Designing Members For Torsion

AISC Webinar
February 12, 2015
Designing Members for Torsion

Daniel Linzell
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American Institute of Steel Construction
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AISC Webinar
February 12, 2015

Daniel Linzell
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Daniel Linzell
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The American Institute of Steel Construction 2015

The information presented herein is based on recognized engineering principles and is
for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information
should not be applied to any specific application without competent professional
examination and verification by a licensed professional engineer. Anyone making use
of this information assumes all liability arising from such use.
Course Description

February 12, 2015
This webinar will present an introduction to the general topic of
torsion in structural members, including descriptions of St. Venant
and warping resistance. Tools and methods for calculating twist
and torsional demand stresses will be discussed. In addition to
member behavior, the specific topic of Steel Lintel Design for
Large Openings in Bearing Wall Buildings will also be addressed.
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Daniel Linzell
Learning Objectives
Become familiar with the general topic of torsion in structural

members.
Gain an understanding of the principles of torsion such as St.
Venant and warping resistance.
Gain an understanding of the tools and methods for calculating
twist and torsional demand stresses in structural members.
Become familiar with the design of steel lintels by working
through a design example.
Designing Members for

Torsion
written and presented by
Daniel Linzell, Ph.D., P.E.,
F.ASCE
Professor
University of Nebraska, Lincoln
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AISC Webinar
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Daniel Linzell

(Its NOT a 4-LETTER WORD!!)
Daniel Linzell
University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Acknowledgements
Cristopher Moen, Virginia Tech

AISC Charlie Carter, Brent Leu
Lou Geschwindner, Penn State University
Paul Seaburg, Penn State, University of
Nebraska
Walt Schneider, Penn State University
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Daniel Linzell
Overview The T Word

Background
What is it? Why do we care?
A Few Fundamentals (BUT NOT MUCH THEORY)

How can shear flow?
What is the shear center?
There are different types of torsion? Huh? Why? What are
they?
What Do I Do with This Info?

Design
Analysis
Where Do I Go for More Help?

Texts, guides and specs
The REAL Reason Why Youre Here EXAMPLE

11
Overview The T Word

Background

How can shear flow?
they?

Design
Analysis


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Daniel Linzell
Background - Torsion
What is it?
From Wikipedia
In solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied
torque, therefore is expressed in Nm or ftlbf. In sections perpendicular
to the torque axis, the resultant shear stress in this section is
perpendicular to the radius.
Real world examples
13
From Your Undergrad Engineering Mechanics
Class Pure Torsion
x
M
TL
GJ
Torsion
d M
=
dx EI
Bending
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Daniel Linzell
From Your Undergrad Engineering Mechanics Class?
How many cantilevered, solid round bars are used in steel
building structural elements? Not many most are like those
shown. Consequences?
15
Consequences? New worries with these sections shear flow,
shear center, determining J.
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More consequences?
Pure (St. Venants) vs. Warping Torsion.
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Why Do We Care?
Even Though Publications We Use Say/Show This:
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Daniel Linzell
Why Do We Care?
We Run Into Situations Like This:
19
Why Do We Care?
AND too much twist can be a bad thing
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Daniel Linzell
Overview The T Word

Background

How can shear flow?
they?

Design
Analysis


21
A Few Fundamentals
Terms You May (or May Not)
Know
Shear Flow
Again, Wiki:
The gradient of a shear stress force
through the body (in solid mechanics)
The flow induced by such a force gradient
(in a fluid)
Both definitions applicable?
22
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Daniel Linzell
A Few Fundamentals
Terms You May (or May Not)
Know
Shear Center (Wiki!!)
An imaginary point on a section,
where a shear force can be applied
without inducing any torsion
Sometimes coincides with
centroid (center of area)
How establish? Look @ twist
equilibrium in-plane. No twist
occurs due to in-plane shears
that develop due to flexure
location where they cancel each
other out is shear center.
23
A Few Fundamentals
Terms You May (or May Not) Know (NO
WIKI!!)
Pure (St. Venants) Torsion
Planar rotation of a structural element. Generates
in-plane shear stresses.
Warping Torsion
Tendency of portions of structural element to move
out of plane. If out of plane movement not
prevented, no stresses developed. If prevented,
generates BOTH in-plane shear stresses and stresses
normal to plane.
ALL THIN WALLED SECTIONS WANT

TO WARP!! DIFFERENCES RELATE TO
HOW MUCH. CAN IT BE IGNORED?
24
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A Few Fundamentals
Warping Torsion
Can also be seen as a force couple to each
flange
T
h
T
h
25
A Few Fundamentals
Warping Torsion
Now lets look at the bottom flange
T
h
T
h
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A Few Fundamentals
27
Overview The T Word

Background

How can shear flow?
they?

Design
Analysis

The REAL Reason Why Youre Here an EXAMPLE

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Daniel Linzell
What Do I Do? Design

AISC Manual Art. H3.2 for HSS
HSS Subject to Combined Torsion, Shear, Flexure and Axial
Force. INTERACTION approach w/ Eqn. H3-6:
2
Pr M r Vr Tr
+ + 1.0
+
P
M
Tc
c Vc
c
Tr < 0.2 * Tc, ignore torsion.
Tc prescribed in Eqns. H3-2a or H3-2b.
29
What Do I Do? Design

AISC Manual Art. H3.3 for non-HSS
Non-HSS Members Subjected to Torsion and Combined Stress.
Following STRESS LIMITS Apply.
Yielding under normal stress (Eqn. H3-7):
Fn = Fy
Shear yielding (Eqn. H3-8):
Fn = 0.6Fy
Buckling (Eqn. H3-9):
Fn = Fcr
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What Do I Do? Analysis

AISC DG9 Cumulative Stress from Superposition,
using Proper Signs
f n = a bx by w
f v = bx by t w
I-Shapes:
f n = a ( bx + by + w )
f v = bx + by + t + w
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Determine All Contributors to Stress States
Shear
St. Venants Torsion
t = Gt
G = shear modulus
t = element thickness
= Rate of change of
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Shear
Warping Torsion
ws =
ES ws
t
E = elastic modulus
Sws = warping statical moment at s
= hbf2tf /16
t = element thickness
= 3rd derivative of
33

Normal
Warping Torsion
ws = EWns
E = elastic modulus
Wws = normalized warping function at s
= hbf/4
= 2nd derivative of
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35
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37

Approximations to St. Venants,
Warping Stresses DG9 and others
Warping Torque resolved into flange
forces. Those forces on flange
beam generate shear and bending
stresses approximate using beam
theory (DG 9).
w =
1.5Vf
bf t f
w =
Mf
Sf
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Daniel Linzell

Buildings
Seaburg, P.A. and Carter, C. J. AISC Steel Design Guide Series #9, Torsional
Analysis of Structural Steel Members, American Institute of Steel
Construction, 2003.
Steel Construction Manual, 14th Ed., American Institute of Steel
Construction, 2011.
Bridges
AASHTO/NSBA G 13.1 Guidelines for Steel Girder Bridge Analysis (2011),
http://www.aisc.org/contentNSBA.aspx?id=20130
AISC/NSBA Steel Bridge Design Handbook,
http://www.aisc.org/contentNSBA.aspx?id=20244
General
Salmon, C.G., Johnson, J.E. and Malhas, F.A., Steel Structures Design and
Behavior, 5th Ed., Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009.
Young, W. and Budynas, R., Roarks Formulas for Stress and Strain, 7th Ed.,
McGraw Hill, 2001.
Your undergrad mechanics textbook
Your undergrad steel design textbook
39
Overview The T Word

Background

How can shear flow?
they?

Design
Analysis


40
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Daniel Linzell
Example
Steel lintel beam spanning opening in a bearing wall building
Live load is neglected due to
arching action
2
L=15
Thanks to Jake Lamb at OWPR, Inc.

http://www.owpr.com/
41
Design approach including torsion

Steel lintel beam spanning opening (a) Define structural system
in a bearing wall building
span, boundary conditions,
materials
(b) Find member demand
shear V, moment M, torsion
T, and axial force P
(c) Calculate angle of twist
and its derivatives
(d) Check M+T+P normal
stresses
(e) Check V+T shear
stresses
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Example
(a) Define structural system
Span=15 ft.
W8x24
Fy=50 ksi
Boundary conditions?
43
Example
Assume lintel is carrying loads but is not composite

with masonry above.
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Example
Moment
OR
Torsion
45
Example
OR
Torsion
Twist fixed
Warping free
Twist fixed
Warping fixed
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Daniel Linzell
Example
(b) Find member demand shear V, moment M,
torsion T, and axial force P Moment
Live load is neglected due to
arching action
Torsion
2
L=15
For simplicity, we will approximate the triangular load as a uniform load

Therefore we need wfacade, wmasonry
= 40
pfacade=40 lb/ft2
= 60
pmasonry=60 lb/ft2
15
4
1
= 150
15
15
4
1
= 225
15
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Example
Torsion
wmasonry
LRFD factored loads!
wsnow
Wfacade
= 1.4
= 1.4 150
+ 225
8 in.
= 1.4 150
+ 225
= 3.9
15
8
= 14.8
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Example
Torsion
wmasonry
wsnow
Wfacade
= 1.4 150
8
= 0.14
12
8 in.
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Example
(c) Calculate angle of twist, derivatives
Moment
Torsion
But there is software to help,

for example WinTORQ!
http://www.steeltools.org/res
ources/viewdocument/?Docu
mentKey=45f39369-2ac24a33-a131-7e727afc8cab
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Daniel Linzell
Example
(d) Check normal stresses P+M+T
Demand stresses (bending)
Moment
Torsion
f n = a ( bx + by + w )
14.8
(12 / )
82.7
7.93
2 = 8.5
x
y
51
Example
Demand stresses (torsion)
Moment
Torsion
f n = a ( bx + by + w )
w = EWno
y
Torsion
x
x
y

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Daniel Linzell
Example
0.75 =
11200
0.35
0.14
15(12)
= 4.11
43.8
= 2.68 5 rad/in2
53
Example
Demand stresses (torsion)
Moment
Torsion
f n = a ( bx + by + w )
= 2.08 5
w = EWno
= 29000
x
2.68 5
= 9.5
x
y
12.2
= 0 (8.5
+ 0 + 9.5
) = 18.0
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Daniel Linzell
Example
Moment
Beam capacity
Torsion
Fn = Fy
Buckling (Eqn. H3-9):
Take the minimum Fn from

Eq. H3-7 and H3-9!
Fn = Fcr
fn T Fn
=
Compare capacity to demand
= 50
Fn=0.9(50 ksi) = 45 ksi

fn = 18.0 ksi Fn = 45.0 ksi
Example
(e) Check shear stresses V+T
OK
55
Moment
Demand stresses (in web)
Torsion
f v = bx + by + t + w
by =
y
VuQw
I x tw
Direct shear
3.9
82.7
(11.6 )
= 2.23
(0.245 )
y
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Daniel Linzell
Example
Moment
Torsion
f v = bx + by + t + w
Shear stresses from
t = Gt w St. Venant torsion

y
Torsion
x
y
57
Example
Moment
Torsion
f v = bx + by + t + w
Shear stresses from
t = Gt w St. Venant torsion

y
= 1.70 3
x
= 11200
0.245
1.70 3
= 4.67
y
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Daniel Linzell
Example
Moment
Torsion
f v = bx + by + t + w
= 2.23
+ 0 + 4.67
+ 0 = 6.90
x
y
59
Example
Moment
Demand stresses (in flange)
Torsion
f v = bx + by + t + w
ws =
y
ES ws Shear stresses from

warping torsion
tf
Torsion
x
x
y
'''
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February 12, 2015

Daniel Linzell
Example
Moment
Torsion
f v = bx + by + t + w
ws =
y
ES ws Shear stresses from

warping torsion
tf
= 7.90 7
x
29000
(7.94
4) (7.90
0.4
= 0.45
61
Example
Moment
Torsion
f v = bx + by + t + w
t = Gt f
Shear stresses from

St. Venant torsion
Torsion
x
y
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Copyright 2014
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AISC Webinar
February 12, 2015

Daniel Linzell
Example
Moment
Torsion
f v = bx + by + t + w
t = Gt f
Shear stresses from

St. Venant torsion
= 1.70 3
x
= 11200
0.4
1.70 3
= 7.62
y
63
Example
Moment
Torsion
f v = bx + by + t + w
= 0 + 0 + 7.62
+ 0.46
= 8.08
x
y
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AISC Webinar
February 12, 2015

Daniel Linzell
Example
Moment
Web/flange capacity
Torsion
Fn = 0.6Fy
fv T Fn
Compare capacity to demand
= 0.6 = 30
Fv=0.9(30 ksi) = 27 ksi
Fv = 8.08 ksi (flange) Fv = 27.0 ksi
OK
65
Design approach including torsion

Steel lintel beam spanning opening (a) Define structural system
in a bearing wall building
span, boundary conditions,
materials
(b) Find member demand
shear V, moment M, torsion
T, and axial force P
(c) Calculate angle of twist
and its derivatives
(d) Check M+T+P normal
stresses
(e) Check V+T shear
stresses
66
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February 12, 2015

Daniel Linzell
References
AASHTO/NSBA G 13.1 Guidelines for Steel Girder Bridge Analysis (2011)
Domalik, D.E., Shura, J.F. and Linzell, D.G., Design and Field Monitoring of Horizontally Curved Steel Plate Girder Bridge,
Transportation Research Record, Journal of the Transportation Research Board No. 1928, pp. 83-91, 2005.
Salmon, C.G., Johnson, J.E. and Malhas, F.A., Steel Structures Design and Behavior,,5th Ed., Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle
River, NJ, 2009.
Seaburg, P.A. and Carter, C. J. AISC Steel Design Guide Series #9, Torsional Analysis of Structural Steel Members, American
Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 2003.
http://www.news.com.au/national-news/melbourne-teacher-under-investigation-over-alleged-punishments/story-e6frfkvr1226035003739
http://www.gestech.net/shaft_torsional_failure1.htm
http://www.proactivefluidpower.com/shaft_failures.htm
http://www.ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-bin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=me&chap_sec=02.2&page=theory
http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/mechanical-engineering/torsion/shafts-circular-section.aspx
http://www.renovateforum.com/f83/hhow-much-can-c-purlin-span-shed-frame-53666/
http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleid=527
http://faculty.kirkwood.edu/jlopez/details/floor004.jpg
http://www.gostructural.com/magazine-article-gostructural.com-4-2010structural_detailing_solutions_to_avoid_thermal_bridging-7838.html
http://www.pascalsteel.com/content/girts-and-panel-metal-building
http://alviassociates.com/awards
http://appliedconceptengineering.com.au/construction/structural/rounded-steel-frames
http://orthostreams.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/OilRig_OilRig_WEB.jpg
67
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AISC Webinar

February 12, 2015

Designing Members for Torsion

AISC Live Webinars

AISC Live Webinars

Theres always a solution in Steel

AISC Live Webinars

Todays audio will be broadcast through the

Designing Members for Torsion

AISC Live Webinars

Todays live webinar will begin shortly.

AISC Live Webinars

AISC is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects

Designing Members for Torsion

AISC Live Webinars

The American Institute of Steel Construction 2015

Designing Members for Torsion

Designing Members for Torsion

Become familiar with the general topic of torsion in structural

Designing Members for

Designing Members for Torsion

Designing Members for Torsion

Cristopher Moen, Virginia Tech

Designing Members for Torsion

Overview The T Word

A Few Fundamentals (BUT NOT MUCH THEORY)

What Do I Do with This Info?

Where Do I Go for More Help?

The REAL Reason Why Youre Here EXAMPLE

Overview The T Word

A Few Fundamentals (BUT NOT MUCH THEORY)

What Do I Do with This Info?

Where Do I Go for More Help?

The REAL Reason Why Youre Here EXAMPLE

Designing Members for Torsion

Real world examples

Designing Members for Torsion

Designing Members for Torsion

Designing Members for Torsion

Designing Members for Torsion

Overview The T Word

A Few Fundamentals (BUT NOT MUCH THEORY)

What Do I Do with This Info?

Where Do I Go for More Help?

The REAL Reason Why Youre Here EXAMPLE

Both definitions applicable?

Designing Members for Torsion

ALL THIN WALLED SECTIONS WANT

Designing Members for Torsion

Designing Members for Torsion

Overview The T Word

A Few Fundamentals (BUT NOT MUCH THEORY)

What Do I Do with This Info?

Where Do I Go for More Help?

The REAL Reason Why Youre Here an EXAMPLE

Designing Members for Torsion

What Do I Do? Design

What Do I Do? Design

Designing Members for Torsion

What Do I Do? Analysis

What Do I Do? Analysis

Designing Members for Torsion

What Do I Do? Analysis