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ABSTRACT
In this paper, a novel protection of coordinating optimization algorithm is proposed. Maximizing the penetrations
dispersed generation and at the same time minimizing the fuses operating time are the targets.
A novel optimization technique, the Imperialistic Competition Algorithm (ICA), is applied to solve the problem. The
results of simulations confirm that the proposed method leads to lower operating times of protective devices and
higher possible DG penetration, compared with the traditional coordination techniques.
KEYWORDS: Fuse-recolser Coordination, Optimization, DG, Protection, ICA.
1. INTRODUCTION
Application of DG in distribution systems has
increased in recent years. This is mainly due to the
reliability and environmental considerations. A
comprehensive survey of DG technologies, definitions
and benefits has been presented in [1]. DGs positive
and negative impacts concerning the reliability of
systems power have been studied in [2-4].
High penetration of DG may result in the
incoordination of overcurrent protective devices [5].
Therefore, the overcurrent problem of protecting
coordination must be solved in the presence of DG.
Several researches have been performed hereof:
In [5], first the fuse-recloser coordination problem has
been solved. Then, the maximum possible value of DG
short circuit capacity has been calculated, in order that
the protecting coordinating is still valid. In [6], two
cases have been studied. The first one is to determine
the best DG location, to minimize. The number of fuses
and reclosers incoordination for different fault
locations. The second one is to change the TD of
recloser to minimize the number of fuse and recloser
incoordination for different fault locations. A simple
adaptive overcurrent protection of distribution systems
in the presence of DG has been presented in [7]. In this
method, the course characteristics of the relays are
updated by detecting the operating mode (grid
connected or island) and the faulted section. Protective
devices coordination with the presence of DG has been
discussed and the fuse-fuse, fuse-recloser and relayrelay coordination have been studied regarding the
Dgs size and location.
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10
10
10
10
Time (s)
10
(1)
(2)
10
10
10
-1
(3
)
-2
-3
10
10
I1
10
I2
10
Current (A)
Fig. 1. Fuse and recloser time-current characteristics
DG2
Substation
Breaker
DG1
Recloser
Fuse
Fuse
Fault2
Fault1
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Assimilation
Is there a colony in
an empire with more power
than the best one?
YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
END
18
NO
A
t ( I ) TD ( p
B)
M 1
(1)
Where
t: operating time of device
I: fault current seen by the device
TD: Time Dial Setting
M: ratio of I/Ipickup (Ipickup is the relay current set point)
A, B, p: constants for the particular curve
characteristics.
Feeder4
of
fuses
are
(2)
Recloser
Breaker
Feeder3
Breaker
Recloser
Substation
33/11 kV
Feeder2
Breaker
Recloser
Feeder1 2
3 Recloser
Breaker
4
F3
5
F2
F1
14
16
18
15
17
19
F tf1 tf 2 tf 3 tf 4 tf 5 tf 6
F (10b1 I 1a1 ) (10b2 I 2a2 ) (10b3 I 3a3 )
Stage 1:
Stage 2:
Stage 3:
(3)
(4)
19
Min (F )
Subject to : t f i (I j ) t recloser ( fast
mod e )
(I j )
(5)
3 bi 7
0 I DG 5000
5. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALUSIS
The typical distribution system, depicted in Fig. 4, is
simulated using the Electro-magnetic Transients
Program (ATP/EMTP). Table 2 shows nominal and
pickup currents of overcurrent relay and recloser.
10
10
10
Time (s)
10
10
20
fuse in [5]
-1
10
10
-2
-3
-4
10
10
Current (A)
10
10
10
Time (s)
10
10
fuse in [5]
-2
10
-4
-6
10
10
10
10
Current(A)
10
10
Time (s)
10
10
10
10
10
fuse in [5]
-1
-2
-3
-4
10
10
10
10
Current (A)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Time (s)
Time (s)
10
10
10
recloser s
recloser f
-1
10
10
10
fuse
10
-2
10
-3
10
-1
-3
-4
10
10
-4
10
10
10
10
fuse in [5]
10
Current (A)
10
10
Current (A)
21
10
10
Time (s)
10
10
10
10
10
fuse in [5]
-1
-2
-3
10
10
10
10
Time (s)
10
Current (A)
Coordination
10
10
Time (s)
10
10
10
10
10
margin of
the paper
Current (A)
fuse in [5]
-1
-2
-3
10
10
10
10
Current (A)
10
Time (s)
10
10
10
10
10
10
recloser s
recloser f
fuse
-1
-2
-3
-4
10
10
10
Current (A)
22
10
6. DISCUSSION
This work presents fuse-recloser coordination with
DGs presence. The most significant advantages of this
work comparing with the conventional coordination
methods are summarized as follow::
In the conventional protecting coordinating
methods, presence of DG may easily violate
the coordination. However, the results of
proposed method of this work demonstrate
that, if this new method is applied, it is
possible to
maintain the protecting
coordinating even in the presence of DGs as
much as 30 MW. Although this amount of DG
capacity is not expected, these results show
the robustness of the proposed method.
The method is applicable to any distribution
system, either with or without DG.
DG short circuit capacity has been increased
and at the same time, operation times of
protective devices have been decreased in
comparison with the previous methods,
considering coordination of fuse-recloser.
Coordination time between fuse and recloser
operation is greater than zero in this method
while, other methods have supposed zero
coordination time between fuse and recloser.
7. CONCLUSION
High DG penetration in distribution systems may result
in the incoordination of fuse-recloser. This
incoordination has been demonstrated in this paper.
Then, an appropriate objective function of operation
times of fuses with unknown parameters has been
proposed to maximize DG penetration and at the same
time, minimize operation time of protective devices,
considering coordination of fuse-recloser. As a result,
parameters of fuses have been calculated. The
Imperialistic Competition Algorithm is applied to solve
the optimization problem. The results of simulations
confirm that the proposed method obtains smaller
protection times and greater DG short circuit capacity,
compared with the conventional coordination methods.
REFERENCES
[1] W., El-Khattam , M.M.A., Salama, Distributed
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
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