SAMPLE SPACE

Example 1:

What is the sample space when two coins are tossed?

Solution:
The sample space for one coin tossed is {H, T}.
The possibilities when two coins are tosses are {H, H}, {H, T}, {T, H}, and {T, T}.
Hence, there are four possibilities.
Sample space, S = {(H,H),(H,T),(T,H),(T,T)}

Example 2:

Find the sample space in choosing an integer from the interval [2, 8].
Solution:
As the given interval is closed, the integers in the interval [2, 8] are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8.
The integer chosen can be any of these integers.
Hence, sample space S = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

Problem 3:

What is the number of possible outcomes when two dices are rolled?

Solution:
Sample space when one dice is rolled = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Sample space of two dices, S = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4),(1,5),(1,6),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),

(2,4),(2,5),(2,6),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6),(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6),
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6),(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)}

Number of possible outcomes = 36.

Problem 4:

Asha has one white, one green shirt and one black and one gray jeans. How many
ways are there for her to dress up?

Solution:
Sample space, S = {green shirt and black jeans, green shirt and gray jeans, white
shirt and black jeans, white shirt and gray jeans}
The number of ways she can dress up is 4.

Problem 5:

A bag has 2 red balls, 3 green balls and 4 orange balls. Find the number of possible
outcomes when one ball is chosen randomly from the bag.

Solution:
The one ball chosen can be any one of 2 red, 3 green and 4 orange balls.
Hence, number of possible outcomes are 9.

CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
Problem 1:

Out of 50 people surveyed in a study, 35 smoke in which there are 20 males. What
is the probability the if the person surveyed is a smoker then he is a male?

Solution:
Probability of the person being male and a smoker, P(A and B) = 20/50
Probability of person being smoker, P(A) = 35/30

Probability of a person being male if he is smoker, P(B|A)= P(AandB)/p(a) = 20/35=

1/7
Hence, the compound probability that if the person surveyed is a smoker then he
will be a male = 1/7

Problem 2:

The probability of raining on Sunday is 0.070 If today is Sunday then find the
probability of rain today.

Solution:
Probability that it is raining and the day is Sunday, P(A and B)=0.07
Probability that is is Sunday, P(B) = 1/7
Probability that it will rain if today is Sunday, P(A|B) = 0.07/1/7 = 0.490
Hence, the compound probability of raining if it is Sunday is 0.490

Problem 3:

In a school the third language has to be chosen between Hindi and French. If a
student has taken French then what is the probability that he will take Hindi, if the
probability of taking Hindi is 0.34?

Solution:

Probability of taking French and Hindi, P(A and B)=0as they are mutually exclusive
events.
Probability of taking French, P(B)=0.34
Probability of taking Hindi if French has been opted, P(A|B) = P(AandB)/P(B) = 0/0.34
= 00
Compound probability of mutually exclusive events is 0.

Problem 4:

Using a Venn diagram show the probability of occurrence of B if A has already

occurred.

Solution:

Here is the venn diagram showing probability of A and B.

The shaded area shows the probability of B if A has already occurred.

Problem 5 : What is the probability that the total of two dice will be greater than 9,
given that the first die is a 5?
Solution:

Let A = first die is 5

Let B = total of two dice is greater than 9

P(A) =
Possible outcomes for A and B: (5, 5), (5, 6)

P(A and B) =

COMBINATION

1. From a group of 7 men and 6 women, five persons are to be selected to form a committee so
that at least 3 men are there on the committee. In how many ways can it be done?
SOLUTION : We may have (3 men and 2 women) or (4 men and 1 woman) or (5 men only).
Required number of ways
= (7C3 x 6C2) + (7C4 x 6C1) + (7C5)
=

7x6x5
3x2x1

= 525 +

6x5
2x1

7x6x5
3x2x1

+ (7C3 x 6C1) + (7C2)

x6

7x6
2x1

= (525 + 210 + 21)

= 756.
2. Out of 7 consonants and 4 vowels, how many words of 3 consonants and 2 vowels can be
formed?

SOLUTION: Number of ways of selecting 3 consonants from 7

= 7C3
Number of ways of selecting 2 vowels from 4
= 4C2

Number of ways of selecting 3 consonants from 7 and 2 vowels from 4

= 7C3 4C2
=(765321)(4321)=210=(765321)(4321)=210
It means we can have 210 groups where each group contains total 5 letters (3 consonants and 2
vowels).
Number of ways of arranging 5 letters among themselves
=5!=54321=120=5!=54321=120
Hence, required number of ways
=210120=25200
3. In a group of 6 boys and 4 girls, four children are to be selected. In how many different ways can
they be selected such that at least one boy should be there?
SOLUTION:In In a group of 6 boys and 4 girls, four children are to be selected such that at least one
boy should be there.
Hence we have 4 options as given below
We can select 4 boys ...(option 1)
Number of ways to this = 6C4
We can select 3 boys and 1 girl ...(option 2)
Number of ways to this = 6C3 4C1
We can select 2 boys and 2 girls ...(option 3)
Number of ways to this = 6C2 4C2
We can select 1 boy and 3 girls ...(option 4)
Number of ways to this = 6C1 4C3
Total number of ways
= 6C4 + 6C3 4C1 + 6C2 4C2 + 6C1 4C3
= 6C2 + 6C3 4C1 + 6C2 4C2 + 6C1 4C1[ nCr = nC(n-r)]
=6521+6543214=6521+6543214 +65214321+64+65214321+64
=15+80+90+24=209
4. Out of 7 consonants and 4 vowels, how many words of 3 consonants and 2 vowels can be
formed?

SOLUTION:Number of ways of selecting (3 consonants out of 7) and (2 vowels out of

4)
= (7C3 x 4C2)

7x6x5

3x2x1

4x3
2x1

= 210.
Number of groups, each having 3 consonants and 2 vowels = 210.
Each group contains 5 letters.
Number
of
ways
5 letters among themselves

of

arranging

= 5!

=5x4x3x2x1
= 120.
Required number of ways = (210 x 120) = 25200.
5. From a group of 7 men and 6 women, five persons are to be selected to form a committee so that
at least 3 men are there in the committee. In how many ways can it be done?

SOLUTION: From a group of 7 men and 6 women, five persons are to be

selected with at least 3 men.

Hence we have the following 3 options.
We can select 5 men ...(option 1)
Number of ways to do this = 7C5
We can select 4 men and 1 woman ...(option 2)
Number of ways to do this = 7C4 6C1
We can select 3 men and 2 women ...(option 3)
Number of ways to do this = 7C3 6C2
Total number of ways
= 7C5 + (7C4 6C1) + (7C3 6C2)
= 7C2 + (7C3 6C1) + (7C3 6C2)[ nCr = nC(n - r) ]
=7621+7653216=7621+7653216 +765321652
1+7653216521

=21+210+525=756

PERMUTATION
1 . How many arrangements can be made out of the letters of the word
'ENGINEERING' ?
SOLUTION: The word 'ENGINEERING' has 11 letters.
But in these 11 letters, 'E' occurs 3 times,'N' occurs 3 times, 'G' occurs 2 times, 'I'
occurs 2 times and rest of the letters are different.
Hence,number of ways to arrange these letters
=11!(3!)(3!)(2!)(2!)=111098765432(32)(32)(2)(2)=277200

2. In how many different ways can the letters of the word 'LEADING' be arranged in such a way
that the vowels always come together?

SOLUTION: The word 'LEADING' has 7 different letters.

When the vowels EAI are always together, they can be supposed to form one letter.
Then, we have to arrange the letters LNDG (EAI).
Now, 5 (4 + 1 = 5) letters can be arranged in 5! = 120 ways.
The vowels (EAI) can be arranged among themselves in 3! = 6 ways.

3. In how many different ways can the letters of the word 'CORPORATION' be arranged so that the
vowels always come together?
SOLUTION:In the word 'CORPORATION', we treat the vowels OOAIO as one letter.
Thus, we have CRPRTN (OOAIO).
This has 7 (6 + 1) letters of which R occurs 2 times and the rest are different.
Number of ways arranging these letters =

7!
2!

Now, 5 vowels in which O occurs 3 times and the rest are different, can be arranged

= 2520.

in

5!

= 20 ways.

3!

Required number of ways = (2520 x 20) = 50400.

4.How

many 6 digit telephone numbers can be formed if each number starts

with 35 and no digit appears more than once?
SOLUTION: The first two places can only be filled by 3 and 5 respectively and
there is only 1 way for doing this.
Given that no digit appears more than once. Hence we have 8 digits
remaining (0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9)(0,1,2,4,6,7,8,9)
So, the next 4 places can be filled with the remaining 8 digits in 8P4 ways.
Total number of ways = 8P4 =8765=1680

5. In how many ways can the letters of the word 'LEADER' be arranged?

SOLUTION: The word 'LEADER' contains 6 letters, namely 1L, 2E, 1A, 1D and 1R.
Required number of ways =

6!
(1!)(2!)(1!)(1!)(1!)

BAYAS THEORAM

= 360.

1. You go to see the doctor about an ingrowing toenail. The doctor selects you at
random to have a blood test for swine flu, which for the purposes of this
exercise we will say is currently suspected to affect 1 in 10,000 people in
Australia. The test is 99% accurate, in the sense that the probability of a false
positive is 1%. The probability of a false negative is zero. You test positive.
What is the new probability that you have swine flu? Now imagine that you
went to a friends wedding in Mexico recently, and (for the purposes of this
exercise) it is know that 1 in 200 people who visited Mexico recently come
back with swine flu. Given the same test result as above, what should your
revised estimate be for the probability you have the disease?
SOLUTION:
Let P(D) be the probability you have swine flu.
Let P(T) be the probability of a positive test.
We wish to know P(D|T).
Bayes theorem says
P(D|T) = P(T|D)P(D)/P(T)
which in this case can be rewritten as
P(D|T) = P(T|D)P(D)/P(T|D)P(D) + P(T|ND)P(ND)
where P(ND) means the probability of not having swine flu.
We have
P(D) = 0.0001 (the a priori probability you have swine flu).
P(ND) = 0.9999
P(T|D) = 1 (if you have swine flu the test is always positive).
P(T|ND) = 0.01 (1% chance of a false positive).
Plugging these numbers in we get
P(D|T) = 1 0.0001/1 0.0001 + 0.01 0.9999 0.01
That is, even though the test was positive your chance of having swine flu is
only 1%. (This is
essentially the defense attorneys argument we discussed in the lectures,
though in this case its
not a fallacy because your P(D) is indeed very low.)
However, if you went to Mexico recently then your starting P(D) is 0.005. In
this case
P(D|T) = 1 0.005/1 0.005 + 0.01 0.995 0.33
and you should be a lot more worried.
2. Imagine that, while in Mexico, you also took a side trip to Las Vegas, to pay
homage to the TV show CSI. Late one night in a bar you meet a guy who
claims to know that in the casino at the Tropicana there are two sorts of slot
machines: one that pays out 10% of the time, and one that pays out 20% of
the time [note these numbers may not be very realistic]. The two types of
machines are coloured red and blue. The only problem is, the guy is so drunk
he cant quite remember which colour corresponds to which kind of machine.
Unfortunately, that night the guy becomes the vic in the next CSI episode, so
you are unable to ask him again when hes sober. Next day you go to the
Tropicana to find out more. You find a red and a blue machine side by side.
You toss a coin to decide which machine to try first; based on this you then

put the coin into the red machine. It doesnt pay out. How should you update
your estimate of the probability that this is the machine youre interested in?
What if it had paid out - what would be your new estimate then?
Solution: Let P(R) be the probability that the red machine is the one that pays
out more often; similarly
P(B) = 1 P(R).
Let P(J) be the probability of payout (jackpot).
We are interested in P(R|NJ).
Bayes theorem says
P(R|NJ) = P(NJ|R)P(R)/P(NJ|R)P(R) + P(NJ|B)P(B)
We start with P(R) = P(B) = 0.5. This gives us
P(R|NJ) = 0.8 0.5/0.8 0.5 + 0.9 0.5 0.47
If the red machine did pay out then we have
P(R|J) = P(J|R)P(R)/P(J|R)P(R) + P(J|B)P(B)
Substituting in....
P(R|J) = 0.2 0.5/0.2 0.5 + 0.1 0.5 0.66
That is, a pay-out makes you a lot more confident about which is the good
machine than no payout.
This makes sense since paying out is a rare event, so you would expect it to
give you a lot of
information.
You may like to take this further by considering how many times youd have
to fail to get a payout
from the red machine before being say 90% confident its not that machine.
3) What is the probability that the total of two dice will be greater than 8,
given that the first die
is a 6?
Solution:
Let A = first die is 6
Let B = total of two dice is greater than 8
We need to determine the conditional probability, P(B/A) i.e. the probability of
an event (B)
given that another event (A) has occurred.
This can be computed by considering only outcomes for which the first die is
a 6. Then,
determine the proportion of these outcomes that total more than 8.
All the possible outcomes for two dice can be calculated as below:
There are 36 possible outcomes when a pair of dice is thrown. Consider that if
one of the dice
rolled is a 1, there are six possibilities for the other die. If one of the dice
rolled a 2, the same
is still true. And the same is true if one of the dice is a 3,4,5, or 6. If this is still
confusing, look
at the following (abbreviated) list of outcomes: [(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),
(1,6);
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3) (3,1),(3,2),3,3) (4,1)(5,1)(6,1).
The total number of outcomes is 6 6 = 36 (or 6^2)

Now, there are 6 outcomes for which the first die is a 6: (6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),
(6,5),(6,6), and
of these, there are four that total more than 8.
The probability of a total greater than 8 given that the first die is 6, i.e. P(B/A)
is therefore =
4/6 = 2/3.
Alternatively, using Bayes Theorem:
P (A) = 1/6
Favourable outcomes for A and B: (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)
P (A and B) = 4/ 36
P (B | A) = P (A and B) / P (A) = 4/36 * 6/1 = 2/3
4) A patients probability to have a liver disease increases if he is an
alcoholic. Given that, 10%
of the patients entering the clinic have liver disease, 5% of the clinics
patients are alcoholic
and that, 7% of the patients diagnosed with liver disease are alcoholics, find
the probability that
an alcoholic patient is diagnosed with liver disease.
Solution:
Given:
Probability of patients with Liver disease: P(A) = 0.10
Probability of patients who are alcoholic: P(B) = 0.05.
(7% patients diagnosed with liver disease (A) are alcoholics (B)) i.e. P(B|A) =
0.07.
(Probability that alcoholic patient (B) is diagnosed with liver disease (A)), i.e.
P(A|B) = P(B|A) P(A) / P(B) = 0.14
5) Consider that 0.9% of the people have a genetic defect, 92% of the tests
for gene are true
positives, 9.8% of the tests are false positives. If a person gets a positive test
result, what are
the odds that they actually have the faulty gene?
Solution:
Let P(A) = probability of having the faulty gene = 0.009 (Hence, P(~A) =
0.991)
B = positive test result
P(A|B) = Probability of having the gene given a positive test result.
P(B|A) = Probability of a positive test result given that the person has the
gene = 0.92
P(B|~A) = Probability of a positive test if the person does not have the gene
= 0.098
P(B) = P(BA) + P(B~A) = P(B|A) * P(A) + P(B|~A)*P(~A)
= 0.92 * 0.009 + 0.098 * 0.991= 0.105398
P(A|B) = P(B|A) * P(A) / P(B) = (0.92 * 0.009) / (0.105398) = 0.0786, which is
7.86%
probability of having the faulty gene.

VENN DIAGRAM
1) Out of forty students, 14 are taking English Composition and 29 are taking
Chemistry.
If five students are in both classes, how many students are in neither class?
How many are in either class?
What is the probability that a randomly-chosen student from this group is
taking only the Chemistry class?
Solution

Two students are taking neither class.

There are 38 students in at least one of the classes.
There is a P=24/40 = 0.6 = 60% probability that a randomly-chosen student in this
group is taking Chemistry but not English.

2) In a class of 260 seniors, 93 study Spanish, 95 study Chemistry, 165 study Mathematics, 18
study Spanish and Chemistry, 75 study Chemistry and Math, 20 study Math and Spanish and 15
study all three subjects. Make a Venn diagram to illustrate the data and then find the probability
that a student selected at random studies:

SOLUTION:

just Spanish

P(SMC)=70/260=7/260.269
Math and Chemistry but not Spanish

P(MCS)=60/260=3/130.231
none of these subjects

P(MCS)=5/260=1/520.0192
Spanish, given that he/she studies Math

P(S|M)=P(SM)/P(M)=20/260/165/260=4330.121

3) Given P(AB)=0.4, P(AB)=0.2 and P(AB)=0.3, find P(B) and P(A|B).

SOLUTION:

The missing value, P(BA), must be 0.1 in order for the total of the probabilities in the
sample space to equal 1. Thus, P(B)=0.5. P(A|

B)=P(AB)/P(B)=0.4/0.5=45=0.8.

4) In a class of 50 students, 18 take Chorus, 26 take Band, and 2 take both Chorus and
Band. How many students in the class are not enrolled in either Chorus or Band?

SOLUTION:

16 + 2 + 24 + x = 50
42 + x = 50
x = 8 students
5) In a school of 320 students, 85 students are in the band, 200 students are on
sports teams, and 60 students participate in both activities. How many students
are involved in either band or sports?

SOLUTION:

From the diagram we can say 25 + 60 + 140 = 225

There are 225 students involved

in either band or sports.

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

1) A die is tossed }3 times. What is the probability of

(a) No fives turning up?

(b) 1 five?

(c) 3 fives?

Solution: This is a binomial distribution because there are only

2 possible

outcomes (we get a 5or we don't).

Now, n=3 for each part. LetX= number of fives appearing.
(a) Here, x = 0.

P(X=0) = nCxp^ xq^nx = 3C0(1/6)^0(5/6)^3 =125/216=.5787

^

(b) Here, x = 1.

P(X=1) =nCxp^ xq^nx

^

(c) Here, x = 3.

= 3C1(1/6)^1(5/6)^2 = 125/216 =.5787

P(X=2) =nCxp^ xq^nx

^

= 3C3(1/6)^3(5/6)^0= 1/216

2) Hospital records show that of patients suffering from a certain disease, 75% die of
it. What is the probability that of 6 randomly selected patients,4 will recover?

This is a binomial distribution because there are only 2 outcomes

(the patient dies, or does not).
SOLUTION:

Let X = number who recover.

Here, n=6 and x=4. Let p=0.25 (success, that is, they live),
q=0.75 (failure, i.e. they die).
The probability that 4 will recover

P(X) =nCxp^ xq^nx =6C4(.25)^34(.75)^2= .03295

^

3) In the old days, there was a probability of {0.8}0.8 of success in any attempt to
make a telephone call. (This often depended on the importance of the person
making the call, or the operator's curiosity!)

Calculate the probability of having successes in 10 attempts.

SOLUTION:

Probability of success p=0.8, so q=0.2.

X= success in getting through.

Probability of 7 successes in 10 attempts:

Probability=P(X=7)

=10C7

(0.8)^7(0.2)^107

=0.20133

4) A (blindfolded) marksman finds that on the average he hits the

target 4 times out of 5. If he fires 4 shots, what is the probability of more
than 2 hits?

SOLUTION: Here, =4, p=0.8, q=0.2.

Let X= number of hits.
Let x0 = no hits, x1 =1 hit, x2 =2 hits, etc.
(a) P(X)=P(x3)+P(x4)

=4C3(0.8)^3(0.2)^1+4C4(0.8)^4(0.2)^0
=4(0.8)3(0.2)+(0.8)4
=0.8192

5) A manufacturer of metal pistons finds that on the

average, 12% of his pistons are rejected because they are
either oversize or undersize. What is the probability that a
batch of 10 pistons will contain no more than 2 rejects
Solution: Let X= number of rejected pistons
(In this case, "success" means rejection!)

Here, n=10, p=0.12, q=0.88.

No rejects. That is, when x=0:

P(X) =nCxp^ xq^nx

^

= 10C0(.12)^0(.88)^10= .2785

One reject. x=1

P(X) =nCxp^ xq^nx

^

= 10C1(.12)^1(.88)^9= .379777

Two rejects. That is, when x=2:

P(X) =nCxp^ xq^nx

^

= 10C2(.12)^02(.88)^8= .23304

So the probability of getting no more than 2 rejects is:=P(X2)

=0.2785+0.37977+0.23304
=0.89131
POISSION DISTRIBUTION
1) If electricity power failures occur according to a Poisson distribution with
an average of 3failures every twenty weeks, calculate the probability
that there will not be more than one failure during a particular week.
Solution: The average number of failures per week is: =3/20=0.15
"Not more than one failure" means we need to include the probabilities for
"0 failures" plus "1 failure".

P(x0)+P(x1) = e^0.150.15^0 / 0! e^0.150.15^1 / 1!=0.98981

2) A company makes electric motors. The probability an electric motor is

defective is 0.01. What is the probability that a sample of 300 electric
motors will contain exactly 5defective motors?

SOLUTION: The average number of defectives in 300 motors is = 0.01

300 = 3
The probability of getting 5 defectives is:

P(X)=e^33^5/ 5!=0.10082
/

3) Vehicles pass through a junction on a busy road at an average rate

of 300 per hour.Find the probability that none passes in a given minute.
SOLUTION: The average number of cars per minute is: =300/60=5

(a)P(Xo)=e^5.5^50/ 0!=6.7379 * 10^-3

/

4) If customers come into a bank with variance 36/hour. Find

the standard deviation of customer visit per hour using
Poisson distribution.
Solution:
Solution: According to a Poisson distribution, the expected value
is x = variance = = 36 customers per hour.

Now the standard deviation = = ( standard deviation =

square root of variance)

 = 36 = 6 customers per hour

5)
The mean value for an event X to occur is 2 in a day. Find the
probability of event X to occur thrice in a day.

Solution:

Mean, m=2

Probability of the event to occur thrice, P(3;2)= e^2*2^3 / 3!=

0.1804465

HYPERGEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION
1) A deck of cards contains 20 cards: 6 red cards and 14 black
cards. 5 cards are drawn randomly without replacement.
What is the probability that exactly 4 red cards are drawn?
Solution: The probability of choosing exactly 4 red cards is:
P(4 red cards) = # samples with 4 red cards and 1 black card /
# of possible 4 card samples

Using the combinations formula, the problem becomes:

In shorthand, the above formula can be written as:

(6C4*14C1)/20C5
where
6C4 means that out of 6 possible red cards, we are choosing 4.
14C1 means that out of a possible 14 black cards, were
choosing 1.
Solution = (6C4*14C1)/20C5 = 15*14/15504 = 0.0135
2) A small voting district has 101 female voters and 95 male
voters. A random sample of 10 voters is drawn. What is the
probability exactly 7 of the voters will be female?
Solution: 101C7*95C3/(196C10)=
(17199613200*138415)/18257282924056176 = 0.130
Where:
101C7 is the number of ways of choosing 7 females from 101 and
95C3 is the number of ways of choosing 3 male voters from 900*
196C10 is the total voters (196) of which we are choosing 10
Thats because if 7/10 voters are female, then 3/10 voters must
be male

3) There are 1010 black marbles and 1010 white marbles out of
which 55 marbles are being chosen. Find the probability that there
are 22 white marbles in them.

Solution:

Total population, N=20

Sample size, n=5

Number of successes in N, K=10

Number of successes in sample, k=2

Probability of getting 22 white marbles, P(X=2) = (K/k)(NK/nk)/

(N/n)

P(X=2) = (10/2)(10/3)/(20/5)=0.08707430341
4. Out of 100100 students qualifying an exam, 1010 were drawn
randomly. If 3535 out of 100100 qualified students are female,
then find the probability that 66 out of 1010 chosen are females.

Solution:

Total population, N=100

Sample size, n=10
Number of successes in N, K=35
Number of successes in sample, k=6

Probability of getting 22 white marbles, P(X=6) =(K/k)(NK/nk)/

(N/n)
P(X=6)P = (35/6)(65/4)(100/10) = 0.06348495671

5. If 66 cards are drawn from a deck of 5252 cards, find the

probability of getting all kings in the draw.

Solution:

Total population, N=52

Sample size, n=6

Number of successes in N, K=4

Number of successes in sample, k=4

Probability of getting 22 white marbles, P(X=4) = (K/k)(NK/nk)/

(N/n)

P(X=4) = (4/4)(48/2)/(52/6)= 0.00005540678

BOX PLOT, MEAN AND VARIANCE AND SD

1) Let's return to the example in which we have a random sample of 20 concentrations of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) in milligrams per liter:

Make a boxplot and calculate mean , variance and SD of the data

Solution:
Minimum: 127.8
First quartile: 130.12
Median: 131.45
Third quartile: 132.70
Maximum: 134.8
Use the five-number summary to create a box plot of these data.

Mean =
130.8+129.9+131.5+131.2+129.5+132.7+131.5+127.8+133.7+
132.2+134.8+131.7+133.9+129.8+131.4+128.8+132.7+132.8+
131.4+131.3/20
=2629.4/20=131.47
Variance=(x-xx )2 /n-1

x
130.8
129.9
131.5
131.2
129.5
132.7
131.5
127.8
133.7
132.2
134.8
131.7
133.9

(x-xx )
-0.67
-1.57
-0.03
-0.27
-1.97
-1.23
0.3
-3.67
2.23
.73
3.33
.23
2.43

(x-xx )2
.4489
2.4649
.0009
.0729
3.8809
1.5129
.09
13.4689
4.9729
.5329
11.0889
.0529
5.9049

129.8
131.4
128.8
132.7
132.8
131.4
131.3

-1.99
.07
-2.67
.23
1.33
.07
0.17

3.61
.00049
7.1289
.0529
1.7689
.0049
.0289
=(x-xx )2 = 59.519

Now
Variance=(x-xx )2 /n-1
=59.519/(20-1)=3.132
S.D=sqrt of variance = sqrt of 3.132=1.769
BAR GRAPH AND PIE CHART
Convert the pie graph into bar graph
This graph shows a community of 360 people tacking different modes of transpotartion

The different parts are called sectors.

The sector 'walk' is light blue.
This sector has a population of (20 / 100 ) 360 =72
Bus sector pop. (30 / 100 ) 360 =108
Bicyle population= 180

2) A number of pupils is asked what their favorite pet is.

The results are in the table below.

Cats

74

Dogs

34

Birds

20

Fish

15

Other

Draw a pie chart for this data.

SOlUTION: First we need to know how many pupils have been asked.

74 + 34 + 20 + 15 + 7 = 150 pupils.

Now we can calculate the sector angles.

With a ratio table:

number of pupils

150

74

angle in degrees

360

2.4

177.6 81.6

Or with the formula:

74 : 150 360 =

177.6

34 : 150 360 =

81.6

20 : 150 360 =

48

15 : 150 360 =

36

7 : 150 360 =

16.8

34

20

15

48

36

16.8

Now you can draw the pie chart.

Cumulative Distribution
Here's the probability distribution for a discrete random variable X

f(x)

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.3

The cumulative distribution function tables, for each value x = 1, 2, 3, 4, the

probability of a result less than or equal to x. (In efficient English "less than or equal
to" is often written "at most" or "no more than." These three phrases have the same
meaning.) For example
P[ X <= 1 ] = 0.1
P[ X <= 2 ] = 0.1 + 0.2 = 0.3
P[ X <= 3 ] = 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.4 = 0.7
P[ X <= 4 ] = 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.4 + 0.3 = 1
These probabilities can be tabled
x

P[ X <= x ]

0.1

0.3

0.7

1.0

3) Suppose that P[ X <= 3 ] = 0.65, P[ X <= 4 ] = 0.80 and no values between 3

and 4 are possible. Then P[ X = 4 ] = 0.80 - 0.65 = 0.15. So, to compute f(x),
take
4) f(x) = P[ X <= x ] - P[ X <= x* ]
5) where x* is the largest possible value below x. If x is already the smallest value
then
6) f(x) = P[ X <=x ].
7) Suppose the number of finish flaws on an automobile has the following
cumulative probabilities.
x

P[ X <= x ]

0.30119

0.66263

0.87949

0.96623

0.99225

0.99850

0.99975

0.99996

1.00000

3) Life expectancy of a certain bacteria having the density

function,
p(x) = 1/x^3 if x 1
p(x) = 0 if x < 1
Find the probability of bacteria living from 22 to 55 days.

Solution:

The density function of bacteria living from two to ten days,

p(x) = 1/x^3

To get the probability this function has to integrated

from 2 to 10

10
2p(x) dx=210p(x) dx = 102p(x) dx210p(x) dx = 102210
1x31x3 dxdx = -1212 [x2]102[x2]210 = 0.12