more closely related to one another than to any other group. [7] Even this is
problematic because the requirement depends on knowledge of organisms' relationships: as more data
become available, particularly from molecular studies, we are better able to judge the relationships between
groups. So phyla can be merged or split if it becomes apparent that they are related to one another or not. For
example, the bearded worms were described as a new phylum (the Pogonophora) in the middle of the 20th
century, but molecular work almost half a century later found them to be a group of annelids, so the phyla
were merged (the bearded worms are now an annelid family).[8] On the other hand, the highly parasitic
phylum Mesozoa was divided into two phyla, Orthonectida and Rhombozoa, when it was discovered the
Orthonectida are probably deuterostomes and the Rhombozoa protostomes.[9]
This changeability of phyla has led some biologists to call for the concept of a phylum to be abandoned in
favour of cladistics, a method in which groups are placed on a "family tree" without any formal ranking of
group size.[7]
Known phyla
Animal phyla
Protostome
Deuterostome
Bilateria
Basal/disputed
Others (Radiata or Parazoa)
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Phylum
Acanthocephala
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum
Meaning
Thorny
headed
worms
Common
name
Distinguishing
characteristic
Species described
approx. 1,100
Acoelomorpha
Without gut
Acoels
No mouth or alimentary
canal (alimentary canal =
digestive tract in digestive
system)
Annelida
Little ring
Annelids
17,000+ extant
1,134,000+
300-500 extant
approx. 350
Arthropoda
Jointed foot
Arthropods
Brachiopoda
Arm foot
Lamp shells
Bryozoa
Moss
animals
Lophophore, no pedicle,
Moss animals,
ciliated tentacles, anus
sea mats
outside ring of cilia
Chaetognatha
Chordata
With a cord
Chordates
Cnidaria
Stinging
nettle
Anemones /
Jellyfish
Ctenophora
Cycliophora
Wheel
carrying
Symbion
5,000 extant
3+
Echinodermata
Spiny skin
Echinoderms
Entoprocta
Inside anus
Goblet worm
Gastrotricha
approx. 150
Jaw worms
approx. 100
Hemichordata
Half cord
Kinorhyncha
Loricifera
Micrognathozoa
Tiny jaw
animals
Accordion-like extensible
thorax
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Phylum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum
Common
name
Meaning
Distinguishing
characteristic
Species described
Mollusca
Soft
Mollusks /
molluscs
Nematoda
Thread like
Round worms
Nematomorpha
Thread form
Horsehair
worms
Nemertea
Onychophora
Claw bearer
Orthonectida
Straight
swim
Phoronida
Zeus's
mistress
Velvet worms
112,000[12]
approx. 320
approx. 1,200
Legs tipped by chitinous
claws
U-shaped gut
11
Placozoa
Plate animals
Platyhelminthes
Flat worm
Flatworms
Porifera*
Pore bearer
Sponges
Priapulida
Little Priapus
Rhombozoa
Lozenge
animal
Rotifera
approx. 2,000
Sipuncula
Small tube
Peanut worms
Mouth surrounded by
invertible tentacles
144320
Tardigrada
Slow step
Water bears
1,000+
Xenacoelomorpha
Strange
flatworm
Ciliated deuterostome
approx. 25,000[15]
Perforated interior wall
5,000+ extant
approx. 16
Total: 35
2,000,000+
Phylum - Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum
gymnosperms (i.e. including cycads, ginkgos and gnetophytes), [17] or for conifers alone as below.
Since the first publication of the APG system in 1998, which proposed a classification of angiosperms up to
the level of orders, many sources have preferred to treat ranks higher than orders as informal clades. Where
formal ranks have been provided, the traditional divisions listed below have been reduced to a very much
lower level, e.g. subclasses.[18]
Division
Meaning
Common name
Distinguishing characteristics
hornworts
horn-shaped sporophytes, no
vascular system
mosses
liverworts
clubmosses &
spikemosses
conifers
liver plants
"wolf" plants
Pteridophyta
Pinophyta,
Pinus-like plants
Coniferophyta[23]
cone-bearing plants
Cycadophyta[24]
Cycas-like plants,
palm-like plants
cycads
Ginkgophyta[25]
Ginkgo-like plants
ginkgo, Maidenhair
tree
Gnetophyta[26]
Gnetum-like plants
gnetophytes
Magnoliophyta
Magnolia-like plants
flowering plants,
angiosperms
Total: 10
Fungal divisions
1. Chytridiomycota
2. Blastocladiomycota
3. Zygomycota
4. Glomeromycota
5. Ascomycota
6. Basidiomycota
7. Microsporidia
8. Neocallimastigomycota
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum
Phylum[27]
Rhizopoda
Heterotrophs (no
locomotor
Actinopoda
apparatus)
Photosynthetic
protists
Non-motile
spore-formers
Heterotrophs
(restricted
mobility)
Distinguishing
characteristics
Example
root-foot[28]
Amoeba
Amoeba
ray-foot
-------
Radiolarians
Foraminifera
Dinoflagellata
whirling
scourge
Dinoflagellates
Euglenophyta
Good-eyed
plant
Euglenids
Chrysophyta
Rhodophyta
Phaeophyta
Heterotrophs
(flagella)
Common
name
Meaning
rose plant
gray plant
Red tides
Diatoma
red algae
Coralline
Algae
brown algae
chloroplasts
surrounded by four
membranes - form
differentiated tissues
Kelp
Sarcomastigophora
Trypanosoma
cruzi
Ciliophora
Paramecium
Apicomplexa
Plasmodium
Oomycota
Water Molds
Acrasiomycota
Dictyostelium
Myxomycota
Fuligo
Total: 14
Bacterial phyla/divisions
Currently there are 29 phyla accepted by List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
(LPSN)[29]
1. Acidobacteria, phenotipically diverse and mostly uncultured
2. Actinobacteria, High-G+C Gram positive species
3. Aquificae, only 14 thermophilic genera, deep branching
4. Bacteroidetes
5. Caldiserica, formerly candidate division OP5, Caldisericum exile is the sole representative
6. Chlamydiae, only 6 genera
7. Chlorobi, only 7 genera, green sulphur bacteria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum
Archaeal phyla/division/kingdoms
1. Crenarchaeota, Second most common archaeal phylum
2. Euryarchaeota, most common archaeal phylum
3. Korarchaeota
4. Nanoarchaeota, ultra-small symbiotes, single known species
5. Thaumarchaeota
See also
Cladistics
Phylogenetics
Systematics
Taxonomy
Notes
1. The term was coined by Haeckel from Greek phylon, "race, stock," related to phyle, "tribe, clan."
References
1. "Life sciences". The American Heritage New
Dictionary of Cultural Literacy (third ed.).
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External links
Are phyla "real"? Is there really a well-defined "number of
animal phyla" extant and in the fossil record?
(http://www.pandasthumb.org/archives/2005/04
/down_with_phyla_1.html)
Look up Phylum in
Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.
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